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Journal articles on the topic 'Bank of Namibia'
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1
McBenedict, Billy, Percy Chimwamurombe, Ezekeil Kwembeya, and Gillian Maggs-Kölling. "Genetic Diversity of NamibianPennisetum glaucum(L.) R. BR. (Pearl Millet) Landraces Analyzed by SSR and Morphological Markers." Scientific World Journal 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1439739.
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CurrentPennisetum glaucum(L.) R. BR. cultivars in Namibia have overall poor performance posing a threat to the nation’s food security because this crop is staple for over 70% of the Namibian population. The crop suffers from undesirable production traits such as susceptibility to diseases, low yield, and prolonged reproductive cycle. This study aimed to understand the genetic diversity of the crop in Namibia by simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and morphology analysis. A total of 1441 genotypes were collected from the National Gene Bank representing all the Namibian landraces. A sample of 96 genotypes was further analyzed by SSR using Shannon-Wiener diversity index and revealed a value of 0.45 indicating low genetic diversity. Ordination using Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) on SSR data confirmed clusters generated by UPGMA for the 96P. glaucumaccessions. UPGMA phenograms of 29 morphological characterized genotypes were generated for SSR and morphology data and the two trees revealed 78% resemblance. Lodging susceptibility, tillering attitude, spike density, fodder yield potential, early vigour, and spike shape were the phenotypic characters upon which some clusters were based in both datasets. It is recommended that efforts should be made to widen the current gene pool in Namibia.
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Eita, Joel Hinaunye. "Explaining Interest Rate Spread In Namibia." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 10 (September 19, 2012): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i10.7258.
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This paper investigates the determinants of interest rate spread in Namibia for the period 1996-2010. The investigation is conducted through cointegrated vector autoregression (VAR) or multivariate cointegration methods. The investigation reveals that interest rate spread in Namibia is determined by Treasury bill rate, inflation rate, the size of the economy, financial deepening, bank rate or discount rate and exchange rate volatility. Treasury bill rate, inflation rate and bank rate are associated with an increase in interest rate spread. The size of the economy and financial deepening are associated with a decrease in interest rate spread. The results suggest that an increasing interest rate policy pursued by the government can cause interest rate spread to rise. Increase in the cost of funds to commercial banks may be passed to consumers in the form of higher interest rate spread. An increase in the cost of doing business will cause interest rate spread to rise. Interest rate spread can be reduced by increasing the size of the economy which allows for economies of scale and greater competition. Financial deepening, which allows a high level of interbank competition, can also reduce the interest rate spread.
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Hansen, R. J. "An Apple a Day, Helps Keep Cancer Away!" Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 187s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.51900.
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Amount raised: N$19,948,000/U$1,672,509 Background and context: The Cancer Association of Namibia presented the project “An apple a day can keep cancer away” to one of the local commercial banks close to 2 decades ago. The concept of “Eat Healthy. Live Healthy. Prevent Cancer” became a massive hit and in subsequent years the “Bank Windhoek Cancer Apple Project” has become a flagship fundraiser for the association. For 1 month of the year (usually June or July - winter in Namibia) we convert all Bank Windhoek branches nationwide into “apple stores” with bank employees, CAN volunteers and school learners marketing and selling apples to raise funds for CAN, raise awareness on cancer and support screening interventions to promote earlier detection to save lives. Aim: Create awareness and educate on cancer, support the Cancer Association of Namibia financially to fund the National Cancer Outreach Program and the 2 interim homes operated by the association. Strategy/Tactics: National endeavor - for 1 month a year, the entire commercial bank is “converted” into apple stores, selling apples! Program process: An executive planning committee between Bank Windhoek as facilitator and the Cancer Association of Namibia plan and coordinates the annual event, sourcing one million red apples (the bank´s official color) from the Western Cape apple farms. Numerous project partners support the program from transport, cold storage, package and delivery, to media and sales partners. An “Apple Roadshow” kicks off the marketing and PR of the annual event, and then for one month a year the bank staff, CAN volunteers and especially high school learners (as part of the school challenge) promote bulk orders, while loose apple sales are conducted in bank branches country-wide. Costs and returns: All project partners offer their “time” and “manpower” as a donation in support of CAN through their CSI portfolio. Apples are sourced at a bulk reduced rate (± N$2, 50 each) and resold to the public at a N$5 donation per apple. What was learned: Logistics and supply chain management is a profession that must be highly respected! But, education, awareness and community collaboration makes one of the strongest support chains imaginable. Communicating “why” are we doing this, then taking the funds and “showing” what we the money goes (through the medical outreaches and sustaining the interim homes) speak to the heart of the nation. Transparency, accountability and inclusive community interaction is key when it comes to community driven fundraising.
