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Mawocha, Tineyi Emmanuel. "The disintermediation of commercial banks by non-bank financial institutions in Swaziland." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/985.
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Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research is influenced by and starts from the work carried out by the IMF in Swaziland, wherein they comment about the significant growth in the use of savings and credit co-operatives compared with that of commercial banks. They also report the lack of growth of the financial sector resulting in sluggish economic growth.
This report sets out to establish through a survey, the attitude of the Swazi public towards commercial banks, and to establish if indeed there is a deliberate move away from commercial banks to non-bank financial institutions in general. In the process the reasons for migrating from commercial banks are established. In addition, the ultimate use of funds borrowed in general, is also investigated. Specifically for those people who use non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), the research further probes the uses of such funds, and whether or not such funds are likely to affect economic growth. The survey is augmented by results from questionnaires responded to by selected microfinance institutions (MFIs) as a means of cross-checking and validating results obtained from the public survey.
Findings are that in Swaziland, while the growth of savings and credit co-operatives (SACCOs) is acknowledged, there does appear to be a tendency to still use commercial banks by the economically active population. Borrowing tends to be for school fees, followed by the purchase of building materials for constructing rural homes on ancestral land, as well as for personal use and business activities. It also appears that the majority of users of financial intermediaries are civil servants, which comes as no surprise as government is the largest employer.
The conclusion is that Swaziland’s problems with sluggish economic growth appear to be from more than a shallow financial sector, but a myriad of other reasons that have not been explored in this study.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is gebaseer op die uitkoms van die werk uitgevoer deur die Internasionale Monetêre Fonds (IMF) as vertrekpunt, waarin hulle meer beduidende groei in die gebruik van spaar en krediet-kooperatiewe gevind het in vergelyking met die trae groei in die gebruik van kommersiële banke. In dieselfde verslag haal hulle ook aan dat die gebrek aan voldoende groei in die finansiële sektor onderliggend is aan die stadige ekonomiese groei.
Hierdie verslag bepaal deur middel van ‘n opname, die gesindheid van die Swazi-publiek teenoor kommersiële banke om vas te stel of daar ‘n opsetlike voorkeur vir nie-finansiële instellings is, bo kommersiële banke. Die studie ondersoek ook die spesifieke gebruik en toepassing van fondse verkry vanaf nie-finansiële kooperatiewe en of die gebruik daarvan ‘n negatiewe impak op ekonomiese groei het. Die uitkoms van hierdie ondersoek word bevestig deur die bevindinge van vraelyste wat deur geselekteerde mikro-finansiële instellings voltooi is, te vergelyk met die bevindinge van publieke opnames.
Die bevindinge vir Swaziland is dat alhoewel daar groei is in die spaar-en krediet-kooperatiewe, daar steeds ‘n tendens onder die ekonomies aktiewe populasie is om gebruik te maak van kommersiële banke. Lenings word hoofsaaklik gebruik vir die befondsing van skoolgelde, daarnaas vir die aankoop van boumateriaal vir die konstruksie van landelike huise in voorvaderlike gebiede wat deur stamleiers toegeken word, sowel as vir persoonlike gebruik en besigheidsfinansiering. Dit wil ook voorkom asof die meerderheid van die leners staatsamptenare is. Dit is te verwagte, aangesien die regering die grootste werkgewer is.
Die gevolgtrekking van die ondersoek is dat Swaziland se trae ekonomiese groei meer onderliggende beperkende oorsake het as bloot net die oppervlakkige uitwerking van die (kommersiële) finansiële sektor. Hierdie onderliggende redes word nie verder ondersoek as deel van hierdie studie nie.
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Nicolas, Christina. "Formal and informal institutions, bank capital ratios and lending." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0042.
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Cette thèse examine l'impact des institutions formelles et informelles sur les ratios de fonds propres et les prêts des banques. Elle est composée de trois essais empiriques. Le premier chapitre explore l'effet de la qualité juridique et institutionnelle formelle sur les ratios de fonds propres pondérés par rapport aux ratios de fonds propres non pondérés des banques dans la région du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord. Les résultats montrent que lorsque les marchés boursiers sont moins développés, les variables institutionnelles affectent de manière significative les ratios de fonds propres réglementaires pondérés par le risque, mais pas les ratios de levier. À l'inverse, lorsque les marchés boursiers sont plus développés, seuls les ratios de levier sont influencés par des facteurs institutionnels. Le deuxième chapitre parcourt la relation entre les ratios de fonds propres des banques, le cadre juridique et institutionnel et les prêts bancaires en utilisant un échantillon mondial de banques commerciales. Les résultats confirment que le développement institutionnel est un moteur important du crédit bancaire, tandis que l’effet des ratios de capital sur le crédit bancaire reste d’une importance mineure. Le troisième chapitre porte sur le rôle de la confiance dans le développement du crédit bancaire dans le monde. Les résultats confirment que la confiance Inter-groupe, la confiance envers les personnes que nous ne connaissons pas, renforce de manière significative les prêts bancaires dans les pays dans lesquels le développement institutionnel et judiciaire est relativement moins développé. En ce qui concerne la confiance intra-groupe, la confiance envers les personnes que nous connaissons, les résultats empiriques montrent qu’elle affecte indirectement le crédit bancaire en favorisant le développement du crédit informel<br>This dissertation examines the impact of formal and informal institutions on bank capital ratios and lending. It comprises three empirical essays. The first chapter explores the effect of the legal and institutional quality on bank risk-weighted capital ratios versus non risk-weighted capital ratios in the Middle East and North Africa region. The findings show that when stock markets are less developed, institutional variables significantly affect risk-weighted regulatory capital ratios but not leverage ratios. Conversely, when stock markets are more developed, only leverage ratios are influenced by institutional factors. The second chapter explores the relationship between bank capital ratios, the legal and institutional framework, and bank lending using a global sample of commercial banks. The results confirm that institutional development is a significant driver of bank lending while the effect of capital ratios on bank lending remains of minor importance. The third chapter focuses on the role of trust in bank lending development around the world. It provides evidence that Out-group trust, the trust in individuals we do not know, significantly boosts bank lending in countries with relatively lower levels of institutional and judicial development. As for In-group trust, the trust in individuals we know, evidence shows that it affects bank lending indirectly by favoring the development of informal lending
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Anunoby, O. C. "Corporate development and performance : A study of banking institutions." Thesis, Henley Business School, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378230.
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Dietrich, David Roland. "An analysis of bank risk management and its relevance for the non-bank corporate sector." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002683.
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This thesis, entitled “An analysis of bank risk management and its relevance for the non-bank corporate sector”, investigates the extent to which financial risk management by the banking sector can be applied to the non-bank corporate sector. As banks’ risk management techniques are more sophisticated than those of the non-bank corporate sector we have endeavoured to ascertain the applicability of these established risk management methods to the non-bank corporate sector. The main objectives of this study were to analyse the banking sectors’ risks and management thereof, and compare them to the risks faced by the nonbank corporate sector. This analysis was then used to present a theoretical financial risk management model for the corporate sector. This analysis was conducted using qualitative research. The thesis engaged in an in-depth investigation of financial risk management through a documentary, literature and media analysis. It was elucidated that not all companies face the same financial risks and therefore each company requires its own unique financial risk management model. Furthermore, it was established that there are several risks that both banks and non-bank corporates are subjected to. However, the management of these risks is not necessarily the same for these two types of institutes. This thesis concludes by putting forward a financial risk management model which presents all the possible financial risks that non-bank corporates may face.
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Cooper, David J. "Liquidity of depository institutions and the use of federal home loan bank advances." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 1999. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/56.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.<br>Bachelors<br>Business Administration<br>Finance
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Lwiza, Daudi Rutatinisibwa. "Market-orientation of Tanzanian banking institutions : a case of CRDB Bank." Thesis, University of East London, 2002. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1239/.
