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Journal articles on the topic 'Bank notes – Switzerland – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Huet, Jacobé. "Prospective and Retrospective: Le Corbusier’s Twofold Voyage d’Orient." Muqarnas Online 38, no. 1 (2021): 291–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00381p10.

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Abstract In 1911, a twenty-three-year-old Le Corbusier embarked on a six-month journey from Dresden to Istanbul, and back to his native Switzerland through Greece and Italy. Upon his return, the young architect unsuccessfully attempted to publish his travel notes as a book in 1912 and again in 1914. Only in 1965, forty days before his death, did Le Corbusier conduct the final revision of his 1914 typescript for publication. The next year, Le Voyage d’Orient was published posthumously. Previous scholarship on this book has overlooked the importance of Le Corbusier’s 1965 edits, consequently app

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Neldner, Manfred. "Competition Necessarily Tends to Produce Excess: The Experience of Free Banking in Switzerland." German Economic Review 4, no. 3 (2003): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00086.

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Abstract According to McCulloch, Longfield and Loyd, a free banking system is always prone to overissues of bank notes. Their view is supported by the free banking era in Switzerland (1826-1907), where, due to competitive pressures within the banking community and the absence of note-brand loyalty on the part of the general public, overissues (causing a rise in the foreign exchange rates above the upper gold and silver points) finally became permanent. Free competition, therefore, had to give way to collusive action and, in 1907 (with the open consent of the issuing banks), to the establishmen

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Cotherman, Charles E. "To Think Christianly: A History of L'Abri." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 73, no. 3 (2021): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf9-21cotherman.

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TO THINK CHRISTIANLY: A History of L'Abri, Regent College, and the Christian Study Center Movement by Charles E. Cotherman. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2020. 320 pages. Hardcover; $35.00. ISBN: 9780830852826. *How do Christians studying at secular universities, where religion is either ignored or attacked, achieve an integral Christian perspective on their areas of study and future careers? Charles Cotherman presents a first-rate history of one way that Christians have sought to answer this question, namely, in establishing Christian study centers on or adjacent to university campuses. *T

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Shi, Ji Long, Yi Mu, Yang Zhi Zhang, Wu Gan Luo, Rong Wang, and Xiao Yang Fang. "The Nondestructive Identification of Printing Pigments in Bank Notes Issued by Yantai XiGongshun, the Republic of China." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.533.

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Two kinds of bank note issued by YanTai XiGongShun, the Republic of China, are collected by Laboratory of Printing History, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication. The colors on these bank notes are bright and the patterns and signs can be easily recognized. All bank notes are of the elongated shape, and are printed with bank name, par value, circulation area, anti-counterfeiting characters and decorative pictures in the front of the bank notes. The two colors on these bank notes were analyzed using laser Raman microscopy, and the results showe

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Game, Chantal S., Lisa M. Cullen, and Alistair M. Brown. "The rise of financial accountability in British joint stock banks: 1825 to 1845." Financial History Review 27, no. 2 (2020): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000086.

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This study explores parliamentary reforms related to the financial accountability of banks following the 1825–6 and 1836–7 financial crises in England. An appraisal of nineteenth-century parliamentary Hansard transcripts reveals early banking legislative pursuits. The study observes the laissez-faire and interventionist approaches towards the banking enactments of 1826, 1833 and 1844 that underpin the transformation of financial accountability during this era. The Bank Notes Act 1826 imposed financial accountability on the Bank of England by requiring the mandatory disclosure of notes issued.

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Clay, Christopher. "The Bank Notes of the Imperial Ottoman Bank, 1863-1876." New Perspectives on Turkey 9 (1993): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002235.

