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Journal articles on the topic 'Bank notes – Belgium – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Martin-Aceña, Pablo. "Ivo Maes, A Century of Macroeconomic and Monetary Thought at the National Bank of Belgium (Brussels: National Bank of Belgium, 2010, 154 pp.)." Financial History Review 18, no. 1 (2011): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000363.

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Dotti, Nicola Francesco, Bas Van Heur, and Colin C. Williams. "Mapping the Shadow Economy: Spatial Variations in the use of High Denomination Bank Notes in Brussels." European Spatial Research and Policy 22, no. 1 (2015): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2015-0014.

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The aim of this paper is to map the spatial variations in the size of the shadow economy within Brussels. Reporting data provided by the National Bank of Belgium on the deposit of high denomination banknotes across bank branches in the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, the finding is that the shadow economy is concentrated in wealthier populations and not in deprived or immigrant communities. The outcome is a call to transcend the association of the shadow economy with marginalized groups and the wider adoption of this indirect method when measuring spatial variations in the sh

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3

SCHILTZ, MICHAEL. "An ‘ideal bank of issue’: the Banque Nationale de Belgique as a model for the Bank of Japan." Financial History Review 13, no. 2 (2006): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000230.

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It is established historical knowledge that the Bank of Japan (1882) was modelled upon the Banque Nationale de Belgique (1850). In this article, I point out how Japan's recurrent frustration with foreign dependence nurtured a social Darwinist view of international politics and finance: Japan's capability to survive in the world was believed to be dependent on its capability to assimilate foreign knowledge and institutions. In the field of finance, Matsukata Masayoshi, Japan's most enlightened financial policy maker at the time, turned to Belgium. I explain that Matsukata was dedicated to the e

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Shi, Ji Long, Yi Mu, Yang Zhi Zhang, Wu Gan Luo, Rong Wang, and Xiao Yang Fang. "The Nondestructive Identification of Printing Pigments in Bank Notes Issued by Yantai XiGongshun, the Republic of China." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.533.

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Two kinds of bank note issued by YanTai XiGongShun, the Republic of China, are collected by Laboratory of Printing History, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication. The colors on these bank notes are bright and the patterns and signs can be easily recognized. All bank notes are of the elongated shape, and are printed with bank name, par value, circulation area, anti-counterfeiting characters and decorative pictures in the front of the bank notes. The two colors on these bank notes were analyzed using laser Raman microscopy, and the results showe

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Game, Chantal S., Lisa M. Cullen, and Alistair M. Brown. "The rise of financial accountability in British joint stock banks: 1825 to 1845." Financial History Review 27, no. 2 (2020): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000086.

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This study explores parliamentary reforms related to the financial accountability of banks following the 1825–6 and 1836–7 financial crises in England. An appraisal of nineteenth-century parliamentary Hansard transcripts reveals early banking legislative pursuits. The study observes the laissez-faire and interventionist approaches towards the banking enactments of 1826, 1833 and 1844 that underpin the transformation of financial accountability during this era. The Bank Notes Act 1826 imposed financial accountability on the Bank of England by requiring the mandatory disclosure of notes issued.

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6

Clay, Christopher. "The Bank Notes of the Imperial Ottoman Bank, 1863-1876." New Perspectives on Turkey 9 (1993): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002235.

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During the middle and later decades of the nineteenth century successive generations of Ottoman statesmen made a sustained effort to transform the traditional-style Islamic empire, responsibility for which they had inherited, into a modern state. The difficulties they faced were enormous and, as is well known, ultimately proved insurmountable, so that what was left of the their territories finally disintegrated in the decade following the revolution of 1908. However, if there was one problem above all others to which could be ascribed the failure in turn of the Tanzimat, Hamidian, and Young Tu

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Waelkens, Marc, Edwin Owens, Ann Hasendonckx, and Burcu Arikan. "The Excavations at Sagalassos 1991." Anatolian Studies 42 (December 1992): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642953.