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The thrust of this research is the "MARKET-ORIENTATION OF TANZANIAN BANKING INSTITUTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF CRDB BANK". Being the first of its kind within the context of the study, it is largely an exploratory study on the marketorientation (MO) with twin purposes of: (a) examining the extent of MO in CRDB Bank as perceived by employees and (b) exploring the development and implementation of MO culture in the bank, with a special focus on the facilitating and hindering factors. Emanating from these purposes are four main objectives of the research that underpinned the research namely (1) to explore the existing marketing philosophies in the bank, (2) to measure the employees perceived level of MO and its constituent dimensions, including the development of the MO scale that is suitable to a banking institution, (3) to explore whether the perception of the level of MO differs according to the following attributes (a) hierarchical levels of the organisation (top, middle and lower management and between head office and branches offices of the bank), (b) employee-specific(personal) attributes(c) size of branches ( large, medium and small), (d) location of branches ( between those in competitive areas and in least competitive areas) and (e) profitability performance ( between above-median and below-median performing branches), and (4) to explore the facilitating and hindering factors for the development and implementation of MO in CRDB Bank and Tanzanian financial sector in general. The main methodology used in this research is a case study. This enabled us to use method triangulation, whereby both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Principally, we applied the following research tools/techniques in data gathering: interviews, documentary analysis, survey questionnaire and personal observation. The field research involved two phases. The first was a pilot study that entailed conducting discovery-oriented interviews with 9 bankers in six banks. The second phase was conducting the substantive research in CRDB Bank. The findings of the study are fascinating and may have far- reaching implications both in terms of theory and practice. From a themantic dimension, we successfully reconceptualised MO, by developing a scale for measuring the extended MO. We clarified this as the Simultaneous Market orientation, SMO, which composes five key dimensions: external customer-orientation, competitor-orientation, interfunctional orientation, internal 111 customer-orientation and profit-orientation. The scale was tested and validated for its psychometric properties. In other words, the SMO scale was found, reliable and valid, implying that the five components fully represented the SMO. External customerorientation and profit-orientation were ranked as first and second most important dimension of SMO in the bank. Competitor-orientation, interfunctional co-ordination and internal customer-orientation were ranked third, fourth and fifth, respectively. From the practice perspective, our findings indicates that marketing-orientation and salesorientation are the dominant marketing philosophies, while production-orientation and societal marketing-orientation are the less marketing philosophies. This in practice indicates a co-existence of different marketing philosophies in the organisation contrary to the main stream literature exhortations. Also, the research revealed an integration perspective of employees on SMO culture. Essentially, this has established the importance of internal customer-orientation in influencing or leading to employees' participation, morale, training, job satisfaction and retention as a critical determinants of successful SMO implementation. Furthermore, we have identified the main facilitative and hindering factors for the development and implementation of MO in the specific context of CRDB bank and the Tanzanian financial sector in general. These antecedent factors have a profound effect on MO implementation. In general, our findings have set a solid base and raised issues that are likely to chart the future direction of MO situation not only in Tanzania, but also in other African countries that are undergoing market-driven transformation of their economies. The main public policy implication of this study is that there is a need to strengthen the macroenvironment and to mount public education in order to foster MO behaviour and practice. Similarly, at the management level, there is a need for effective and adequate management leadership and support for adoption and implementation of MO culture and the need for sustained or continuous changes given the emergent internal and external environment. The essential role of informed "change agents" in fostering MO could not be discounted.
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Badinger, Harald, and Volker Nitsch. "National Representation in Supranational Institutions: The Case of the European Central Bank." Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2013.05.007.
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Supranational institutions face an important trade-off when hiring personnel. On the one hand,
hiring decisions are based, as in most organizations, on a candidate's professional
qualifications. On the other hand, supranational institutions often aim for broad national
representation. Reviewing evidence from the European Central Bank, we show that
nationality is indeed relevant for both hiring and decision-making. Specifically, we find a
disproportionately narrow spread of national representation in the top management of the
ECB. Further, there is evidence for the existence of national networks between adjacent
management layers. Finally, monetary policy decisions seem to be linked to national
representation in the core business areas of the ECB. Examining a sample of 27 European
countries over the period from 1999 to 2008, we estimate Taylor rules for alternative sets of
euro area aggregates derived from different weighting schemes of national macroeconomic
data. Our results indicate that weights based on national representation in the mid-level
management of the ECB's core business areas best describe the central bank's interest-rate
setting behavior.
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Zeng, Yao. "Essays on the Risks and Real Effects of Non-Bank Financial Institutions." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493529.
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These essays explore the risks and real effects of various non-bank financial institutions, such as open-end mutual funds, hedge funds, and venture capital. In the first essay, “A Dynamic Theory of Mutual Fund Runs and Liquidity Management,” I show that mutual funds are subject to bank-run-like risks, but the underlying mechanism is different. In the second essay, "Investment Exuberance under Cross Learning,” written with Shiyang Wang, we argue that firm cross learning can lead to inefficient investment exuberance, in which institutional investors’ (like hedge funds) play a key role. In the third essay, “Financing Entrepreneurial Production: Security Design with Flexible Information Acquisition," written with Ming Yang, we explores the optimal security design when the investor (like venture capital) can acquire information to help the entrepreneur make better investment decisions.<br>Economics
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Ahmad, Rubi 1962. "Bank capital, risk and performance : Malaysia evidence." Monash University, Dept. of Accounting and Finance, 2005. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5121.
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Gasymov, Sabukhi. "Oceňování komerčních bank." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191728.
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The diploma thesis is dedicated to the valuation of commercial banks. The work is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the specifics of commercial banks for valuation purposes. The second chapter is devoted to describing different valuation methods. The third chapter analyzes the characteristics of the selected bank. The fourth chapter deals with financial analysis and strategic analysis, and financial plan of the bank in other chapters. The last chapter is the heart of the work, where the selected bank is being valuated. The conclusion summarizes the issue.
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Marcelin, Isaac. "THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, BANKING PERFORMANCE, PRIVATIZATION, AND GROWTH." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/157.
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The problem of the present study is twofold (1) analyze the impacts of institutions and private property rights on the banking industry, and (2) the effects of property rights, contracting rights and intellectual property rights concurrent to privatization of state owned enterprises on a wide range of industries. First, it uses a sample of 37 countries to assess the effects privatization on industry growth of output, value added and establishments with regards to property rights institutions, using 3SLS technique. Consistent with the law and finance view, our results show that privatization works better in settings with better contracting, patents, and IPRs laws to foster industry growth. The results suggest that least developed countries can accelerate the growth of their industrial sector by structurally bettering their legal institutions to benefit from their privatization programs. There is strong evidence of structural unemployment in sectors that are more capital intensive; privatization has a crowding out effect channeled through financial development. The results have broad implications vis-à-vis policy choices for institutional reforms specifically in terms of control of corruption, enhancing property rights, contracting rights, and IRPs protection for privatization to bear fruits. Second, this study assumes that banks in countries with infective institutions operate in a highly risky environment, which is reflected in the interest rates spread, loan quality, and net interest margin. It investigates the relationships between banks and institutions using seemingly unrelated regressions and data from 79 countries. It shows that institutional improvements abate inefficiencies in the banking sector, reduce obstacles to external finance, and improve the quality of bank loan portfolios. Specifically, had a country in the 25th percentile of the institutional quality index, depth of credit information, and the spread improved its value to the mean sample of these variables, banks in that country would have had an annual decrease of 2.24% in net interest margin, 1.57% in unpaid loans, and 0.822 basis points in the spread. Other institutions including private and public registries are effective in improving access to external finance. Importantly, information on borrowers past loan repayment patterns significantly decreases the spreads only when controlled for predated institutional quality. This finding highlights the significance of institution-building especially in countries where sudden power shifts result into pendular swings in public policies. Third, using three independent samples to investigate the institutional factors affecting the performance of the banking sector around the world, this study finds that financial effects of three sets of institutions including private creditors’ right, property rights, and institutional quality on bank performance are strong. It uses SEM technique to show that better quality of institutions is negatively related to bank profitability while private creditors’ right and property rights institutions are positively related to bank profitability.
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Komissar, A. "Providing protection of institutions of banks under current conditions." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33555.
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The research is caused by the spread of malicious attacks on material objects and money banks, as well as the need to find forms and methods of protecting banks and forming them into a safe mode of their activity. Bank security is a state of stable life at which the implementation of basic interests and priorities of the bank, to protect it from internal and external destabilizing factors, regardless of operating conditions.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33555
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Zhang, Gaoqing. "An Economic Inquiry Into Information Disclosure By Banking Institutions." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/371.
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Ėnchzajaa, Čuluunbaataryn. "Impact of institutions on lending informal constraints and enforcement of bank regulation in Mongolia /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitats-Verlag, 2006. https://www.lib.umn.edu/slog.phtml?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=134342.
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Enkhzaya, Chuluunbaatar. "Impact of institutions on lending : informal constraints and enforcement of bank regulation in Mongolia /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/484943944.pdf.
