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1

Takebayashi, Hiroshi, Keiichi Toda, Hajime Nakagawa, and Hao Zhang. "Field and Interview Surveys of the Flood of 2011, Thailand." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0386.

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One of the Thailand’s worst floods occurred in the autumn of 2011. A wide area of the Chao Phraya River basin, including Bangkok, was inundated for a long time. Heavy flood damage expanded not only in Thailand but in many parts of the world. The authors formed a research group and carried out an interview survey in the field in Thailand in November 2011 and in January 2012. We investigated the flood situation and damage in and around Bangkok. We also did so in Ayutthaya, where a world heritage site and an industrial park are located. Based on our findings, we discuss suitable countermeasures for reducing flood damage in Bangkok.
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2

Tibayrenc, Michel. "MEEGID VIII Bangkok, Thailand." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8, no. 4 (July 2008): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.009.

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3

Tanomkiat, Wiwatana. "China’s reopening border, AOCR2023 in Bangkok, and Songkran." ASEAN Journal of Radiology 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 03–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.46475/aseanjr.v24i1.807.

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After 3 years of absence due to COVID-19 pandemic, the first group of Chinese tourists from Xiamen arrived Bangkok, Thailand, on Monday 9th January 2023 just a day after China abandoned zero-COVID policies and reopened its border on Sunday 8th January. During 9th-12th February, the Royal College of Radiologists of Thailand (RCRT) and the Radiological Society of Thailand (RST) hosted the 21th Asian Oceanian Congress of Radiology (AOCR), 40 years after they last hosted the 4th AOCR in 1983. Leaders in Radiology from Asian Oceanian countries met and shared their experiences and opinions on various topics. This issue takes core messages from Asian Symposia in AOCR on tuberculosis and post COVID lung disease. In March, the missing caesium-137 in Thailand generated lots of fear and anxiety, fuelled by social media and inadequate statements from the authorities. The need of effective risk communication was discussed in this issue. Songkran, the water splashing festival which is Thailand’s traditional new year during 13th-15th April, marked the end of wearing masks and social distancing due to the pandemic as both local and visitors from around the world, as many as more than 100, 000, gathered in many famous parts of Thailand.
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Tanomkiat, Wiwatana. "summary from AOCR2023, Bangkok, Thailand." ASEAN Journal of Radiology 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46475/aseanjr.v24i1.863.

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The Asian Oceanian Congress of Radiology (AOCR) was held in Bangkok, Thailand, by the Royal College of Radiologists of Thailand (RCRT) and the Radiological Society of Radiology of Thailand (RST) in a hybrid format, offering an opportunity for participants to attend the meeting virtually or in person and meet international colleagues face-to-face (Figure 1). It was well-attended by 1,162 participants from 29 countries around the world with 241 overseas participants and 921 local participants. There were 785 people attending the conference in person and 377 participating via the online channel. The countries with the highest number of participants included Thailand, South Korea, the Philippines, and Singapore, respectively
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5

Phairuang, Worradorn, Surapa Hongtieab, Panwadee Suwattiga, Masami Furuuchi, and Mitsuhiko Hata. "Atmospheric Ultrafine Particulate Matter (PM0.1)-Bound Carbon Composition in Bangkok, Thailand." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101676.

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Seasonal variations in atmospheric ultrafine particulate matter (PM0.1) were monitored in Bangkok, Thailand, from 2016 to 2017. PM0.1-bound organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were collected by a cascade air sampler that can collect PM0.1 and were analyzed by a Thermal-Optical carbon analyzer following the IMPROVE-TOR protocol. The annual average PM0.1 in Bangkok was 14.5 ± 4.7 µg/m3, which is higher than in large Asian cities such as Shanghai and Hanoi. Biomass burning from neighboring areas was shown to increase the particle concentration. Apparent increases in carbon species such as OC and EC, and the OC/EC ratios in the wet and dry seasons were observed; the Char-EC/Soot-EC ratio revealed that the PM0.1 in the Bangkok atmosphere was influenced mainly by vehicle exhausts, even though the influence of biomass burning was greater during the dry season. The effective carbon ratio (ECR) shows that Bangkok’s carbonaceous aerosol is light-absorbing and -scattering. The higher SOC/OC in the dry season indicates the high level of secondary sources forming smaller particles from the combustion sources in Bangkok, increasing light scattering during these periods, and contributing to climate and air quality. The findings of this work are of great importance to air pollutant control policies in urban areas.
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6

Techatraisak, Bongkotrat, and Wilbert M. Gesler. "Traditional Medicine in Bangkok, Thailand." Geographical Review 79, no. 2 (April 1989): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215524.

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7

Nanakorn, Chaiyuth, Larp Chitnuyanondh, and Ekasit Limsuwan. "Rama VIII Bridge, Bangkok, Thailand." Structural Engineering International 12, no. 3 (August 2002): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686602777965243.