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Desta, Tesfatsion Sahlu. "Are the best African banks really the best? A Malmquist data envelopment analysis." Meditari Accountancy Research 24, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 588–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-02-2016-0016.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine whether the African commercial banks selected as the best African banks by Global Finance Magazine really are the best. Design/methodology/approach Panel data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used, as well as the Malmquist total factor productivity index, to distinguish productive banks from unproductive banks. Nineteen commercial banks were selected from the 30 best African banks as identified by the Global Finance Magazine. Findings Of the 19 banks, five were found to be unproductive. Bank productivity was attributed mainly to technological change, and different methods marked different results, for example, the regional winner bank (Standard Bank of South Africa) selected by Global Finance Magazine ranked ninth in this study, whereas the Bank Windhoek Limited, Namibia, ranked first. Practical implications The study confirms the applicability of DEA for the banking industry. The model shows variability among the banks’ efficiency and productivity and provides different results to the Global Finance Magazine’s best bank selection. For example, the Standard Bank of South Africa, which is selected as the regional winner, is now ranked ninth under the DEA Malmquist’s total factor productivity. Originality/value The study shows that the DEA model can be applied not only for analysing the firm’s efficiency but also for objective rating, ranking and selecting best banks.
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Shapi, Martin K. "Contemporary Challenges Facing the Small Farmers in the Green Scheme Projects in Namibia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 3 (May 6, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n3p1.
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The paper uses a combination of theory and both quantitative and qualitative evidence to demonstrate the significance and challenges of agricultural development in Namibian green scheme projects. For quantitative, a structured questionnaire to produce descriptive statistics was administered to 135 small farmers while eight (8) project manager who were interviewed at the studied schemes as key informant served as source of qualitative information that pin pointed out challenges and opportunities, faced by the small farmers in these schemes. The evidence points to the fact that although there are myriad of challenges, such as challenges related to production, access to efficient and effective market and access to credit faced by farmers, production and access to efficient and effect market challenges emerged as the most stumbling blocks to the optimal production and sales of small farmers’ produce. Usually access to agricultural credit is seen as one of the major challenges of smallholder farmers in Africa. In this study access to agricultural credit was less seen as a major stumbling block to the smallholder farmers’ productivity. This is attributed to the current farmers’ agricultural credit support scheme in place between Agricultural Bank of Namibia (Agribank) and the government of Namibia.
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Ludynia, K., R. Jones, J. Kemper, S. Garthe, and LG Underhill. "Foraging behaviour of bank cormorants in Namibia: implications for conservation." Endangered Species Research 12, no. 1 (June 4, 2010): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00288.
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Kahorongo, Tjikarerera C. T., Nishika Reddy, and Anis Mahomed Karodia. "The Adoption of Information Technology in the Governance System of the Bank of Namibia." Business and Management Studies 1, no. 2 (June 11, 2015): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v1i2.876.