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Enchzajaa, Culuunbaataryn. "Impact of institutions on lending informal constraints and enforcement of bank regulation in Mongolia /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-9007-1.
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Starobinskaya, Irina. "Structural modelling of operational risk in financial institutions : application of Bayesian networks and balanced scorecards to IT infrastructure risk modelling /." Berlin : Pro Business, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991725328/04.
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Ramlogan, Julia Indera. "New international bank governance : an empirical study based on interviews with chairpersons, board members, CEOs and governance experts of global financial institutions /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz311478263inh.htm.
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Prange, Tim. "The Chinese banking sector." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16129.
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Zusammenfassung: Diese Arbeit liefert eine institutionenökonomische Sicht auf den chinesischen Bankensektor des Jahres 2005. Im theoretischen Teil werden etablierte makroprudentielle Indikatoren zur Prüfung der Bankenstabilität in einen Rahmen aus informellen und formalen marktregulierenden und marktstabilisierenden Institutionen integriert. Die sich anschließende positive institutionelle Analyse zielt auf die Identifizierung von Risiken für die Stabilität des chinesischen Bankensektors ab, welche sich aus diesem institutionellen Gefüge ergeben. Abstract<br>Abstract: This paper gives an institutional perspective on the Chinese banking sector at the end of 2005. For the theoretical part, this paper uses established macroprudential indicators for banking sector stability and integrates these into a set of formal and informal market-regulating and market-stabilising institutions. The following positive institutional analysis aims at identifying risks for the stability of the Chinese banking sector emanating from this institutional framework.
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Jones, Laurence. "The credit rating industry under new regulatory regimes : the case of financial institutions." Thesis, Bangor University, 2019. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-credit-rating-industry-under-new-regulatory-regimes(86afd105-d094-431e-b345-1e9db149cb46).html.
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The dominant role of credit ratings, along with the failure of important FIs, exacerbated the 2008 crisis and caused further damage to European economies, which highlighted the need for effective regulation to prevent a reoccurrence. This thesis investigates the effect of EU and US recent regulatory reforms of the rating industry on the quality of credit ratings of financial institutions (FIs), as well as the impact of the new EU financial regulatory initiatives on the performance of FIs. The first empirical Chapter focuses on the EU reforms of credit rating agencies (CRAs) and provides evidence supporting the presence of a conservative rating bias in the post regulatory period, as increased scrutiny, fines and liability increase the cost of over rating. CRAs exhibit an unwarranted decrease in EU FI ratings, evidenced by an increase in false warning and a fall in the informativeness of FI rating downgrades in the post regulatory period. A subsequent rise in stock market responses to rating upgrades is consistent with CRAs expending greater effort to ensure they are justified. The second empirical Chapter focuses on the US reforms of CRAs and reports no significant impact on FI ratings, rather each CRA has responded differently to the passage of the US Dodd-Frank Act (DFA). There is, however, a significant reduction in stock market reactions to FI credit rating signals, consistent with diminishing reliance on credit ratings by market participants in the US. The third empirical Chapter builds and estimates a dynamic model of FI behaviour using discrete choice dynamic programming (DCDP). The model is used to simulate and examine the impact of regulations, including EU reforms of CRAs, capital adequacy regulation (Basel III), and the bail-in regime, on FIs' behaviour in the real economy. The results show that the shift to increasingly conservative rating behaviour triggered by the CRA reforms has caused FIs to respond by manipulating their capital ratios and to reduce lending activities. The results also show that more stringent capital requirements stimulate FIs to hold more capital, reduce lending and reveal a positive influence in reducing bank insolvency rates, particularly during the crisis period. The introduction of a bail-in regime reveals similar results, but crucially stimulates the adoption of a stable equilibrium (unlike Basel III). This thesis highlights drawbacks with the current regulatory reforms of the EU and US FI rating industries and suggests potential solutions. The thesis also informs the policy debate surrounding the best way to regulate both CRAs and FIs and ensure that there is not a reoccurrence of the problems present in the 2008 financial crisis.
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Hamalainen, Paul. "Assessing market discipline in UK credit institutions : subordinated debt holders as signallers of bank risk." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8057.
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The thesis examines subordinated debt holder market discipline in UK credit institutions during the period 1995 to 2002. The topic is relevant as current research is questioning the role and effectiveness of rules-based bank regulatory oversight, and favouring, instead, incentive-compatible regulatory design and market discipline. In particular, the literature proposes using signals from subordinated debt holders to constrain bank risk-taking. In addition, this market oversight may provide information signals to regulatory agencies that are useful in improving bank regulatory design. The thesis researches two prominent issues related to subordinated debt holder market discipline and, therefore, contributes to the debate in introducing incentive-compatible polices in bank regulatory design. First, testing the risk sensitivity of UK credit institution subordinated debt spreads assesses whether investors are signalling bank risk in market prices. The UK evidence supports the theoretical literature in claiming that eliminating too-big-to-fail policies can encourage effective incentive-based mechanisms. Secondly, the research examines the appropriateness of introducing a mandatory subordinated debt policy in the UK. The empirical analysis raises a number of themes, many of which are in stark contrast to US and other European banks' subordinated debt characteristics. The conclusion is that the regular issuance of subordinated debt should be the overriding policy tool to signal and constrain bank risk-taking (i.e. direct discipline). Extending the policy to include indirect market discipline through a standardised mandatory subordinated debt requirement would impose substantial costs and should not be implemented.
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Ntsaluba, Sango Siviwe. "Comparative analysis of financing instruments used by development finance institutions: lessons for Brics Development Bank." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28993.
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Financing instruments are the means by which development finance institutions carry out their mandate of addressing the socio-economic needs of the country, group of countries or a region. It is of great importance that the development and application of financing instruments should be in line with the objectives for which the development finance institutions were established. The literature reviewed was intended to establish the reasons for the existence of development finance institutions and their role in private sector development. Furthermore, literature was reviewed to establish various financing instruments developed and applied by development finance institutions. The study is premised on the fact that new DFIs can be complementary thus an assessment of DFIs will provide instrument and sectoral gaps which the BRCIS Bank can take advantage of. As such, the study was to examine the financing instruments that development finance institutions (DFIs) use to address their economic objectives and identify lessons for the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) Development Bank. The study employed the qualitative exploratory research strategy. Documents and in-depth interviews were used as data. The sample included major multilateral, regional and bilateral development finance institutions operating in developing economies, including BRICS countries. The author established that there are varied founding objectives of development finance institutions and that there is wide use of traditional financing instruments of debt and equity. However, there is limited use of innovative financing instruments such as project finance and those applied in Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). The main recommendation made is that BRICS Bank should take advantage of the existing instrument and sectoral gaps if it is going to survive not only as a competitor but a complementary DFI. In addition it should consider the introduction of innovative instruments that take into account developing and emerging economies realities. In light of mission drift and agency issues the BRICS Bank should have robust governance and monitoring and evaluation frameworks that will ensure that its founding objectives are pursued.
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Špániková, Kateřina. "Dopady finanční krize na systém regulace bank." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-18703.
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The theme of this thesis is the financial sector regulators' response to the recent financial crisis. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate new approaches to financial sector regulation and to answer the question whether financial regulators could learn from their past experience. The introductory section is devoted to a brief study of the reasons for the crisis and mistakes on the part of regulation and supervision. The analytical part deals with the analysis of the most significant changes in the regulation of the financial sector, which were a reaction to the financial crisis: the reform of supervision in the European Union, especially the new architecture of the supervisory and management approaches used for banks in crisis, changes of CRD and the taxation of financial institutions.
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Braun, Benjamin. "Central Bank agency and monetary governability in the Euro area : governing through money, trust, and expectations." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67054/.
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Aiming to speak to broader debates about the nature of state power in relation to the economy this thesis concentrates on central bank agency and monetary governability. More specifically, it focuses on a single case: The agency of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the making, unmaking, and re-making of monetary governability in the euro area from 1999 through 2014. This choice is motivated by the euro area representing a unique 'natural experiment' in establishing monetary governability from scratch under conditions of 21st century financialised capitalism. The thesis is divided into two parts. Chapters one and two develop an original analytical and conceptual framework for the study of central bank agency. Starting out from the premise that governability is not a natural feature of the economy but needs to be actively established, I argue that any attempt to answer the question of the ECB’s role in that process has to account for the fundamental hybridity of central bank agency both as a central bureaucratic authority and as a bank, as well as for its multidimensionality as it addresses different governability challenges posed by different audiences. It is on the basis of these inductively won observations that I embrace the theoretical vocabulary of performativity, conceptualising governability as a performative effect of the interactions between the ECB and its audiences. The arrangements that govern these interactions are described, using a Foucauldian concept, as 'apparatuses'. On that basis, the second part of the thesis comprises three empirical chapters on the financial apparatus of monetary policy implementation, the communicative apparatus of expectation management, and the ideological apparatus of monetary trust. The sixth chapter brings the analysis of the three apparatuses up to date by focusing on three key episodes from the recent financial and economic crisis.