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8

Phien-wej, N., P. H. Giao, and P. Nutalaya. "Land subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand." Engineering Geology 82, no. 4 (February 2006): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.10.004.

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9

Chanchai, Panawongchai. "Rama IX Viaduct, Bangkok, Thailand." Structural Engineering International 8, no. 2 (May 1998): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686698780489388.

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10

Thiumsak, Tun, and Athapol Ruangkanjanases. "Factors Influencing International Visitors to Revisit Bangkok, Thailand." Journal of Economics, Business and Management 4, no. 3 (2016): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/joebm.2016.v4.94.

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11

Han, Jianghua. "A Study on Identity of New Chinese Immigrants in Bangkok." Asian Social Science 16, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n4p87.

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Survey results of this study have showed that: The Chinese new immigrants in Bangkok have a consistency on ethnic identity; they all agree that they are Chinese. However, on the national identity and cultural identity, the identity of them has multi-tendency. There are 45.29% respondents identify China, 30.63% respondents identify Thailand, and 24.08% respondents identify both China and Thailand. The degree of identifying China of them has declined with the increase of their settlement years in Bangkok; however, their degree of identifying Thailand has increased with the increase of settlement years in Bangkok. The cultural identity is very complicated, they are increasingly accepting and identifying Thai culture with the increase of their settlement years in Bangkok; however, they did not deny or abandon Chinese culture, lots of people still identify Chinese culture. Especially in the identity of traditional culture, in general, the degree of identifying Chinese traditional culture of them has declined with the increase of their settlement years in Bangkok; however, the proportion of people who identify Chinese traditional culture is still much higher than people who identify Thai traditional culture.
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12

Suwanmontri, Chanon, and Hiroyuki Kawashima. "Trailing and Projecting the Real Population of Bangkok to 2030." Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 9 (November 23, 2015): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n9p121.

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Due to imbalanced supplies of medical and healthcare resources between the capital city and other areas, Bangkok attracts its non-residents to access hospitals in the city only for giving births. This causes overestimation of Bangkok’s fertility rate and affects results of population projection. Therefore, this paper aims to project real Bangkok population numbers by age group and sex to 2030 by eliminating the influence of Bangkok-born outsiders. It introduces a new fertility rate calculation based on data from National Statistical Office of Thailand. The results show that in 2010 the total fertility rate of Bangkok was merely 0.8. All components being fixed, the projection displays shifts in population age structure, the age group with highest numbers from 25-34 years old in 2010 to 40-44 years old in 2030. Percent aging population expands from 9.6 to 22.6 percent. Furthermore, proportion of population aged 0-14 shrinks from 12.8 percent to 9.6 percent, which means Bangkok in 2030 is expected to face a seriously low number of young populations in opposite to its large number of elderly.
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13

Bunyavejchewin, Poowin, Wichian Intasi, and Watcharabon Buddharaksa. "The Myth of Sino–Thai Brotherhood: Archival Evidence on Thailand’s Relations with China in Continental Southeast Asia in the 1990s." Asian International Studies Review 23, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-bja10014.

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Abstract Thailand–China relations have often been described metaphorically as fraternal, signifying the special place China has in Thai foreign policy. However, Sino–Thai brotherly friendship is an illusion. Based on archival evidence recently made available in Bangkok, this study provides a new account of Thailand’s relations with China in the 1990s, usually described by scholars as the period of partnership. This study argues that during this period, Thai foreign policy vis-a-vis China was almost exclusively driven by the Kingdom’s national interests, framed by its consistent diplomatic mentality over time. Specifically, the primacy of national interest was a modus operandi of Thailand’s China policy. Notably, Bangkok policymakers viewed China’s expanding role and influence in mainland Southeast Asia and throughout Asia as a long-term threat to the Kingdom’s security. Thus, ironically, China and Thailand might not be termed brothers but possibly in a distant fraternal relationship that some might categorize as “others.”
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Chaladdee, Alita, Sohee Minsun Kim, Vilas Nitivattananon, Indrajit Pal, Joyashree Roy, and Thongchai Roachanakanan. "Trend Analysis of Mainstreaming Flood Risk Reduction into Spatial Planning in Thailand." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031119.