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The failure of many organisations over the years has led to a greater need for transparency and accountability. The Corporate Governance Framework, as developed by the King report, is the overarching framework that ensures that the board of directors are responsible for the governance of an organisation. The King III report implies that the board should also be responsible for IT governance because IT is a crucial and costly component that enables the achievement of organisational objectives. From several IT Governance frameworks that exist, the Bank of Namibia, through its integration initiative with the SADC Central Banks, has adopted COBIT 4.1 as an IT governance framework. COBIT 4.1 has several processes that directly aid the alignment of IT to business. A study of the implementation approach of the framework at the Bank and its effectiveness in ensuring the alignment of IT to the business functions was conducted. This study used a quantitative research methodological approach. A questionnaire was developed and was completed using a stratified sample of 35 individuals chosen from a target population comprised of the IT department, executive management and IT compliance champions in the Bank. The findings from the study revealed that a good understanding of what corporate and IT governance entails was evident in the Bank. Ninety-seven percent of the respondents indicated that IT is a key strategic tool that can be leveraged to achieve business goals. In the age of changing technology, the study revealed that the IT department is innovative and stays abreast with new technologies and trends. User awareness was not adequate and the study further revealed that only 49% of the respondents were involved in the IT governance project. The study revealed that top management supported the project. The study also reflected the positive role of IT auditing in the project. It was also noted that IT service delivery has improved and that benchmarking initiatives, as a result of the project, can lead to significant improvements in IT operations. The study revealed that the IT department understands business needs through a process facilitated by their annual departmental visits. The results from the departmental visits are well prioritised projects and IT projects that are tailored to support business goals. An IT steering committee, which was formulated, ensures that executive management is involved in key IT decisions and the reports on IT governance to the board and ensures that awareness is raised on that platform. It is recommended that an IT user awareness programme be established and an investment framework should also be established. It is recommended that the Bank adopts the COBIT 5 framework, which is a more holistic approach that focuses on governance as well as allowing for greater alignment between IT and business functions.
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Choga, Ireen, Arthur Mapanga, and Elias Munapo. "Factors impeding the use of banking services in rural Southern African states." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 3 (October 24, 2017): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(3-1).2017.07.
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The paper presents factors why people are reluctant to bank money in rural Southern African countries. Six countries namely Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe were used in the study. A focus group of 10 people from each of the stated Southern African countries was composed and used to obtain perceptions, views, reactions, attitudes, experiences among others on why people are reluctant to bank their money. People are unwilling to bank their money in rural Southern Africa and the reasons behind this seem to be many. If no correctional measures are put in place, rural Southern Africa will continue to be unbanked for the next five decades.
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Sheefeni, Johannes PS. "Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism in Namibia: A Bayesian VAR Approach." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 5 (October 21, 2017): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5.1921.
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This study analyzed the interest rate channel, credit channel, exchange rate channel and asset price channel for monetary policy transmission mechanism in Namibia. The idea behind this study is to have a comprehensive study that covers a variety of channels for monetary policy transmission mechanism. The study utilized a Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) technique on quarterly time-series data covering the period 2000:Q1 to 2016:Q4. In particular, the validity of the data used is checked and verified by using two sets of prior distributions suggested by Sims and Zha as well as prior distribution of Koop and Korobilis. The variables used in this study are real output (Yt), real effective exchange rate (Et), inflation rate (P t), repo rate (Rt), housing price index (Ht) and credit extended to private sector (Lt). The findings revealed that interest rate and credit channels remain important in the transmission mechanism to this day. Notably the exchange rate and asset price channels are also slowly gaining prominence in monetary policy transmission mechanism. Therefore, the study provides useful information to the monetary authorities regarding the process of transmission mechanisms. This is quite important especially that the Central Bank (Bank of Namibia) is very serious about financial stability within the financial system, given the fragility of the financial systems in the world due to financial crisis.
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Baporikar, Neeta. "Employees Outlook Regarding Quality and CRM Link for Enriched Competitive Strategy." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 9, no. 2 (April 2020): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2020040103.
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The business environment is dynamic and faces frequent changes driven by macro and micro factors. Due to these changes, businesses are forced to either evolve or exit. Those that evolve choose the path of advancement and are determined to sustain their competitive positions. The financial services sector is one sector that is particularly undergoing changes and banks particularly in this sector face changes from all front. All segments in which banks operate from payment transfers to home loans are under serious pressures due to FinTechs and technology. The banking sector in Namibia is no exception. Hence, adopting a qualitative research approach with content analysis, primary data gathered by questionnaires from Standard Bank employees, the study aims to investigate employees' outlook regarding quality and CRM nexus for enriched competitive strategy in an ever-changing and competitive environment. The findings reveal that quality and customer relationship management processes do influence customers' experiences, satisfaction levels, and loyalty.