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Sulimani, Foday. "The False Promise of International Financial Institutions in Building Stable Democracies in Third World Countries." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1183402800.
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Nannyonjo, Justine. "Financial sector reforms in Uganda (1990-2000) : interest rate spreads, market structure, bank performance and monetary policy /." Göteborg : Nationalekonomiska institutionen, Handelshögsk, 2002. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/data/html/html/2055.html.
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Hasdemir, Fatih. "The reform of the economies of developing countries under the influence of international financial institutions : the case of Turkey." Thesis, University of Hull, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318996.
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Левченко, В. П. "Антикризові заходи у сфері діяльності небанківських фінансових установ України". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61678.
Full textAbstract:
В умовах розвитку кризових явищ в економіці України доцільно
розглянути заходи, що розробляються державними органами влади для
забезпечення стійкості та подальшого розвитку вітчизняного фінансового
ринку.
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Wang, Qianfei. "Does rating help microfinance institutions raise funds? a cross-country analysis of the role of rating agency assessments inmicrofinance industry /." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Theses/WANG_QIANFEI_8.pdf.
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Сідельник, О. П. "Особливості розвитку співпраці банківських установ та страхових компаній". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62257.
Full textAbstract:
Тенденція до глобалізації усіх сфер економічної діяльності стає однією з
найвагоміших проблем економічної інтеграції. З метою оптимізації бізнесу та
можливості отримання нових прибутків почали з`являтися альянси і
відбувається злиття всередині фінансового сектора, в основному між банками
та страховими компаніями.
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Сисоєва, Лариса Юріївна, Лариса Юрьевна Сысоева та Larysa Yuriivna Sysoieva. "Напрямки взаємодії банків та інститутів спільного інвестування". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62164.
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Aziz, Saqib. "Three Essays on Mergers and Acquisitions and Bank Stability." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G005/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse est constituée de trois essais sur les activités de fusions-acquisitions (F&A) des banques et leurs effets sur la stabilité du secteur bancaire. Le premier essai analyse l’intensité de l’activité F&A des grandes banques Européennes au cours d'une période vaste de 1990-2006 et les liens avec les mesures de sauvetages et les notations de crédit pendant la crise financière de 2007-2009. Trois résultats importants sont mis en évidence à partir de notre étude. En premier lieu, l'intensité de l'activité F&A est liée positivement à la probabilité de sauvetage pendant la crise financière. En second lieu, cette intensité des activités de F&A est liée à la détérioration des notations des émetteurs, suggérant ainsi un risque de défaut plus élevé des banques acquéreuses pendant la période de crise. Enfin, on constate un lien positif entre les mesures de protection gouvernementales et l'effet combiné des activités de F&A et du facteur « too big to fail ». Ceci laisse penser que les banques peuvent poursuive leurs activités de F&A pour exploiter des avantages de protection liés à leur statut de « too big to fail ». Le second essai analyse la relation entre les activités de F&A de grandes banques Européennes et leur vulnérabilité à la crise financière en utilisant l’indicateur DD de Merton (1974) et le ratio de Z-score comme mesures de risque de faillite et de solvabilité. Les résultats mettent en évidence que les stratégies d’acquisition de banques d'investissements sur une période de 1990-2006 sont liées significativement à l'augmentation en leur risque de défaut (mesuré par DD) et l'insolvabilité (mesuré par le Z-score) pendant la crise financière récente. Le troisième et dernier essai s’intéresse aux relations entre les opérations de F&A et les évolutions de la déréglementation bancaire et des réformes de régulation bancaire mises en place aux Etats-Unis. Nous analysons principalement les effets de deux actes de déréglementation significatifs des années 1990 qui ont permis aux banques américaines de s’étendre à travers les états (acte de Riegle-Neal de 1994 et acte de Gramm-Leach-Bliley de 1999). Nous comparons les activités de F&A des banques américaines avec comme groupe de contrôle les banques européennes sur la période 1990-2009. Nous constatons un effet significativement positif de la déréglementation sur les activités de F&A dans le secteur bancaire américain. Cependant, on peut remarquer que les effets constatés ne sont pas forcément les effets souhaités ou visés par les deux actes de déréglementation. De plus, nous montrons que l'intensité des activités de F&A et la déréglementation provoquent conjointement un effet négatif sur la stabilité du secteur bancaire américain, justifiant ainsi le lien souvent établi entre la concentration du système bancaire et sa fragilité<br>This dissertation consists of three essays on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity of banks and various dimensions of their stability. The first essay delves upon whether and how acquisitiveness of large European banks over an extensive period of 1990-2006 relate to their bailouts and credit ratings during the financial crisis of 2007-2009. Three important findings emerge from the performed analysis. First, the intensity of bank M&A activity positively relates to the likelihood and extent of their bailout support during the financial crisis. Second, the ex-ante acquisitiveness of banks relates in a significantly positive manner with the deterioration in bank issuer ratings – suggesting towards higher default risk of acquisitive banks during the crisis period. Third, a positive link between the external support and the joint effect of M&A activity and “too big to fail” factor substantiates that banks may pursue M&A activity to exploit safety net benefits associated with “too big to fail” status in the market. The second chapter analyzes the relation between M&A activity of large European banks and their vulnerability to the financial crisis using Merton (1974) based distance to default (DD) and the Z-score ratio as a measure of bankruptcy risk and solvency. The results suggest that a greater focus of samples banks towards acquiring investment banking operations over a time span of 1990-2006 significantly relates to the increase in their risk default (measured by DD) and insolvency (measured by Z-score) during the recent financial crisis. Moreover, relatively limited evidence indicates towards the positive stability effects of the acquisitions performed in the retail banking segment of industry by the sample banks. The third and final essay of this dissertation provides M&A centric evidence on bank deregulation, consolidation, and stability in the U.S. banking industry. We primarily analyze the effects of two significant deregulatory acts of the 1990s that permitted U.S. banks to expand across states (the Riegle-Neal act of 1994) and functions performed (the Gramm-Leach-Bliley act of 1999). We employ difference-in-difference approach over M&A activity of U.S. (treatment group) and European (control group) banks over a time span of 1990-2009 in an unbalanced panel setting. We find a significantly positive effect of deregulation in spurring M&A centric consolidation in the U.S. banking industry. However, such effects are not fully reflected in the types of diversification aimed at in the two deregulatory acts. Moreover, we also show that M&A intensity and deregulation jointly cast a negative effect on the stability of U.S. banking industry –thus substantiating “Concentration – Fragility” view over banking
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Dejan, Austin J. "Credit Supply, Price and Financial Stability in Markets and Institutions." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2453.
Full textAbstract:
In Chapter 1, the staggered nature of the adoption of interstate bank branching deregulation in the United States is utilized as an exogeneous shock to investigate the managerial incentives involved in corporate socially responsible (CSR) activities. Using Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini Research & Analytics, Inc. for our CSR measures, we find a significant negative relation between the extent of deregulation and CSR practices, which implies that deregulation-led rising competition in product market makes the non-financial firms more concerned about protecting interests of shareholders than other stakeholders. Specifically, firms with low pricing power tend to significantly reduce their CSR activities. Our results are robust using alternative empirical specifications and CSR measures.
Chapter 2 investigates the interaction between price stability and financial stability for “Fragile Five” countries. In the first step, we investigate the causation linkage between price stability and financial stability indicators. In the second step, we analyze the effect of financial stability instruments, lending rate and required reserve ratio, on price stability. We then test the price stability instrument policy rate on financial stability. Empirical findings, in the first step, indicate that there is no meaningful relationship between policy objectives in the short run, while the relation between financial stability and price stability occurs in the longer time frequencies. However, the situation is not valid for all economies. In the second step, we measure the effects of monetary policy tools employed by the central bank of each of the Fragile Five countries. The findings from the analysis that investigates the effects of each policy instrument imply that the policy rate instrument implemented to achieve the inflation target does not affect the financial stability goal. Similarly, the reserve requirement ratio instrument to achieve the financial stability goal does not affect the price stability goal. On the other hand, results give some implication about the negative effects of the lending rate instrument on the inflation targeting objective.