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Mainstreaming flood risk reduction into spatial planning (MFRRSP) recognizes the urgent need for sustainable human settlement planning. Despite official recognition of MFRRSP in Thailand, repetitive damage from floods demonstrates gaps in concept and implementation. This paper examines the transition and challenges of flood risk reduction (FRR) practices in the spatial planning (SP) of the Bangkok and Sing Buri provinces of Thailand. Content analysis through computer-aided qualitative data analysis software (CAQDS) and in-depth interviews provide the evidence for the study. Twenty-two codes under seven assessments were extracted from the MFRRSP guidelines of international organizations. It was found that FRR was more mainstream in Thailand’s SP. The code in the next Sing Buri and Bangkok Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) was mentioned in 202.06% and 112.70% of the existing CLUP. The assessment area that deserves more attention is FRR preparedness and stakeholder participation, which only 0.011% and 0.035% mention. Two implementation problems are identified. Firstly, no emergency management deals with using land-use management methods. Secondly, FRR regulations limiting the type, density, and design have been reduced, as seen in the next draft of Bangkok CLUP that reduces the floodway in specific districts to be a residential land type. This specific study for Thailand shows how the method can be used in any local context for any country to understand how official planning documents evolve and adapt to disaster preparedness.
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15

Suttipan, Choochart, Borvornbhun Vonganan, and Ekasit Limsuwan. "Wat Nakorn-In Bridge, Bangkok, Thailand." Structural Engineering International 12, no. 3 (August 2002): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686602777965405.

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16

Intasen, Montri, Richard J. Hauer, Les P. Werner, and Eric Larsen. "Urban forest assessment in Bangkok, Thailand." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 36, no. 2 (December 2, 2016): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2016.1265455.

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17

Ruangkanchanasetr, Suwanna, Adisak Plitponkarnpim, Priyasuda Hetrakul, and Ronnachai Kongsakon. "Youth risk behavior survey: Bangkok, Thailand." Journal of Adolescent Health 36, no. 3 (March 2005): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.01.013.

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18

Shollenberger Ed. D, Barry. "1998 Asian Games in Bangkok, Thailand." Journal of Sports and Games 2, no. 1 (2020): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22259/2642-8466.0201005.

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19

Princhankol, Pornpapatsorn, and Kuntida Thamwipat. "The Design and Development of Digital Contents on Social Media Network with Mega Influencers for Crowdfunding to Support Students with Financial Hardship." 13th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 13, no. 1 (June 16, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2022.1(24).

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Pornpapatsorn Princhankol , Associate Professor and M.Ind.Ed. Program Secretariat in Department of Educational Communications and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok ,Thailand. She graduated her PhD. from Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok ,Thailand , program in Higher Education and come to be a lecturer in Department of Educational Communications and Technology from year 2004 till now. She has experience in mass communication field in radio broadcasting programs of Chula Radio and the Department . Also she has experience in active learning ; co-operative learning and University quality assurance for over 10 years. Kuntida Thamwipat , Associate Professor in Department of Educational Communications and Technology, Associate Dean in Students Development and Organization Communication in Faculty of Industrial Education Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok Thailand . She graduated her PhD. from Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok Thailand , program in Communication Arts and came to be a lecturer in Department of Educational Communications and Technology from year 2000 till now. She has experience in mass communication field such as radio and television broadcasting program and experience in active learning ; service learning. Also she has experience in University public relations for over 15 years. Keywords: Digital Contents, Social Media Network, Mega influencers, Crowdfunding
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20

Chotiudompant, Suradech. "“Bangkok” in Contemporary Thai Literature: Globalization, Tourism, and Comsumerism." MANUSYA 16, no. 2 (2013): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01602003.

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The paper aims to investigate how Bangkok is represented in contemporary Thai literature, including those works by such authors of renown as Chamlong Fangcholachit, Prabda Yoon, and Paritas Hutangkul. Through the perspectives of these contemporary authors, Bangkok has been used as a poignant setting to showcase the problems and conditions of urbanism in Thailand. The paper aims to focus on three main issues of representation, which are not completely separated but closely intertwined: (1) Bangkok as a hub of globalization, where cultural forces, especially those from the West, clash with local knowledge and wisdom; (2) Bangkok as a major tourist destination, where the tourist’s imagination of Bangkok and Thailand as an exotic place jars with the realities they actually face upon their arrival; and (3) Bangkok as a city of capitalism and consumerism, where urban people define themselves through their conspicuous consumption. Contemporary Thai literature, especially those works in the last two decades, make manifest the complexity of these three issues as well as how these issues affect urban dwellers in their everyday life.
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21

Ulinata. "Analisis Sistem Utilitas pada Bangunan Bandar Udara Suvarnabhumi Bangkok, Thailand." Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani 2, no. 4 (April 29, 2022): 1753–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v2i4.293.

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The purpose of the research entitled Analysis of the Utility System at the Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport Building, Thailand to provide an overview of the utility system applied to the Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport Building, Thailand using a descriptive method by direct observation to the research location, collecting literature studies taken from books, articles that are accessed from the internet and then analyze the data. The results show that Suvarnabhumi Airport Bangkok, Thailand has a fairly good utility system, but some of them need to improve their utility systems such as the Design System for Fire Prevention. Because the better the utility system, the visitors will feel comfortable when in the building and the Architect has succeeded in designing a building where from an architectural point of view, the structure and utility are in accordance with the standard design criteria.
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22

Woraphan, Pawinyaphat, and Kittikoon Rungruang. "Global Citizenship of Secondary School Students in Bangkok, Thailand." Contemporary Social Sciences 27, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/27/58068.