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During the middle and later decades of the nineteenth century successive generations of Ottoman statesmen made a sustained effort to transform the traditional-style Islamic empire, responsibility for which they had inherited, into a modern state. The difficulties they faced were enormous and, as is well known, ultimately proved insurmountable, so that what was left of the their territories finally disintegrated in the decade following the revolution of 1908. However, if there was one problem above all others to which could be ascribed the failure in turn of the Tanzimat, Hamidian, and Young Tu

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Fiege, M., and S. Mihm. "Mark Fiege and Stephen Mihm on Bank Notes." Environmental History 13, no. 2 (2008): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/13.2.351.

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8

Groen, Ludo. "Mountains of Gold: The Alpine Vaults of the Swiss National Bank, 1939–46." Journal of Contemporary History 60, no. 1 (2025): 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094241306985.

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It is widely believed that banks in Switzerland keep their hoards of gold safely in vaults in the city, but during the Second World War, the banks discovered a more efficient, secure, and spacious place for their gold: the Alps. Using built objects as evidence, this article describes how, in 1939, a military ammunition depot in the Bernese Alps was converted into a mountain vault, for the Swiss National Bank to store its domestic gold reserves. What started as an evacuation site, along the way changed purpose from protection against the enemy to catering to them. As the gold reserves of the Na

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Arzumanova, L. L., and A. O. Logvencheva. "The history of legal regulation of metallic monetary systems in Russia." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 9 (November 7, 2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.73.9.171-179.

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The article presents a study of the history of the use of precious metals as the basis of metal monetary systems in Russia.The formation of metal monetary systems in Russia is associated with the need to ensure the release of paper money — notes. In the first part of the article, the use of precious metals for minting coins from the Х century is investigated. before the introduction of bank notes in 1768.Further, after analyzing the primary measures for providing bank notes with precious metals, it is substantiated that in the Russian Empire the regulatory consolidation of the transition to me

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Trofimova, Olga Efimovna. "Small and medium businesses in Switzerland and multinational companies." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 10 (October 25, 2021): 772–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2110-04.

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The article gives a comparative study of the main elements of Swiss system of business — transnational corporations and small and medium companies (SMEs). Using the methods of statistical analysis, systematic and comparative approaches the author analyzes their role in country economy, modification of activities and changes of their positions in innovative spheres. The author examines the factors of attractiveness and preferences which have influenced the location of TNC headquarters in Switzerland and its new trends. Multinationals are a driving force for Switzerland`s economy development. Sw

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Hetherington, Bruce W. "Bank Entry and the Low Issue of National Bank Notes: A Re-examination." Journal of Economic History 50, no. 3 (1990): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700037220.

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BAKKER, GERBEN. "Quarter notes and bank notes: the economics of music composition in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." Economic History Review 57, no. 4 (2004): 796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_23.x.

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Skeehan, Danielle. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic." American Nineteenth Century History 22, no. 2 (2021): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2021.1973256.

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Hood, Clifton. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 90, no. 2 (2023): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.90.2.0317.

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Giddey, Thibaud, and Malik Mazbouri. "Banking crises, banking mortality and the structuring of the banking market in Switzerland, 1850–2000." Financial History Review 29, no. 2 (2022): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565022000129.

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The Swiss financial centre, as it developed during the twentieth century, has for a long time been presented and perceived as a singularly stable and solid environment escaping crises and restructuring. This view, promoted by the dominant actors – private banks, cantonal banks and large commercial banks – presenting their own development, in a teleological vision, as success stories, is strongly challenged by more recent research developments. Our article deals with the evolution of banking demography in Switzerland between 1850 and 2000 and examines the exits of banking institutions from the

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HORTLUND, PER. "Is the law of reflux valid? Sweden, 1880-1913." Financial History Review 13, no. 2 (2006): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000254.

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In the classical monetary debates, the Banking School held that notes would be equally demand-elastic whether supplied by many issuers or a single one. The Free Banking School held that notes would be less demand-elastic if supplied by a single issuer. These assertions have rarely, if ever, been subject to more stringent statistical testing. In this study the elastic properties of the note stock of the Swedish note banking system in 1880–95 is compared with those of the regime in 1904–13, when the Bank of Sweden held a note monopoly. Evidence suggests that notes did not become less elastic aft

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Lawack, Vivienne. "Case Notes: An Exploratory Analysis of Central Bank Digital Currencies — Some Considerations." South African Mercantile Law Journal 34, no. 1 (2022): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v34/i1a5.