34
Boni, Margaret Mary. "A study of Washington Mutual a formidible competitor in the Southern California market." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2179.
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This project examines the Southern California and Inland Empire banking environment during the period from 1992 to 1997. It includes an analysis of Washington Mutual's market strategy, and financial strategy for entering this fiercely competitive environment. Washington Mutual's competitive advantages and weaknesses will be analyzed to understand its approach to capturing strong market presence.
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Riggirozzi, María Pía. "The World Bank as a norm-broker : knowledge, funds and power in governance reforms in Argentina." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2005. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/58326/.
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This study explores the role of the World Bank in the promotion of two governance reforms in Argentina, judicial reform and anti-corruption policies. It argues that when the World Bank is able to draw on both its financial and knowledge power to build and consolidate 'pro-reform networks' with local actors it is more likely to ensure the implementation of governance reforms in its client countries. This argument is built on the premise that whatever the leverage of the World Bank as a financial institution or as a Knowledge Bank, and despite this leverage, it cannot implement programmes by itself in developing countries. A loan and its conditions may be negotiated and approved with government officials, yet the materialisation of projects into policies and institutions is embedded in complex policy process in which the interplay between Bank staff and local actors (beyond government officials) can favour or inhibit policy change. In this context, it is argued that the dominance of a particular actor or paradigm vis-a-vis other contending actors or ideas is not reinforced simply by the coercive position of the lender over the borrower, but rather by its capacity to integrate contesting impulses into broader consensus for policy change. In this capacity, the World Bank is defined as a 'normbroker'. Through a framework that combines critical perspectives in International Political Economy and institutional analysis, this thesis explores different patterns of intervention of World Bank units that acted either as a mere 'conveyor' in the transfer of funds and knowledge or as a 'broker' by integrating the normative agenda grounded in Bank's knowledge with country-based knowledge for the design, negotiation and implementation of governance reforms in Argentina. The theoretical and empirical study of judicial reform and anti-corruption in Argentina contribute to the understanding of reform implementation in which the Bank only succeeds in achieving effective institutionalisation when it engages with local actors, in particular with local experts, in pro-reform networks. By analysing different patterns of involvement of Bank units, this thesis also identifies knowledge/policy dynamics as a critical aspect of policy-making. From this perspective, this thesis departs from traditional studies that focus on one-way coercive leverage of lending institutions and offers a critical approach to the analysis of power, knowledge and policy change in developing countries. It also sheds light on the complexities of international organisations as they expand their roles towards new areas of involvement that fall into the domain of domestic policy-making.
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Harraf, Omid. "Can microfinance eradicate poverty? analysis of the efficacy of microfinance using existing literature /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1456489.
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Yankam, Lemdjo Franck Maxime. "Examining the human rights implications of the political prohibition clause of the World Bank operations in Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37382.
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Likovská, Veronika. "Přístup ke stresovému testování bank na úrovni EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359610.
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The diploma thesis deals with stress testing as a specific tool which is used by European Banking Association for banking sector financial stability assessment. The main aim is to provide reader with analysis of EBA stress testing. Both the EBA methodology and 2016 results are analyzed in second part. Due to high costs spend on stress testing process I consider practical usage from the bank point of view as very important. This issue is discussed in fourth part of this thesis.
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Kinda, Yves. "Les aspects juridiques du microcrédit." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF10366.
Full textAbstract:
Une fraction non négligeable de la population mondiale n’a pas accès au crédit, en raison d’une insuffisance de ressources, d’une inscription dans un fichier de surendettement ou de la restriction des critères d’octroi du crédit bancaire. Pourtant, devenus incontournables avec la domiciliation des salaires et des prestations sociales, les produits et les services bancaires participent au processus d’exclusion sociale. Ne pas avoir accès au crédit, ou y avoir accès de manière inadaptée, est, en soi, un facteur d’appauvrissement. Faute d’accès à un prêt personnel ou à un découvert bancaire, de nombreux ménages recourent à des crédits renouvelables dont les conditions d’octroi sont de plus en plus contestées par les pouvoirs publics ; aussi, les risques de surendettement s’en trouvent-Ils accrus. Or, dans le contexte actuel de crise économique, de recrudescence du chômage et des emplois précaires, le recours au microcrédit peut être un outil utile pour répondre aux besoins de réinsertion à travers la création, la reprise ou le transfert d'activités rémunératrices. La conjoncture actuelle semble d'autant plus favorable à un renouveau du microcrédit que celui-Ci peut permettre à l’emprunteur de rebondir en créant sa petite entreprise, ou de s’assumer sans détériorer sa situation financière personnelle. Bien géré, il constitue un facteur d’autonomie de la personne,tout en favorisant une pratique nouvelle de la solidarité par des relations plus ou moins directes entre prêteurs, épargnants et emprunteurs. Il a en quelque sorte un caractère universel qui sied à l’esprit du temps. Actualisé et modernisé dans les pays du Sud, le crédit solidaire nécessite une adaptation du concept dans les pays développés, pour tenir compte de leur contexte. Ainsi, une pratique des pays moins développés est « exportée » vers les pays du Nord, qui redécouvrent des pratiques anciennes — mutualisme, prêt sur gages, tontine,solidarité familiale ou de groupe — dont l’esprit originel s’était estompé avec la modernisation de leur système bancaire ou, tout simplement, leur mode de vie plus individualiste. Beaucoup de débats existent entre économistes sur la réalité de l’efficacité du microcrédit. Bien que celui-Ci soit économiquement et socialement séduisant pour les uns,proprement illusoire pour les autres, le juriste semble être placé hors du débat. Il n’existe pas de vrais débats (en Europe en tout cas) sur les aspects juridiques du microcrédit de sorte qu’on pourrait douter de sa place en droit. Est-Ce à dire que cette belle invention économique a manqué de pénétrer le domaine juridique ? Cette thèse tente de jeter les bases d’un vrai débat juridique sur le phénomène du microcrédit. Elle s'efforce de dresser, juridiquement, un état des lieux du microcrédit, l’offre, la demande, mais aussi les perspectives envisageables pour un développement de la pratique<br>All over the world, a significant fraction of the population has no access to credit, due to insufficient resources, a registering in a file of big debts or of restriction criteria for the granting of bank credit. However, now indispensable due to the address of wages and social security benefits, banking services are involved in the process of social exclusion. Not having access to credit, or having access in an inappropriate manner is in itself a factor of impoverishment. Without access to a personal loan or to an overdraft, many households relyon revolving credits whose conditions of granting is increasingly challenged by the authorities, and thus the risk of big debt are there by increased. But in the current context ofthe economic crisis of growing unemployment and of part-Time work, the use of microcreditcan be a useful tool to meet the needs of some households in terms of business start-Ups,business transfers or business continuities. The current environment seems to favor a revivalof microcredit, as it allows the borrower to bounce back and create his or her employment orsmall business, or to support themselves without damaging their personal financialsituation. Properly managed, it is a factor of individual autonomy, while promoting a newpractice of solidarity through more or less direct relationship between lenders, borrowers andsavers. There is a sort of universal character that befits the spirit of time. Modernized andupdated in southern countries, solidarity loan requires an adaptation of the concept indeveloped countries, to take their context into account. Thus, a practice of less developedcountries is "exported" towards western countries, which are rediscovering ancient practices –mutualism, pawnshop, tontine, family or group solidarity – whose original spirit had dimmedwith the modernization of their banking system or, simply, their more individualistic lifestyle.There are many debates between economists about the reality of the effectiveness ofmicrocredit. About microcredit which is economically and socially attractive to some, purelyan illusion for others, the legal representative seems to stand aside from the debate. There isno real debate (at any rate in Europe) on the legal aspects of microcredit in such an extent thatwe might question its position in law. Is it that this wonderful economic invention has failedto enter the legal domain ? Our work aims at laying the groundwork for a real legal debate onthe phenomenon of microcredit. Its ambition is to draw, legally, an overview of themicrocredit, the supply, the demand and also the way forward for the development of thepractice
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Waugh, Geoffrey William. "A study exploring the relationship between employee happiness and financial performance within a South African financial institution." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012080.