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23

Wissink, Bart, and Lara Van Meeteren. "Art Organisers as Commoners: On the Sustainability and Counter‐Hegemonic Potential of the Bangkok Biennial." Social Inclusion 10, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4895.

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As part of a remarkable wave of perennial contemporary art events in Thailand, the Bangkok Biennial was organised for the first time in 2018. Without central curation or funding, the organisational strategy of this artist‐led, open‐access event was strikingly different from the state‐organised Thailand Biennale and the corporate Bangkok Art Biennale that were inaugurated several months later. Through the eyes of the literature on “commoning” as a third way of organising next to the state and market, we explore the “common spaces” that the Bangkok Biennial has produced. Reflecting on arguments articulated in the introduction to this thematic issue, as well as on Chantal Mouffe’s analysis of the detrimental nature of an “exodus strategy” for counter‐hegemonic action, we focus on the connections—if any—of the Bangkok Biennial with the state and corporations. Specifically, we address the following research questions: What are the characteristics of the Bangkok Biennial as a common art event? Which connections with the state and market have its organisers developed? And what are the consequences of this strategy for its sustainability and counter‐hegemonic potential? We conclude that the organisers have consciously resisted developing relationships with the state and market, and argue that this “exodus strategy” is a necessity in Thailand’s socio‐political setting. And while this strategy might endanger the sustainability of this biennial as an art event, we argue that at the same time it supports an infrastructure for counter‐hegemonic action inside and—possibly more importantly—outside art.
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Rangsikul, Rungthum. "IDENTITAS ETNIS DAN PROSES AKULTURASI ROHINGYA DI BANGKOK, THAILAND." Lakon : Jurnal Kajian Sastra dan Budaya 8, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/lakon.v8i1.9331.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti konstruksi identitas etnis Rohingya dan menemukan proses-proses penyesuaian diri mereka dalam pengungsiannya di Kota Bangkok Thailand melalui proses akulturasi. Dalam penelitian ini, saya berargumen bahwa pengalaman etnis Rohingya di negara Thailand dalam proses konstruksi identitas dan akulturasinya akan cenderung berbeda dengan negara tetanga lain berdasarkan budaya dan keyakinan. Perbedaan pengalaman ini selanjutnya menjadi dasar penelitian untuk melihat bagaimana change and continuities, berbagai perubahan dan hal-hal yang terus dipertahankan dalam konteks konstruksi identitas dan akulturasi etnis Rohingya sebagai bentuk adaptasi mereka di Bangkok. Populasi yang diteliti adalah Rohingya yang tinggal di kota Bangkok, Thailand. Wawancara mendalam digunakan untuk memperoleh data kualitatif dari lima responden Rohingya. Temuan utama adalah strategi akulturasi yang mencerminkan integrasi. Berhubungan dengan orang secara bertahap meningkatkan dari waktu ke waktu. Diskriminasi dianggap sebagai masalah problematik. Hidup dalam lingkungan yang berubah telah dimodifikasi tergantung pada konteks budaya, latar belakang individu, dan karakteristik sosial.
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Prasirtsuk, Kitti. "Thailand in 2014." Asian Survey 55, no. 1 (January 2015): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.1.200.

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Following the massive political demonstration that had shut down most government agencies in Bangkok since the end of 2013, on May 22, 2014, the Thai military launched a coup in an attempt to break the deadlock. Coup leaders vowed to solve the political impasse and reform the country. Several political and economic challenges lie ahead.
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Laosunthara, Ampan, Kumpol Saengtabtim, Piyaporn Sochoeiya, Natt Leelawat, Jing Tang, Akira Kodaka, Yasushi Onda, and Naohiko Kohtake. "Impact of COVID-19 Measures on Mobility in Bangkok, Thailand." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 4 (June 1, 2022): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0546.

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Transportation is considered to be one of the main activities of daily life. The COVID-19 pandemic, which had its origin at the end of 2019, restricted the movement of the people due to its deadly impacts. Most governments also had a hand in limiting the mobility of the people through various measures and policies. Thailand was one of the first countries impacted by COVID-19, and transportation in Bangkok, the capital city, was greatly affected by both government measures and the COVID-19 disease. In this study, the number of passengers using the various modes of public transportation in Bangkok and the daily number of COVID-19 cases there are analyzed, and a correlation is found. In addition, the measures taken against COVID-19 are summarized to identify any impacts on Bangkok’s mobility and transportation. The mobility and transportation data include the passengers of the four modes of transportation: air, water, road, and rail. The findings show a moderate yet significant correlation between the number of passengers and the daily number of COVID-19 cases. This correlation was also amplified by the announcements and policies of the government.
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27

Lert-Asavapatra, Pachoke. "FACTORS INFLUENCING EMPLOYEES’ TURNOVER INTENTION IN BANGKOK, THAILAND." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 4(11) (July 31, 2018): 46–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.4(11).2018.46-73.