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During 1991 large-scale excavations at Sagalassos continued for their second season from 13 July until 5 September. The work was directed by Professor Marc Waelkens (Dept. of Archaeology, Catholic University of Leuven). A total of 42 scientists from various countries (Belgium, Turkey, Great Britain, Germany and Portugal) as well as 25 local workmen (supervised by Mr. Ali Toprak) carried out the work. The team included 20 archaeologists, 4 illustrators (supervised by G. Evsever and R. Kotsch), 4 architect-restorers (directed by Prof. R. Lemaire and Dr. K. Van Balen), 3 cartographers (directed b

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8

Deloof, Marc, Annelies Roggeman, and Wouter Van Overfelt. "Bank affiliations and corporate dividend policy in pre-World War I Belgium." Business History 52, no. 4 (2010): 590–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791003753178.

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Fiege, M., and S. Mihm. "Mark Fiege and Stephen Mihm on Bank Notes." Environmental History 13, no. 2 (2008): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/13.2.351.

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10

Overfelt, Wouter Van, Jan Annaert, Marc De Ceuster, and Marc Deloof. "Do universal banks create value? Universal bank affiliation and company performance in Belgium, 1905–1909." Explorations in Economic History 46, no. 2 (2009): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2008.07.001.

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Arzumanova, L. L., and A. O. Logvencheva. "The history of legal regulation of metallic monetary systems in Russia." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 9 (November 7, 2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.73.9.171-179.

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The article presents a study of the history of the use of precious metals as the basis of metal monetary systems in Russia.The formation of metal monetary systems in Russia is associated with the need to ensure the release of paper money — notes. In the first part of the article, the use of precious metals for minting coins from the Х century is investigated. before the introduction of bank notes in 1768.Further, after analyzing the primary measures for providing bank notes with precious metals, it is substantiated that in the Russian Empire the regulatory consolidation of the transition to me

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12

Buyst, Erik, and Ivo Maes. "Central banking in nineteenth-century Belgium: was the NBB a lender of last resort?" Financial History Review 15, no. 2 (2008): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565008000140.

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AbstractThe creation of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) in 1850 marked a fundamental reform of the Belgian financial system. It clearly aimed at rendering the financial system more crisis resistant, especially by restricting the leverage of the banking sector. The NBB, which received the privilege to issue banknotes, was subject to strict rules to grant only short-term credit against collateral. The NBB took up a key role in maintaining monetary stability, especially by safeguarding the convertibility of banknotes. The NBB also took part in certain rescue operations of financial institution

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13

Hetherington, Bruce W. "Bank Entry and the Low Issue of National Bank Notes: A Re-examination." Journal of Economic History 50, no. 3 (1990): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700037220.

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14

Groessens, Eric, and Marie-Claire Dyck. "Two Hundred Years of Geological Mapping in Belgium, From D'omalius D'halloy to the Belgian Federal State." Earth Sciences History 26, no. 1 (2007): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.26.1.80j02357x222n732.

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The career of Jean-Baptiste-Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy (1783-1875), commencing with brilliant scientific activities and proceeding to his attainment of the highest administrative and political positions, in itself demonstrates that he was an exceptional individual. His scientific career started with a long voyage through the French Empire and adjacent regions, during which he gained an understanding of the geological structure of most of Europe. The geological map he compiled based on his travel notes formed the basis of all future geological maps in the areas that he covered. After the indepen

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15

BAKKER, GERBEN. "Quarter notes and bank notes: the economics of music composition in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." Economic History Review 57, no. 4 (2004): 796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_23.x.

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16

Skeehan, Danielle. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic." American Nineteenth Century History 22, no. 2 (2021): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2021.1973256.

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17

Hood, Clifton. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 90, no. 2 (2023): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.90.2.0317.

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18

HORTLUND, PER. "Is the law of reflux valid? Sweden, 1880-1913." Financial History Review 13, no. 2 (2006): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000254.