Full textAbstract:
This research is an investigation of the relationship between employees 'happiness' and the financial performance of a financial services organisation in South Africa. As a component of the financial services industry the banking sector contributes greatly to the economic growth of the country. The South African Banking sector is concentrated and highly competitive. It is vital for banks to maintain competitiveness and ever increasing global competition adds further pressure on organisations to financially perform so as to meet the demands of their shareholders. The literature that has been reviewed and previous research suggest that employee 'happiness' is a vital variable influencing the performance and success of individuals. Organisational performance will be measured in terms of financial performance for the purposes of this research. The concept of financial performance and 'happiness' are discussed and a questionnaire based on the Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener et al,1985) is used to determine the levels of 'happiness' at selected branches within the institution. The individual branches financial performance is determined via calculating selected ratios, namely cumulative leverage, cost to income ratio and net yield. An analysis of correlation was conducted to establish whether or not a relationship of statistical significance exists between employee 'happiness' and financial performance. It was concluded that there is no relationship of statistical significance between employee 'happiness' and the financial performance of branches within the organisation, it was suggested that other factors exert a much greater influence over financial performance. Some of these factors influencing financial performance are discussed and recommendations for further research are made.
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Ткаченко, Анатолій Олександрович, Анатолий Александрович Ткаченко та Anatolii Oleksandrovych Tkachenko. "Правове регулювання становлення центральних банківських установ в Україні у період державотворчих пошуків (1917-1918 рр.)". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62820.
Full textAbstract:
Вперше в історії України у надзвичайно складних обставинах у 1917-
1918 рр. було започатковано створення національних банківських установ. На
початку ХХ ст. інерція підходів до розвитку окраїн зумовлювала відсутність на
території України банківської установи загальноросійського масштабу.
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Jordaan, Michael. "The regulation of deposit-taking financial institutions : a comparative analysis of the United Kingdom, Germany and South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/55746.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1997.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Standard financial literature contains various explanations for the unique role of
deposit-taking intermediaries in an economy. None of these reasons adequately
explains the extensive degree of banking regulation evident in practice.
The nature of a deposit, which guarantees capital repayment independent of bank
performance, uniquely incentivises banks to be exposed to financial risks. In the
absence of appropriate regulation, banks may be tempted to assume an
unacceptably high level of risk that could ultimately result in bank failure. Thus, the
regulation of banking risks is justified in terms of the public interest theory whereby
banking regulation seeks to avoid the market imperfections arising from informational
asymmetries and "domino" externalities associated with bank failure. Accordingly, the
rationale of banking regulation lies in the protection of consumers and in preserving
the stability of the financial system. Direct monetary controls, on the other hand,
impact adversely on the risk-management activities of banks.
The framework utilised to analyse and compare banking regulation consists of three
broad categories namely: preventative regulation, protective regulation and monetary
requirements.
Preventative or prudential regulation is aimed at managing the levels of risks
assumed by banks. This form of regulation relates to entry requirements; limitations
on certain business activities; the disclosure of risk-related information; the adequacy
of capital resources; portfolio restrictions on risk assets; and the sufficiency of
liquidity.
Protective regulation is concerned with the immediate protection of depositors and
maintenance of overall financial stability once a bank has failed. lt consists of crisis
management measures and deposit insurance schemes.
Direct, and hence inappropriate, monetary requirements are variations in reserve
asset requirements, as well as interest rate and credit controls.
The banking systems of South Africa, the United Kingdom and Germany were
chosen to perform a comparative analysis of financial regulation.
The London financial markets are mature and a large variety of banks are regulated
in a flexible manner by the Bank of England. By contrast, the strictly regulated
German banks dominate their domestic financial system. South Africa is a hybrid of
the former systems with a modern banking industry operating in well developed
financial markets and supervised according to advanced risk-management
considerations.
The analysis of preventative and protective regulation in all three financial systems
indicates that banking regulation is indeed concerned with the regulation of banking risks. The efforts of the Bank for International Settlements to harmonise regulation
across domestic financial systems has contributed significantly to improved
regulatory techniques for the management of these risks. None of the three systems
make use of direct monetary requirements which suggest awareness of the costs
associated with such regulation.
A number of recommendations are made to improve financial regulation in South
Africa: extension of regulatory coverage to include other types of financial
intermediaries who also engage in risky activities; further relaxation of exchange
control regulations which restrict the foreign exchange risk management; the
adoption of a formal deposit protection scheme; increased consolidated supervision
by a single regulatory authority with executive powers; further deregulatory measures
in instances where regulations are not appropriate from a risk-management
perspective; and re-regulation to the extent that the risk-management activities can
be regulated more efficiently.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die finansiele literatuur bevat verskeie verklarings vir die unieke rol wat
depositonemende instellings in 'n ekonomie vervul. Geeneen van die redes verskaf
'n bevredigende verklaring vir die wye omvang van bankregulasies in die praktyk nie.
Die aard van 'n deposita is sodanig dat die terugbetaling van die kapitaalsom deur 'n
bank gewaarborg word, onafhanklik van die winsprestasie van die bank. Gevolglik
het banke die unieke eienskap om hulself aan finansiele risikos bloat te stel. Sander
gepaste regulering sou banke moontlik daartoe geneigd wees om oormatige hoe
risikovlakke na te streef wat tot bankmislukking kan lei. Die regulering van
bankrisikos vind dus bestaansreg in die teorie van openbare belang, d.w.s. dat
regulering die potensiele markmislukkings, wat voortspruit uit asimmetriese inligting
en "domino" eksternaliteite, kan voorkom. Die rasionaal van bankregulering is die
beskerming van verbruikers, asook die handhawing van 'n stabiele finansiele stelsel.
Direkte monetere beheermaatreels, daarenteen, het 'n ongunstige uitwerking op die
bestuur van risikos deur banke.
Die raamwerk waarbinne bankregulering ontleed en vergelyk word, bestaan uit drie
kategoriee, naamlik voorkomende regulering, beskermende regulering en monetere
vereistes.
Voorkomende regulering is daarop gemik om die risikos waaraan banke blootgestel
is te bestuur. Sodanige regulering verwys na toelatingsvereistes, beperkings op
sekere sake-aktiwiteite, die openbaarmaking van risiko-verwante inligting, die
toereikendheid van kapitaalhulpbronne, beperkings ten opsigte van baterisikos en
voldoende likiditeit.
Beskermende regulering is gemoeid met die beskerming van deposante en bestaan
uit krisisbeheermaatreels en depositoversekeringskemas.
Direkte (en gevolglik ontoepaslike) monetere vereistes bestaan uit veranderlike
reserwebatevereistes, asook rentekoers- en kredietbeheermaatreels.
Die bankstelsels van Suid Afrika, die Verenigde Koningkryk en Duitsland is gekies vir
'n vergelykende analise van finansiele regulering.
Die finansiele markte in Londen is hoogs ontwikkeld en 'n groat verskeidenheid en
aantal banke word op 'n pragmatiese wyse deur die Bank of England gereguleer. In
direkte teenstelling daarmee word die Duitse banke, wat hul binnelandse finansiele
markte domineer, onderwerp aan 'n streng formele toesighoudingstelsel. Die SuidAfrikaanse
finansiele stelsel bevat elemente van beide bogenoemde stelsels, by
wyse van 'n moderne banksektor, wat funksioneer in goed ontwikkelde finansiele
markte en gereguleer word ooreenkomstig gevorderde risikobestuursbeginsels.
Die analise van voorkomende en beskermende regulering in die drie finansiele
stelsels, bevestig dat bankregulering inderdaad afgestem is op die regulering van finansiele risikos. Die pogings van die Bank van lnternasiona~e Vereffeninge om die
regulasies in finansiele stelsels internasionaal met mekaar in orreenstemming te
bring het wesenlik hiertoe bygedra. Die vermyding van direkte monetere vereistes
dui verder daarop dat toesighoudende owerhede bewus is van die nadele van
sodanige regulering.
'n Aantal aanbevelings word gemaak, naamlik: meer omvattende regulering ten
einde ander finansiele instellings wat ook finansiele risikos bestuur, te dek; verdere
verslappings van valutabeheermaatreels wat tans die bestuur van wisselkoersrisiko
beperk; die totstandkoming van 'n formele depositoversekeringstelsel; 'n groter mate
van gekonsolideerde toesighouding; verdere deregulering in gevalle waar regulasies
vanuit 'n risikobestuursoogpunt nie wenslik is nie; en her-regulering in die mate
waartoe die risikobestuurspraktyke meer effektief gereguleer kan word.
43
Yannias, Alexandra Clare. "'Do the data in fact deceive'? : an analysis of the roles of evaluation and the production of aid effectiveness at the World Bank." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3749af82-43d9-425d-8e08-6e53fcbf4dff.
