To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Bank of Granite.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bank of Granite'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 45 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Bank of Granite.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Vágner, David. "Externí financování výstavby výrobní haly." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241094.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis deals with the problems of external financing company LAZAM CZ s. r. o. The first, theoretical, part contains general discussion about the possibilities of external financing of the company, mainly through credit drawing one of the banks operating in the Czech Republic. The method is literature review. Second, analytic, part then solves selection of company and it’s product, which is suitable for company LAZAM CZ s. r. o. It is used several methods of evaluating the situation of the company and it’s surroundings. The analysis and used methods are aimed to fulfill the main goal set thesis.
2
Rech, Munique. "Evolução do crédito consignado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul : aplicação da metodologia de Box & Jenkins." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/3444.
Full textAbstract:
Após a implantação do Plano Real, com a mudança ocasionada pela estabilização inflacionária, o Brasil apresentou ampliação na oferta de crédito bancário, como estratégia dos bancos para manterem o nível das suas receitas. Porém, o país ainda necessita ampliar o fornecimento de crédito, pois apresenta uma relação crédito/PIB de 62,2%, inferior à apresentada pela média de todos os países, de 131,7% (BANCO MUNDIAL, 2017). O sistema financeiro brasileiro é predominantemente bancário, e o fornecimento de crédito advém principalmente de instituições bancárias. Os recursos obtidos através do crédito bancário retornam para a sociedade, em forma de consumo e investimentos, contribuindo com a atividade econômica. Além desse cunho social, a concessão de crédito rentabiliza os bancos, impactando no desempenho financeiro dessas instituições. A partir da sanção da lei que permitiu a concessão do crédito consignado, que se caracteriza pelo débito das parcelas do empréstimo diretamente na folha de pagamento dos devedores, os bancos ampliaram a oferta de crédito, uma vez que essa modalidade de empréstimo possibilitou uma redução na inadimplência, diminuindo o risco atrelado ao crédito. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do estudo foi encontrar um modelo que represente o comportamento da evolução do crédito consignado junto a uma instituição financeira, auxiliando na sua estratégia através da previsão dessa variável. O estudo foi realizado através de uma pesquisa quantitativa, com dados secundários fornecidos pela instituição financeira. O tratamento estatístico dos dados foi realizado através da análise de séries temporais, por meio da metodologia proposta por Box & Jenkins, com a utilização do software R Studio. O resultado encontrado foi um modelo ARIMA (0, 2, 1), que representou o comportamento da evolução do crédito consignado junto à instituição financeira, com análise de 96 observações mensais, de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2016. Com o modelo, realizou-se a previsão para seis meses, de janeiro a junho de 2017. A diferença máxima entre o valor previsto e o valor real da variável foi de 1,57%, o que atesta a acuracidade do modelo encontrado. Por conseguinte, como resultado teórico, evidenciou-se que o modelo ARIMA revelou-se adequado para a previsão do crédito consignado concedido pela instituição financeira. Como resultado empírico, o modelo de previsão encontrado pode atuar como ferramenta estratégica para a instituição financeira, uma vez que a sua aplicação pode colaborar com o processo de determinação de estratégias competitivas.Submitted by cmquadros@ucs.br (cmquadros@ucs.br) on 2018-02-01T17:13:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Munique Rech em PDF.pdf: 1603688 bytes, checksum: 1282a2ce84a98d5967f0926d3e74f80e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-01T17:13:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Munique Rech em PDF.pdf: 1603688 bytes, checksum: 1282a2ce84a98d5967f0926d3e74f80e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-01
After the implementation of the Real Plan, with the change brought about by inflationary stabilization, Brazil presented an increase in the supply of bank credit, as a strategy for banks to maintain the level of their revenues. However, the country still needs to expand its credit supply, as it has a credit-to-GDP ratio of 62.2%, lower than the average for all countries, of 131.7% (WORLD BANK, 2017). The Brazilian financial system is predominantly banking, and the provision of credit comes mainly from banking institutions. The resources obtained through bank credit return to society, in the form of consumption and investments, contributing to economic activity. In addition to this social aspect, credit lending makes banks profitable, impacting the financial performance of these institutions. Following the enactment of the law that allowed for the payroll deductible loan, which is characterized by the debit of the loan installments directly on the payroll of the debtors, the banks expanded the credit offer, since this type of loan made possible a reduction in defaults, reducing the credit risk. In view of the above, the objective of the study was to find a model that represents the behavior of the evolution of payroll loans with a financial institution, assisting in its strategy by predicting this variable. The study was conducted through a quantitative research, with secondary data provided by the financial institution. The statistical treatment of the data was performed through the analysis of time series, using the methodology proposed by Box & Jenkins, using the software R Studio. The result was an ARIMA model (0, 2, 1), which represented the behavior of the evolution of payroll loans with the financial institution, with analysis of 96 monthly observations, from January 2009 to December 2016. With the model, the forecast for six months, from January to June 2017. The maximum difference between the expected value and the actual value of the variable was 1.57%, which attests to the accuracy of the model found. Therefore, as a theoretical result, it was evidenced that the ARIMA model was adequate for the prediction of payroll loans granted by the financial institution. As an empirical result, the predictive model found can act as a strategic tool for the financial institution, since its application can contribute to the process of determining competitive strategies.
3
Qi, Junmei. "Environmental management of bank loans granted to companies in Europe and China : three empirical investigations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0160.
Full textAbstract:
Dans cette recherche doctorale, nous étudions comment la gestion environnementale des entreprises (GEE) est prise en compte en matière de prêts bancaires aux entreprises en Europe et en Chine. Nous identifions également des facteurs motivationnels et des obstacles à l’inclusion de la GEE dans les décisions de prêts aux entreprises. La thèse est basée sur trois articles empiriques. Dans le premier article, nous établissons un cadre d'évaluation composé de 20 éléments et testons 50 banques en Europe entre 2016 et 2018. Nous examinons également comment le pouvoir des parties prenantes et des caractéristiques des banques influencent le niveau d’inclusion de GEE dans les prêts bancaires. Le deuxième article explore la perception de la GEE dans les activités de prêt du point de vue des prêteurs avec une enquête auprès de 110 managers de banques en France et au Luxembourg en 2019. En outre, l'étude examine l'influence de motivations institutionnelles sur la perception de la GEE. Dans le troisième article, nous nous concentrons sur la clarification des difficultés liées à la mise en œuvre du crédit vert en enquêtant auprès de 240 managers de banques chinoises. Cette étude identifie en particuliers les défis auxquels les banques chinoises sont actuellement confrontées dus à leurs différentes structures de propriété. Nous soutenons dans cette thèse que les banques, en tant que fournisseurs de capitaux aux entreprises, peuvent jouer un rôle central pour influencer les décisions des entreprises emprunteuses en faveur de la réduction de leur impact sur l’environnement à condition que les banques envisagent d'inclure la GEE dans leurs décisions de prêtIn this doctoral research, we investigate how corporate environmental management (CEM) is taken in account in lending decision-making of banks to corporations in Europe and China. We also identify motivational factors and barriers of including CEM into bank lending. Our thesis is based on three empirical papers. In the first paper, we establish a 20-item evaluation framework of 50 banks in Europe between 2016 and 2018. We also explore how stakeholder power and banks’ characteristics influence banks’ level of CEM inclusion in lending. The second paper explores the perception of CEM in the lending business from the lenders’ perspective with a survey of 110 bank managers in France and Luxembourg in 2019. In addition, the study examines the influence of institutional motivations on bank managers’ perception of CEM. In the third paper, we focus on clarifying the difficulties associated with green credit implementation by investigating 240 Chinese bank managers in 2019. This study identifies challenges Chinese banks currently face according to their different ownership structures. We argue in this thesis that banks, as capital providers to corporations, can play a central role in influencing the decisions of borrowing corporations to reduce their impact on the environment if banks consider including CEM into their lending decision-making
4
Campusano, Luis Eduardo. "Inhomogénéités à grande échelle dans la distribution des quasars." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30196.
Full textAbstract:
La constitution d'echantillons complets de quasars optiques, difficile a cause des differents biais a l'uvre est absolument necessaire pour l'etude statistique de ces objets. Le groupe de quasars de 100-200 mpc d'extension present dans nos donnees est un indicateur extremement rare de l'existence de structure a grande echelle dans l'univers
5
Nave, André Gustavo. "Banco de sementes autóctone e alóctone, resgate de plantas e plantio de vegetação nativa na fazenda Intermontes, município de Ribeirão Grande, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-02062005-153506/.
Full textAbstract:
O acúmulo significativo de conhecimento sobre a ecologia de restauração nos últimos anos tem conduzido a mudanças na orientação dos programas de manejo e restauração florestal. A escolha ou criação de um modelo de restauração é um processo em constante aprimoramento, exigindo a necessidade de estudos que não apenas diminuam os custos envolvidos, mas também, que garantam a efetividade do objetivo proposto. Neste sentido, este trabalho testa novas metodologias de restauração visando a obtenção de informações técnicas sobre: A) a expressão do banco de sementes autóctone e alóctone na restauração florestal de diferentes situações de degradação antrópica.; B) o resgate de plântulas e indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes; C) a eficiência de um modelo de plantio que utiliza conceitos de Preenchimento e Diversidade e; D) a evolução da paisagem. Para análise dos bancos de sementes autóctone e alóctone foram feitos levantamentos da densidade e das espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regeneradas. No resgate de indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes, as plântulas e indivíduos jovens foram resgatadas em uma floresta e levadas para adapatação em viveiro, onde tiveram seus indivíduos e espécies contabilizados em termos de densidade e sobrevivência. No modelo de plantio estudado, as espécies foram reunidas em grupos de Preenchimento e Diversidade e tiveram a cobertura de copa de cada indivíduo quantificada. A evolução da paisagem foi realizada através de fotointerpretação e principalmente checagem de campo periódica. Os principais resultados dessas metodologias foram: A) As situações identificadas na Fazenda Intermontes apresentaram diferentes expressões de regeneração natural em função do número de indivíduos germinados banco de sementes autóctone. O aproveitamento dessa expressão poderá ser realizado através de metodologias diferenciadas de restauração para cada situação estudada: B) No estudo do Banco de sementes alóctone, a densidade dos indivíduos germinados se foi de 409.334 indivíduos/ha, revelando a possibilidade de uso no programa de restauração. Os indivíduos arbóreos apresentaram na área adubada um acréscimo de 137,3 % em sua altura média em relação aos indivíduos da área não adubada. C) No resgate de plântulas e indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes, a densidade dos indivíduos foi muito próxima para as duas épocas do ano, sendo 38.700 ind./ha e 37.900 ind./ha, mas com uma diferença significante para os indivíduos sobreviventes que apresentaram 16.500 ind./ha e 26.600 ind./ha para os meses de julho e dezembro de 2002, respectivamente. A técnica de resgate utilizada se mostrou viável uma vez que foi possível alcançar até 70,9% de sobrevivência para os indivíduos resgatados; D) No estudo sobre o modelo de plantio foram amostrados 143 espécies, demonstrando que a função do grupo da diversidade vem sendo mantida e aumentando as chances de efetivação dos processos de sucessão. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo de Preenchimento apresentou-se com uma porcentagem de cobertura significativamente maior que a do grupo de Diversidade, sendo 73,6% e 83,3% para 1,5 e 2,5 anos respectivamente.Significant accumulation of know-how about restoration ecology has been changing forest restoration management programs trends during the last years. Choosing or elaborating a restoration model is a process that requires constant improvement and ecological studies that not only reduces the costs involved but also warrants the achievement of the aimed proposal. This study explores new restoration methodologies, searching for technical information about: A) autochthonous and allochthonous seed bank expression on forest restoration at different situations degraded by anthropogenic disturbances; B) seedlings and woody growing individuals rescue; C) efficiency of a planting model based on fulfillment and diversity concept; D) landscape development. The autochthonous and allochthonous seed bank were analyzed through regenerating woody species and density scouting. For the rescue of regenerating woody species, seedling and young individuals were taken from a forest and transferred to a plant nursery for adjustment, where number and species were counted regarding density and survival. In this studied planting model, species were organized and gathered into a fulfillment or diversity group, and each individual had its crown area quantified. Landscape development was analyzed by photointerpretation and specially by periodical field checking. Results from these methodologies showed that: A) Identified degraded situations at Intermontes farm displayed distinguished natural regeneration expression, influenced by the number of germinated seeds of the autochthonous seed bank. Advantage can be taken from these different outcomes by using distinct restoration methodologies for each studied situation. B) For the autochthonous seed bank study, germinated seed density was 409,334 ind./ha, indicating its potential role on restoration programs. Woody individuals at fertilized sites had a medium height enhancement of 137,7% when compared to those at non fertilized sites. C) For seedlings and woody growing individuals rescue, individual density was similar for both seasons (38700ind./ha and 37900ind./ha) but significantly distinct for individual survivor, with values of 16500ind./ha for July and 2600ind./ha for December. Rescue technique turned out to be a viable possibility since it achieved survival of 70,9% for rescued individuals. D) This planting model study registered 143 species, indicating that the diversity groups role has been maintained and enhances the chance of successional process success. The fulfilling group had a significant higher percentage of crown area than the diversity group, with 73,6% and 83,3% for 1,5 and 2,5 years, respectively.
6
Ménéxiadis, Géraldine. "Détection à grande distance et localisation du supersonique "Concorde" à partir de signaux infrasonores." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00487912.
Full textAbstract:
L'objet de cette étude est la résolution d'un problème inverse inédit, à savoir la localisation d'un avion supersonique à partir de signaux acoustiques enregistrés par une station de mesure unique. La distance de l'aéronef à la station de mesure est a priori inconnue, mais peut varier de quelques dizaines à quelques centaines de kilomètres ou davantage. Les signaux exploités à l'occasion de ce travail se situent généralement dans la gamme infrasonore, au-dessous de 20 Hz voire de 10 Hz. L'ONERA ayant mené des campagnes de mesure en Bretagne lors des premiers vols commerciaux transatlantiques de l'avion Concorde, les premières exploitations ont consisté à reprendre les données de ces campagnes et à développer à cette occasion un code de propagation acoustique basé sur la théorie des rayons. Le code de l'ONERA existant SIMOUN a été adapté en trois dimensions pour pouvoir tenir compte de la météorologie réelle et a reçu un certain nombre d'aménagements, dont le calcul de l'atténuation acoustique en fonction de la fréquence et la prise en compte de la rotondité de la Terre dont la négligence aurait entraîné des erreurs importantes aux grandes distances. Le calcul de niveau acoustique étant peu significatif aux distances considérées, des méthodes inédites basées sur l'analyse spectrale ont été développées. Associées à une technique de goniométrie basée notamment sur le calcul des fonctions d'intercorrélation temporelles, elles nous permettent de localiser l'avion supersonique en gisement-distance. Une première méthode, valable jusqu'à 200 kilomètres environ, est basée sur la divergence en fonction de la distance à l'aéronef de l'onde de pression en N correspondant au bang sonique. Il en résulte une modification du spectre en arche caractéristique de cette onde qui peut être corrélée avec la distance de propagation sous réserve de connaître l'onde en N initialement émise, reliée à la vitesse et à la géométrie de l'avion. Une seconde méthode beaucoup plus générale consiste à évaluer l'augmentation de la pente du spectre de l'onde en N, sachant que l'absorption atmosphérique, proportionnelle à la distance parcourue, augmente avec la fréquence et que la dissipation des effets non-linéaires a également tendance à augmenter la pente du spectre du signal. Cette méthode semble convenir pour des distances comprises entre 200 et 1000 km environ et présente l'avantage d'être indépendante des caractéristiques de la source sonore. Afin de pallier aux limitations de cette méthode, principalement liées au rapport signal sur bruit, l'analyse de signaux enregistrés en Suède à 3000 km de l'avion suggère d'utiliser pour les très grandes distances une méthode basée sur la durée totale du signal. Cette durée augmente en effet avec la distance, en rapport avec le phénomène classique de "rumble" qui transforme en roulement de tonnerre le signal impulsionnel émis par un coup de foudre.