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The objectives of this research are: 1) to study the personal factors, the level of perceived organizational support factors and the turnover intention of employees in Bangkok; 2) to investigate the relation between personal factors, perceived through organizational support factors that influence employees’ turnover intention in Bangkok. The sample consists of 385 respondents employed in Bangkok, and the data was collected by means of using the multi-stage sampling methods. Questionnaires were used as the research instrument. Multiple linear regressions were used to test the hypotheses. The results show that the majority of the respondents in the sample were less than 30 y.o., single, with bachelor’s degree and less than 5 years of work experience. The results of the regression analysis indicate that the personal factor of degree and the perceived organizational support (promotion) affect the turnover intention at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance.
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Prasirtsuk, Kitti. "Thailand in 2015." Asian Survey 56, no. 1 (January 2016): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.1.168.

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Under the military regime, Thailand struggled to design a new constitution. As the recently drafted document was rejected, another Constitutional Drafting Committee was installed, in effect delaying the return to electoral democracy for almost a year, until mid-2017 or so. Meanwhile, a bomb blast in downtown Bangkok that killed about 20 people revealed not only the risk of international terrorism but also the dilemma of Thai foreign policy.
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Wright, Emma. "Sawasdee Ka from Bangkok." Legal Information Management 1, no. 4 (2001): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669600000852.

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I came to Thailand 18 months ago. An amazing opportunity had arisen to work in Bangkok and as my ‘other half’ was also being transferred, off we set. The contract was to work in our Bangkok office for 2/3 years in a regional role supplying commercial information and research to the five Asian offices and, of course, experience the life of another country.
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Lertpongmane, Kawinphat. "Private companies’ change management under innovation-driven Thailand 4.0 context in the Bangkok Area." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128404012.

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The purposes of this research were; (1) to study the factors affecting the change management of private companies in the Bangkok area under the context of Thailand 4.0 driven by innovation and (2) to propose a development guideline for the change management of private companies in the Bangkok area under the context of Thailand 4.0 driven by innovation. The sample population in this study was 400 private company employees and 4 private company executives in the Bangkok area. This is a hybrid research study which combined qualitative and quantitative research methods, including interviews with private company executives, research for data from technical documents, and the use of a questionnaire as a quantitative instrument. The statistics for data analysis included Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, T-test, One-way ANOVA, and Multiple Regression.
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Matthews, James C., Chalida Chompoobut, Panida Navasumrit, M. Anwar H. Khan, Matthew D. Wright, Mathuros Ruchirawat, and Dudley E. Shallcross. "Particle Number Concentration Measurements on Public Transport in Bangkok, Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 7 (March 29, 2023): 5316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075316.

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Traffic is a major source of particulate pollution in large cities, and particulate matter (PM) level in Bangkok often exceeds the World Health Organisation limits. While PM2.5 and PM10 are both measured in Bangkok regularly, the sub-micron range of PM, of specific interest in regard to possible adverse health effects, is very limited. In the study, particle number concentration (PNC) was measured on public transport in Bangkok. A travel route through Bangkok using the state railway, the mass rapid transport underground system, the Bangkok Mass Transit System (BTS) Skytrain and public buses on the road network, with walking routes between, was taken whilst measuring particle levels with a hand-held concentration particle counter. The route was repeated 19 times covering different seasons during either morning or evening rush hours. The highest particle concentrations were found on the state railway, followed by the bus, the BTS Skytrain and the MRT underground with measured peaks of 350,000, 330,000, 33,000 and 9000 cm−3, respectively, though particle numbers over 100,000 cm−3 may be an underestimation due to undercounting in the instrument. Inside each form of public transport, particle numbers would peak when stopping to collect passengers (doors opening) and decay with a half-life between 2 and 3 min. There was a weak correlation between particle concentration on bus, train and BTS and Skytrain with carbon monoxide concentration, as measured at a fixed location in the city.
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32

Unthanon, Kanyarat. "THE NORTHERN THAI DIALECT USED IN CHIANG MAI, THAILAND." International Journal of Education and Social Science Research 05, no. 04 (2022): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37500/ijessr.2022.5419.

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Thailand has main four dialects spoken as the mother tongue in each region. This article will explore how the Northern dialect is used in Chiang Mai. The data was collected from the daily conversation at four public places: local markets, shopping malls, public transportation, and university cafeterias. The mixed method is the sample's non-participation observation and unstructured interview in the four research areas. The research concept is sociocultural linguistics. The research findings disclose that the local people still speak the Northern dialect in public places in the Chiang Mai centre. It is also found that they use the Northern dialect interspersed with the Bangkok language. The topics of conversation were food, travel, costume, study, entertainment, and sports. These issues were related to the place. All places found a large number of Bangkok language speakers. The findings also imply that the Northern dialect has less used than Bangkok in shopping malls and universities. Chiang Mai is an important tourist city, so people all over the country visit or move to this city with their different languages. It would appear in linguistic phenomena of code-mixing or code-switching between the Northern and Bangkok languages in this area, which should be a different research topic.
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33

Asari, Misuzu. "Report on 5th 3RINCs in Bangkok, Thailand." Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 30, no. 3 (May 31, 2019): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.30.221.