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In the classical monetary debates, the Banking School held that notes would be equally demand-elastic whether supplied by many issuers or a single one. The Free Banking School held that notes would be less demand-elastic if supplied by a single issuer. These assertions have rarely, if ever, been subject to more stringent statistical testing. In this study the elastic properties of the note stock of the Swedish note banking system in 1880–95 is compared with those of the regime in 1904–13, when the Bank of Sweden held a note monopoly. Evidence suggests that notes did not become less elastic aft

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19

Lawack, Vivienne. "Case Notes: An Exploratory Analysis of Central Bank Digital Currencies — Some Considerations." South African Mercantile Law Journal 34, no. 1 (2022): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v34/i1a5.

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The history of central banking began with payment services. Ever since then, payment-related innovation has always been an integral part of central banking (BIS Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and Markets Committee Report, ‘Central Bank Digital Currencies’ (2018) iii). Payments have evolved extensively over the years with the emergence of various technologies, from the development of real-time gross settlement (‘RTGS’) systems, to electronic money and mobile money, to name a few. The arrival of financial technologies or ‘fintech’ has led to cryptocurrencies and now central ban

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20

O'Brien, Patrick K., and Nuno Palma. "Danger to the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street? The Bank Restriction Act and the regime shift to paper money, 1797–1821." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 2 (2019): 390–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez008.

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Abstract The Bank Restriction Act of 1797 was the unconventional monetary policy of its time. It suspended the convertibility of the Bank of England's notes into gold, a policy that lasted until 1821. The current historical consensus is that it was a result of the state's need to finance the war, France’s remonetization, a loss of confidence in the English country banks, and a run on the Bank of England’s reserves following a landing of French troops in Wales. We argue that while these factors help us understand the timing of the suspension, they cannot explain its success. We deploy new long-

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21

Krylova, Yulia. "The French Medieval Courts in the Latest Historiography of France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland." ISTORIYA 14, no. 3 (125) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025025-6.

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The article examines the most recent scholarly work on the history of French medieval courts. Not so long ago, scholars stated that this field was on the deep periphery of current research. The last two decades in French and French-language historiography, however, have been marked by an active increase in interest in the history of the courts, court life and aristocracy of the Middle Ages. The study of recent French-language historiography gives one a sense of catching up with lost time. Being out of the interests of advanced scientific trends for a long time, the court and the aristocracy ar

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22

Redenius, Scott A. "Designing a national currency: antebellum payment networks and the structure of the national banking system." Financial History Review 14, no. 2 (2007): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565007000546.

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As reflected in the April 2006 issue of the Financial History Review, monetary historians remain divided over the central features of the US monetary union and their contribution to US economic development. In that issue – which focused on the monetary union formed by the Constitution and early federal monetary legislation – Ronald Michener and Robert E. Wright focused on the creation of a uniform unit of account defined in terms of specie. The establishment of a uniform unit of account ‘simplified domestic and international transactions’ compared with the colonial period when ‘[e]conomic calc

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23

Decker, Frank. "Bills, notes and money in early New South Wales, 1788–1822." Financial History Review 18, no. 1 (2010): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000272.

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This article provides a revised account of the development of financial instruments, money and banking in the early penal colony of New South Wales. It is found that private instruments monetised the economy, while the role of state debt, coin and commodities was to finally settle remaining balances. Money originated in the form of small merchant notes. These were created by the need to pay labourers and underpinned a local pound currency standard. A detailed review of colonial court cases and currency legislation reveals that the first bank was founded, contrary to colonial orders, to remove

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24

Goldberg, Dror. "Why was America's First Bank Aborted?" Journal of Economic History 71, no. 1 (2011): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711000088.