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Nchor, Dennis, and Václav Adamec. "Unofficial Economy Estimation by the MIMIC Model: the Case of Kenya, Namibia, Ghana and Nigeria." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 6 (2015): 2043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563062043.
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This study investigates the size and trend of the underground economies in selected African countries. Underground economies are present in all countries, but they are endemic in developing economies. Their presence is not necessarily bad for the economies, in which they prevail. It could however cause huge losses to government revenue and could also constitute serious violation of Labor regulations. The study uses the Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes model (MIMIC), a variant of Simultaneous Equations Model (SEM). It involves two sets of variables: the observed variables and the indicator variables. The former include size of government, indirect tax rates, total tax rates, business regulation, interest rate on deposits, unemployment rate, quality of public services, and GDP per capita. The indicator variables were Labor participation rate in the official economy, the amount of cash held outside the banking system and growth in GDP per capita. This study found the average level of underground economies in Kenya, Namibia, Ghana and Nigeria as 33.7%, 29.1%, 36% and 47%, respectively. The estimated results show that the causes of shadow economic activities vary among the countries. The data was obtained from the World Bank country indicators and the International Financial Statistics.
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Uahengo, Simeon Panduleni, and Sadrag Panduleni Shihomeka. "Leveraging Social Inclusion Through the Impact of Customer Services Quality on Organizational Performance at a Selected Commercial Bank in Namibia." Journal of Economics and Business 1, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.01.02.11.
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Aukongo, Iina-Marie, and Talita C. Smit. "Code-Switching as a Strategy in Conducting Public Affairs: A Case Study of Rural Namibians." Journal of English Language and Literature 4, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v4i1.75.
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Outapi is a rural town in the northern part of Namibia. Its residents are exposed to a variety of languages. Speakers whose English proficiency is limited, but who are able to communicate in Oshiwambo, use Oshiwambo to communicate. The problem arises when communication is in English, as the majority are English second or third language speakers and thus unable to express themselves very well. This study sought to understand the role of code switching between English and Oshiwambo by Outapi residents and public officials when conducting public affairs in the bank, the clinic and the post office. A qualitative research approach based on a case study research design was applied to determine the pertinence of code switching in the multilingual community. Findings from observations and interviews revealed that code switching facilitated communication in Outapi for speakers to attain their communication goals. Although the study indicated how code switching enriches Oshiwambo in terms of vocabulary, it also indicates a contribution to the language death of local languages.
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Kamuinjo, Albert V., Ravinder Rena, and Andrew Maredza. "Impact of credit risk and profitability on liquidity shocks of Namibian banks: an application of the structural VAR model." Journal of Life Economics 8, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.3.07.
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The main purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between banks’ credit risk and profitability and liquidity shocks in Namibia for the period 2009 to 2018 using the SVAR model. In estimating the SVAR regression model, granger causality, impulse-response functions and forecast error variance decomposition were employed and evaluated. The sample consisted of Namibian commercial banks. By auditing liquidity data between 2009 and 2018, empirical results showed that liquidity risk is caused by a combination of structural shocks. The granger causality, impulse-response functions and forecast error variance decomposition documented that credit risk (non-performing loans) is key factor affecting liquidity conditions in Namibia in the medium to long run. In addition, the empirical results showed that quality earnings (ROA) have minimal impact on liquidity conditions in the short run. Reforming assets quality policies and earnings quality policies can be valuable policy tools to minimize liquidity shortages and avoid insolvent banks in Namibia.
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Tokarev, D. A., A. V. Plyusnin, A. A. Terleev, N. A. Ivanova, I. V. Varaksina, and A. V. Lipyanina. "NEW RESULTS OF INTEGRATED LITHOFACIES AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL STUDY OF THE LOWER CAMBRIAN OSA HORIZON IN THE SOUTH OF THE SIBERIAN PLATFORM (BOLSHETIRSKAYA 7 WELL)." Geology and mineral resources of Siberia, no. 2 (2021): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20403/2078-0575-2021-2-56-66.