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The history of central banking began with payment services. Ever since then, payment-related innovation has always been an integral part of central banking (BIS Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and Markets Committee Report, ‘Central Bank Digital Currencies’ (2018) iii). Payments have evolved extensively over the years with the emergence of various technologies, from the development of real-time gross settlement (‘RTGS’) systems, to electronic money and mobile money, to name a few. The arrival of financial technologies or ‘fintech’ has led to cryptocurrencies and now central ban

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O'Brien, Patrick K., and Nuno Palma. "Danger to the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street? The Bank Restriction Act and the regime shift to paper money, 1797–1821." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 2 (2019): 390–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez008.

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Abstract The Bank Restriction Act of 1797 was the unconventional monetary policy of its time. It suspended the convertibility of the Bank of England's notes into gold, a policy that lasted until 1821. The current historical consensus is that it was a result of the state's need to finance the war, France’s remonetization, a loss of confidence in the English country banks, and a run on the Bank of England’s reserves following a landing of French troops in Wales. We argue that while these factors help us understand the timing of the suspension, they cannot explain its success. We deploy new long-

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Redenius, Scott A. "Designing a national currency: antebellum payment networks and the structure of the national banking system." Financial History Review 14, no. 2 (2007): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565007000546.

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As reflected in the April 2006 issue of the Financial History Review, monetary historians remain divided over the central features of the US monetary union and their contribution to US economic development. In that issue – which focused on the monetary union formed by the Constitution and early federal monetary legislation – Ronald Michener and Robert E. Wright focused on the creation of a uniform unit of account defined in terms of specie. The establishment of a uniform unit of account ‘simplified domestic and international transactions’ compared with the colonial period when ‘[e]conomic calc

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Decker, Frank. "Bills, notes and money in early New South Wales, 1788–1822." Financial History Review 18, no. 1 (2010): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000272.

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This article provides a revised account of the development of financial instruments, money and banking in the early penal colony of New South Wales. It is found that private instruments monetised the economy, while the role of state debt, coin and commodities was to finally settle remaining balances. Money originated in the form of small merchant notes. These were created by the need to pay labourers and underpinned a local pound currency standard. A detailed review of colonial court cases and currency legislation reveals that the first bank was founded, contrary to colonial orders, to remove

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Hughes, Michael P., and Chris Palke. "The Bank For International Settlements: An Evolutionary Institution." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 15, no. 1 (2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v15i1.10281.

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Established in 1930 in Basel, Switzerland, to expedite and supervise the payment of reparations by Germany to the victors of World War I, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) quickly evolved into a banking establishment for various national central banks to negotiate and work out mutually-beneficial monetary policies and financial arrangements outside of the usual political and national channels. During World War II the BIS stayed open as a neutral central bank for central banks and provided significant back-channel communications between the Allied and Axis powers that could not have

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Goldberg, Dror. "Why was America's First Bank Aborted?" Journal of Economic History 71, no. 1 (2011): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711000088.

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In 1686 the leadership of Massachusetts became involved in the first operational bank scheme in America. In 1688 this note-issuing bank was mysteriously aborted at an advanced stage. I suggest a new, simple explanation for the bank's demise. The bank's notes were supposed to be backed mostly by private land in Massachusetts, but a new royal governor invalidated all the land titles. This episode demonstrates the importance of clearly defined and enforced property rights for the development of financial institutions.“After showing him an Indian deed for land, he said that their hand was no more

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Gonta, Semen Nikolaevich, and Irina Yurievna Potashova. "East Caribbean Dollar (1949-2023): From Private Bank Notes to Digital Currency." Финансы и управление, no. 1 (January 2024): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2024.1.69448.