7
Santos, Jos? Erimar dos. "Integra??o banc?ria do territ?rio potiguar." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20568.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-31T00:29:03Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
JoseErimarDosSantos_TESE.pdf: 13304470 bytes, checksum: f8ddaee9b6a28f408d9c1072e1394b8d (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-02T19:32:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseErimarDosSantos_TESE.pdf: 13304470 bytes, checksum: f8ddaee9b6a28f408d9c1072e1394b8d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:32:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseErimarDosSantos_TESE.pdf: 13304470 bytes, checksum: f8ddaee9b6a28f408d9c1072e1394b8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-04
Objetiva-se compreender o processo de territorializa??o dos servi?os banc?rios e como isso se configura no plano da exist?ncia do territ?rio e da economia pol?tica urbana no atual per?odo, tomando como recorte emp?rico o estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para tanto, foi necess?ria uma an?lise te?rica e emp?rica, em que ao mesmo tempo buscasse apreender a coisa em estudo como nexo e sistema, sendo necess?rios uma pesquisa bibliogr?fica e um levantamento de dados prim?rios e secund?rios. A tese ? de que a manifesta??o da expans?o dos servi?os banc?rios e financeiros constitui uma din?mica territorial dada pelos lugares a partir do arranjo normativo e t?cnico, invasor da vida cotidiana, constituindo uma dimens?o espacial que aqui se est? a chamar de Territ?rio (onto)L?gico. Territ?rio por tratar-se de uma discuss?o geogr?fica que enfatiza o controle efetivo de certas institui??es banc?rias sobre objetos e pr?ticas sociais. (Onto)l?gico corresponde, simultaneamente, a duas formas de ser-do-homem no mundo: 1) ser-do-espa?o, da? onto (relativo ao Ser, ao fazer-se humano, pois o homem ? sempre projeto que est?-por-ser, assim como o ? o espa?o geogr?fico e os processos, a exemplo da expans?o dos servi?os banc?rios); 2) ser-no-espa?o, que corresponde a uma l?gica de apreens?o do espa?o: condi??o para uma ordem de dispers?o de objetos e organiza??es, da? l?gico (relativo ao uso do lugar mediante intencionalidade que visa apreend?-lo como campo a ser preenchido por arranjos de objetos e a??es estrat?gicas). Como resultado desse processo tem-se o lugar enquanto base de concretiza??o da integra??o financeira do territ?rio constitutivo de forma-a??es banc?rias herdadas (ag?ncias banc?rias) e novas vari?veis (correspondentes banc?rios e novos arranjos t?cnicos, cient?ficos, informacionais e comunicacionais: computador e celular plugados ? internet), cuja expressividade no plano da economia urbana caracteriza-se por elos cada vez mais intensos entre circuito superior e circuito inferior. Portanto, no territ?rio (onto)l?gico, h? a exist?ncia enquanto um recurso dos atores hegem?nicos, realizada por uma ordem da dispers?o dos fixos e das a??es banc?rios (l?gica), influenciando direta ou indiretamente na organiza??o da exist?ncia ou (re)produ??o social (onto), que por sua vez tamb?m solidariza-se ? forma como essa dispers?o ocorre ou pode ocorrer, pois a dimens?o do territ?rio enquanto abrigo dos atores hegemonizados ? fundamental na realiza??o dessa disputa territorial banc?ria.
This study aims to understand the territorial process of banking services in Rio Grande do Norte State, which took the places find themselves integrated into the banking system's point of view, seeking to reflect how is configured in terms of the existence of the territory. For this, a theoretical and empirical analysis was required in which at the same time would seek to grasp the phenomenon under study as a link and system, requiring a literature search and a survey of primary and secondary data. The effective manifestation of territorialization of banking and financial services verified in RN is a dynamic and territorial expression given by the different uses of the places by banking actors from banking-fixed locational arrangements, that leverage the social, economic, regulatory, technical and objective conditions and subjective places, which together form the existential content of the places, at the same time in that promote them, serving and creating new demands of consumption and their banking services. It is a locational strategical process, in which space is the condition of realization by engaging at the same time, spatiality as shelter (the existential manner of places given by the social content) and spatiality as a resource (making profit in these places, through the use and/or creation of content-forms for this purpose), promoting the banking integration of norte-rio-grandense territory, expressed in dense and rarefied areas as servants mechanisms. It was found, among other things, that as the norte-rio-grandense geographical area is made up of banking and financial objects (agencies, banking service centers, Automatic Teller Machine (ATMs) and correspondents), for example, that materiality is not enough to determine the nature the banking integration of that state. They are the proper places on whether or not permit the presence and operation of one or other of these channels, which shows that it is the geographic space sine qua non of the geographical dispersion of using mechanisms from their elements. This because is the existence of these places a feature of hegemonic actors, performed by an order of the dispersion of fixed and banking stocks, influencing directly or indirectly in the organization of the existence or (re) production, which in turn also is sympathized to the way this dispersion occurs or may occur. Finally, the places were never a leveled field where the (re) production of certain elements, in this case the banks could establish their domain with the same strategic mechanisms. The places were and are forms-content varied, existentially and so is dependent on the locational range of types of fixed and flows in them, at different times, and the strategic construction of the most prominent elements of the uses thereof, setting the territory as variable of profit accumulation.
8
Richter, Fabiana. "Sedimentation, metamorphism and granite generation in a Back-Arc Region : the crustal processes recorded in the Ediacaran Nova Venécia Complex (Araçuaí Orogen, Southeast Brazil)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFOP, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/5427.
Full textAbstract:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução Crustal e Recursos Naturais. Departamento de Geologia. Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-05-20T20:28:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_SedimentationMetamorphismGranite.pdf: 9752902 bytes, checksum: 32699b6a964a18271b67154b8ab6c9f7 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-05-22T14:39:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_SedimentationMetamorphismGranite.pdf: 9752902 bytes, checksum: 32699b6a964a18271b67154b8ab6c9f7 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-22T14:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_SedimentationMetamorphismGranite.pdf: 9752902 bytes, checksum: 32699b6a964a18271b67154b8ab6c9f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
O Complexo migmatítico-graniulítico-granítico Nova Venécia (CNV), localizado no núcleo do Orógeno Araçuaí (OA, 630-480 Ma), sudeste do Brasil, registra processos crustais anatéticos ocorridos no norte da Província Mantiqueira durante a amalgamação Brasiliana-Pan Africana de Gondwana Ocidental. O núcleo do OA compreende abundantes e volumosos granitoides tipo-S e –I (Supersuítes G1 a G5), que são espacialmente e temporalmente associados a eventos metamórficos de alto grau no NVC. Este estudo integra observações de campo, análises de química mineral, petrografia, geocronologia U-Pb LAICP- MS de zircões e monazitas e modelagem termodinâmica, a fim de definir a evolução dos migmatitos-granulitos do CNV, desde sua deposição até o metamorfismo de alto grau, e correlacionar a história metamórfica com os vários episódios de magmatismo granítico (G1-G5). Sete populações compõe a base de dados de zircões detríticos. A gama mais significativa de zircões detríticos concordantes zircão são representados pelas duas populações mais jovens, variando 650-610 Ma. Isso indica que a principal fonte do CNV é provavelmente o Arco Rio Doce, com contribuições menores de fontes contemporâneas ao Arco Rio Negro. Populações mais velhas sugerem proveniência dos primeiros registros do arco Rio Negro e de segmentos do OA relacionados a riftes de idades Criogeniana e Toniana. O período de sedimentação do CNV é limitado entre a idade máxima de sedimentação em ca. 606 Ma e a intrusão dos primeiros granitóides sin-colisionais (ca. 593 Ma), ou seja, durante ca. 13 Ma. Compilação dos dados disponíveis de U-Pb em zircão mostra que a maior parte dos granitoides G1 e G2 se cristalizaram contemporaneamente ao longo de um período de 15 Ma (595-570 Ma, com um pico a 575 Ma), interpretado como o período sin-colisional no OA. O período de pico metamórfico regional no OA é limitado em 575-560 Ma, o que pode ser uma consequência de magma underplating G1 + G2. Petrografia detalhada e análises de química mineral mostram diferentes assembléias de pico metamórfico (regional) que contêm quantidades variáveis de granada, ortopiroxênio e cordierita peritéticos e cordierite retrógrada. Sugerimos que essas diferenças são principalmente devidas a parâmetros de composição dos protólitos, e não devidas a diferentes evoluções de P-T entre as amostras. A química de rocha total neste estudo sugere que os protólitos do CNV eram grauvacas peraluminosas contendo diferentes quantidades de componentes de matriz (isto é, porções pelíticas) e que as rochas de alto-grau do CNV devem ter perdido melt para terem se tornado caracteristicamente restíticas. Isto é corroborado pelo nosso conjunto de dados de zircões detríticos, que mostram diferentes contribuições percentuais entre as 7 populações que compõem as amostras. Além disso, a modelagem termodinâmica indica que todas as amostras modeladas registram um caminho P-T semelhante, desde condições PT de metamorfismo regional de pico a 750-850 ° C e 5300-7500 bares (granulito, profundidades de ~ 25 km) a condições de estabilidade das assembléias preservadas a 640- 800 ° C e 4500-6000 bares (transição entre amfibolito superior a granulito, profundidades de ~ 18 km). Infere-se que o metamorfismo regional de alto grau (575-560 Ma) deve ter afetado ambos os metassedimentos e granitos pré-existentes, corroborado pelo fato de que ambos mostram feições anatéticas datadas em ca. 571 Ma. Os produtos da fusão parcial em todo o OA poderia ser, pelo menos, parte dos granitóides contemporâneos àqueles formados durante os períodos G2 (570-540 Ma) e G3 + G4 (540-525 Ma). O evento térmico póscolisional G5 (520-480 Ma), relacionado ao colapso tectônico do OA, é registrado em metagrauvacas (monazita U-Pb) e em granitos (monazita e zircão U-Pb) entre 507 e 495 Ma. Sugerimos que, a essa altura, as metagrauvacas já haviam sido submetidas a alguma descompressão e arrefecimento, com base em modelagem metamórfica, observações de campo e datação de um dique tardio não deformado que intrude rochas do CNV (518 Ma). Infere-se que o evento termal pós-colisional G5, registrado por abundantes intrusões de granitoides tipo-I em todo o OA, causou um segundo período de metamorfismo de alto-grau a ca. 500 Ma. A principal característica deste evento em rochas metassedimentares é, além das idades U-Pb em monazitas, um overprint parcial de Baixa Pressão-Alta Temperatura em assembléias regionais de pico, gerando cordierita texturalmente tardia e espinélio hercinítico. Em nossas amostras, este registro metamórfico limita-se a auréolas de contato. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: The Nova Venécia migmatite-granulite-granite Complex (NVC) in the core of the Araçuaí Orogen (AO, 630-480 Ma), southeast Brazil, records anatectic crustal processes occurring in the northern Mantiqueira Province during the Brasiliano-Pan African amalgamation of West Gondwana. The AO core comprises abundant S- and I-type granitoids (G1 to G5 Supersuites) that are spatially and temporally associated with high-grade metamorphic events in the NVC. This study integrates field-based observations, textural and mineral chemistry analyses, zircon and monazite U-Pb LA-ICP-MS geochronology and thermodynamic modeling in order to constrain the evolution of the NVC migmatites-granulites from deposition to high-grade metamorphism, and to correlate the metamorphic history with the several episodes of granite magmatism (G1-G5). Seven populations compose the NVC zircon detrital dataset. The most significant range of concordant detrital zircon ages are obtained from the two youngest populations, ranging from 650 to 610 Ma. This indicates the main NVC source is probably the Rio Doce Arc, with minor contributions from sources contemporaneous to the Rio Negro Arc. Older populations suggest provenance from the early Rio Negro arc and from Cryogenian and Tonian rift-related segments of the AO. The period of NVC protolith sedimentation is bracketed between its maximum sedimentation age at ca. 606 Ma and the intrusion of early syn-collisional granitoids (ca. 593 Ma), i.e. ca. 13 My. Compilation of the available U-Pb data shows that the bulk of the G1 and G2 rocks crystalized contemporaneously over a period of 15 Ma (595-570 Ma, with a peak at 575 Ma), interpreted to represent the AO syn-collisional period. The period of peak regional metamorphism in the AO is constrained at 575-560 Ma, which may be a consequence of G1 + G2 magma underplating. Detailed petrography and extensive mineral chemistry analyses show different (regional) peak metamorphic assemblages containing variable amounts of peritectic garnet, orthopyroxene and cordierite, and retrograde cordierite. We suggest these differences are mainly due to protoliths compositional parameters, and not due to different P-T evolution among samples. Our whole-chemistry suggests that NVC protoliths were peraluminous greywackes probably containing different amounts of matrix components (i.e. pelitic portions) and that NVC high-grade metagreywackes must have lost melt to become restitic in character. This is corroborated by our detrital zircon dataset showing different percentage contributions from 7 populations among samples. Moreover, thermodynamic modeling indicates that all modeled samples record a similar P-T path, recording P-T conditions of peak regional metamorphism of 750-850 °C and 5300-7500 bars (granulite, depths of ~25 km) and stability of preserved assemblages of 640-800 °C and 4500-6000 bars (transition between upper amphibolite to granulite, depths of ~18 km). The high-grade regional metamorphism (575-560 Ma) is inferred to have affected both metasediments and pre-existing granites, as suggested by partial melting in both of sampled rock-types at ca. 571 Ma. The products of partial melting throughtout the AO could be at least part of the granitoids contemporaneous to G2 (570- 540 Ma) and G3 + G4 (540-525 Ma) periods. The post-collisional G5 thermal event (520-480 Ma), related to tectonic collapse of OA, is recorded in metagraywackes (monazite U-Pb) and granites (monazite and zircon U-Pb) between 523 and 495 Ma. We infer that, by this time, the metagreywackes had already undergone some decompression and cooling, based on metamorphic modeling, field observations and dating an undeformed late dyke (518 Ma). The post-collisional G5 thermal event, recorded by abundant granitic intrusions of I-type granitoids throughout the AO, is inferred to have caused a second high-grade metamorphic event at ca. 500 Ma. In addition to monazite U-Pb ages, the main record of this event in metasedimentary rocks is a partial LP-HT overprinting in regional peak assemblages, with generation of texturally late cordierite and hercynitic spinel. In our samples, this metamorphic record is limited to contact aureoles.
9
Sanches, Ana Tercia. "A grande corporação bancária e os meandros do processo de trabalho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-16082016-145135/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo desta tese é analisar o processo de trabalho no setor bancário a partir da experiência de uma grande corporação de capital privado que negocia suas ações em âmbito internacional. A questão central que norteia esta pesquisa consiste em verificar como as pressões competitivas contemporâneas, marcadas pela lógica do curto prazo dos mercados financeiros, ou de um capitalismo financeirizado, reverberam no cotidiano dos trabalhadores. A maximização do retorno ao acionista em tempos cada vez mais comprimidos leva a novas formas de racionalizar o trabalho que influencia diretamente o modo de se inserir nesses ambientes. Nesse contexto, o papel atribuído às tecnologias da informação é fundamental para estabelecer novas formas de controle e intensificar o ritmo de trabalho. A gestão por resultados ou os programas de metas são a expressão mais acabada da lógica do curto prazo no ambiente corporativo bancário. Eles representam a espinha dorsal do sistema meritocrático que desconsidera as realizações dos trabalhadores no médio e longo prazo influenciando diretamente as formas de interação social, afetando o bem-estar físico e mental dos trabalhadores, assim como a relação com os clientes.The objective of this thesis is to analyze the work process in the banking sector from the point of the experience of a large private capital corporation which negotiates its shares on an international level. The central question which orients this research consists in verifying how the contemporary competitive pressures, marked by the short term logic of the financial markets, or of a finance capitalism, reverberate in the day to day of the workers. The maximization of return to the shareholders in increasingly tighter times brings one to new forms of rationalizing the work which directly influence the means of insertion into this environment. In this context the role attributed to information technology is fundamental in establishing new forms of control and intensifying the rhythm of work. Management by result or goal programs are a more worn out expression of short term logic in the corporative banking environment. They represent the dorsal spine of the meritocratic system which fails to consider the achievements of workers in the medium to long term, directly influencing the forms of social interaction, affecting the physical and mental well-being of the workers, and even relations with clients.
10
Souza, Sandra Regina Silva dos Santos. "Mudancas com a introdu????o da "automated teller machine" : um estudo de caso num grande banco nacional." FECAP - Faculdade Escola de Com??rcio ??lvares Penteado, 2001. http://132.0.0.61:8080/tede/handle/tede/327.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Sandra_Regina_Silva_dos_Santos_Souza.pdf: 1386805 bytes, checksum: d13f76892ad0d12e8a0709642ba09ba6 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2001-11-30The Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are a successful product of the bank and a financial organization around the world. This research means investigate the changes in a Brazilian state bank, when the Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), were utilized in client services. To realized the research, we interview the employers that participated of the implemented project of ATMs. We made an choice of persons that started the procedures to introduce the equipment. We use a exploratory qualitative methodology by clinical interview and applied a semi-structured questionnaire. To explained the process, we analyzed the ATMs and automation history, the bank history and aspect of the information systems, indicate the facilities and problems for introduce the ATMs. In the early days of ATMs implementation, two other banks had the equipment and the technology to use these. The cause for our bank had implemented the ATMs in yours current services, was to offer more modern technological resources. To realized the ATM project, the employers were inexperienced and the bank no had the necessary structure to do. Problems of hardware, software, installation and system administration had in the role of the vulgar works. Also, the project generate problems with the union. Today, the ATMs are synonymous of successful, but we verify, in this research the difficulties and problems to implementation development.
As Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) ou caixas eletr??nicos s??o reconhecidos como um produto de sucesso dos Bancos e das organiza????es financeiras em todo o mundo. Para estudar a sua implanta????o, n??s realizamos um estudo sobre as mudan??as que ocorreram em um Banco brasileiro de grande porte, onde as ATMs passaram a ser utilizadas em servi??os oferecidos aos clientes. Para realizar esta pesquisa, n??s entrevistamos os empregados que participaram da implanta????o do projeto das ATMs e aqueles que iniciaram a implanta????o dos primeiros equipamento e usamos uma metodologia qualitativa de entrevistas cl??nicas semi- estruturadas. Al??m da an??lise dos dados obtidos, n??s apresentamos algumas caracter??sticas da hist??ria da automa????o, dos sistemas de informa????o, para indicar as facilidades e problemas para introduzir as ATMs na organiza????o em estudo. Observamos, nesta pesquisa, que no in??cio da implementa????o, dois outros bancos j?? possu??am esses equipamentos e a tecnologia para o seu uso. Assim uma das causas principais dessa implanta????o foi oferecer equipamentos mais modernos. Tamb??m observamos que no projeto das ATMs, os participantes n??o tinham experi??ncia anterior e a infra-estrutura necess??ria para tal. Problemas com os hardwares, com os softwares, as instala????es e os sistemas administrativos aconteceram, al??m de problemas com a equipe. Assim, apesar do sucesso alcan??ado, n??s iremos apresentar nesta pesquisa as mudan??as, dificuldades e os problemas apresentados no processo.