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Tonpitak, Walaiporn, Chulabha Sornklien, Mongkol Chawanit, Suvarin Pavasutthipaisit, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Viriya Hantrakun, Premjit Amornchai, et al. "Fatal Melioidosis in Goats in Bangkok, Thailand." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, no. 2 (August 6, 2014): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0115.

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35

Edelman, David J. "Managing the Urban Environment of Bangkok, Thailand." Current Urban Studies 10, no. 01 (2022): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cus.2022.101005.

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Ratanawaraha, Apiwat, and Saksith Chalermpong. "How the Poor Commute in Bangkok, Thailand." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2568, no. 1 (January 2016): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2568-13.

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Lekhanont, Kaevalin, Duangnate Rojanaporn, Roy S. Chuck, and Anun Vongthongsri. "Prevalence of Dry Eye in Bangkok, Thailand." Cornea 25, no. 10 (December 2006): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ico.0000244875.92879.1a.

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Promdirek, Piyorose, and Sureerat Polsilapa. "30-31 March 2017, Bangkok, Thailand, Preface." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 3 (2018): 9211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.10.146.

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Imwidthaya, S., and M. Thianprasit. "A study of dermatophytoses in Bangkok (Thailand)." Mycopathologia 102, no. 1 (April 1988): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00436246.

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Limsuwan, Ekasit, and Theerapong Attajarusit. "Second Stage Expressway System in Bangkok, Thailand." Structural Engineering International 1, no. 4 (November 1991): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686691780617247.

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Pitsiladis, Yannis P., Catherine Carty, Ivo Ferriani, Sarah Lewis, Matteo Vitello, Charmaine Crooks, John Liljelund, et al. "Inaugural HealthAccord Conference (SportAccord Convention, Bangkok, Thailand)." Current Sports Medicine Reports 17, no. 8 (August 2018): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000504.

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Pumpuang, Angkana, and Anuphao Aobpaet. "The Comparison of Land Subsidence between East and West Side of Bangkok, Thailand." Built Environment Journal 17, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v17isi.11740.

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The land deformation in line of sight (LOS) direction can be measured using time series InSAR. InSAR can successfully measure land subsidence based on LOS in many big cities, including the eastern and western regions of Bangkok which is separated by Chao Phraya River. There are differences in prosperity between both sides due to human activities, land use, and land cover. This study focuses on the land subsidence difference between the western and eastern regions of Bangkok and the most possible cause affecting the land subsidence rates. The Radarsat-2 single look complex (SLC) was used to set up the time series data for long term monitoring. To generate interferograms, StaMPS for Time Series InSAR processing was applied by using the PSI algorithm in DORIS software. It was found that the subsidence was more to the eastern regions of Bangkok where the vertical displacements were +0.461 millimetres and -0.919 millimetres on the western and the eastern side respectively. The districts of Nong Chok, Lat Krabang, and Khlong Samwa have the most extensive farming area in eastern Bangkok. Besides, there were also three major industrial estates located in eastern Bangkok like Lat Krabang, Anya Thani and Bang Chan Industrial Estate. By the assumption of water demand, there were forty-eight wells and three wells found in the eastern and western part respectively. The number of groundwater wells shows that eastern Bangkok has the demand for water over the west, and the pumping of groundwater is a significant factor that causes land subsidence in the area.Keywords: Subsidence, InSAR, Radarsat-2, Bangkok
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Chawanaphoothorn, Chansinee, and Nasha Suwanchotchoung. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WITH IMMUNITY AGAINST COVID-19 AND ACHIEVING HERD IMMUNITY IN BANGKOK AND THE VICINITIESAREAOF THAILAND." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 07 (July 31, 2021): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13188.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major impacts all around the world, with its characteristics being highly contagious. The first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Until July 2021 the situation in Thailand has only escalated with new daily cases being over 10,000 and is predicted to increase every day.Contrastingly, vaccines needto be imported to Thailand,causing multiple shortages and delaying the vaccination further. The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between the number of people who have immunity against the coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 and achieving herd immunity in Bangkok and vicinities areas of Thailand. The research question of this investigation is How is herd immunity in Thailand affected by the number of people who have had immunity against COVID-19 (either by vaccinated or has been infected by the coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2) by surveying 300 people living in Bangkok and vicinities area and age between 17 and 90 years old? The method used to gather data in this investigation is via internet survey by google form. The survey contains three to five questions and is sent out randomly to 300 people. After receiving the data, it is analyzed into graphs, charts, etc. by using Google form. The result from this survey illustrates that 73.4% from 300 people are immune to the coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2. To conclude, by assuming that the survey group represent the whole Bangkok and vicinity population, by January 2022 Bangkok and the vicinity area will achieve herd immunity successfully.
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Phoosangwalthong, Pornkamol, Ketsarin Kamyingkird, Chanya Kengradomkij, Wissanuwat Chimnoi, Peter Odermatt, and Tawin Inpankaew. "Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Zoonotic Hookworm in Semi-Domesticated Cats Residing in Monasteries in Bangkok, Thailand." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8020122.