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In 1686 the leadership of Massachusetts became involved in the first operational bank scheme in America. In 1688 this note-issuing bank was mysteriously aborted at an advanced stage. I suggest a new, simple explanation for the bank's demise. The bank's notes were supposed to be backed mostly by private land in Massachusetts, but a new royal governor invalidated all the land titles. This episode demonstrates the importance of clearly defined and enforced property rights for the development of financial institutions.“After showing him an Indian deed for land, he said that their hand was no more

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Castel, Guillaume, François Chevenet, Maria Razzauti, et al. "Phylogeography of Puumala orthohantavirus in Europe." Viruses 11, no. 8 (2019): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080679.

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Puumala virus is an RNA virus hosted by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and is today present in most European countries. Whilst it is generally accepted that hantaviruses have been tightly co-evolving with their hosts, Puumala virus (PUUV) evolutionary history is still controversial and so far has not been studied at the whole European level. This study attempts to reconstruct the phylogeographical spread of modern PUUV throughout Europe during the last postglacial period in the light of an upgraded dataset of complete PUUV small (S) segment sequences and by using most recent computational ap

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Gonta, Semen Nikolaevich, and Irina Yurievna Potashova. "East Caribbean Dollar (1949-2023): From Private Bank Notes to Digital Currency." Финансы и управление, no. 1 (January 2024): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2024.1.69448.

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The article is devoted to the study of exotic currencies, namely the history of the development and formation of the dollar of the East Caribbean Islands. The object of study in this article is the East Caribbean dollar. The subject of this article is the main historical stages of the cash circulation of the East Caribbean dollar. In this article, the authors highlight and analyze the main historical stages of the functioning of currency: from private bank notes of the British Caribbean territories to the modern stage of currency development, at which the process of transition to digital curre

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Athari, Zaif Ullah, Muhammad Amanullah та Bouhedda Ghalia. "History of the Afghan Central Bank, Its Sharīʿah Supervision System and Its Effect on Unifying the Sharīʿah Reference". International Journal of Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh Studies 8, № 2 (2024): 38–54. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijfus.v8i2.348.

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This article aims to explore the topic of Sharīʿah supervision in the Afghan Central Bank and its impact on unifying Sharīʿah reference. This is achieved through investigating the historical roots of banking activities, the establishment of the Afghan Central Bank, its Shari`ah supervision system, and its influence on unifying Sharīʿah reference in Islamic banks. The focus of this article will be on elucidating the establishment of the Afghan Central Bank and the opening of the field of financial transactions within its framework through rules and regulations. The current study also emphasizes

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Selgin, George A., and Lawrence H. White. "Monetary Reform and the Redemption of National Bank Notes, 1863–1913." Business History Review 68, no. 2 (1994): 205–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117442.

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It is well known that contemporary critics of the National Banking System complained about its failure to meet peak demands for currency. Less often discussed are complaints about the system's inability to remove excess notes from circulation during periods of slack demand for currency—a problem that critics attributed to the lack of an effective redemption mechanism. Beginning in 1864, important attempts were made to reform redemption arrangements, both privately and through legislation, and redemption reform was a key component of the “asset currency” movement to deregulate note issue. This

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29

Gray, William Glenn. "“Number One in Europe”: The Startling Emergence of the Deutsche Mark, 1968–1969." Central European History 39, no. 1 (2006): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000033.

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The dollars—and pounds, and francs—came pouring in. Speculators and small savers across Western Europe raced to exchange their currencies for the Deutsche Mark. “Hot money” flowed into Germany at astounding rates. The reserves of West Germany's central bank, the Bundesbank, shot up by DM 9.4 billion ($2.15 billion) in the first three weeks of November 1968—with DM 7.3 billion arriving in just three days of trading. Airports in Germany barred exchanges of more than one hundred francs at a time; train stations in Zurich stopped accepting French notes altogether.

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30

SHIN, HIROKI. "PAPER MONEY, THE NATION, AND THE SUSPENSION OF CASH PAYMENTS IN 1797." Historical Journal 58, no. 2 (2015): 415–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000284.