11
Avila, Angela Luciana de. "MECANISMOS DE REGENERAÇÃO NATURAL E ESTRUTURA POPULACIONAL DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS EM REMANESCENTE DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA, RIO GRANDE DO SUL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8664.
Full textAbstract:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThe ecology of regeneration and population dynamics is necessary information to the conservation and management of forest ecosystems. Thus, this study aimed to characterize: a) the mechanisms of natural regeneration in a Mixed Rain Forest remnant and b) the population structure of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg and Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. Therefore, the structure of the sample project PELD/CNPq was utilized, which was installed in the National Forest of São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil to evaluate six clusters (1 ha), with 16 plots (20 x 20m) each, disregarding 10m surround. The mechanisms of regeneration that have been evaluated were seed rain (SR), soil seed bank (SB) and a seedling bank (SeB) (individuals ≥ 30cm in height and diameter at breast height (DBH) <1cm). Additionally, natural regeneration establishment (RNE) (1 ≤ DBH <4.8 cm) sampled in cells of 3.16 x 3.16m, the size class I (SC I) ( 4.8 ≤ DBH <9.55 cm) in plots 10 x 10m and SC II (DBH ≥ 9.55 cm) shown on 96 plots of 20 x 20m were also considered for the study of populations. These data were collected in 2008, also being measured the DBH and sociological position. The mechanisms of regeneration were evaluated for the floristic composition and horizontal structure. In addition, the cluster analysis method TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were performed for the SeB. The population structure of the three species was examined by characterization of the sociological position, spatial distribution and frequency in size classes. In SR, we sampled 81 species, 46 genera and 28 families, in SB, 103, 65 and 41 and in SeB, 88, 57 and 36, respectively. The analysis by TWINSPAN ordered the formation of three groups in SeB, with their history of interference and environmental conditions. The CCA indicated the slope as environmental variable with the greatest influence on the distribution of plots and species. Group 1 had higher deposition of seeds, however, the lowest densities for the SB and SeB, which is correlated with a decrease in slope. The highest values in SR, SB and SeB were observed in Group 2, with the highest level of anthropogenic interference. Group 3, with lower SR and intermediate density for the other mechanisms, had its plots distributed in accordance with the increase in slope. Allophylus edulis (A. St.- Hil., Cambess & A. Juss.) Radlk., Piper xylosteoides Steud. and Piper aduncum L. showed positive correlation with the increase in slope. The population structure of the three species that were studied showed clustered distribution. Araucaria angustifolia, which is an emerging species, showed high density of individuals regenerating in environments with higher levels of alteration. Blepharocalyx salicifolius and Ilex paraguariensis, have distributed themselves predominantly in the upper and middle strata, and have shown higher population stability within the group on more advanced successional stage. Consequently, it is possible to conclude that the groups determine different patterns in forest regeneration and the structure of populations; therefore, they should be considered in case of possible interventions in the ecosystem.
A ecologia da regeneração e a dinâmica de populações constituem informações necessárias à conservação e ao manejo dos ecossistemas florestais. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar: a) os mecanismos de regeneração natural em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista; e b) a estrutura populacional de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg e Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. Deste modo, utilizou-se a estrutura amostral do projeto PELD/CNPq, instalada na Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brasil, sendo avaliados seis conglomerados (1ha), com 16 parcelas (20 x 20m) cada, desconsiderando 10m de bordadura. Os mecanismos de regeneração avaliados foram chuva de sementes (CS), banco de sementes do solo (BS) e banco de plântulas (BP) (indivíduos com altura ≥ 30cm e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) < 1cm). Adicionalmente, para o estudo das populações, considerou-se: a regeneração natural estabelecida (RNE) (1 ≤ DAP < 4,8cm) amostrada em células de 3,16 x 3,16m; a classe de tamanho I (CT I) (4,8 ≤ DAP < 9,55cm) em subparcelas 10 x 10m; e a CT II (DAP ≥ 9,55cm) inventariada nas 96 parcelas de 20 x 20m. Esses dados foram coletados em 2008, sendo mensurados o DAP e a posição sociológica. Os mecanismos de regeneração foram avaliados quanto à composição florística e estrutura horizontal. Além disso, para o BP foi realizada a análise de agrupamento, pelo método TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis) e análise de correspondência canônica (CCA). A estrutura populacional das três espécies foi analisada pela caracterização da posição sociológica, distribuição espacial e frequência em classes de tamanho. Na CS, foram amostradas 81 espécies, 46 gêneros e 28 famílias, no BS, 103, 65 e 41 e no BP, 88, 57 e 36, respectivamente. A análise pelo TWINSPAN determinou a formação de três grupos no BP, com respectivos históricos de interferência e condições mbientais. A CCA indicou a declividade como variável ambiental com maior influência sobre a distribuição das parcelas e espécies. O Grupo 1 apresentou elevada deposição de diásporos, porém, as menores densidades para o BS e BP, estando correlacionado com a diminuição na declividade. Os maiores valores, na CS, BS e BP foram observados no Grupo 2, com maior nível de interferência antrópica. O Grupo 3, com menor CS e densidade intermediária para os demais mecanismos, teve suas parcelas distribuídas de acordo com o aumento na inclinação do terreno. Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., Cambess & A. Juss.) Radlk., Piper xylosteoides Steud. e Piper aduncum L. apresentaram correlação positiva com o aumento na declividade. A estrutura populacional das três espécies estudadas indicou distribuição espacial agregada. Araucaria angustifolia, espécie emergente, apresentou elevada densidade de indivíduos regenerantes em ambientes com maior nível de alteração. Blepharocalyx salicifolius e Ilex paraguariensis distribuíram-se, predominantemente, nos estratos superior e médio respectivamente, e apresentaram maior estabilidade populacional no grupo em estádio sucessional mais avançado. Pelo exposto, concluí-se que os agrupamentos determinam padrões diferenciados, na regeneração da floresta e na estrutura das populações, devendo ser considerados em caso de possíveis intervenções no ecossistema.
12
DeGomez, Tom, Alix Rogstad, Jeff Schalau, and Jack Kelly. "Comparing the Ignitability of Mulch Materials for a Firewise Landscape." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144798.
Full textAbstract:
5 pp.Eight different landscape mulches were tested for their flammability using a propane torch, charcoal briquette, and a cigarette at two different times of the year. Three randomized compete blocks with eight one square meter plots were tested at three locations; Tucson, Prescott, and Flagstaff, Arizona. Each of the mulches was subjected to the heat of a handheld propane torch (15 seconds), a glowing charcoal briquette (five minutes), and a lit cigarette (until burned out). We found that the least dense mulches (pine needles and straw) burned rapidly when subjected to the torch and ignited after the briquette was removed. The medium density mulches (pine bark nuggets and wood chips) had low flame lengths and smoldered. Heavy density mulches (garden compost and shredded bark) only smoldered. The decomposed granite and sod did not ignite or smolder.
13
Lacroix, Sylvie. "Sir Joseph Banks et l'envoi de naturalistes civils dans les expéditions d'exploration maritime gouvernementales en Grande-Bretagne (1768-1825)." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040226.
Full textAbstract:
Joseph Banks,jeune gentleman anglais, admirateur de Linné, a eu l'initiative de partir à ses frais, avec une équipe scientifique très complète, lors du premier voyage de Cook, à bord de l'"Endeavour" en 1768. Après son retour, président de la Royal Society jusqu'à sa mort en 1820, il a inlassablement soutenu l'envoi de naturalistes dans les grandes expéditions maritimes gouvernementales. Il a créé à Soho Square un centre de recherche privé unique en Europe,ouvert à tous, et ses collections léguées au British Museum sont à la base du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Londres. Il a été à l'origine de la colonie pénitenciaire en Australie et d'échanges de plantes nombreux dont l'arbre à painIn his twenties, Joseph Banks gained acceptance on board "HMS Endeavour", Captain Cook, as a supernumerary in natural history, with a small civilian scientific party. .
14
Ramos, Rodrigo Chaves. "Evolução petrogenética e geotectônica do Ofiolito Arroio Grande, SE do Cinturão Dom Feliciano (Brasil)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/173624.
Full textAbstract:
O Ofiolito Arroio Grande, localizado no sudeste do Cinturão Dom Feliciano, próximo à fronteira Brasil/Uruguai, entre Arroio Grande e Jaguarão (RS), é uma associação metaultramáfica-máfica-sedimentar que representa fragmentos de uma mélange ofiolítica, relacionada à amalgamação do paleocontinente Gondwana Ocidental durante os estágios finais do ciclo orogênico Brasiliano-Panafricano. As rochas do Ofiolito Arroio Grande se encontram circundadas por rochas metassiliciclásticas do Complexo Arroio Grande, do qual o ofiolito faz parte, e também como xenólitos em meio a granitoides da Suíte Pinheiro Machado e do Granito Três Figueiras (os quais integram o Batólito Pelotas-Aiguá). A unidade metaultramáfica do ofiolito compreende serpentinitos e xistos magnesianos cromíferos. Sua unidade metamáfica é constituída por anfibolitos, metagabros e metadioritos. A unidade metassedimentar compreende mármores calcíticos, intrudidos por enxame de diques máficos. O Ofiolito Arroio Grande está posicionado ao longo da Zona de Cisalhamento Ayrosa Galvão-Arroio Grande (transcorrente, dúctil, alto ângulo), responsável pela milonitização da maioria das rochas dessa associação. As investigações desenvolvidas no ofiolito tiveram o objetivo de identificar as fontes magmáticas dos protólitos e os processos que ocorreram desde sua geração no manto/crosta oceânica até sua incorporação no continente, além de obter idades (absolutas e relativas) referentes a esses processos. Para os metaultramafitos, a geoquímica de rocha total (e.g. Ni >1000 ppm; Cr > 1500 ppm), em conjunto com a química mineral de cromitas (e.g. Cr# 0,6-0,8; TiO2 0,01-0,20 %peso; Fe2+/Fe3+ ± 0,9), sugeriu protólitos harzburgíticos mantélicos, cuja fonte é um manto depletado sob uma região de espalhamento oceânico de retroarco, que experimentou altas taxas de fusão parcial. Esses harzburgitos foram posteriormente serpentinizados em ambiente oceânico, sugerido pelas razões 87Sr/86Sr630 de um serpentinito (ca. 0,707). Para os metamafitos, a geoquímica de rocha total e isotópica sugeriram protólitos toleíticos oceânicos, gerados em um contexto de suprassubducção em ambiente de retroarco (e.g. Cr 260-600 ppm; Nb/Y 0,1-0,5; Ti/Y ± 500; La/Nb 2-5; Th/Yb 0,1-5 e Nb/Yb 1-5; padrões de REE; razões 87Sr/86Sr630 variando de MORB – 0,703 – a IAT – 0,705-0,707), cuja fonte magmática foi enriquecida por material crustal e fluidos relacionados à subducção. A idade mínima para a obducção e metamorfismo das unidades ofiolíticas foi estimada em 640 Ma, a partir da datação (U-Pb SHRIMP) de um quartzo sienito. Esse último é o resultado de fusões relacionadas a intrusões diorítico-tonalíticas, atribuídas ao magmatismo de arco continental da Suíte Pinheiro Machado. Essas intrusões afetaram os mármores e os anfibolitos (fragmentos dos enxames de diques máficos), de maneira que, em pelo menos 640 Ma, rochas da mélange ofiolítica (já metamorfizadas) estavam alojadas em ambiente continental. Um evento metassomático posterior (relacionado à intrusão do Granito Três Figueiras, sincinemática à zona de cisalhamento acima referida) afetou os serpentinitos, gerando zonas de talcificação, tremolitização e cloritização, essa última representando um blackwall que também envolveu unidades metassiliciclásticas do Complexo Arroio Grande. O Ofiolito Arroio Grande foi inserido no contexto geotectônico da bacia de retroarco Marmora, cujos fragmentos são encontrados na Namíbia (Terreno Marmora) e no Uruguai (Complexo Paso del Dragón e Bacia Rocha – Terreno Punta del Este).The Arroio Grande Ophiolite, located in the southeastern region of the Dom Feliciano Belt, near the Brazil/Uruguay border, is a metaultramafic-mafic-sedimentary association which represents slices of an ophiolitic mélange, related to the Western Gondwana amalgamation during the late stages of the Brasiliano-Panafrican orogenic cycle. The Arroio Grande Ophiolite rocks are enveloped by metasiliciclastic units of the Arroio Grande Complex and occur as xenolyths within granitoids of the Pinheiro Machado Suite and within the Três Figueiras Granite (units of the Pelotas-Aiguá Batholith). The metaultramafites of the ophiolite comprise serpentinites and Cr-rich magnesian schists. The metamafites comprise amphibolites, metagabbros and metadiorites. The metasedimentary unit comprises calcitic marbles, which are intruded by mafic dykes. The ophiolite is found along the Ayrosa Galvão- Arroio Grande Shear Zone (transcurrent, ductile, high angle), responsible for the mylonitization of this association. The investigations developed in this ophiolite had the objective of identify the magmatic sources of the protoliths and the processes that occurred since their generation within the mantle/oceanic crust until their incorporation into the continental crust, including their absolute and relative ages. The bulk-rock chemistry of the metaultramafites (e.g. Ni >1000 ppm; Cr > 1500 ppm), together with the mineral chemistry of the chromites (e.g. Cr# 0.6-0.8; TiO2 0.01-0.20 wt%; Fe2+/Fe3+ ± 0.9), suggested harzburgitic protoliths, attributed to a depleted mantle source under a back-arc spreading region, which experienced high degrees of partial melting. These harzburgites were serpentinized in an oceanic setting, as suggested by the 87Sr/86Sr630 ratio of a serpentinite (ca. 0.707). The bulkrock chemistry of the metamafites suggested oceanic tholeiitic protoliths, generated in a supra-subduction setting in a back-arc environment (e.g. Cr 260-600 ppm; Nb/Y 0.1-0.5; Ti/Y ± 500; La/Nb 2-5; Th/Yb 0.1-5 and Nb/Yb 1-5; REE patterns; 87Sr/86Sr630 ratios ranging from MORB – 0.703 – to IAT – 0.705-0.707), whose magmatic source was contaminated by crustal material and subduction-related fluids. The minimum age for the obduction and metamorphism of the Arroio Grande Ophiolite rocks was estimated around 640 Ma from the U-Pb age of a quartz-syenite. The latter is the result of melting, related to dioritic-tonalitc intrusions, attributed to the continental magmatism of the Pinheiro Machado Suite. These intrusions affected both the marbles and the amphibolites (fragments of the mafic dykes), in order that, at least around 640 Ma, rocks of the ophiolitic mélange (already metamorphosed) were emplaced on the continent. A late metasomatic event (related to the emplacement of the Três Figueiras Granite, syn-kinematic to the abovementioned shear zone) affected the serpentinites, generating zones of talcification, tremolitization and chloritization, the latter representing a blackwall which also involved metasiliciclastic rocks of the Arroio Grande Complex. The Arroio Grande Ophiolite was inserted in the geotectonic context of the Marmora back-arc basin, whose fragments are found in Namibia (Marmora Terrane) and Uruguay (Paso del Dragón Complex and Rocha Basin – Punta del Este Terrane).
15
Pawelko, Romain. "Étude des phénomènes thermiques associés à des sollicitations mécaniques à grande vitesse." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100058/document.