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The article is devoted to the study of exotic currencies, namely the history of the development and formation of the dollar of the East Caribbean Islands. The object of study in this article is the East Caribbean dollar. The subject of this article is the main historical stages of the cash circulation of the East Caribbean dollar. In this article, the authors highlight and analyze the main historical stages of the functioning of currency: from private bank notes of the British Caribbean territories to the modern stage of currency development, at which the process of transition to digital curre

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Krylova, Yulia. "The French Medieval Courts in the Latest Historiography of France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland." ISTORIYA 14, no. 3 (125) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025025-6.

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The article examines the most recent scholarly work on the history of French medieval courts. Not so long ago, scholars stated that this field was on the deep periphery of current research. The last two decades in French and French-language historiography, however, have been marked by an active increase in interest in the history of the courts, court life and aristocracy of the Middle Ages. The study of recent French-language historiography gives one a sense of catching up with lost time. Being out of the interests of advanced scientific trends for a long time, the court and the aristocracy ar

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Athari, Zaif Ullah, Muhammad Amanullah та Bouhedda Ghalia. "History of the Afghan Central Bank, Its Sharīʿah Supervision System and Its Effect on Unifying the Sharīʿah Reference". International Journal of Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh Studies 8, № 2 (2024): 38–54. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijfus.v8i2.348.

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This article aims to explore the topic of Sharīʿah supervision in the Afghan Central Bank and its impact on unifying Sharīʿah reference. This is achieved through investigating the historical roots of banking activities, the establishment of the Afghan Central Bank, its Shari`ah supervision system, and its influence on unifying Sharīʿah reference in Islamic banks. The focus of this article will be on elucidating the establishment of the Afghan Central Bank and the opening of the field of financial transactions within its framework through rules and regulations. The current study also emphasizes

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Selgin, George A., and Lawrence H. White. "Monetary Reform and the Redemption of National Bank Notes, 1863–1913." Business History Review 68, no. 2 (1994): 205–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117442.

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It is well known that contemporary critics of the National Banking System complained about its failure to meet peak demands for currency. Less often discussed are complaints about the system's inability to remove excess notes from circulation during periods of slack demand for currency—a problem that critics attributed to the lack of an effective redemption mechanism. Beginning in 1864, important attempts were made to reform redemption arrangements, both privately and through legislation, and redemption reform was a key component of the “asset currency” movement to deregulate note issue. This

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Gray, William Glenn. "“Number One in Europe”: The Startling Emergence of the Deutsche Mark, 1968–1969." Central European History 39, no. 1 (2006): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000033.

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The dollars—and pounds, and francs—came pouring in. Speculators and small savers across Western Europe raced to exchange their currencies for the Deutsche Mark. “Hot money” flowed into Germany at astounding rates. The reserves of West Germany's central bank, the Bundesbank, shot up by DM 9.4 billion ($2.15 billion) in the first three weeks of November 1968—with DM 7.3 billion arriving in just three days of trading. Airports in Germany barred exchanges of more than one hundred francs at a time; train stations in Zurich stopped accepting French notes altogether.

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Michel, Patrick M. "Exploring the Byzantine Levels of the Destroyed Baalshamin Sanctuary through Archival Research: An Exercise in Decolonizing History." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 12, no. 1 (2024): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.12.1.0035.

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ABSTRACT The Temple of Baalshamin in Palmyra was excavated by a Swiss team (1954–1956, 1966) led by the Swiss archaeologist Paul Collart. All of the field notes and other data are at the University of Lausanne. Today, these archives are the best existing source to study the temple, which was destroyed by ISIS (Islamic State in Syria) in 2015. Switzerland was not a colonial power, but, from a postcolonial perspective, it is interesting to study the dismantling process of the Byzantine structures as an assumption that the Roman-era Temple was more important. Based on a study of the historical ar

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SHIN, HIROKI. "PAPER MONEY, THE NATION, AND THE SUSPENSION OF CASH PAYMENTS IN 1797." Historical Journal 58, no. 2 (2015): 415–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000284.