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AbstractThis article considers British society's response to the suspension of cash payments in February 1797. Although this event marked the beginning of the so-called Bank Restriction Period, during which the Bank of England's notes were inconvertible, there have been no detailed studies on the social and political situation surrounding the suspension. This article provides an in-depth examination of the events leading up to and immediately following the suspension. It questions existing accounts of the suspension as a smooth transition into the nationwide use of paper money and describes th

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Andes, Stephen J. C. "A CATHOLIC ALTERNATIVE TO REVOLUTION: The Survival of Social Catholicism in Postrevolutionary Mexico." Americas 68, no. 4 (2012): 529–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2012.0049.

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Alfredo Méndez Medina, writing from Belgium in January 1911, was possessed by the idea that Mexico's social and economic organization required radical change. Méndez Medina, a Mexican Jesuit priest and developing labor activist, had spent just a few years in Europe, sent by his superiors to learn the techniques, strategies, and ideology of Catholic social action. What he saw and experienced there helped shape his vision for Mexico and guided his work upon his return in late 1912. In Europe, the young Méndez Medina observed firsthand the Catholic unions, ministries, and propagandists of L'Actio

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Dal, Vechio Francisco, Junior Mauro Teixeira, Antonio Neto, and Miguel Rodrigues. "On the snake Siphlophis worontzowi (Prado, 1940): notes on its distribution, diet and morphological data." Check List 11, no. (1) (2015): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.1.1534.

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We provide geographic data for the poorly known dipsadid <em>Siphlophis worontzowi</em> including the first records to the Tocantins state and on the left bank of Madeira River at Rondônia State. Our data also extend its distribution on Mato Grosso State. We also provide new morphometric, meristic and ecological data to the knowledge of this species.

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Blasco-Martel, Yolanda. "REPUTATION AND THE PALMER RULE IN THE ORIGINS OF BANKING IN SPAIN." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 37, no. 1 (2019): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610918000228.

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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the reasons why provincial issuing banks in Spain maintained high reserves in the 19th century and the effects this had. The introduction of banknotes into the economy meant that convertibility had to be guaranteed. If convertibility was respected, this gave banks a good reputation and made them reliable. The Palmer Rule was a control mechanism stating that a well-managed bank should keep one-third of its liabilities as cash in hand and two-thirds in securities. In Spain the banking system, constituted in the mid-19th century, was characterised by a plurality of

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34

Sørensen, Anders Ravn. "At designe danskhed: Forestillinger om nationen på danske pengesedler." Kulturstudier 4, no. 1 (2013): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v4i1.8143.

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To design Danishness: performances of the nation on Danish banknotes In this article, I analyse four different banknote-design competitions that were hosted by Denmark’s National Bank (Nationalbanken) between 1908 and 2007. The proposals for new banknotes have evoked different narratives about the national community, and I describe how these proposals were characterised by two opposing trends: one style alluded to a romantic national narrative by using ancient relics, barrows and classical landscapes to highlight a common history of origin; the other included more popular and commonplace motif

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Reyes-Mercado, Pável. "Bankaool Bank: architecting an online-only financial brand." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 3 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-02-2017-0016.

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Subject area Marketing of financial products. Study level/applicability Graduate level. Occasionally, for undergraduate students with a strong background on branding strategies and strategic analysis. Applicable to analyze how companies can improve their branding strategies in highly regulated industries. Case overview In 2016, Claire Solís was discussing with her team the paths to ignite growth and brand awareness of the only digital bank in Mexico. To better position the brand on the Mexican financial market, Bankaool had decided to go 100 per cent online, a branch-less institution. The case

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Van Gorp, Angelo. "«Like Air Bricks on Earth»: Notes on Developing a Research Agenda Regarding the Post-War Legacy of New Education." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 7, no. 1 (2020): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.297.