Full textAbstract:
Lorsqu'un matériau est soumis à une sollicitation mécanique rapide, une partie de l'énergie mécanique est convertie en énergie thermique et une autre partie est stockée dans le matériau (energy of cold work). Dans le cas où la vitesse de déformation est très élevée, il peut se produire un phénomène de localisation accompagné d'une élévation importante de la température. Celle-ci peut atteindre localement des valeurs proches de la température de fusion du matériau. Ce phénomène appelé cisaillement adiabatique possède de nombreuses applications : usinage à grande vitesse, balistique, projection cold-spray... L'énergie thermique émise est une valeur observable, elle est utilisée depuis quelques années pour essayer de comprendre les mécanismes d'endommagement. Nous avons mis au point un dispositif capable de mesurer la température dans les bandes de cisaillement. L'utilisation combinée d'une caméra à balayage de fente fonctionnant aux courtes longueurs d'ondes et d'une barrette de 32 détecteurs fonctionnant dans l'infrarouge nous permet de limiter les incertitudes. Un programme d'inversion a été développé afin de caractériser le terme source thermique. Des mesures de température ont aussi été effectuées sur des matériaux énergétiques composites afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de réactionWhen a material is subjected to a mechanical loading, part of the energy will be transformed into thermal energy and another part will be stored inside the material énergy of cold work). In the case of a dynamic loading, a localization phenomenon may occur accompanied by a significant rise in temperature which can locally reach values close to the melting point of the material. This phenomenon called adiabatic shear has many applications: high-speed machining, ballistics, cold-spray , blanking... The emitted thermal energy is an observable value which has been used in the past years in order to better understand the failure mechanisms. We have developed a device able to measure the temperature in the shear bands. The combined use of a short-wavelength streak camera and a 32- infrared detectors array allows us to limit uncertainties. An inversion program has also been developed to identify the thermal source term. Temperature measurements were also performed on composite energetic materials to better understand the reaction mechanisms
16
Pansard, Kelly Cristina Ara?jo. "Ecologia alimentar do boto cinza, sotalia guianensis (van ban?d?n, 1864), no litoral do rio grande do norte (rn)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17206.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
KellyCAP.pdf: 2804234 bytes, checksum: e14a879efe151d80522174c9403f357e (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-02-13Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
This study investigated factors that influence the group size during the behavior foraging of estuarine dolphin Sotalia guianensis in the coast south of the state Rio Grande do Norte (RN), it also characterized the diet of estuarine dolphins and elaborated an otoliths catalog for aid in the identification of the preys found in the stomach contents. In relation to the group size during behaviour foraging, inside of the Curral Bay, larger frequency of solitary hunt was observed. Factors as tide variation, group composition and seasons didn't present correlation with the number of animals observed during a feeding episode. Capture success for participant was shown significantly larger when the animals hunted alone, what possibly explains the largest frequency of solitary hunt inside of the Curral Bay. About diet, were identified 18 bone fishes species, with predominance of species the families Haemulidae and Sciaenidae and five cephalopods species, including two new species in the diet of Sotalia guianensis in Brazil. Our results indicated that estuarine dolphin in the coast oriental from Rio Grande do Norte (RN) feeds predominantly of fish that form shoal, of habitat estuarino and producing of sounds. The analysis of the images, otoliths of 43 species of coastal fish of the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), aided by the offered descriptions, demonstrated to be an effective methodology for the knowledge of those structures, as well as it represented a form of reducing the subjectivity in the identification of the bone fishes found in stomach content
Esse trabalho investigou os fatores que influenciam o tamanho de grupo durante o comportamento alimentar do boto cinza Sotalia guianensis no litoral sul do estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), tamb?m caracterizou a dieta dessa esp?cie na regi?o e elaborou um cat?logo de ot?litos para auxiliar ? identifica??o das presas encontradas nos conte?dos estomacais dos animais analisados. Em rela??o ao tamanho de grupo durante o forrageio, dentro da enseada do curral, foi observado maior freq??ncia de ca?a solit?ria. Fatores como varia??o de mar?, composi??o de grupo e esta??es do ano n?o apresentaram correla??o com o n?mero de animais observados durante um epis?dio de alimenta??o. Contudo, o sucesso de captura por participante mostrou-se significativamente maior quando os animais ca?avam sozinhos, o que possivelmente explica a maior freq??ncia de ca?a solit?ria dentro dessa enseada. Sobre a caracteriza??o da dieta, foram identificadas 18 esp?cies de tele?steos, com predomin?ncia de esp?cies pertencentes ?s fam?lias Haemulidae e Sciaenidae e cinco esp?cies de cefal?podes, incluindo duas esp?cies ainda n?o registradas na dieta de Sotalia guianensis no Brasil. De acordo com as informa??es sobre a dieta, o boto cinza no litoral oriental do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) alimenta-se predominantemente de peixes que formam cardume, de habitat estuarino e produtores de sons. A an?lise das imagens dos ot?litos de 43 esp?cies de peixes costeiros do litoral do estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) demonstrou ser uma metodologia eficaz, bem como representou uma forma de diminuir a subjetividade na identifica??o dos tele?steos encontrado em conte?do estomacal
17
Antipa, Pamfili. "The Interactions between Monetary and Fiscal Policies in Britain during the French Wars." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH080.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse étudie les politiques monétaires et budgétaires mises en place en Angleterre pour financer les Guerres Napoléoniennes (1793-1815). Le recours à une étude de cas historique permet d’élucider les effets de la politique fiscale sur le niveau des prix. Les variations du déficit publique affectent les prix de certains actifs et le niveau général des prix. Cet effet passe par le bilan de la banque centrale, quand cette dernière achète de la dette publique que les agents supposent ne pas être soutenue par des revenus fiscauxThis dissertation studies the monetary and fiscal policies implemented in Britain to finance the French Wars (1793-1815). The historical case study demonstrates how variations in the public deficit affect certain asset prices and the general price level. This effect materializes through the central bank's balance sheet, i.e. when the latter purchases public debt, which agents anticipate not to be backed by tax revenues
18
Costa, Renata Soares. "Os homens, os termos e seus significados : a construção do vocabulário político no Rio Grande de São Pedro e na Cisplatina entre os anos de 1821 e 1825." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/168997.
Full textAbstract:
O trabalho propõe a discussão sobre a construção do vocabulário político moderno utilizado na província do Rio Grande e na Banda Oriental durante o processo de formação das Cortes de Portugal, no processo de independência brasileiro, durante a elaboração da constituição nacional, na anexação da Província Cisplatina ao território brasileiro e no início da guerra de independência em relação ao Brasil. Termos como povo, nação, constituição e soberania, além de outros como opinião pública e autonomia política são considerados à luz dos eventos políticos no território brasileiro e oriental entre os anos de 1821 e 1825. Também a relação que se estabeleceu entre o império brasileiro e a condição da Província Cisplatina, principalmente sobre a relativa autonomia política, são consideradas nessa pesquisa.The paper proposes a discussion on the construction of modern political vocabularies used in the province of Rio Grande and Eastern Band during the process of formation of the Cortes of Portugal, the Brazilian independence process during the drafting of the national constitution, the annexation of cisplatin province to Brazil and at the beginning of the war of independence in relation to Brazil. Terms such as people, nation, constitution and sovereignty, as well as opinion public and political autonomy are considered in the light of political events in Brazil and eastern territory between the years 1821 and 1825. Also the relationship established between the Brazilian Empire and the condition of cisplatin province manly on the relative political autonomy is considered in this research.
19
Vanni, Luiz Alberto. "Do processo de gest?o fordista ao flex?vel : as modifica??es na sa?de do banc?rio no Rio Grande do Sul." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/3976.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:27:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
389385.pdf: 657734 bytes, checksum: ed108c6c60ff2ce1f824c37caebac2f2 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2007-03-30Em todo o Brasil, os anos 90 foram marcados pelo processo de reestrutura??o produtiva. Na busca de formas de aumentar a produtividade, bem como de reduzir os custos de produ??o, ocorreu uma transi??o do sistema de gest?o fordista, para o sistema de gest?o flex?vel. O objetivo desta disserta??o ? realizar uma an?lise hist?rica do impacto desta transi??o sobre a sa?de dos trabalhadores em bancos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste sentido, faz-se uma an?lise te?rica da gest?o da m?o-de-obra: taylorista-fordista e flex?vel. Segue-se um relato da hist?ria do desenvolvimento econ?mico do Estado desde o surgimento da atividade de pecu?ria-charqueada, seguido pela implanta??o da agricultura, da base industrial, e do com?rcio. Descreve-se tamb?m o desenvolvimento do sistema financeiro regional, que no final do s?culo XX foi submetido ? importante reestrutura??o. Com a finalidade de avaliar o impacto desta mudan?a sobre a sa?de dos trabalhadores ga?chos, em especial os do sistema financeiro, estuda-se a evolu??o do trabalho no setor, desde as pequenas casas banc?rias at? as modernas ag?ncias informatizadas. Por fim, a an?lise do dados epidemiol?gico dos adoecimentos relacionados ao trabalho no per?odo de gest?o flex?vel, com enfoque nos banc?rios do Rio Grande do Sul, evidenciou elevadas taxas de preval?ncia de LER e transtornos mentais menores
20
Machado, Gerson André. "Justiça socioambiental e novos direitos: estudo em face da (in)efetividade da política nacional de resíduos sólidos e o aproveitamento do papel no setor bancário." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/3736.
Full textAbstract:
A Lei nº 12.305/2010, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e análise da sua (in)efetividade sociojurídica, sob o viés da (in)justiça ambiental, fundamentada na tutela do Direito ao Ambiente e dos Novos Direitos, é o tema desta dissertação. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos trouxe inovações no que diz respeito ao aproveitamento e reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos; contudo, há alguns pontos controvertidos quanto a sua eficácia jurídica e social, como mecanismo garantidor da justiça socioambiental, viabilizando (ou não) o exercício de direitos de caráter socioambiental. Serão analisadas as lacunas, os paradoxos e as incoerências sistêmicas que a Lei apresenta, em face de sua aplicabilidade em uma realidade concreta. Serão exploradas as incongruências que envolvem a Lei n° 12.305/2010, na direção da efetividade real, e não apenas normativa, no sentido de se buscar um meio ambiente mais equilibrado ecologicamente e mais justo socialmente. As questões norteadoras são: Qual a relação entre o Estado e os indivíduos, na pós-modernidade, no que diz respeito a uma Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos capaz de efetivar uma real economia de mercado democratizada, garantindo um acesso amplo para suas práticas, recursos e oportunidades? Quais os motivos que levam a uma ineficácia na concretização dos direitos contemplados pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e, por sua vez, quais são as formas mais adequadas de institucionalizar a relação entre o Estado e a sociedade, em especial, a iniciativa privada, em face do propósito de efetivar direitos de ordem coletiva, assegurando o consumo sustentável? Como forma de exemplificar as questões formuladas, conferindo concretude a esta proposta de natureza jurídico-sociológica, pergunta-se de que maneira o setor financeiro adota práticas inovadoras, no sentido de cumprir a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Esse questionamento pauta-se, principalmente, no recicle de papel, em seu aproveitamento e reaproveitamento, bem como a redução do seu consumo, e as práticas que estariam sintonizadas com as ações do Poder Público e da iniciativa privada em uma interação institucional adequada à concretização de novos direitos. O objetivo principal apresentado consiste na análise da Lei nº 12.305, de 02 de agosto de 2010, que trata da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos no que se explicita ao descarte, aproveitamento e reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos, sua (in)efetividade jurídica e justiça socioambiental em face aos novos direitos. No que se refere aos aspectos metodológicos, a pesquisa será realizada a partir da Lei nº 12.3015, de 02 de agosto de 2010, em matéria de (in)efetividade, de que forma os atores sociais e o Estado interagem no processo de descarte, aproveitamento e reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos. O raciocínio é o indutivo, pois se pretende chegar a conclusões generalizáveis a partir da observação de problemas concretos da (in)efetividade da norma por intermédio da análise de dados bibliográficos e documentais.This Thesis studies Act 12,305/2010, which establishes the National Policy on Solid Waste and the analysis of its social and juridical (in)efficacy under the scope of the environmental (in)justice, based on the guardianship of the Right to Environment and the New Rights. The National Policy on Solid Waste introduced innovations in terms of the usage and reusage of solid waste. However, there are some controversial aspects related to its juridical and social efficacy as a guarantor mechanism of social and environmental justice, enabling (or not) the exercise of social and environmental rights. The gaps, contradictions, and systemic inconsistencies of the Act will be analyzed against its applicability in concrete reality. The inconsistencies of Act 12,305/2010 will be studied in terms of its real effectiveness, not only regulatory, which can promote a social fairer and more ecology balanced environment. the guiding questions are: What is the relation between State and individuals, during the post-modernity in terms of a National Policy on Solid Waste which can guarantee a real democratic market economy in such a way it allows a comprehensive access to its practices, resources and opportunities? What are the reasons which lead to inefficiency in the accomplishment of the rights envisaged by the National Policy on Solid Waste, and, by its turn, what are the most adequate ways of institutionalizing the relation between the State and society, especially the private sector, concerning the purpose of carrying out collective rights, thus assuring the sustainable usage? As an example of the questions asked, making this juridical and sociological study more concrete, it is asked in which way the financial sector adopts innovative practices to comply with the National Policy on Solid Waste. This questioning is mainly based on the reusage of paper in terms of usage and recycling, as well as the reduction of its usage, and which practices would be in accordance with the actions of the Public Authorities and private sector in an institutional interaction adequate to the realization of new rights. The main objective consists of the analysis of Act 12,305, of 02 August, 2010, which deals with the National Policy on Solid Waste. It explains the disposal, usage and reusage of solid waste, its juridical (in)efficacy and social and environmental justice related to the new rights. Methodogically, the research will be held based on Act 12,305, of 02 August, 2010 in terms of (in)efficacy, and in which way the social actors and the State interact in the process of disposal, usage and reusage of solid waste. Reasoning is inductive, since we aim to get to generalizable conclusions from the observation of concrete problems related to the (in)efficacy of regulation using the bibliographical and documental data analysis.
21
Caffy, Florent. "Copolymères à grande largeur de bande interdite contenant des quinoxalines : nouveaux matériaux pour les cellules solaires organiques à hétérojonction." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV021/document.
Full textAbstract:
Une alternative aux énergies fossiles est le domaine du photovoltaïque organique qui a récemment commencé son transfert technologique des laboratoires de recherche vers l’industrie. De nombreux efforts de recherche sont réalisés sur les matériaux et les procédés pour augmenter les performances des cellules solaires organiques. Dans ce contexte, ce travail présente une étude complète allant de la conception de nouveaux polymères donneurs d’électrons à grande largeur de bande interdite à leur caractérisation en dispositifs photovoltaïques. La principale caractéristique recherchée a été de diminuer le niveau énergétique HOMO des polymères pour augmenter la tension en circuit ouvert des dispositifs photovoltaïques. L’approche « donneur-accepteur » a été utilisée pour obtenir les propriétés désirées. Des polymères comportant des unités pauvres en électrons, quinoxaline ou dithienoquinoxaline, et des unités riches en électrons, dibenzosilole ou carbazole, ont été synthétisés par couplage de Suzuki ou par hétéroarylation directe. Des masses molaires allant jusqu’à 56 kg.mol-1 ont été obtenues. Le motif quinoxaline a été décliné sous forme de plusieurs molécules substituées par des atomes de fluor sur le benzène ou par des groupements thiophènes, bithiophènes et terthiophènes sur la partie pyrazine. Des espaceurs thiophènes ou thiazoles ont été utilisés pour relier l’unité riche en électrons et l’unité pauvre en électrons. Les relations entre les modifications structurales et les propriétés structurales et optoélectroniques des polymères ont été analysées. Les propriétés optiques ont été étudiées par spectroscopie UV-visible et par spectroscopie de fluorescence et ont montré une absorption allant jusqu’à 550 nm pour les polymères à motifs dithienoquinoxaline-dibenzosilole, 650 nm pour les polymères à motifs quinoxaline-dibenzosilole et 700 nm pour la famille quinoxaline-carbazole. Ces valeurs correspondent à des largeurs de bande interdite comprises entre 1,8 eV et 2,3 eV. Les niveaux énergétiques HOMO et LUMO des polymères ont été déterminés par électrochimie. Tous les polymères possèdent des niveaux énergétiques HOMO inférieurs à -5,0 eV. Les atomes de fluor et les espaceurs thiazoles ont permis d’abaisser les niveaux énergétiques HOMO des polymères jusqu’à -5,69 eV. Les structures des polymères ont été modélisées par DFT et étudiées par diffraction des rayons X. Les mobilités des trous des polymères ont été mesurées en transistor organique à effet de champ, des valeurs atteignant 9,0. 10 3 cm.V 1.s 1 ont été atteintes. Les polymères ont été testés en dispositifs photovoltaïques selon une architecture standard à hétérojonction volumique en mélange binaire et en mélange ternaire. En mélange avec le PC71BM ou l’IC61BA, ces polymères ont permis d’atteindre des tensions en circuit ouvert entre 0,65 V et 1,05 V et des rendements de conversion photovoltaïque jusqu’à 5,14 % sur une surface active de 0,28 cm2. Les morphologies des couches actives ont été étudiées par AFM afin de comprendre en détail les paramètres de fonctionnement des cellules obtenues. Les polymères présentés dans cette étude ont été utilisés dans des cellules solaires à mélange ternaire présentant de bonnes performances. Certains polymères ont été testés dans des photocathodes pour la production d’hydrogène et ont permis d’obtenir une amélioration du potentiel de réduction par rapport à celui obtenu avec les photocathodes à base de P3HT. Enfin, compte tenu de leurs propriétés optoélectroniques et de leurs performances photovoltaïques certains de ces polymères devraient pouvoir être employés de manière avantageuse en sous cellules de dispositifs tandem en remplacement du P3HT par exempleAn alternative to fossil fuels are the organic photovoltaic cells which have recently started their technological transfer from research laboratories to industry. Many research efforts have been made on the modification of materials and processes to increase the performance of organic solar cells. In this context, this work presents a comprehensive study from the design of new electron-donor high band gap polymers to their characterisation in photovoltaic devices. The main requirement was to decrease the HOMO energy level of the polymers in order to increase the open circuit voltage of the solar cells. The "push-pull" approach was used to obtain the desired properties. Polymers with quinoxaline or dithienoquinoxaline as electron-deficient units and dibenzosilole or carbazole as electron-rich units were synthesized by Suzuki coupling or by direct heteroarylation. Molecular weights up to 56 kg.mol 1 were obtained. The electron-withdrawing unit quinoxaline was substituted by fluorine atoms on the benzene moiety and by thiophene, bithiophene and terthiophene group on the pyrazine moiety. Thiophenes or thiazoles were used as spacers to link the electron-donating and the electron-withdrawing units. The relationship between the structural modification of the polymers and their optoelectronic properties were analysed. The optical properties were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Whereby it appears that polymers with dithienoquinoxaline-dibenzosilole units showed an absorption up to 550 nm and polymers with both quinoxaline-dibenzosilole units and quinoxaline-carbazole units showed an absorption up to 650-700 nm respectively. The corresponding optical band gaps were found to range from 1.8 eV to 2.3 eV. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the polymers were determined by electrochemistry. All polymers exhibited HOMO energy levels below -5.0 eV. Fluorine atoms and thiazole spacers significantly lowered the HOMO energy levels of the polymers up to -5.69 eV. DFT was used to model the polymer structures. X-ray diffraction was used to analyse the distances between the polymer chains. Hole mobilities were measured in organic field effect transistors and values of up to 9.0 x 10 3 cm2.V-1.s-1 were obtained. The polymers were tested in organic photovoltaic devices according to a standard bulk heterojunction structure in binary and ternary mixtures. In a blend with PC71BM or IC61BA, these polymers have led to open circuit voltages ranging from 0.65 V to 1.05 V and to power conversion efficiencies of up to 5.14 % on a surface area of 0.28 cm2. The active layer morphologies were studied by AFM. The polymers presented in this work were used in ternary blend solar cells. Some polymers were tested in photocathodes for hydrogen evolution and showed an improvement of the reduction potential compared to that of the photocathodes based on P3HT. Owing to their optoelectronic properties and their photovoltaic properties in standard device configurations, some of the materials developed in this study appear as valuable materials for future developments of organic tandem solar cells
22
Coursiéras, Cécile. "Poliet et Chausson (1901-1971). Ascension et déclin d'une grande entreprise cimentière française." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040072.