Full textAbstract:
This is a dissertation about the organisational structure of the World Bank, the professional practice of evaluation, and the meaning of the concept of aid effectiveness in practice. In international development, evaluation is a professional activity that determines and then reports on the impacts of aid projects and programmes to the clients of such efforts and to the public. 'Aid effectiveness' is a concept that refers to a standard of how aid projects and organisations should operate and the results, such as economic growth and poverty alleviation, which these efforts should deliver in order to work. The concept of 'aid effectiveness' has also been used in the debate about international development as a system and its reform. Given that aid policymakers and academic researchers often use the data contained in development organisations evaluations to determine the extent to which aid projects and programmes are 'effective', it is critical to analyse what these evaluations measure and what influences their ratings and judgments. Based on a case study of the World Bank, the analysis is primarily qualitative and draws on both interviews with evaluation professionals in the World Bank and content analyses of the logical framework, indicators, and language in the World Bank's evaluations at the project- and country-level. Building on the previous theoretical work in post-structuralism that considers how international development organisations 'produce' their work through certain terms and processes (Escobar, 1995; Crush, 1995), I assess how the professional practice of evaluation in the Bank 'produces' the results of aid at the project- and country-level, specifically in the evaluation reports that it makes publically available. The World Banks data and evaluation reports are a window through which to understand the impact of aid, and several factors that influence this 'window' are assessed, including the institutional role of evaluation, the professional practice of evaluation, and the required evaluation processes within the World Bank. The study has important implications for practitioners of international development, academic researchers, and evaluation professionals who endeavour to improve the aid system and often rely on the results of the World Bank's evaluations to inform their understanding of the impact of particular development efforts. By reshaping the discussion from one which considers if aid 'works' to one about the data and the process of making a judgment about the success of aid projects and programmes, I articulate what the role of evaluation is in practice and what the World Bank's resulting evaluative data do and do not reflect about the World Bank's work. The relationship between the 'scales' of aid is also analysed by comparing and contrasting the evaluation processes at the project-level and the country-level. I challenge the notion of a 'micro-macro paradox' (Mosley, 1986) between the successful results of the World Banks projects and the economic development in its client countries by articulating the actual meaning of this data in context, the unseen institutional forces that shape this data, and the difficulty of asserting a linear relationship between the results of projects and programmes on different scales of aid.
44
Kelly, Robert Edwin. "'A lot more than the NGOs seem to think' the impact of non-governmental organizations on the Bretton Woods institutions /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1110364714.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 349 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 324-349). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.
45
Teng-Zeng, Frank Kannigenye. "Transnational science and technology co-operation in Africa : an evaluation of selected institutions and programmes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53199.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the development challenges facing Third World
countries - those that were independent, those emerging from colonialism and those still
under colonialism - led to the proliferation of bilateral and multilateral development
institutions. These institutions were intended to assist the developing countries in terms of the
provision of both human (technical) skills and material resources as well as to formulate
programmes that would promote co-operation for socio-economic development and
transformation. If the enormous development problems facing Africa including poverty,
hunger, disease can be alleviated, then multilateral institutions have a major role to play in its
scientific and technological development as well as in helping to create the appropriate
institutional mechanisms for regional and sub-regional co-operation in science and
technology (S&T) in Africa.
The United Nations system, including UN-affiliated institutions, has therefore come to
represent the best hope of realising the dream of most developing countries in their quest for
development, due to its institutional capacity to provide development assistance as well as
influence the international development agenda which affects Africa. For example, among
the institutions in this study, the World Bank Group remains the biggest donor organisation in
terms of the funding of development projects and programmes. UNESCO has a leading role
as the UN agency whose mandate relates directly to S&T development and peace. The ECA
is the representative body of the UN in Africa and therefore able to influence the direction of
development policy and programmes. Similarly, the need to develop also led African
countries to establish their own regional and sub-regional institutions for co-operation to
draw together both human and material resources.
However, the development issues discussed and promoted in the developing world over the
years have focused more on national income, terms of trade, market access and in recent
times on structural adjustment and poverty reduction strategy programmes. But the most
important aspect of the development process - the knowledge capability gap (in terms of
S&T) - has been much neglected especially at the regional and sub-regional levels.
Therefore, in using regional and sub-regional levels of analyses, the research project looks at
the programmes supported by the following institutions: the United Nations Education,
Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African
Development Bank (AIDB), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Thus the study uses a theorydriven
evaluation based on INEXSK (INfrastructure, EXperience and Skills, and Knowledge)
approach broadly, to investigate the extent to which these multilateral institutions live up to
their stated goals of improving the knowledge base for development in the African continent.
An important aspect of the study also entails a historical review of science, technology and
institutional co-operation in Africa.
Furthermore, an important outcome of the study reveals the lack of functional regional and
sub-regional organisational frameworks to promote rigorous scientific and technological
research and development in the African continent, except for a few centres and programmes
supported by some multilateral and bilateral institutions including NGOs. In spite of many
years of structural adjustment the World Bank's lending for S&T has marginalised African
countries; while the AIDB support for S&T and regional programmes is woefully inadequate.
This is a momentous task it has to address if the NEP AD Initiative is to be successful in the
years ahead. To guide future initiatives the study draws on the lessons and experiences of the
European Union's and the Association of South East Asian Nations' (ASEAN) regional
scientific and technology co-operation programmes. The study advocates a knowledge-based
development paradigm, which is transnational in approach, and it makes specific
recommendations for regional and sub-regional programmes and strategies to promote the
socio-economic development and transformation of Africa.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: OPSOMMING
Ná afloop van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het Derde Wêreldlande - dié reeds onafhanklik, óf
besig om kolonialisme af te skud, óf nog steeds onder 'n koloniale moondheid se bewind -
sekere ontwikkelingstruikelblokke en -uitdagings in die gesig gestaar. Dit het gelei tot die
totstandkoming van verskeie bilaterale en multilaterale ontwikkelingsinstellings. Die doel
met sulke instellings se hulpverlening aan ontwikkelende lande was drieledig: om tegniese
vaardighede aan te bied; om materiële hulpmiddele te verskaf; en om programme, wat
samewerking vir sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling en transformasie sou bevorder, te
formuleer. Indien die las van die geweldige ontwikkelingsprobleme in Afrika (insluitend
armoede, hongersnood en siektes) verlig sou kon word, het multilaterale instellings 'n
belangrike rol om te vervul: om te help met, enersyds, die wetenskaplike en tegnologiese
ontwikkeling van die kontinent, en andersyds die ontwikkeling van toepaslike institusionele
meganismes vir streek- en sub-streeksamewerking in wetenskap en tegnologie (W&T).
As gevolg van die Verenigde Nasies se institusionele kapasiteit om ontwikkelingshulp te
verskaf, asook om die internasionale ontwikkelingsagenda te beïnvloed, verteenwoordig dié
stelsel die beste hoop van die meeste ontwikkelende lande om hulle ontwikkelingsdrome te
verwesenlik. Van die instellings wat by die VN geaffillieer is, en wat in hierdie ondersoek
geëvalueer word, is die Wêreldbankgroep, die grootste skenkerorganisasie vir die befondsing
van ontwikkelingsprogramme en -projekte. So ook het UNESCO 'n leiersrol as die VN agentskap
van wie die mandaat direk betrekking het op die ontwikkeling van W&T. Die
EKA is die liggaam wat Afrika verteenwoordig by die VN, en beïnvloed daarom die koers
van ontwikkelingsbeleid en -programme. Die noodsaak om die kontinent te ontwikkel het
ook gelei daartoe dat Afrikalande hulle eie streek- en sub-streekliggame, wat menslike en
materiële hulpbronne bymekaar bring, begin stig het.
Die ontwikkelingskwessies wat oor die jare in die ontwikkelende wêreld bespreek en
aangemoedig is, het egter meer en meer gefokus op nasionale inkomste, handelsvoorwaardes,
toegang tot markte en, in die afgelope tyd, strukturele aanpassings en armoede verligtingstrategie programme.
Die belangrikste deel van die ontwikkelingsproses - die
vernouing van die kennisgaping in W&T - is gevolglik afgeskeep, veral op streek- en substreekvlak.