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AbstractThis article considers British society's response to the suspension of cash payments in February 1797. Although this event marked the beginning of the so-called Bank Restriction Period, during which the Bank of England's notes were inconvertible, there have been no detailed studies on the social and political situation surrounding the suspension. This article provides an in-depth examination of the events leading up to and immediately following the suspension. It questions existing accounts of the suspension as a smooth transition into the nationwide use of paper money and describes th

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O'Meara, Alix, Laura Infanti, Jörg Sigle, Martin Stern, and Andreas S. Buser. "The Value of Routine Ferritin Measurement In Blood Donors." Blood 116, no. 21 (2010): 3353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3353.3353.

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Abstract Abstract 3353 Iron store depletion is a common side effect of whole-blood donation. Iron loss may lead to iron deficiency symptoms such as fatigue, decreased physical and job performance then gradually result in iron deficiency anemia. As of 2004, routine serum ferritin testing was implemented at our Center. We analyzed the impact of this measure on our donor population with regard to hemoglobin level, anemia occurrence and donor deferral due to low hemoglobin. A total of 160'612 intended donations of 23'557 healthy blood donors at a single institution (Blutspendezentrum beider Basel,

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Dal, Vechio Francisco, Junior Mauro Teixeira, Antonio Neto, and Miguel Rodrigues. "On the snake Siphlophis worontzowi (Prado, 1940): notes on its distribution, diet and morphological data." Check List 11, no. (1) (2015): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.1.1534.

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We provide geographic data for the poorly known dipsadid <em>Siphlophis worontzowi</em> including the first records to the Tocantins state and on the left bank of Madeira River at Rondônia State. Our data also extend its distribution on Mato Grosso State. We also provide new morphometric, meristic and ecological data to the knowledge of this species.

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Blasco-Martel, Yolanda. "REPUTATION AND THE PALMER RULE IN THE ORIGINS OF BANKING IN SPAIN." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 37, no. 1 (2019): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610918000228.

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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the reasons why provincial issuing banks in Spain maintained high reserves in the 19th century and the effects this had. The introduction of banknotes into the economy meant that convertibility had to be guaranteed. If convertibility was respected, this gave banks a good reputation and made them reliable. The Palmer Rule was a control mechanism stating that a well-managed bank should keep one-third of its liabilities as cash in hand and two-thirds in securities. In Spain the banking system, constituted in the mid-19th century, was characterised by a plurality of

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Sørensen, Anders Ravn. "At designe danskhed: Forestillinger om nationen på danske pengesedler." Kulturstudier 4, no. 1 (2013): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v4i1.8143.

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To design Danishness: performances of the nation on Danish banknotes In this article, I analyse four different banknote-design competitions that were hosted by Denmark’s National Bank (Nationalbanken) between 1908 and 2007. The proposals for new banknotes have evoked different narratives about the national community, and I describe how these proposals were characterised by two opposing trends: one style alluded to a romantic national narrative by using ancient relics, barrows and classical landscapes to highlight a common history of origin; the other included more popular and commonplace motif

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Reyes-Mercado, Pável. "Bankaool Bank: architecting an online-only financial brand." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 3 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-02-2017-0016.

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Subject area Marketing of financial products. Study level/applicability Graduate level. Occasionally, for undergraduate students with a strong background on branding strategies and strategic analysis. Applicable to analyze how companies can improve their branding strategies in highly regulated industries. Case overview In 2016, Claire Solís was discussing with her team the paths to ignite growth and brand awareness of the only digital bank in Mexico. To better position the brand on the Mexican financial market, Bankaool had decided to go 100 per cent online, a branch-less institution. The case

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Bisultanova, Aza. "Green bonds as a source of financing: Trends." BIO Web of Conferences 141 (2024): 04042. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414104042.