Full textAbstract:
L’industrie cimentière française possède une influence internationale considérable. L’entreprise Lafarge est aujourd’hui le numéro un mondial du ciment. Ses concurrents français sont tout aussi performants. On peut citer Vicat, entreprise familiale, ou la société Ciment Français, filiale du groupe Heidelberg-Italcementi. Ciments Français est une entreprise héritière du groupe Poliet et Chausson. En 1971, suite au rachat de la branche cimentière de Poliet et Chausson par Ciments Français, les départements des ciments des deux groupes fusionnent. Puis, Poliet et Chausson est transformée en société holding de distribution de matériaux de construction sous le nom de Poliet S.A. Elle est rachetée par Saint Gobain en 1996 et son nom disparaît. La firme a pourtant été la première entreprise française de ciment en 1930. C’est la monographie de cette entreprise que s’attache à retranscrire cette thèse. L’histoire de Poliet et Chausson au cours du XXe siècle est tortueuse. Par un effet d’aubaine, cette entreprise parisienne de matériaux de construction, profite de l’invention du marché du ciment pour devenir l’un des plus grands producteurs de ciment français au cours des années 1930. Sa trajectoire est parallèle à celle de l’entreprise Lafarge. Elle en diffère cependant par bien des points. Émaillée d’embûches, elle oscille entre des moments de succès considérables et des périodes plus troublées. Entre industrialisation et désindustrialisation, l’histoire de Poliet et Chausson s’écrit dans l’ombre de son concurrent plus brillant, Lafarge. Comment expliquer la réussite de l’un et la disparition de l’autre ?The French cement industry has considerable international influence. Lafarge is now the world's largest cement company. Its French competitors are equally performing. These include Vicat, a family business, or Ciment Français, a subsidiary of the Italcementi group. Ciments Français is a company inheriting from the group Poliet and Chausson. In 1971, following the purchase of the cement sector of Poliet and Chausson by Ciments Français, the cement departments of the two groups merged. Then Poliet and Chausson was transformed into a holding company for the distribution of building materials under the name Poliet S.A. It was bought by Saint Gobain in 1996 and its name disappeared. The firm was, however, the first French cement company in 1930. This thesis attempts to transcribe the monography of Poliet and Chausson. The history of Poliet and Chausson during the twentieth century is tortuous. Through a windfall effect, this Parisian company of building materials, profits from the invention of the cement market to become one of the largest producers of French cement in the 1930s. Its trajectory is parallel to that of the Lafarge company. However, it differs in many aspects. It is fraught with obstacles, and oscillates between moments of considerable success and more troubled periods. Between industrialization and desindustrialization, the story of Poliet and Chausson is written in the shadow of its brighter competitor, Lafarge. How can we explain the success of the one and the disappearance of the other?
23
Gregori, Daniele. "Inflazione cosmica e onde gravitazionali primordiali." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7772/.
Full textAbstract:
La teoria dell'inflazione risolve alcuni problemi fondamentali posti dalla teoria standard dell'origine dell'universo, in particolare chiarisce perché l'universo è piatto e omogeneo quando secondo la cosmologia standard non lo dovrebbe essere (o meglio: lo potrebbe essere solo con probabilità molto bassa). Inoltre la teoria dell'inflazione spiega l'origine delle anisotropie della radiazione cosmica di fondo e in tal modo l'inflazione è responsabile anche dell'origine della struttura a grande scala dell'universo. La teoria inflazionaria presenta la possibilità di una conferma sperimentale. Alcune sue predizioni sono già state verificate e una forte prova era sembrata venire dall'esperimento BICEP2, ma per ora (novembre 2014) non c'è stata una conferma. Nello specifico, l'esperimento BICEP2 aveva dichiarato a marzo 2014 di aver rilevato nella radiazione cosmica di fondo il segnale di onde gravitazionali che potevano essere state provocate soltanto dall'inflazione. La presente tesi descrive gli aspetti classici (non quantistici) della teoria dell'inflazione, riporta i risultati relativi alla trattazione quantistica delle perturbazioni della radiazione cosmica di fondo e illustra la questione delle verifiche sperimentali della teoria dell'inflazione, dedicando particolare rilievo al recente esperimento BICEP2.
24
MACHADO, Francisco Araújo. "Avaliação de pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. consorciadas com leguminosas na Zona da Mata Seca de Pernambuco." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6769.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-12T14:55:39Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Francisco Araujo Machado.pdf: 575182 bytes, checksum: bbaa1cb4392d0f5306348f70b21c31c4 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T14:55:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Araujo Machado.pdf: 575182 bytes, checksum: bbaa1cb4392d0f5306348f70b21c31c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Aimed to evaluate the productive potential, the adaptability, the stability, the repeatability coefficient (r), the minimum number of measurements for the selection with greatest efficiency and reliability and to estimate genetic parameters of Pennisetum spp. genotypes (G), as a function of levels of nitrogen (N). The experiment was carried out in 2009 at the Itambé Experimental Station of Pernambuco, Agricultural Research Institute – IPA, Northeast Brazil, under randomized block in split plot design, being allocated in the main plot four nitrogen levels (control, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 cut-1 ) and in the subplots, 16 Pennisetum spp. genotypes [10 new interspecific hybrids (IPA-1, IPA-7, IPA-8, IPA-A2, IPA-A4, IPA-A5, IPA-B1, IPA-B3, IPA-C8 and IPA-C9), one cultivated interspecific hybrid (HV 241) and five elephant grass cultivars (“Mineirão”, Taiwan A-146, “Elefante B”, IRI 381 and “Pioneiro”)]. The genotypes were evaluated in six cycles (CY), with evaluations in 2010 (04/21, 07/19 and 09/28) and 2011 (01/06, 04/07, 08/03). The variables forage mass (FM), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW) and internode length (IL) presented triple interaction (G x N x CY). The new hybrid, IPA-7 (“Pioneiro” x IPA Bulk- 1), presented high adaptability (β1 = 1) and high stability (σ2 di = 0) for FM, was not influenced by the interaction, reaching average of 0.88 kg DM shoot-1 cut-1 , LL of 76.24 cm and IL of 78.79 cm. The coefficient of repeatability was of medium-high magnitude for all variables. For variables FM, plant height, LL, LW, stem diameter (SD), leaf chlorosis (LChl) and leaf area index, up to three evaluation cycles was enough to reach R2 of 90% by principal components method, based on the covariance matrix. The genetic parameters of variables FM (h2 = 96%, CVG = 38.19%), LL (h2 = 95%, CVG = 16.05%), LW (h2 = 96%, CVG = 16.17%, b = 1.04), SD (h2 = 93%, CVG = 16.43%) and LChl (h2 = 97%, b = 1.07) are of high magnitude, favoring the selection of superior Pennisetum spp. genotypes
Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial produtivo, a adaptabilidade, a estabilidade, o coeficiente de repetibilidade (r), o número mínimo de medições para a seleção com maior eficiência e confiabilidade e estimar parâmetros genéticos de genótipos (G) de Pennisetum spp., em função de níveis de nitrogênio (N). O experimento foi implantado em 2009, na Estação Experimental de Itambé, do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), sob delineamento em blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela principal quatro níveis de N (controle, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1 corte-1 ) e as subparcelas, 16 genótipos de Pennisetum spp. [10 novos híbridos interespecíficos (IPA-1, IPA-7, IPA-8, IPA-A2, IPAA4, IPA-A5, IPA-B1, IPA-B3, IPA-C8 e IPA-C9), um híbrido interespecífico cultivado (HV 241) e cinco cultivares de capim-elefante (Mineirão, Taiwan A-146, Elefante B, IRI 381 e Pioneiro)]. Os genótipos foram avaliados em seis ciclos (CI), com avaliações em 2010 (21/04, 19/07 e 28/09) e em 2011 (06/01, 07/04 e 03/08). As variáveis massa de forragem (MF), comprimento da folha (CF), largura da folha (LF) e comprimento do entrenó (CE) apresentaram interação tripla (N x G x CI). O novo híbrido, IPA-7 (Pioneiro x IPA Bulk-1), apresentou adaptabilidade geral (β1 = 1) e alta estabilidade (σ2 di = 0) para a MF, não foi influenciado pelos níveis de N dentro dos ciclos, atingindo valores médios de 0,88 kg MS touceira-1 corte-1 , CF de 76,24 cm e CE de 78,79 mm. O coeficiente de repetibilidade foi de média-alta magnitude para todas as variáveis. Para as variáveis MF, altura da planta, CF, LF, diâmetro do colmo (DC), clorose foliar (CFol) e índice de área foliar, até três ciclos de avaliação já foram suficientes para atingir R2 de 90% pelo método dos componentes principais, baseado na matriz de covariância. Os parâmetros genéticos das variáveis MF (h2 = 96%, CVG = 38,19%), CF (h2 = 95%, CVG = 16,05%), LF (h2 = 96%, CVG = 16,17%, b = 1,04), DC (h2 = 93%, CVG = 16,43%) e CFol (h2 = 97%, b = 1,07) são de alta magnitude, favorecendo a seleção de genótipos superiores de Pennisetum
25
Jersak, Bradley. "'We are not our own' : the platonic Christianity of George P. Grant : from the cave to the cross and back with Simone Weil." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/we-are-not-our-own--the-platonic-christianity-of-george-p-grant-from-the-cave-to-the-cross-and-back-with-simone-weil(752431c4-2c75-4ccb-b3f6-ac2d1184e2fc).html.
Full textAbstract:
George Parkin Grant (1918-88) was one of Canada's greatest 20th century minds. He is best known for his contributions to Canadian nationalism, the Red Tory tradition, and his philosophical critique of liberal technocracy. In this thesis, I will argue that behind Grant's personae as philosopher, political scientist, and social activist -indeed, driving them all - stands a cohesive core of contemplative-prophetic theology, deriving and developing from Grant's conversion. Despite his stature among our foremost thinkers, Grant's animating spirituality and constitutive convictions have not been sufficiently established or adequately assembled. Louis Greenspan explains, "There are those who seek in Grant's philosophical writings a systematic statement of philosophical first principles, a summa Grantium, but this enterprise is very hazardous. The interpreter must ... deal with the very unusual framework of Grant's problematic. ... [It] must be considered in the framework of Grant's commitments to philosophy and Christianity ... Much of his thought was engaged with Simone Weil, but he published very little on her work." The unique purpose of this thesis is to venture this precise challenge. That is, I will enucleate the life and thought of George Grant to its generative kernel - 'the heart of the matter' - to use his parlance. Drawing from an analysis of Grant's conversion experience, I will unveil Grant's four seminal doctrines encompassed in his phrase, "We are not our own" - and reveal his central concern: the primacy of the Good vis-a-vis the primacy of the will. The bulk of the thesis traces this conviction through four abiding doctrines, which comprise Grant's calling as a contemplative theologian and social prophet. These doctrines include: I. his deconstruction of liberal modernism, II. his classical contemplative way of knowing and being, III. his Platonic Christianity and (anti-)theodicy of the Cross, and IV. his call to love-centered justice as Canada's prophet of lament. Thus it will become obvious that Grant's career as a political philosopher and lifelong educator were inextricably dependent on two prior vocations. First, he was a contemplative theologian of the Cross in the Platonic Christian tradition of Simone Weil. And second, he was a national social prophet, lamenting Canada's slide into the shadows of American liberal hegemony. I will argue that Grant's owlish vision, illumined by love, was expressed for him in Plato's Good, fulfilled in Christ's Passion, and exemplified in the life and thought of philosopher-mystic-activist Simone Weil. This is widely acknowledged. But this thesis will contribute two additional major elements to Grantean scholarship on these fronts. It will be the most thorough work to date in tracking Grant's resonance with and reliance on Simone Weil. I identify the extensive overlap in their thought, both before and after he discovered her works. The reader will see the spiritual and intellectual correspondence between Grant and Weil on each of his four pillar beliefs. It will be the first work to chart Weil's cosmology of consent and demonstrate Grant's integration of it into his theology of the Cross-as-consent and his "politics of justice and consent". Finally, this Summa Grantium will be the first to outline and elucidate Grant's four principal doctrines using four stages of Plato's analogy of the cave (The Republic, Book 7, 514a-520a), which Grant and Weil consciously identified as their own spiritual experience.
26
Dahmani, Mohammed. "Les effets de la crise financière et bancaire de 2007-2008 sur les comportements des banques : ces effets ont-ils changé les comportements des banques ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1097.
Full textAbstract:
La problématique de la thèse : en quoi les effets de la crise financière et bancaire de 2007-2008 ont influé les comportements de banques et en quoi ces derniers consistent-ils ? Pour ce faire, nous avons montré, d’abord, que le bilan et le compte de résultats sont des outils explicatifs de comportements stratégiques et opérationnels de banques. Vu la responsabilité particulière des banques de grande taille dans cette crise, nous avons exploité les données des 200 premières banques mondiales figurant dans le classement de 2006 (avant crise) et de 2012 (après crise) extraites de la base «The Banker» en utilisant, ensuite, l’analyse factorielle exploratoire pour découvrir les facteurs latents qui influencent leurs comportements dans une logique de statique comparative. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la crise a changé ces comportements. Au plan de comportement stratégique, les banques européennes s’orientent, en 2012, vers le modèle de banque de «détail pur» alors qu’en 2006 elles se répartissaient sur 3 modèles: «détail pur»; «mixtes»; «marché». Pour les banques de l’Amérique du Nord et de l’Asie-Pacifique, déjà spécialisées dans le «détail pur» en 2006, le restent pour 2012. Au plan de comportement opérationnel, les banques européennes passent d’une focalisation sur la rentabilité vers le renforcement de la suffisance de capital. Les banques nord-américaines et de l’Asie–Pacifique, focalisées sur l’activité en 2006, s’orientent sur la rentabilité en 2012. En conclusion, 2 recommandations pour les régulateurs financiers : s’assurer que la tendance vers le modèle de banque de «détail pur» soit de long terme et accorder une attention accrue à la taille du bilanThe thesis problem: how the effects of the financial and banking crisis of 2007-2008 have influenced the behavior of banks and what do they consist of ? To do this, we showed, first, that the balance sheet and income statement are good explanatory tools of strategic and operational behavior of banks. Due to the special responsibility of the large banks in this crisis, we used data of the top 200 global banks listed in the 2006 (pre-crisis) and 2012 (post-crisis) classifications, retrieved from the database "The Banker". We used the exploratory factor analysis to discover the latent factors which influence the banks behaviors, in a comparative static logic. The results show that this crisis has actually changed these behaviors. From the strategic positioning perspective, the trend of the European banks after the crisis is the "retail-funded" banking model. In 2006, the positioning was heterogeneous with a "cocktail" of "retail-funded", "wholesale-funded" and "trading" banks. For the North American and Asia-Pacific banks, which was already specialized in the "retail-funded" in 2006, will remain so for 2012. In terms of operational behavior, European banks pass from a strong focus on profitability, before the crisis, to a reinforcement of capital adequacy, after the crisis. The banks of North America and Asia-Pacific, which were focused on the activity, before the crisis, will give more importance to the profitability after the crisis. In conclusion, two recommendations for the financial regulators : ensure that the trend in matter of strategic positioning of the banks is oriented to the “retail-funded” model and pay special attention to the size of the balance sheet
27
Hentges, Aléxia. "Antecedentes da lealdade do segmento business-to-business (B2B) : um estudo com clientes bancários no Rio Grande do Su." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3583.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-05-20T12:37:54Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
AlexiaHentges.pdf: 872410 bytes, checksum: e46c7736e872378a9b72ac7365dbe338 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-20T12:37:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexiaHentges.pdf: 872410 bytes, checksum: e46c7736e872378a9b72ac7365dbe338 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-13
BB - Banco do Brasil
Muitos estudos já foram realizados em marketing de relacionamento no intuito de fortalecer os laços entre clientes e empresas. Nesse sentido a relação entre duas empresas (cliente/fornecedor) ou mercado B2B tem recebido atenção na literatura de marketing. Estes consumidores empresas costumam diferenciar-se nesta relação tendo em vista que na maioria das vezes suas aquisições de produtos e serviços são muito mais expressivas, tanto em quantidade quanto em valores. Assim estas relações são objeto deste estudo e foram analisadas no mercado bancário, buscando explicar a influência dos antecedentes da lealdade para as empresas clientes de bancos. Para isto foi proposto um modelo no qual foram estudados como antecedentes da lealdade: satisfação, comprometimento afetivo, valor percebido e confiança; e algumas variáveis moderadoras, como: custos de mudança, relacionamento com o gerente, preferência de canais, crédito, dependência e imagem, que foram avaliadas na relação direta com a lealdade e ainda como moderadoras da relação satisfação - lealdade. Foi utilizada a técnica de regressão linear múltipla para explicar a interação destes antecedentes na relação com a lealdade. A pesquisa se baseia em um survey do tipo transversal, sendo analisada uma amostra de 128 empresas do Rio Grande do Sul, que responderam a um questionário estruturado contendo as escalas dos constructos e as questões sobre o perfil das empresas. Os resultados principais mostraram que as variáveis que mais influenciaram a lealdade das empresas com seu principal banco foram: satisfação, comprometimento afetivo, imagem e dependência. E nos efeitos moderadores foi possível observar a interação dos custos de mudança, do relacionamento com o gerente e da dependência do cliente com a variável satisfação na sua relação com a lealdade, sendo que cada um desses efeitos foram testados de modo independente. Os coeficientes negativos para os termos de interação, representando os efeitos moderadores, revelaram que clientes que possuem altos custos de mudança, alta dependência ou um bom relacionamento com o gerente no seu principal banco não precisam ter uma satisfação tão elevada para manterem-se leais a este banco.