Hierdie navorsingsprojek analiseer dus, op streek- en sub-streekvlak,
ontwikkelingsprogramme wat deur die volgende instansies ondersteun word: die Verenigde
Nasies se Opvoedkundige, Wetenskaplike en Kulturele Organisasie (UNESCO), die
Wêreldbank, die Verenigde Nasies se Ekonomiese Kommissie vir Afrika (EKA), die
Organisasie vir Afrika-eenheid (OAE), die Ontwikkelingsbank van Afrika, die Suider-
Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap en die Ekonomiese Gemeenskap van Wes-Afrikaanse
State. Die navorsing gebruik 'n teorie-gedrewe evaluering gebaseer op 'n INEXSK
("INfrastructure, EXperience and Skills, and Knowlege") benadering, om te bepaal in watter
mate hierdie multilaterale instellings hulle doelwitte, met betrekking tot die verbetering van
die kennisbasis vir ontwikkeling van die Afrika-kontinent, bereik. 'n Historiese oorsig van
die wetenskaplike, tegnologiese en institusionele samewerking in Afrika vorm 'n belangrike
deel van die navorsingsverslag.
Die navorsing dui ook op 'n gebrek aan funksionele organisatoriese raamwerke om op streek en
sub-streekvlak streng wetenskaplike en tegnologiese navorsing en ontwikkeling aan te
wakker en te bevorder. (Daar is darem 'n paar noemenswaardige uitsonderings van sentra en
programme wat deur party van die bilaterale en multilaterale instellings ondersteun word.)
Ten spyte van strukturele aanpassings wat oor baie jare plaasgevind het, het die Wêreldbank
se lenings vir W&T Afrikalande gemarginaliseer; en die Ontwikkelingsbank van Afrika se
ondersteuning vir W&T en streeksprogramme is heeltemal ontoereikend. Daar is 'n
geweldige taak wat in die toekoms aangespreek moet word indien die NEPAD inisiatief
hoop om suksesvol te wees.
Die verslag gebruik die lesse en ervarings van die Europese Unie en die Vereniging van Suid-
Asiatiese Lande se streeksamewerkingsprogramme vir wetenskap en tegnologie as
rigtingwyser vir toekomstige inisiatiewe. Die verslag beveel 'n transnasionale
kennisgebaseerde ontwikkelingsparadigma aan, en maak spesifieke aanbevelings vir streek en
sub-streekprogramme en strategieë om die sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling en
transformasie van Afrika te bevorder.
46
Lehobo, Limakatso. "Monetary policy transmission in South Africa: the prime rate-demand for credit phase." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020850.
Full textAbstract:
A voluminous literature attempts to explain the various channels of the monetary policy transmission mechanism through which central banks ultimately achieve price stability. However, most research focuses on interest rate pass-through and the demand for money phase, while there is limited research on the demand for credit. This study endeavours to contribute to the understanding of this neglected phase of monetary policy transmission by exploring the response of the real demand for bank credit by the private sector to changes in the real prime rate from 1990:1 to 2004:4 in South Africa. Firstly, the behaviour of the real prime rate in relation to the repo rate is explored using graphical analysis. The study observes that an increase in the repo rate causes an increase in the real prime rate, such that there is always a margin of three or four percentage points between the two rates. Secondly, using secondary data, the Johansen methodology is used to determine the relationship between the demand for bank credit and its determinants (GDP, inflation, real prime rate and real yield on government bonds). Two co-integrating relationships are found. The Gaussian errors from one co-integrating vector are used to model the Vector Error Correction Model, which provides the short-run dynamics and the long-run results, through the use of Eviews 5 software. The results of the study show that while all other variables are negatively related to the demand for bank credit in the long-run, GDP has a positive influence. In the short-run, yield on government bonds and inflation coefficients depict a positive association, while the coefficients of real prime rate and GDP are negative. The error correction coefficient is -0.32, which implies that a 32% adjustment to equilibrium happens in the demand for bank credit in a quarter and that the complete adjustment takes about three quarters to complete. Thirdly, the generalised impulse responses results indicate that the impact on the real prime rate affects the demand for bank credit from the first quarter. The study concludes that the real prime rate has a negative impact on the demand for credit both in the short-run and long-run.
47
Vandome, Christopher. "A critical analysis of international financial institutions' understanding of political corruption : a focus on the IMF, World Bank, and the ANC." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11820.
Full textAbstract:
Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>This dissertation argues that the IFIs’ understanding of corruption, and thus their anticorruption and good governance policies and prescriptions, is based on the conceptualisation of corruption as a state centric phenomenon. As such, they are not concerned with corruption as a systematic problem. The IFIs’ definitions and views, although legitimate, prudent, and legal, are actually the road to ineffectiveness. But broader and more effective policies would require the IFIs to delve into domestic politics. Such political involvement would entail a great deal of risk on their part, and would be beyond their mandate and their appetite. In order to demonstrate this, this dissertation presents an overview of political corruption and the important role of the party in both the causes and consequences of systematic political corruption. The focus is on the relationship between the political party and the various systems of governance. The case of the ANC in South Africa is used to analyse whether an understanding of political corruption is necessary.
48
Ткаченко, Анатолій Олександрович, Анатолий Александрович Ткаченко та Anatolii Oleksandrovych Tkachenko. "Створення iпотечних установ в Україні: історія і сучасність". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/59059.
Full textAbstract:
Розвиток господарчо-підприємницьких тенденцій в аграрній сфері
потребує якісних змін у кредитно-банківській сфері, що суттєво актуалізує
комплекс проблем щодо створення відповідних банківських установ.
Ретроспективний погляд на проблему принаймні у хронологічних рамках
дослідження дає підстави стверджувати, що фінансово-кредитні операції у
аграрній сфері на території України виникли у 20–40-х рр. XIX ст. і були
пов’язані з діяльністю дворянських банків.
49
Рижкова, Г. В. "Роль міжнародних організацій у розвитку кредитування заходів щодо підвищення енергоефективності підприємств в Україні". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63271.
Full textAbstract:
У статті розглянуто основні напрями використання банківських кредитів з метою підвищення енергоефективності виробництва. Проаналізовано стан кредитування ЄБРР та іншими міжнародними організаціями енергоефективних прое-ктів. Визначено позитивний вплив банківського кредитування на підвищення енергоефективності в процесі функціонування підприємств.<br>The main use of bank loans to improve the efficiency of production was considered in the article. The state of lending to the EBRD and other international organizations in the energy-efficiency projects was analyzed. Positive influences on bank lending to improve energy efficiency in the functioning of enterprises were defined.
50
Haddad, Christian. "L’impact du droit et de la regulation sur les institutions financieres : trois essais." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20026/document.
Full textAbstract:
Quels sont les effets du droit et de la régulation sur les institutions financières? Cette thèse propose d’apporter des réponses à cette question tout au long de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre étudie l’impact du droit des entreprises en difficulté sur la prise de risque des banques. Les principaux résultats montrent qu’une meilleure protection des créanciers augmente le risque systémique des banques. Ces résultats sont observés dans les pays développés où les banques sont davantage engagées dans les instruments complexes, elles sont plus grandes et plus interconnectées que celles dans les pays en voie de développement. Le second chapitre expose l’émergence des startups fintechs et présente la première étude empirique consacrée aux déterminants technologiques et économiques de ce secteur. Les résultats indiquent que les pays présentent davantage de créations de startups fintech quand les marchés de capitaux sont bien développés, que les nouvelles technologies sont facilement accessibles et que les personnes possèdent plus d’abonnements de téléphonie mobile. Le troisième examine les déterminants juridiques de l’implantation des banques à l’étranger à travers les investissements directs. L’étude constate que certains pays accueillent plus de banques étrangères quand les restrictions réglementaires sur l’investissement étranger direct sont limitées, que le coût lié au paiement des impôts est plus bas et les gouvernements moins corrompus<br>What are the effects of law and regulation on financial institutions? The thesis proceeds in answering this question along three chapters. The first chapter investigates the effect of creditor rights on banks systemic risk. It provides evidence that countries adopting laws with more favorable protection to creditors in bankruptcy have higher contribution to systemic risk. The effect of creditor protection on bank systemic risk is found in developed countries, but not in developing countries. The second chapter explores the emergence of fintech startups and presents empirical evidence on the technological and economic determinants of this financial sector. The main findings show that countries witness more fintech startup formations when the latest technology is readily available, the economy is well-developed, and people have more mobile telephone subscriptions. The third chapter examines the legal determinants of the presence of foreign banks. The results show that host countries attract more foreign banks when regulatory restrictions on foreign direct investment are low, when the compliance cost for paying taxes is low, and when host-country governments are less corrupt