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The article discusses the concept of green bonds as a financial instrument aimed at supporting environmentally significant projects. It describes the history of their emergence, starting with the issuance of the first Climate Awareness Bonds by the European Investment Bank in 2007 and the first official green bonds of the World Bank in 2008. Key differences between green bonds and traditional debt instruments are discussed, including the targeted use of the raised funds to finance projects in the field of renewable energy, waste treatment, water treatment and green transport. Special attention

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Jones, A., M. Sargeant, and M. Andiappan. "Real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in patients initiating lurasidone for the treatment of schizophrenia in Europe." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (2022): S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.537.

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Introduction Lurasidone is a second-generation antipsychotic shown to have a lower risk of weight gain and a lower incidence of metabolic adverse events compared with some medications in the same class. Objectives To describe treatment patterns, clinical outcomes and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) over 12 months following lurasidone initiation in patients with schizophrenia. Methods This was a multi-centre observational study involving data collection from patients’ medical records, conducted in seven mental health centres in the United Kingdom (UK) and Switzerland. The study included patients

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Barnes, Victoria, and Lucy Newton. "Corporate identity, company law and currency: a survey of community images on English bank notes." Management & Organizational History 17, no. 1-2 (2022): 43–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2022.2078371.

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Adjei, Kofi, and Rexford Assasie Oppong. "Exploring Wealth and Culture Narratives in The Ornamentation of Bank of Ghana Architecture." Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana) 42, no. 3 (2024): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/just.v42i3.8.

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The use of ornamentation in architecture is one of the strategies that has been employed by institutions like banks over the years to communicate their values and ideals to the public. More so, it has been observed that Bank of Ghana as a corporate organization has developed the tradition of employing ornamentation in some of their important buildings to communicate, cultural identity and wealth. This study, therefore, explores the essence and expression of wealth and culture within some of the ornamentations in the architecture of Bank of Ghana (BoG) located in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale metrop

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Guest, Philip. "Indonesia: Family Planning Perspectives in the 1990s. By The World Bank. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xxii, 143. Figures, Tables, Notes, Bibliography." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (1992): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011632.

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Mayer, Judith. "Indonesia: Sustainable Development of Forests, Land, and Water. By The World Bank. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xl, 190. Maps, Tables, Figures, Notes." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (1992): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011620.

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Pettier, Jean-Baptiste. "“A question of bank notes, cars, and houses!” Matchmaking and the Moral Economy of Love in Urban China." Comparative Studies in Society and History 64, no. 2 (2022): 510–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000499.

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AbstractChinese practices of matchmaking have been controversial for over a century. Their continued transformations reveal a complex nexus of sentimental and material dimensions in the marriage-decision process at the heart of the negotiations between families and in their selections of proper candidates. This interplay between personal sentiments, concrete considerations, and the desire for success makes marriage controversial, as “love” is claimed and proclaimed at the same time. Moral debates around materialism, which have reverberated through the public sphere over the last decade, show h

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Pandoman, Agus. "Islamic Financial Infrastructure towards the Establishment of Sharia Central Banks." Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences 1, no. 5 (2022): 873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v1i5.1459.

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History notes that America has gotten two giant economic crises both the Great Depression of 1930s and the Financial Crisis of 2008’s. On August 15, 1971 the United States Dollar went down drastically. Without Congressional approval, President Nixon ended the coinage between the United States Dollar and the gold. Consequently the dollar becomes Monopoly Money. After that, the biggest economic boom in history has begun. In 2009, when the economy ran aground, Central Bankers in the world created trillion dollars, yen, pesos, euros and pounds by following a monopoly for bankers.1 The concept has

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Moore, Katie A. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic by Joshua R. Greenberg." Journal of the Early Republic 41, no. 4 (2021): 679–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2021.0089.