Many studies have been made about relationship marketing with the intention of straightening the bonds between companies and clients. But the relationship between two companies (client/supplier) or market B2B is worth of distinction. These consumer companies usually stand out at this relation, in the sense that most of the time their products and services purchases are greater, in amount and price wise. Therefore, these relationships are the objects of this study and have been analyzed in the banking market, trying to explain the influence of the predecessors of loyalty to companies that are bank clients. For that matter, it was proposed a model in which was studied as predecessors of loyalty: satisfaction, affective commitment, perceived value and trust; and some moderational variables as: switching cost, relationship with managers, channel preference, credit, dependency and image, that were evaluated in the direct relation with the loyalty and as moderators of the satisfaction ? loyalty relationship. It was used the multiple linear regression technique to explain the interaction of these predecessors in the relation with the loyalty. The research was based in a survey of the transversal kind, being analyzed a sample of 128 companies from Rio Grande do Sul, that answered a structured poll containing the constructors scales and the questions about the profile of these companies. The main results showed that the variables that were more influential in the companies loyalty with their main business bank were: satisfacion, affective commitment, image and dependency. And in the moderation effects it was possible to observe the intention of the change costs, the relationship with the manager and the client dependency with the satisfaction variable in the relation with the loyalty, being that each one of these effects were tested in an independent way. The negative coefficient in the interaction terms, representing the moderational effects, revealed that clients that have high change cost, high dependency or a good relationship with the manager at their main bank don't need to have a high satisfaction to keep themselves loyal to that bank.
28
Boscolo, Danilo. ""O uso de técnicas de play-back no desenvolvimento de um método capaz de atestar a presença ou ausência de aves no interior de fragmentos florestais"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-16062003-175155/.
Full textAbstract:
Nosso objetivo foi desenvolver um método para atestar a presença ou ausência de seis espécies de aves (Basileuterus leucoblepharus, Batara cinerea, Carpornis cucullatus, Chiroxiphia caudata, Pyriglena leucoptera e Trogon surrucura) em fragmentos florestais. Foi determinado o horário do dia e época do ano em que o play-back é mais eficiente em atestar a presença dessas aves. Os testes ocorreram na Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande (Cotia, SP). Três horários foram testados (manhã, meio do dia e tarde) ao longo de um ano. O teste G verificou a variação de eficiência entre os diferentes horários, e o teste de Rayleigh a variação anual. A manhã e o meio do dia apresentaram-se mais eficientes que a tarde para B. leucoblepharus, C. caudata e T. surrucura. A única ave a apresentar uma época do ano mais eficiente foi B. cinerea. Para avaliar sua eficiência, a capacidade do método em atestar a presença das aves em 13 fragmentos foi correlacionada com sua abundância nos mesmos. Os testes ocorreram quatro vezes em cada área nos momentos de maior eficiência. Os resultados indicam que C. caudata seja recenseada pelo menos duas vezes por fragmento. Três visitas é o mínimo para B. cinerea, B. leucoblepharus, P. leucoptera e T. surrucura. Para C. cucullatus deve-se ser repetir quatro vezes. O método foi criado para gerar rapidamente dados de presença e ausência em grande quantidade de fragmentos. Essa informação pode auxiliar estudos sobre dinâmica de metapopulações destas espécies.In order to provide rapid access to presence/absence data of six species of birds (Basileuterus leucoblepharus, Batara cinerea, Carpornis cucullatus, Chiroxiphia caudata, Pyriglena leucoptera and Trogon surrucura) inside forest fragments, an efficient playback method was developed. The broadcast of these birds vocalizations was carried out at the Morro Grande Forrest Reserve (Cotia, SP). Playback tests were executed three times a day (sunrise, noon and before sunset) during one year. Daily and seasonal variations in the efficiency of the play-back were tested with G-statistics and the Rayleigh test. Sunrise and noon were more efficient than the period before sunrise to B. leucoblepharus, C. caudata and T. surrucura. The only species to show an annual period of higher rate of response was B. cinerea. To evaluate the real efficiency of the method, 13 forest fragments were surveyed for presence of these birds. The data was compared to the abundance of the birds in these areas. Each fragment was surveyed four times. At least two surveys are needed for C. caudata. Three surveys are the minimum effort to access the distributional pattern of B. leucoblepharus, B. cinerea, P. leucoptera and T. surrucura. Due to its rarity, C. cucullatus must be censused not less than four times. The method developed in the current study was created to provide a rapid access to the patch occupancy patterns of these six species in a large number of fragments. That kind of data may be very useful in studies about metapopulation dynamics and conservation ecology.
29
Roggia, Samuel. "Ácaros tetraniquídeos (prostigmata: tetranychidae) associados à soja no Rio Grande do Sul: ocorrência, identificação de espécies e efeito de cultivares e de plantas daninhas." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5122.
Full textAbstract:
The spider mite occurrence, on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril), is sporadic and associated whit dry periods. Recently, in continuous years, was reported mite outbreaks in soybean, in some sites of Rio Grande do Sul State. In this context two
research was conducted, one in summer crop 2004/05 and other in 2005/06. The first was carried for study the mite occurrence and geographic distribution, on soybean, from some place of Rio Grande do Sul State. The second was conducted for study the effect of the two soybean cultivars and of some weed management systems on mite density and study their population dynamic on soybean. In summer crop
2004/05 was carried some mite samplings in soybean field at State. The mite species found, all beloung to the Tetranychidae family, are Mononychellus planki (McGregor),
Tetranychus desertorum Banks, T. gigas Pritchard & Baker, T. ludeni Zacher and T. urticae Koch. Most of this species are well distributed in the diferents sampling regions of this study. From the results was made a species distribution map and a
taxonomic key. In summer crop 2005/06, in Santa Maria, RS, 11 treatments was study. Its was constitute in two soybean cultivars, one transgenic glyphosato-tolerant and other non-transgenic, every one whit five weed management systems: (1) without management; (2) hand management; (3) herbicide bentazone + sethoxydim; (4) bentazone only; (5) sethoxydim only. The 11th treatment was the herbicide
glyphosate sprayed on the transgenic soybean. The mite species found in this study are M. planki and T. gigas. The weed management systems is more determinant, on the spider mite population on soybean, than the soybean cultivar. The mite population presenteded inverse correlation whit weed infestation and weed density. The climatic fators determined the mite population flutuation and the population peak occured in the initial period of soybean pods development.A ocorrência de ácaros-praga em soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) é esporádica e está, comumente, associada à períodos de estiagem. Recentemente, em safras seguidas, foram observados ataques severos de ácaros à soja em algumas regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste contexto foram realizados dois experimentos, um na safra agrícola 2004/05 e outro em 2005/06. O primeiro teve objetivo de estudar a ocorrência e a distribuição geográfica de ácaros fitófagos, associados à soja, em municípios de seis regiões produtoras do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O segundo objetivou avaliar o efeito de duas cultivares de soja e de diferentes sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas sobre a densidade populacional de ácaros em soja e estudar a dinâmica populacional destes ácaros na cultura. Em 2004/05 foram realizadas amostragens de ácaros em lavouras de soja no Estado. As espécies de ácaros encontradas são Mononychellus planki (McGregor), Tetranychus desertorum Banks, T. gigas Pritchard & Baker, T. ludeni Zacher e T. urticae Koch, todos são tetraniquídeos. A maior parte destas espécies estiveram bem distribuídas nas diferentes regiões amostradas neste levantamento. Com base nestes resultados foi elaborado um mapa com a distribuição das espécies e uma chave de identificação. Em 2005/06 foram estudados, em Santa Maria, RS, 11 tratamentos. Estes consistiram em duas cultivares de soja, uma transgênica glifosato-tolerante e a outra não-transgênica, cada uma sob cinco sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas: (1) sem controle; (2) arranquio manual; (3) manejo tradicional com os herbicidas bentazona e setoxidim; (4) apenas com bentazona; (5) apenas com setoxidim. E adicionalmente um tratamento com o herbicida glifosato sobre a cultivar de soja transgênica. Os ácaros-praga ocorrentes foram M. planki e T. gigas. A densidade populacional destes ácaros em soja foi mais afetada pelos sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas do que pela cultivar, e esteve inversamente correlacionada com a quantidade e diversidade de plantas daninhas. A flutuação populacional destes ácaros foi influenciada por fatores climáticos e o pico populacional ocorreu na fase de início da formação de legumes da soja.
30
Kiel, Roberto. "Detecção de mudanças no uso e na cobertura do solo em uma série temporal de imagens da Região da Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17551.
Full textAbstract:
A detecção de mudanças no uso e na cobertura do solo pode ser considerada a função do sensoriamento remoto que agrega uma dimensão temporal à análise das informações contidas nas imagens. Ao confrontá-las duas a duas, para identificar, localizar e qualificar as transformações que ocorreram na cobertura e no uso do solo em determinados espaço e tempo, através das respostas espectrais registradas nos pares de pixels homólogos quando aplicados limiares que permitam distinguir entre a mudança e a não mudança. A análise ponto a ponto, ou instante a instante permite inferir sobre a quantidade e qualidade das mudanças detectadas em uma região durante um determinado período. Já a análise comparativa entre dois ou mais destes resultados, utilizando uma série temporal de imagens, permite inferir acerca da dinâmica das transformações em vários outros aspectos; como topologia, intensidade, tipo de mudança (substituição ou conversão) e taxa de mudança. São várias as técnicas disponíveis para a detecção de mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo a partir de imagens digitais, obtidas por sensores orbitais, dois grandes grupos podem ser propostos: técnicas de pré-classificação e de pós-classificação, diferindo fundamentalmente sobre quais produtos são aplicados os limiares da detecção das mudanças, se sobre produtos temáticos da classificação de imagens, ou se sobre imagens diretamente. Este trabalho utiliza técnicas de detecção baseadas em subtração de imagens de ambos os grupos, especificamente, a pós-classificação por máxima verossimilhança e da pré-classificação, por Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e por Transformada Kauth-Thomas (KT), nesse caso o componente de verdor. Visa avaliar a sensibilidade e adequação destas técnicas para a análise das transformações ocorridas no uso e da cobertura do solo durante os dois períodos de comparação: 1988 a 2001 e 2001 a 2006 e no conjunto dos 18 anos, na captação das tendências das transformações deste ambiente da Campanha Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que é majoritariamente rural, muito dinâmico e bastante heterogêneo. Considerando que durante o período abrangido neste trabalho, grandes fazendas tradicionais de pecuária, em um primeiro momento, foram convertidas para agricultura familiar através da criação intensiva de assentamentos da reforma agrária, ocorrida entre a metade dos anos 80 e a metade dos anos 90, mais recentemente, substituídas por plantios florestais da indústria do papel. Os resultados permitiram confrontar os tratamentos e verificar as acurácias das detecções e identificar as principais dificuldades, em especial, o efeito da fenologia nas diversas fases em que se apresentam nas substituições florestais de ciclos longos. A dificuldade da técnica KT, em lidar com plantios semi-perenes e perenes, a impossibilidade de se considerar áreas cobertas em algum momento por nuvens. Por fim, corrobora com a inviabilidade do estabelecimento a priori da melhor técnica, ou mesmo, daquela mais acurada, sem que sejam considerados plenamente os objetivos, a escala, a natureza do ambiente analisado e as classes de mudança estabelecidas para o trabalho, além da qualidade das imagens disponíveis.The detection of alterations in land use and cover can be considered as being an operation in Remote Sensing which adds a time dimension to the analysis of information in images. This is done when images are compared, by groups of two, at certain space and time looking for spectral responses stored in pairs of homologous pixels, through the application of thresholds which lead to the differentiation between change and non-change. A point-to-point, or instant-to-instant analysis, permits to infer on the amount and quality of alterations detected in a region, during a certain period. The comparative analysis between two or more of these results, via a time series of images, informs on the dynamics of transformations in other aspects, as topology, intensity, kind of change (substitution or conversion), and change rate. Several techniques are available to detect alterations in land use and cover, from digital images collected by orbital sensors. Two larger groups can be highlighted: preclassification techniques, and post-classification techniques. They differ basically on over which products the thresholds defining changes are applied, these products being either thematic ones for image classification, or the image itself. This work uses detection techniques based on image subtraction of both groups. Pre-classification uses the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Kauth-Thomas Transform (KT), the green index in this last case. Post-classification uses the Maximum Likelihood. The objective is to estimate the sensitivity and adequacy of these techniques for the detection and analysis of changes in land use and cover during two comparison periods: the first one is from 1988 to 2001; the second, from 2001 to 2006. Besides, the whole 18-years period is studied to detect tendencies of the transformation of the region. The study area is at the Campanha Sul region, at Rio Grande do Sul State Brazil. It is largely rural, heterogeneous and dynamic, since during the period covered (1988-2006) large estates where either converted into smaller properties, family-managed; though an intensive policy of agrarian reform (from the mid-eighties to the mid-nineties), or, more recently, by industrial-style cultures of forests to serve the paper industry. The results allowed comparing the different treatments and to verify the accuracy of detections. The main difficulties were the phonological cycles, the various phases of long-cycle artificial forests, the limitations of the KT technique to handle semi-perennial cultures, and cloud-covered areas. It was not possible to clearly define the better or more accurate technique; this definition depends of specific objectives, of the scale and nature of the study region, and of the classes of change being analyzed, besides of the quality of available images.
31
Holcmanová, Zdena. "Finanční zajištění stavebního projektu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409969.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis discusses project funding in the public sector. Basic concepts concerning a project and a public project are briefly defined in the theoretical part of this text. Subsequent parts then focus on the options of funding a public project as well as project evaluation using the CBA method. The case study focuses on evaluating and choosing the mean of funding for specific implemented project and its socioeconomic evaluation.
32
Rizoug, Nassim. "Modélisation électrique et énergétique des supercondensateurs et méthodes de caractérisation : Application au cyclage d'un module de supercondensateurs basse tension en grande puissance." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012169.
Full textAbstract:
Ce mémoire présente un travail sur le comportement électrique et énergétique des supercondensateurs dans des applications de type traction électrique. Il développe un outil de caractérisation du comportement des supercondensateurs afin de les exploiter dans les applications « courant fort » telles que le transport. Le banc de test développé dans notre laboratoire a permis la caractérisation d'un module de supercondensateurs 112F-48V constitué de 24 composants Maxwell 2700F/2,3V.En premier lieu, la modélisation du composant nous a paru indispensable pour représenter le comportement de ces composants. Pour cela, deux modèles représentant le comportement énergétique et électrique des supercondensateurs ont été développés. Différentes approches connues ont été confrontées pour aboutir à une méthode simple d'identification, associant des mesures temporelles et fréquentielles.
En utilisant ces modèles, une caractérisation de quatre éléments du module avec un suivi de l'évolution des caractéristiques de chaque élément a été effectuée en fonction de la température. D'autre part, l'observation du vieillissement du module et d'un élément de ce dernier pour les 200.000 premiers cycles a permis de suivre la dégradation des caractéristiques (R, rs et C) des supercondensateurs en fonction du nombre de cycles effectués.
Enfin, un des objectifs initiaux était d'aborder le problème de mise en série du composant afin de l'utiliser en Génie Electrique. Les essais de cyclage réalisés sans dispositif d'équilibrage (hormis les impédances du système de mesure) ont permis d'observer une dispersion naturelle des tensions dépendant de la localisation du composant dans le module.