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Hookworms are the most common parasitic nematodes in the genus of Ancylostoma that infect both humans and animals in subtropical and tropical South East Asia. The common hookworm species in cats is Ancylostoma ceylanicum which is emerging in Thailand. However, the genetic characterization of hookworms in cats is outdated and insufficiently studied in Thailand. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors and genetic characterization of hookworm infection in semi-domesticated temple cats in Bangkok, Thailand. A total of 500 temple cat fecal samples were collected from 43 monasteries in 24 districts of Bangkok, Thailand. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (cox 1) gene. The infection prevalence of hookworm in temple cats was 13.2% (66/500). The highest prevalence was 34.6% in the Bang Khun Thian district, which is located in a suburban area. The risk factor analysis revealed that cats older than one year (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.5, p < 0.05), lack of veterinary attention (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.7–4.9, p < 0.001) and Bangkok zone (suburban vs. inner city; OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6–5.4, p < 0.001) were significantly increasing hookworm infection risk. All hookworm positive samples were identified as A. ceylanicum by ITS gene. Moreover, genetic characterization of cox 1 gene in A. ceylanicum isolates indicated a mix of isolates from humans, cats and dogs. The findings show that temple cats can act as a potential source of zoonotic hookworm parasites for the human and animal population in Bangkok, Thailand. Therefore, appropriate control measures for hookworms in semi-domesticated temple cats as well as prevention measures for hookworms in pet cats and humans should be promoted.
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Gruenwald, Hermann. "Laundromats in Bangkok Real Estate Centric Services an Industry Emerging in Response to Covid-19." Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting 23, no. 22 (November 7, 2023): 338–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2023/v23i221156.

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Aims: This study tried to capture the perception of laundromat customers in Bangkok, Thailand towards the end of the historic and unsettling Covid-19 crisis for washing and drying purposes in terms of process, physical evidence, and people components of the service marketing mix, in addition to product, price, place, and promotion. Study Design: This is a grounded theory study in nature that explored the users’ perceptions of coin-operated laundries through structured interviews that were captured on questionnaires. Place and Duration of Study: Various types of automated laundries in Bangkok, Thailand during the end phase of the Covid-19 pandemic between March 2022 and December 2022. Methodology: We included a random sample of 200 respondents (33% male and 67% female; age range 11 to over 80 years), students, housewives, employees, and retirees who used self-service laundries of various types for washing and drying as well as other services. Results: Very important for the process are comfort and atmosphere together with cleanliness and safety (Mean 3.48, SD 1.31, r = 0.529). The physical evidence mentioned location in terms of access and the facility itself (Mean 3.54, SD 1.11, r = 0.650). The customer mix was the most important people component with few and only occasional staff in the vending business. (Mean 3.31, SD 1.27, r = 0.619). Conclusion: The study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic was the initial spark needed to start Bangkok's rapidly growing laundromat businesses. The industry grew so fast in Bangkok that the next target is the remainder of Thailand. Successful entrepreneurs in this industry will have a keen awareness of the location, process, physical evidence, and social components of their customer service-oriented highly automated SME.
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Bangbon, Pensri. "Marketing Factors That Affecting The Purchase Of Condominium In Bangkok Thailand." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 4434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1530.

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The purposes of this research were to study; 1) Purchasing Behavior of Condominium 2) The importance level of factors affecting the purchasing of condominium in Bangkok Thailand.3) The affected purchased level of condominium in Bangkok Thailand. Research and development methodology by quantitative methodology data were collected from used to purchase condominium in Bangkok via accidental sampling of 385 respondents of unknown exactly population. The research instrument were questionnaires. The data were then analyzed by computer software packages, statistic treatments were frequency, percentage, means, standard deviation, and ranking, Pearson Correlation, and Multiple Regression at statistical significance level of .05. The results of the research were as follows: 1) Overall and individual of customers purchased behavior of condominiums were of a high level, raked by mean respectively were: Person influencing Purchasing condominium, Category of condominium by price, and Purpose of purchasing behavior of condominiums.2) Overall and individual of the importance level of the factors affected the purchased condominium in Bangkok were at of a high importance level, raked by mean respectively were : Condominium Location, Promotion, Price of condominium, Brand Equity, Condominium Sales (place), and Condominium room (Product). 3) The marketing factors affected purchased condominium in Bangkok = was 0.898 condominium location, was 0.721 Promotion, was 0.691 Condominium room (Product), was 0.625 Price of condominium, was 0.572 brand equity, was 0.412 condominium sales (place). (R square = 0.882)
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MINOURA, KAZUSHIGE, and MASAMI MASUMOTO. "A new species of the genus Podothrips Hood­­ (Thysanoptera; Phlaeothripidae) from Thailand." Zootaxa 4834, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4834.2.9.