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Kwiatkowski, Wojciech. "PIERWSZY BANK STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH JAKO PIERWOWZÓR SYSTEMU REZERWY FEDERALNEJ." Zeszyty Prawnicze 9, no. 1 (2017): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2009.9.1.07.

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First Bank of the United States as a Prototype for the Federal Reserve SystemSummaryThe article describes the history of the First Bank of the United Statesfirst banking- institution, that was charted in XVII-th century North America as an effect of a cooperation of two federal bodies – Congress and the President. Although, the federal government possessed only 20 %, of the shares with federal licences it could conduct its activity on territory of the whole country. Moreover – the Bank is now referred to as the first central bank in the United States because of its national scope and services

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BouDagher-Fadel, Marcelle K., and Germaine Noujaim Clark. "Stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and paleogeography of Maritime Lebanon: a key to Eastern Mediterranean Cenozoic history." Stratigraphy 3, no. 2 (2006): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.03.2.01.

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The present biostratigraphic study of Palaeogene and Neogene carbonates focuses on the chronological evolution and paleoenvironment of the Eocene toMiocene stages and their facies before and during the episodic emersion ofMount Lebanon. Biozones based upon the presence of planktonic foraminifera, larger benthic foraminifera and calcareous algae in the Tertiary carbonates date for the first time major Cretaceous/Tertiary unconformities as well as lesser Neogene unconformities. Presently dated allochtonous carbonate detritals in younger host sediments provide a time line to earlier phases of int

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Chodorow-Reich, Gabriel, Gita Gopinath, Prachi Mishra, and Abhinav Narayanan. "Cash and the Economy: Evidence from India’s Demonetization*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 1 (2019): 57–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz027.

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Abstract We analyze a unique episode in the history of monetary economics, the 2016 Indian “demonetization.” This policy made 86% of cash in circulation illegal tender overnight, with new notes gradually introduced over the next several months. We present a model of demonetization where agents hold cash both to satisfy a cash-in-advance constraint and for tax evasion purposes. We test the predictions of the model in the cross-section of Indian districts using several novel data sets including: the geographic distribution of demonetized and new notes for causal inference; night light activity a

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Stanley, Matthew. "Jan Guichelaar. Willem de Sitter: Einstein’s Friend and Opponent. (Springer Biographies.) xxii + 278 pp., notes, index. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018. €40.95 (cloth). ISBN 9783319983363." Isis 111, no. 1 (2020): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/707850.

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Jellinek, Lea. "Indonesia - Indonesia: Strategy for a Sustained Reduction in Poverty. By The World Bank. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xxv, 181. Maps, Figures, Tables, Notes." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 2 (1992): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400006470.

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KYE, SeungKyoon. "Currency and Copyright." Korea Copyright Commission 144 (December 31, 2023): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30582/kdps.2023.36.4.5.

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The main purpose of this paper is to examine currency and copyright, which have recently become hot topics in our society. The currency issued by the Bank of Korea is legal tender and serves as a means of payment and is also subject to monetary policy. Types of currency include bank notes, coins, and commemorative coins. In Chapter 2, the author looked at whether currency is a work in terms copyright, a work of applied art, small coin theory, and a public work through examples and interpretation of German legislation and Korean legislation. Personally, I think that currency suffici

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Shcherbak, Mykola, and Nadiia Shcherbak. "ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS ABOUT SOCIAL ANTAGONISM IN THE DNIEPER UKRAINE IN THE 19th CENTURY." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 29 (2021): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.29.28.

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The article highlights the specifics of the Right Bank of Ukraine and notes that it is in the XIX century was a polyethnic region, which, having its own history, was characterized by ethnic, religious, socio-economic, administrative features and even had its own legislation. Throughout this period, the right-bank Ukrainian lands remained a field of sharp political and social confrontation. Describing the situation on the Right Bank of Ukraine, the authors of the article argue that since joining the Russian Empire, the tsarist government has not taken into account all the features of this terri

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