33
Bertoncelo, Valeria Regina. "Análise do impacto das fusões e aquisições na criação de valor e no retorno das ações ordinárias dos principais bancos brasileiros de grande porte entre 2003 e 2013." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1138.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Valeria Regina Bertoncelo.pdf: 1249074 bytes, checksum: 939a1d6a85060577b070230643de0c21 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2015-08-10Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) represent the possibility of creating shareholder value. The decisions for such investment size have different motivations, many justified on economic theories: the maximization of firm´s profits and management utility. The measurement of results of transactions with M&As, in short and long terms, was by the event study method and the Economic Value Added - EVA®, respectively. The industry segment analysis was financial institutions, especially banks with shares traded on the BOVESPA and total assets in excess of R$500 million. The specificity and the preponderance of financial institutions in the Brazilian economy reveal that 22 transactions of Mergers and Acqusitions (M&As) from the year 2003 to 2013 did not achieve, in the short term, cumulative abnormal returns that is statistically significant; on the other hand, the long-term performance, measured by EVA® in most of the studied cases, created shareholder value®.
As fusões e aquisições (F&As) representam a possibilidade de criação de valor para o acionista. As decisões, por tal porte de investimento, têm diferentes motivações, muitas, justificadas em duas teorias econômicas concorrentes: a maximização dos lucros da firma e da utilidade gerencial. A mensuração dos resultados das transações com F&As, em curto e longo prazos, foi pelo método de estudo de caso e pelo valor econômico agregado (Economic Value Added - EVA®), respectivamente. A análise do segmento da indústria foi instituições financeiras, especialmente os bancos com ações negociadas na BOVESPA e ativos totais de mais de R$500 milhões. A especificidade e a preponderância das instituições financeiras na economia brasileira revelam que 22 operações de fusões e aquisições (F&As) do período de 2003 a 2013 não obtiveram retornos anormais acumulados no curto prazo estatisticamente significativos; por outro lado, em longo prazo, o desempenho, medido pelo EVA®, na maioria dos casos estudados, gerou valor para o acionista
34
Tano, Bekoin Françis Guillaume. "Etude analytique, numérique et expérimentale du comportement mécanique des systèmes géosynthétiques : application au cas des barrières de sécurité des extensions d'ISDND." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU053/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les géosynthétiques (GSY) sont des matériaux polymériques utilisés dans la construction d’ouvrages géotechniques et environnementaux, en remplacement et/ou en complément de matériaux naturels. Dans les installations de stockage de déchets non dangereux (ISDND), les GSY sont utilisés comme dispositif d’étanchéité et de drainage (barrière de sécurité) afin de prévenir les infiltrations de lixiviats vers la nappe phréatique.De nos jours, la rareté des sites adaptés à la construction de nouvelles ISDND conduit de nombreux opérateurs à opter pour la création de casiers de stockage en appui sur d’anciens casiers. Dans ces ouvrages en rehausse (extensions d’ISDND), une barrière de sécurité est généralement disposée entre les anciens casiers et les nouveaux casiers. Toutefois, dans cette configuration spécifique, les risques d’instabilité au glissement translationnel de l’ouvrage sont favorisés par la présence de plusieurs interfaces GSY représentant autant de surfaces de glissement préférentielles. Par ailleurs, ces risques sont accentués par le caractère compressible des déchets qui favorise l’apparition de tassements différentiels et/ou d’effondrements localisés (formation de cavités) sous la barrière de sécurité, susceptibles d’engendrer une perte d’intégrité (tensions / déformations excessives) de cette dernière. Dès lors, la compréhension des mécanismes associés à ces phénomènes de glissement translationnel et de déformation des GSY apparait capitale pour la réussite d’un tel projet.Dans ce contexte, les travaux objet du présent mémoire de thèse se sont attachés à mieux appréhender le comportement mécanique des systèmes GSY et de leurs interactions. Cette analyse a été effectuée sous l’angle de la stabilité au glissement translationnel (à l’échelle de l’ouvrage : grande échelle) et de l’intégrité structurelle des GSY au sein des barrières de sécurité sur cavité (petite échelle).Pour y parvenir, une analyse multi-approches associant étude analytique, modélisation numérique et étude expérimentale a été mise en oeuvre.Tout d’abord, le volet analytique a porté sur une analyse comparative de dix méthodes utilisées pour l’évaluation de la stabilité au glissement translationnel et de huit méthodes de dimensionnement des GSY de renforcement sur cavité. Ces études comparatives ont permis non seulement d’évaluer les écarts entre ces méthodes, mais aussi d’identifier celles qui se prêtent le mieux à une application en extension d’ISDND.Ensuite, une Méthode Rationnelle de Modélisation des systèmes Géosynthétiques (MeRaMoG) a été développée afin de prendre en compte fidèlement le comportement mécanique des GSY et de leurs interfaces (notamment la non-linéarité du comportement en traction des GSY). Grâce à la MeRaMoG qui a été validée expérimentalement, les mécanismes intervenant et contrôlant les phénomènes de glissement et de déformation des barrières de sécurité sur talus et sur cavité ont été investigués.Enfin, un Dispositif Expérimental grande-échelle pour l’étude de la Performance des GSY de renforcement sur Cavité (DEPGeC) a été développé. Le DEPGeC est un prototype permettant de simuler le comportement mécanique des GSY sur une cavité rectangulaire et sous une contrainte de confinement pouvant atteindre 100 kPa. L’utilisation du DEPGeC a permis d’évaluer l’influence de la contrainte de confinement, de la raideur du GSY de renforcement et d’un ancrage rigide sur les déformations des GSYGeosynthetics (GSYs) are polymeric materials that are used in engineering and environmental constructions to replace or in addition to natural materials. In landfills, GSYs are used as a lining system to prevent leachate infiltration into groundwater.Nowadays, the scarcity of suitable sites to establish new landfills leads more and more landfill owners to build new landfill cells over older ones. In such type of construction commonly called piggy-back landfill, a new GSY lining system is often implemented between old and new cells. However, in this specific configuration, the risk of translational instability of the construction is increased since the lining system involved several interfaces with low shear strength. Such instability is related to the failure of the various interfaces within the GSY lining system and hence to the sliding of GSY layers on each other. Moreover, the potential occurrence of differential settlements and / or localized collapses (cavity) which are related to the compressible nature of the waste within the old cell could tear (excessive tensile forces / strains) the GSY lining system under the overload of the new waste. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms controlling translational slip phenomena and deformation of GSYs is essential to ensure a proper design of such a project.In this context, this PhD thesis focused on better understanding of the mechanical behaviour of GSY systems and their interactions. The study was conducted using firstly a global analysis (large scale, all over the piggy-back landfill) of the lining system in terms of translational slips between the various GSYs. Secondly, this study investigated the integrity of the GSY lining system subjected to a cavity (small scale analysis).To achieve this goal, a multi-approaches investigation involving analytical study, numerical modelling and experimental study was performed.First, the analytical part focused on a comparative analysis based on ten methods used to assess the factor of safety of translational slip and on eight methods used for the design of GSY reinforcement over cavities. These comparative studies have not only assessed the differences between these methods, but also identified those best suited to be applied in the context of piggy-back landfills.Then, a rigorous method (MeRaMoG) that addressed the key aspects of the mechanical behaviour of GSYs and interfaces (e.g., the nonlinear axial stiffness of GSYs), was developed for the numerical modelling of multi-layered geosynthetic systems. Through MeRaMoG which was experimentally validated, the mechanisms controlling the translational slip and deformation of the geosynthetic lining system on side slopes and cavity were investigated.Finally, a new large-scale testing device (DEPGeC) was developed to assess the efficiency of a GSY reinforcement to bridge a cavity. The DEPGeC is a prototype that was used to simulate the mechanical behaviour of multi-layered GSY systems over a rectangular cavity and under a confining load of up to 100 kPa. Using the DEPGeC, the influence of the applied vertical load, the stiffness of the GSY reinforcement and a perfect anchorage on the deformations of GSY, was investigated
35
Dadák, Michal. "Finanční zajištění projektu realizovaného obcí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265582.
Full textAbstract:
The master thesis describes financial assurance of a project, which is realized by the municipalities. The theoretical part is focused on describing basic concepts of public projects, municipalities and municipal budgets. Subsequently, the work deals with sources that can provide financial assurance. Thesis is also focused on categorization of roads and the economic evaluation of roads and highways. The practical part is devoted to the basic design of the project to local roads in the municipality Plumlov - Žárovice and then financial assurance of this construction investment project. It selects several financing options for the project and the subsequent assessment of individual options. The outcome of this work is the selection of the best possible way of financing for the proposed project.
36
Gasperin, Daniela. "Relação entre competência tecnológica e desempenho organizacional a partir da visão baseada em recursos no setor de cooperativa de crédito." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/2913.
Full textAbstract:
A dinamicidade dos mercados exige a criação de novos recursos para desenvolver competências essenciais que resultam em desempenho organizacional. A partir de uma revisão sistemática realizada de acordo com a Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook, versão 5.1.0, verificaram-se os artigos relacionados ao recurso tecnológico, competência tecnológica e desempenho organizacional nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science. Além das principais bases de dados, realizou-se busca em artigos não publicados, conferências e literatura cinzenta, para tal utilizou-se SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature), NTIS (National Technical Information Service), Banco de dissertações e teses no NDLTD (Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations) e conferências no SCOPUS. Também se realizou a verificação da lista de referências dos estudos selecionados, com o intuito de detectar alguma evidência relevante que não localizou-se na estratégia de busca. Dos 237 artigos localizados, 31 estudos analisam as competências essenciais que contribuem no desempenho organizacional, a saber: a) tecnologia; b) inovação; c) capital humano; c) aprendizagem organizacional; d) terceirização; e) cultura organizacional; g) capacidades dinâmicas; h) governança; i) gestão de suprimento; e j) interdependência de processo. Entre as competências citadas, a competência tecnológica merece destaque, pois determina o portfólio de produtos ou serviços que geram desempenho superior. Com o intuito de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre competência tecnológica, realizou-se a segunda revisão sistemática. Dos 5.424 artigos localizados, 477 estão relacionados à competência tecnológica. Os elementos que emergem do construto são: a) inovação; b) aquisição e difusão de tecnologias; c) desempenho de produto novo; d) pesquisa e desenvolvimento; e) intensidade tecnológica; f) diversificação tecnológica; e e) hi-tech. Para esta pesquisa, optaram-se pelas variáveis desempenho de produto novo, intensidade tecnológica e diversificação tecnológica, por relacionarem-se diretamente ao setor cooperativo de crédito. O objetivo deste estudo analisou a relação entre competência tecnológica e desempenho organizacional no setor de cooperativa de crédito. A população contou com 48 gerentes de negócio das 47 unidades de uma cooperativa de crédito no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As análises dos dados realizaram-se através do software IBM SPSS Statistics 20 e considerou a intensidade tecnológica como uma variável moderadora entre desempenho de produto novo e diversificação de tecnologias com desempenho organizacional. Os resultados mostram que o recurso tecnológico explica 54% da diversificação de tecnologias, 30% do desempenho de produto novo e 30% do desempenho organizacional. Entretanto o recurso tecnológico não é o suficiente para aumentar o desempenho organizacional, por isso faz-se necessário desenvolver a competência tecnológica. A competência tecnológica alavanca o desempenho financeiro de uma empresa, principalmente pelo desempenho de produto novo que explica 58% do desempenho organizacional e diversificação de tecnologias que explica 60% do desempenho. A intensidade tecnológica não apresentou efeito moderador. Conclui-se que a competência tecnológica promove a diferenciação e o crescimento da empresa em relação aos concorrentes, pois contribui para o desempenho financeiro. Além de ser considerada uma estratégia fundamental para a permanência da empresa em um mercado de alta velocidade.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-07-13T14:18:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Daniela Gasperin.pdf: 2314550 bytes, checksum: d5f7e3e5b33be8499b7f91251d4a1f2d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T14:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Daniela Gasperin.pdf: 2314550 bytes, checksum: d5f7e3e5b33be8499b7f91251d4a1f2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-13
The dynamicity of markets requires the creation of new resources to develop core competencies that result in organizational performance. From a systematic review carried out according to the Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook, version 5.1.0, articles related to technological resource, technological competence and organizational performance in the Scopus and Web of Science databases were verified. In addition to the main databases, a search was carried out on unpublished articles, conferences and gray literature, using SIGLE (System for Information on Gray Literature), NTIS (National Technical Information Service, Bank of theses and dissertations in NDLTD (Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations) and conferences in the SCOPUS, as well as the verification of the list of references of the selected studies in order to detect some relevant evidence that was not found in the search strategy Of the 237 articles located, 31 studies analyze the essential competencies that contribute to organizational performance, namely: a) technology; b) innovation; c) human capital; d) organizational learning; e) outsourcing; f) organizational culture; g) dynamic capabilities; h) governance; i) supply management; and j) process interdependence. Among the mentioned competences, technological competence deserves to be highlighted, as it determines the portfolio of products or services that generate superior performance. In order to deepen the knowledge about technological competence, the second systematic review was carried out. Of the 5,424 articles found, 477 are related to technological competence. The elements that emerge from the construct are: a) innovation; b) acquisition and diffusion of technologies; c) new product performance; d) research and development; e) technological intensity; f) technological diversification; and e) hi-tech. For this research, the variables of new product performance, technological intensity and technological diversification were chosen because they were directly related to the credit cooperative sector. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between technological competence and organizational performance in the credit cooperative sector. The population counted with 48 business managers of the 47 units of a credit union in the state of south of Brazil. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software and considered the technological intensity as a moderating variable between new product performance and diversification of technologies with organizational performance. The results show that the technological resource explains 54% of technology diversification, 30% of new product performance and 30% of organizational performance. However, the technological resource is not enough to increase organizational performance, so it is necessary to develop technological competence. Technological competence leverages a company's financial performance, especially for new product performance that accounts for 58% of organizational performance and technology diversification that accounts for 60% of performance. Technological intensity did not present a moderating effect. It is concluded that the technological competence promotes the differentiation and the growth of the company in relation to the competitors, since it contributes to the financial performance. In addition to being considered a fundamental strategy for the company's permanence in a high-speed market.
37
Cuny, Marion. "Caractérisation locale des couples de matériaux mis en jeu lors du contact rotor/stator dans une turbomachine." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0059/document.
Full textAbstract:
L'optimisation du rendement des turboréacteurs impose de limiter les fuites inter-étages et de réduire les jeux de fonctionnement entre le rotor et le stator. Cependant, l'adoption de jeux réduit conduit à des contacts rotor/stator qui peuvent avoir des conséquences désastreuses. Afin de prévenir les effets destructeurs de ces interactions, des revêtements "abradables" sont déposés sur le stator. La compréhension et la modélisation de ces interactions sont primordiales pour permettre la conception de nouveaux moteurs plus efficients et plus surs. Toutefois, la modélisation précise de ces phénomènes réclame des données expérimentales difficiles à obtenir du fait de la complexité de l'interaction, des matériaux mis en jeu et de leurs conditions extrêmes d'utilisation (500 m/s et 300 °C). L'objectif de ces travaux est donc de fournir de nouvelles données expérimentales relatives aux efforts générés lors d'un contact aube/abradable. Une nouvelle technique expérimentale a donc été développée. Elle permet de générer une interaction à très grande vitesse entre un outil représentant l'aube et une éprouvette de matériau abradable et de mesurer les efforts d'interaction. Du fait des très hautes vitesses d'interaction, le dispositif de mesure d'effort est associé à une méthode de correction des signaux. Ce protocole expérimental est appliqué à la caractérisation d'un matériau abradable Metco M601, employé à l'étage basse pression du compresseur dans les turboréacteurs d'avions civils. L'influence sur les efforts d'interaction de la vitesse tangentielle, la profondeur d'incursion ainsi que des caractéristiques géométriques de l'extrémité de l'aube est étudiéeIncreasing efficiency of aircraft engines require optimization of the clearance between the rotor and the stator. However, the important thermo-mechanical solicitations undergone by the engines lead to unavoidable high speed interactions between the moving parts and the casing. To achieve reduced clearance without endangering the blading, abradable seals are deposited inside the casing. This coating is designed to wear out in case of contact with the blade tip. Characterization and understanding of the different phenomena which take place during interactions are essential to prevent premature failure and to design safer aircraft engines but accurate modeling of these phenomena requires experimental data which are difficult to obtain because of the extreme conditions in which contacts occur (500 m/s, 300 °C) and of the complexity of the involved materials. The purpose of this work is to provide new experimental data relating to the forces generated during blade-casing contacts. Thus, a new experimental technique has been developed in order to generate high speed interactions between a tool impersonating a blade tip and a sample of abradable material and to measure the interaction forces. Because of the high interaction velocities reached up, a signal correction method has been implemented. Finally, this new experimental technique has been applied on the characterization of the abradable material Metco M601 used in low-pressure compressor of commercial aircraft engines. The influence on the interaction forces of the blade velocity, the incursion depth and the mechanical and geometrical characteristics of the blade tip has been studied
38
Agbessi, Komlan. "Approches expérimentales et multi-échelles des processus d'amorçage de fissures en fatigue sous chargements complexes." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00867947.