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48

Ningrum, Lestari, and Anggi Dito Dwiseptian. "HOW INDONESIAN TOURIST MOTIVATION CAN ENCOURAGE THE DESIRE HAVE BEEN TO BANGKOK, THAILAND." Kepariwisataan: Jurnal Ilmiah 13, no. 02 (May 31, 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47256/kepariwisataan.v13i02.47.

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Compared to other ASEAN countries, Thailand excels in terms of tourism growth in 2016. The period of January to October 2016, 27.076.308 Indonesian tourists visited Thailand, while Thailand’s tourists visit to Indonesia only 9.403.614. Why it happened? Whereas Indonesia including the 6 most beautiful country sites version Rough Guides, beating some countries such as the UK, Switzerland and Finland, and was chosen because of the cluster of gathering, cultural diversity, volcanoes, and even Indonesia became the only Asian country in the top 10 Tourism is worldwide. Tourism is currently experiencing a shift in the role. For many cities in Indonesia, travel has become a primary need. Motivational factors are also related to visitor’s satisfaction because different destination may have different factors that attract visitor to the place. The research method used in this study is descriptive with quantitative approach. The research instrument is questionnaire with 5-point likert scale, distributed either directly on the site with 397 respondents who have ever travelled to the locations under study. The aim of research how Indonesian tourist motivation can encourage the desire been to Bangkok Thailand The results showed that the motivation of the traveller physical, the strongest impulse to travel to Bangkok is with the aim to refreshing.Key works: Tourism, travel motivational
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Iamtrakul, Pawinee, Apinya Padon, and Jirawan Klaylee. "Measuring Spatializing Inequalities of Transport Accessibility and Urban Development Patterns: Focus on Megacity Urbanization, Thailand." Journal of Regional and City Planning 33, no. 3 (January 10, 2023): 345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2022.33.3.4.

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The metropolis of Bangkok is characterized as a primate city because of its role as the capital of Thailand. Its suburbanization spreads to five surrounding provinces. Compared to other provinces in Thailand, it has highly concentrated urban development, without disparity between urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the travel volume in Bangkok and its surrounding areas is the highest in the country, with the majority related to private vehicle usage. This is why Bangkok is ranked as the world’s most congested city. To solve this problem and sustain the urbanization of the capital, it is necessary to understand the urban development patterns in Bangkok and their associated factors in measuring the accessibility of transportation. This research applied factor analysis and cluster analysis to characterize the different district contexts of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, by selecting the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) as the capital city area and Pathum Thani Province as a suburbanized area. Consequently, their transport accessibility could be represented by the level of accessibility in terms of the inequalities in the existing transportation system. Furthermore, by clustering the districts according to their economic and social factors, the causes of these inequalities could be identified by spatializing and geographically highlighting them. These findings should be integrated into the urban planning and development policies to overcome urban development challenges and create a city with more accessible and affordable public transport opportunities.
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Poltep, Kanaporn, Juthamas Phadungsombat, Emi E. Nakayama, Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat, Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn, Witthawat Wiriyarat, Tatsuo Shioda, and Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong. "Genetic Diversity of Dengue Virus in Clinical Specimens from Bangkok, Thailand, during 2018–2020: Co-Circulation of All Four Serotypes with Multiple Genotypes and/or Clades." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (September 4, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030162.

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Dengue is an arboviral disease highly endemic in Bangkok, Thailand. To characterize the current genetic diversity of dengue virus (DENV), we recruited patients with suspected DENV infection at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, during 2018–2020. We determined complete nucleotide sequences of the DENV envelope region for 111 of 276 participant serum samples. All four DENV serotypes were detected, with the highest proportion being DENV-1. Although all DENV-1 sequences were genotype I, our DENV-1 sequences were divided into four distinct clades with different distributions in Asian countries. Two genotypes of DENV-2 were identified, Asian I and Cosmopolitan, which were further divided into two and three distinct clades, respectively. In DENV-3, in addition to the previously dominant genotype III, a cluster of 6 genotype I viruses only rarely reported in Thailand was also observed. All of the DENV-4 viruses belonged to genotype I, but they were separated into three distinct clades. These results indicated that all four serotypes of DENV with multiple genotypes and/or clades co-circulate in Bangkok. Continuous investigation of DENV is warranted to further determine the relationship between DENV within Thailand and neighboring countries in Southeast Asia and Asia.
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