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This article presents the building blocks of a new research agenda through which the author aims to fill a gap in the existing scholarship on the history of new education in Belgium and its international links. In particular, the War years and the decades immediately following the Second World War remain un(der)explored. Since the author has only just begun to tackle this research agenda, the article presents preliminary thoughts, questions, and a critical reflection on issues related to developing such an agenda. It does this in a programmed way. The article is built on a review of the resear

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Bisultanova, Aza. "Green bonds as a source of financing: Trends." BIO Web of Conferences 141 (2024): 04042. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414104042.

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The article discusses the concept of green bonds as a financial instrument aimed at supporting environmentally significant projects. It describes the history of their emergence, starting with the issuance of the first Climate Awareness Bonds by the European Investment Bank in 2007 and the first official green bonds of the World Bank in 2008. Key differences between green bonds and traditional debt instruments are discussed, including the targeted use of the raised funds to finance projects in the field of renewable energy, waste treatment, water treatment and green transport. Special attention

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Barnes, Victoria, and Lucy Newton. "Corporate identity, company law and currency: a survey of community images on English bank notes." Management & Organizational History 17, no. 1-2 (2022): 43–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2022.2078371.

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39

Adjei, Kofi, and Rexford Assasie Oppong. "Exploring Wealth and Culture Narratives in The Ornamentation of Bank of Ghana Architecture." Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana) 42, no. 3 (2024): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/just.v42i3.8.

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The use of ornamentation in architecture is one of the strategies that has been employed by institutions like banks over the years to communicate their values and ideals to the public. More so, it has been observed that Bank of Ghana as a corporate organization has developed the tradition of employing ornamentation in some of their important buildings to communicate, cultural identity and wealth. This study, therefore, explores the essence and expression of wealth and culture within some of the ornamentations in the architecture of Bank of Ghana (BoG) located in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale metrop

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40

Assche, Jozef A. Van, Dominique Cornelissen, and Filip Vandelook. "Germination ecology of Sison amomum (Apiaceae) at the northern edge of its distribution range on the European mainland." Plant Ecology and Evolution 144, no. (3) (2011): 321–26. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2011.638.

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<b>Background and aims</b> – <i>Sison amomum</i> reaches the north-western limit of its distribution on the European mainland as a rare species in a very small area in western Belgium. For conservation management it is important to know different aspects of life history such as seed longevity, phenology of germination and survival of seedlings. <b>Methods</b> – Germination requirements in field and laboratory conditions were analyzed in detail. Survival of seedlings in winter conditions was recorded. <b>Key results</b> – Most seeds germinated soon after dispersal in autumn. Eighty percent of t

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Rose, Edward P. F. "‘Abstract from Geology at the Western Front’ by T. W. Edgeworth David." Earth Sciences History 34, no. 1 (2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-34.1.1.

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The central text of this paper has been transcribed directly from the handwritten, unpublished ‘Abstract of Notes' by Tannatt William Edgeworth David (1858–1934), an Australian geologist of great distinction, from which he lectured at the Geological Society of London on 26 February 1919. He was then en route home to Australia after serving on the Western Front, across parts of Belgium and northern France, in the First World War&mdash;as the senior of two geologists at General Headquarters, British Expeditionary Force. His text provides the first overall account of military applications of

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Chernikina, A. N. "The problem of the politicization of ethnic communities in the Flemish region of Belgium." Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 1 (2019): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-1-92-100.

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This article seeks to trace the reasons for the emergence of separatist sentiments in the European Union states, particularly in Belgium. The article gives its brief assessment of the current state of the issue mentioned and undertakes an analysis of the situation pertaining the Flemish region. Significant attention is being given to the consideration of the economic reasons for the existing disparities and positions of the major nationalistic parties of the region of Flanders. Ethnic and cultural factors continue to play a significant role in the political life of modern European states and o

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Guest, Philip. "Indonesia: Family Planning Perspectives in the 1990s. By The World Bank. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xxii, 143. Figures, Tables, Notes, Bibliography." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (1992): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011632.