Full textAbstract:
Les méthodes de calcul en fatigue à grande durée de vie sont en cours de développement depuis des décennies et sont utilisées par les ingénieurs pour dimensionner les structures. Généralement, ces méthodes se basent sur la mise en équations de quantités mécaniques calculées à l'échelle macroscopique ou mésoscopique. Les critères de fatigue multiaxiale reposent généralement sur des hypothèses de changement d'échelle dont l'objectif est d'accéder à l'état de contraintes ou de déformations à l'échelle du grain. Dans les approches de type plan critique (Dang Van, Papadopoulos, Morel), l'amorçage d'une fissure de fatigue est considéré comme piloté par une quantité mécanique liée à une orientation matérielle particulière (plan critique). Si ces phénomènes sont bien établis dans le cas des chargements uniaxiaux, la nature des mécanismes liés à l'activation des systèmes de glissement, à la multiplicité du glissement et aux différents sites préférentiels d'amorçage de fissures sous chargements complexes reste peu connue.Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'endommagement en fatigue multiaxiale, les techniques d'analyse et de caractérisation de l'activité plastique (activation des systèmes de glissements, bandes de glissement persistantes) et d'observation de l'endommagement par fatigue ont été mises en place en se basant principalement sur des observations MEB et analyses EBSD. Ces investigations ont permis de mettre en lumière les effets des chargements non proportionnels sur la multiplicité du glissement sur du cuivre pur OFHC. L'étude statistique des sites préférentiels d'amorçage de fissures montre que les grains à glissement multiple présentent une forte probabilité d'amorçage de fissures, surtout sous les chargements non proportionnels. Nous avons également mis en évidence le rôle des joints de grains et des joints de macle sur le développement de la plasticité à l'échelle de la microstructure. Les résultats expérimentaux sont confrontés à ceux du calcul éléments finis (EF) en plasticité polycristalline sur des microstructures synthétiques 3D semi-périodiques. L'application du critère de Dang Van à l'échelle mésoscopique (le grain) montre une forte variabilité de la contrainte hydrostatique et du cisaillement. Cette variabilité est plus importante pour un modèle de comportement cristallin élastique anisotrope. Le rôle de la plasticité cristalline se révèle secondaire. Ces analyses permettent de remettre en perspective les hypothèses usuelles de changement d'échelle utilisées en fatigue multiaxiale. Enfin, une méthode basée sur la statistique des valeurs extrêmes est proposée pour le dépouillement des calculs EF sur agrégats. Cette analyse a été appliquée sur la contrainte équivalente associée au critère de fatigue de Dang Van pour les calculs d'agrégats polycristallins avec différentes morphologies et orientations des grains. Les effets de la surface libre, du type de chargement et du modèle de comportement mécanique des grains ont été analysés. Les résultats offrent des perspectives intéressantes sur la modélisation de l'amorçage des fissures en fatigue multiaxiale des matériaux et des structures avec une prise en compte de la microstructure.
39
Brillant, Lucy. "La liquidité et la structure par terme des taux d'intérêt dans la tradition britannique de Henry Thornton, Ralph George Hawtrey, John Maynard Keynes et John Richard Hicks." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010007.
Full textAbstract:
La spécificité de la tradition monétaire de Henry Thornton, Ralph George Hawtrey, John Maynard Keynes et John Richard Hicks, est de considérer le taux d'intérêt comme une variable influencée par la banque centrale. Ces auteurs peuvent être rattachés à une même tradition monétaire, différente de celle de Knut Wicksell, où le taux d'intérêt est déterminé par une variable réelle: le taux de profit. Dans la tradition de Thornton, le prêt et l'emprunt renvoient une vente et un achat de titres de dette. Ces derniers prennent une forme différente selon la période étudiée. Au dix-neuvième siècle, Thornton proposait que la Banque d'Angleterre contrôle, par des variations de son taux d'escompte, le prix de la liquidité de court-terme, étant la substituabilité des traites commerciales en monnaie. Un siècle plus tard, cette influence était effective. Cependant, au XXe siècle, avec le développement des marchés financiers, d'autre canaux de transmissions de la politique monétaire sont apparus. Bien que négligée par 1 littérature, une des controverses les plus représentatives de cette époque est celle d'Hawtre Keynes et Hicks. Ils conviennent que le taux court est un phénomène monétaire. En revanche, ils ne s'accordent pas sur la nature du taux long. Les débats portent sur la théorie pionnière d Keynes de la structure par terme des taux d'intérêt, les effets d'annonces, ainsi que les limite de l'arbitrageThe specificity of the monetary tradition of Henry Thornton, Ralph George Hawtrey, John Maynard Keynes and John Richard Hicks is to consider the interest rate as mainly determined by the monetary policy. Those authors are part of the same monetary tradition, different that Knut Wicksell for whom the interest rate is a real variable: the rate of profit. The process of borrowing and lending, in the monetary tradition analyzed in my PhD thesis, corresponds to a sale and a purchase of debts. Debts take a different form according to the period studied. ln the nineteenth century, Thornton wrote that the Bank of England should be able to manage, by varying its discount rate, the price of short-term liquidity, which is the substitution of bills againt money. ln the twentieth century, other transmission channels of monetary policy appeared wit the evolution of financial markets. Although neglected by the literature, one of the most representative controversy at that time was between Hawtrey, Keynes and Hicks. All made a theory in which the short-term rate is a monetary phenomenon. They however disagreed on the nature of the long-term rate. The debate is on Keynes's pioneering theory of the term structur of interest rates, the announcement effects, and the limits to arbitrage
40
Crochepeyre, Stéphane. "Contribution à la modélisation numérique et théorique de la localisation et de la post-localisation dans les géomatériaux." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10023.
Full textAbstract:
Une etude numerique et theorique de la localisation de la deformation en bandes de cisaillement dans les geomateriaux est presentee. Cette etude comprend deux parties distinctes : ' la premiere partie de la detection du moment d'apparition de la localisation et plus generalement des phenomenes de bifurcation. L'etude est realisee dans le cadre des grandes transformations en utilisant le modele cloe. Dans ce but, un modele cloe von mises et un algorithme de detection de perte d'unicite globale, permettant la resolution d'un probleme aux limites formule en vitesses, ont ete developpes. L'influence de l'initialisation de l'algorithme est plus particulierement etudiee. L'etude numerique d'un essai biaxial, a permis de mettre en evidence plusieurs modes de bifurcation (modes de flambage, bandes de cisaillement). Pour les modes localises, une comparaison entre les resultats numeriques et les predictions theoriques fournies par le critere de localisation de cloe ont permis d'illustrer la fiabilite de ce dernier. ' la seconde partie concerne le suivi de la localisation, de son declenchement, jusqu'a la ruine complete de l'echantillon. Dans ce but, un modele d'interface a ete developpe. Il presente la particularite d'assurer une transition continue entre le regime de pre et de post localisation (concept de consistance) d'une part et de decrire l'evolution specifique de la densite dans la zone localisee d'autre part. Le concept d'indice des vides critique est introduit explicitement dans ce modele. Les resultats obtenus sur un essai biaxial refletent assez fidelement les resultats experimentaux. Ce modele a ensuite ete integre dans un code de calcul par elements finis. Un element d'interface, fonctionnant en grandes transformations a ete developpe et valide. Enfin, une pre-etude du probleme de propagation des bandes de cisaillement au sein d'une structure a ete effectuee.
41
Kara-Terki, Chafik. "Une méthode de mise au point des circuits intégrés." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066113.
Full textAbstract:
La méthode de mise au point des circuits intégrés VLSI est basée sur l'utilisation de techniques améliorant la testabilité, comme le chemin de test (LSSD). Différentes approches structurées (approches descendante, ascendante, recherche binaire) sont étudiées à travers un circuit complexe, le papillon FFT. Les problèmes spécifiques de la mise au point sont analysés et des solutions sont proposées. La réalisation d'un outil de mise au point est présentée. Il est composé d'un système permettant l'échantillonnage et la génération de vecteurs de test et d'un ensemble d'interfaces logicielles et matérielles assurant la liaison avec la chaîne de conception assistée par ordinateur et un banc de test sous pointes.
42
Beus, Annalyn. "Translation and Transcription of a Passage from the Baduem Manuscript: An Eighteenth-Century Portuguese Embassy to China." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4016.
Full textAbstract:
This project is a diplomatic transcription and English translation of a passage from an 18-century manuscript that chronicles a remarkable Portuguese embassy to China (Macau). The embassy embarked from Lisbon in February 1752, sailing in a luxuriously outfitted ship (Nossa Senhora da Conceição e Lusitânia Grande), in convoy with a warship (Nossa Senhora das Brotas). The English translation is important because it makes the account accessible to scholars who lack familiarity with Portuguese.This voyage to China is remarkable in light of the long history of maritime loss by the Portuguese. Although the normal projected loss of life on this route was 20%, this journey was made without one death. Some of the most fascinating aspects of the journey include the following: a) how the intrepid crew of the Nossa Senhora (most of whom were novices) and the passengers dealt with bad weather at sea; b) the religious rites conducted during the voyage by Jesuit priests en route to the Far East missions, which the passengers firmly believed mitigated the dangers and were thus responsible for their safe journey; c) the intriguing political maneuvering between the Portuguese and Chinese in Macau; and d) the meticulous descriptions of the different cultures, peoples and places encountered on the journey.
43
Silva, Catarina de Figueiredo Bettencourt Moreira da. "Are banks in Europe too big to fail or too big to save?" Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35244.
Full textAbstract:
The financial crisis of 2007-2009 raised concerns regarding countries’ abilities to rescue their largest banks should a new crisis emerge. By focusing on European Union banks from 2001 through 2019, this dissertation investigates the impact of both absolute and systemic bank size on a bank’s valuation and CDS spreads. We find that a bank’s market-to-book ratio is negatively related to its natural logarithm of total assets and liabilities-to-GDP ratio. We further established that CDS spreads seemingly increase in a dynamic market response to changes in bank’s absolute size. These results suggest that large banks can increase their value by downsizing or splitting up. Our findings also show that in the aftermath of the financial crisis, most banks in our sample reduced their systemic size. This decrease may indicate that while banks in the European Union were certain of a too big to fail status with the inference that governments would rescue them if necessary, this certainty mostly vanished post 2009. The events that followed the crisis revealed to several banks that they were in fact, too big to save, leading many to adapt to this new reality by downsizing.A crise financeira de 2007-2009 revelou dúvidas quanto às capacidades dos países para salvar os seus maiores bancos no caso de surgimento de uma nova crise. Ao centrar-se nos bancos da União Europeia, no período entre 2001 a 2019, esta dissertação investiga o impacto, tanto da dimensão absoluta, como sistémica, dos bancos, na sua avaliação e nos spreads dos CDS. Constatamos que o rácio entre o valor de mercado e o valor contabilístico dos capitais próprios de um banco está negativamente relacionado com o seu logaritmo natural do total de ativos e o rácio de passivos em relação ao PIB. Estabelecemos ainda que os spreads de CDS parecem aumentar em resposta dinâmica do mercado às mudanças na dimensão absoluta de um banco. Estes resultados sugerem que os grandes bancos podem aumentar o seu valor reduzindo a sua dimensão ou por cisão. Os nossos resultados também mostram que, no rescaldo da crise financeira, a maioria dos bancos da nossa amostra reduziu a sua dimensão sistémica. Esta redução pode indicar que, embora os bancos na União Europeia estivessem convictos de deterem um estatuto demasiado grande para perderem, com a inerente consequência de que os governos sempre os resgatariam se necessário, esta certeza desapareceu na sua maioria após 2009. Os acontecimentos que se seguiram à crise revelaram a vários bancos que eram, afinal, demasiado grandes para poderem ser salvos, levando muitos a adaptarem-se a esta nova realidade através de reduções de dimensão.
44
Valente, Sara Filipa Ardisson. "Back on his foot : case report de cobertura de esfacelo do retropé com retalho livre desinervado do músculo grande dorsal." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/48428.
Full textAbstract:
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2020A aquisição da motricidade fina pela mão permitiu a evolução da nossa espécie. Esta capacidade deve muito à postura bípede, dependente da evolução do pé. Estas duas estruturas anatómicas complexas são gravemente comprometidas pela perda de substância (quase) total de tecidos moles em lesões de desluvamento (“degloving”), implicando quase sempre exposição óssea e cartilagínea. Na presença de feridas complexas resultantes de fraturas expostas, a Cirurgia Plástica e Reconstrutiva desempenha um papel fundamental. A abordagem das lesões acima descritas, também denominadas de esfacelos, passou da amputação primária em cenários de guerra para técnicas de preservação de membros destruídos em acidentes rodoviários, pés diabéticos e resseções agressivas de neoplasias. A introdução do microscópio cirúrgico para anastomose de vasos permitiu aos cirurgiões plásticos a máxima recuperação da função e da estética através da transplantação de tecidos. As diferentes opções podem ser organizadas numa “escada de reconstrução”: enxertos, retalhos loco-regionais pediculados, perfurantes e propeller, retalhos à distância fascio-, mio- ou osseocutâneos, inervados ou não…[1] Esta revolução necessita de equipamento dispendioso, tempos operatórios mais prolongados e uma íngreme curva de aprendizagem [2], tornando-se de extrema importância a comparação de outcomes das várias técnicas, para otimização dos recursos e menor morbilidade - que apesar de inferior à da inexistência do membro, não é de longe negligenciável. Cada caso é um caso…e pela análise de uma reconstrução de um esfacelo do retropé com retalho livre do músculo grande dorsal, podemos concluir que, mais relevante que a escolha do método de reconstrução, são as especificidades de cada lesão e de cada lesado. Assim, a investigação futura deve procurar estudar as variabilidades com influência nos resultados a longo-prazo, recorrendo a amostras de maior dimensão e às novas técnicas que estão constantemente a surgir.
The acquisition of fine motor skills by the hand allowed the evolution of our species. This ability is due to bipedalism, which in its turn depended on the evolution of the foot. These two complex anatomical structures are severely compromised by the loss of (almost) total tissue substance in degloving lesions, often involving the exposure of bone and cartilage. In the presence of complex wounds resulting from open fractures, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery plays a fundamental role. The approach to the injuries described above went from limb amputation in war scenarios to surgical procedures that allow salvation of limbs destroyed in road accidents, diabetic feet and aggressive resections of neoplasms. The introduction of the surgical microscope for vessel anastomosis allowed plastic surgeons to recover maximum function and aesthetics through tissue transplantation. The different options can be organized in a “reconstruction ladder”: grafts, pediculated loco-regional flaps, perforator and propeller flaps, fascio-, myo- or osseocutaneous flaps, innervated or not…[1] This revolution relies on expensive equipment and a steep learning curve [2]. So, the comparation of the outcomes of the various techniques is important for resource optimization and reduction in morbidity – although this last one is inferior to the absence of the limb, it is by no means negligible. Each case is different ... after analysing an ankle reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi muscle free flap, we conclude that the specificities of each injury and each injured are more relevant than the choice of the reconstruction method. Thus, future investigation shall study the variables with influence on long-term results, using wider samples and new techniques, that are constantly appearing.
45
Lopes, Tomás Eva Ferreira Castelo. "Crédito concedido nos países da União Europeia antes de 2007/08 vs pós 2007/08." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21713.
Full textAbstract:
A presente tese aborda os efeitos da crise do subprime na União Europeia, mais
especificamente na zona Norte e Sul da mesma. O objetivo inicial é identificar as variáveis que
têm um efeito significativo na limitação ou facilitação da oferta de crédito.
Complementarmente, são comparados os resultados entre as zonas Norte e Sul da União
Europeia, de modo a concluir se as variáveis (setor bancário, famílias e macroeconómicas) que
influenciam as alterações de perspetivas dos bancos em relação à oferta de crédito são
diferentes, ou têm pesos distintos, quando comparadas entre ambas as zonas. De modo a
analisar e obter conclusões, são estimados modelos de regressão linear múltipla. Com a
intenção de enriquecer a investigação e os resultados da mesma, foram estimados três modelos
a partir do modelo MLR inicial, com variáveis dependentes distintas: crédito concedido, crédito
concedido às empresas e crédito concedido às famílias. Depois de realizada a investigação, é
possível concluir que existe uma diferença significativa entre as zonas Norte e Sul da União
Europeia, no que diz respeito aos padrões de crédito das instituições financeiras. Os resultados
apontam para uma zona Sul com maior aversão ao risco, recorrendo por esta razão, na maioria
das vezes, a uma limitação dos padrões de crédito. No sentido contrário, observamos uma maior
recetividade dos países do Norte, no que diz respeito a oferta de crédito, podendo isto ser um
sinal de uma economia robusta que tira proveito da sua liquidez, tornando-se credora.This thesis addresses the effects of the subprime crisis in the European Union, more specifically in the North and South zones. The initial objective is to identify the variables that have a significant effect on limiting or facilitating the credit supply. Complementarily, the results are compared between the North and South zones of the European Union, in order to conclude whether the variables (banking sector, households and macroeconomic) that influence the changes in banks' perspectives regarding the credit supply are different, or have different weights, when compared between both regions. In order to analyse and obtain conclusions, multiple linear regression models are estimated. With the intention of enriching the investigation and its results, three models were estimated from the initial MLR model, with different dependent variables: credit granted, credit granted to companies and credit granted to families. After conducting the investigation, it is possible to conclude that there is a significant difference between the Southern and Northern parts of the European Union, with regard to the credit standards of financial institutions. The results point to a South zone with greater risk aversion, for this reason, most of the time, resorting to a limitation of credit standards. In the opposite direction, we observe a greater receptivity of the countries of the North, with regard to the supply of credit, which may be a sign of a robust economy that takes advantage of its liquidity, becoming a creditor.