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Khorosheva, Aleksandra. "Socialist Jules Destrée at the Head of Belgian Diplomatic Mission in Russia, August 1917 – March 1918." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 5 (2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640016556-9.

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The article examines the diplomatic mission of the Belgian socialist Jules Destrée to Russia in August 1917 – March 1918. He was appointed to Petrograd at the height of internal political changes in Russia when the country began its withdrawal from World War I. Following the previously set goal of participating in the war to the victorious end, Belgium tried to keep Russia as an ally, expecting that as her neutrality guarantor it will render assistance in restoring Belgian political independence. Furthermore, one of the urgent problems was to take care of Belgian companies and enterprises in R

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Mayer, Judith. "Indonesia: Sustainable Development of Forests, Land, and Water. By The World Bank. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xl, 190. Maps, Tables, Figures, Notes." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (1992): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011620.

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Pettier, Jean-Baptiste. "“A question of bank notes, cars, and houses!” Matchmaking and the Moral Economy of Love in Urban China." Comparative Studies in Society and History 64, no. 2 (2022): 510–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000499.

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AbstractChinese practices of matchmaking have been controversial for over a century. Their continued transformations reveal a complex nexus of sentimental and material dimensions in the marriage-decision process at the heart of the negotiations between families and in their selections of proper candidates. This interplay between personal sentiments, concrete considerations, and the desire for success makes marriage controversial, as “love” is claimed and proclaimed at the same time. Moral debates around materialism, which have reverberated through the public sphere over the last decade, show h

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Pandoman, Agus. "Islamic Financial Infrastructure towards the Establishment of Sharia Central Banks." Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences 1, no. 5 (2022): 873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v1i5.1459.

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History notes that America has gotten two giant economic crises both the Great Depression of 1930s and the Financial Crisis of 2008’s. On August 15, 1971 the United States Dollar went down drastically. Without Congressional approval, President Nixon ended the coinage between the United States Dollar and the gold. Consequently the dollar becomes Monopoly Money. After that, the biggest economic boom in history has begun. In 2009, when the economy ran aground, Central Bankers in the world created trillion dollars, yen, pesos, euros and pounds by following a monopoly for bankers.1 The concept has

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Moore, Katie A. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic by Joshua R. Greenberg." Journal of the Early Republic 41, no. 4 (2021): 679–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2021.0089.

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Kwiatkowski, Wojciech. "PIERWSZY BANK STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH JAKO PIERWOWZÓR SYSTEMU REZERWY FEDERALNEJ." Zeszyty Prawnicze 9, no. 1 (2017): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2009.9.1.07.

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First Bank of the United States as a Prototype for the Federal Reserve SystemSummaryThe article describes the history of the First Bank of the United Statesfirst banking- institution, that was charted in XVII-th century North America as an effect of a cooperation of two federal bodies – Congress and the President. Although, the federal government possessed only 20 %, of the shares with federal licences it could conduct its activity on territory of the whole country. Moreover – the Bank is now referred to as the first central bank in the United States because of its national scope and services

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BouDagher-Fadel, Marcelle K., and Germaine Noujaim Clark. "Stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and paleogeography of Maritime Lebanon: a key to Eastern Mediterranean Cenozoic history." Stratigraphy 3, no. 2 (2006): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.03.2.01.

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The present biostratigraphic study of Palaeogene and Neogene carbonates focuses on the chronological evolution and paleoenvironment of the Eocene toMiocene stages and their facies before and during the episodic emersion ofMount Lebanon. Biozones based upon the presence of planktonic foraminifera, larger benthic foraminifera and calcareous algae in the Tertiary carbonates date for the first time major Cretaceous/Tertiary unconformities as well as lesser Neogene unconformities. Presently dated allochtonous carbonate detritals in younger host sediments provide a time line to earlier phases of int

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