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The section of the Osa Subformation of the Usolka Formation of the Lower Cambrian Tommotian stage penetrated by the Bolshetirskaya 7 well in the south of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise has been studied. As a result of lithological-facies investigations, seven lithological types of rocks were identified, they are regularly replaced by each other along the section. Facies environments of the reef complex were dеtected: bar bank, rear part of the reef, organogenic bioherm bildup, reef rear bars, reef buildup, core of reef buildup. In the section of the subformation, three fourth-order sequences are identified. The sequence boundaries are fixed by subaerial hiatuses represented in the core by sedimentation breccias, karst zones. The largest lowering of sea level, in terms of amplitude and duration, is confined to the border of the second and third sequences. The conducted biostratigraphic analysis confirms the Lower Cambrian age. Remains of calcareous algae Renalcis polymorphum, R. gelatinosum, R. granosum, Botomaella zelenovi were found. Small shell fauna of the genus of Namacalathus Grotzinger, Watt ers et Knoll. also was found. It has global distribution in the Lower Vendian (Ediacaran) deposits in Namibia, Brazil, Canada, Oman, Spain, China, Russia, etc.
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Crosier, A. E., L. L. Marker, J. G. Howard, B. S. Pukazhenthi, J. N. Henghali, and D. E. Wildt. "218 EJACULATE TRAITS OF THE NAMIBIAN CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS)—INFLUENCE OF ANIMAL AGE, SEASON, AND CAPTIVITY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab218.
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Wild cheetahs are threatened with extinction, and ex situ populations are not self-sustaining due to poor reproductive efficiency. Sperm cryo-preservation is a valuable tool for genetic management; however, increased knowledge of ejaculate traits is essential to improve cryopreservation protocols. The objective of this study was to characterize ejaculate traits of wild-born cheetahs in Namibia, Africa. Specifically, the influences of animal age, season and captive status on electroejaculate volume, sperm concentration, motility, forward progressive status (FPS scale 0-5, 5 = best), morphology, and acrosomal integrity were evaluated. Animal age was divided into categories: juvenile (14-24 mo; n = 16 males, 23 ejaculates), adult (25-120 mo; n = 76 males, 175 ejaculates), and aged (over 120 mo; n = 5 males, 5 ejaculates). Namibian seasons were divided into hot-wet (Jan-Apr), cold-dry (May-Aug) and hot-dry (Sep-Dec). Cheetahs were considered wild-caught (n = 29 males; 44 ejaculates) if trapped on farmland d30 days before semen collection. Raw ejaculates contained 69.0 � 1.1% motile sperm (mean � SEM) and 73.6 � 1.5% sperm with intact acrosomes. Overall, 18.4 � 0.9% of sperm were morphologically normal, with midpiece abnormalities being the most prevalent defects (?39%). To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed by General Linear Model procedures and means were separated with Duncan's multiple-range test. Juvenile cheetahs produced ejaculates with reduced (P < 0.05) sperm motility (56.7 � 3.3%) and FPS (2.9 � 0.1) compared to adult (69.8 � 1.4% and 3.4 � 0.1, respectively) and aged (78.9 � 6.7% and 3.7 � 0.3, respectively) animals. Ejaculates from juvenile animals also had reduced (P < 0.05) volume (0.69 � 0.3 mL) and fewer (P < 0.05) total motile sperm (7.1 � 9.3 � 106) compared to adult (2.2 � 0.1 mL and 42.3 � 4.1 � 106) and aged (2.3 � 0.6 mL and 23.5 � 20.0 � 106, respectively) males. For all ejaculates combined, seminal quality was poorest during the hot-dry season with lower (P < 0.05) sperm motility and intact acrosomes as well as an increased (P < 0.05) percent of sperm with head abnormalities. Ejaculates from captive cheetahs (n = 68 males, 159 ejaculates) had increased (P < 0.05) volume (2.0 � 0.2 mL) and intact acrosomes (80.1 � 3.6%), but lower (P < 0.05) sperm density (14.3 � 3.9 � 106/mL) than wild-caught animals (1.5 � 0.3 mL, 71.9 � 4.6%, and 24.1 � 5.1 � 106/mL, respectively). These are the first large-scale data acquired to examine the reproductive biology of male cheetahs in Namibia, including those recently captured from the wild. Results reveal that this species demonstrates seasonal and age-based variations in ejaculate quality, and that all individuals (including those recently derived from the wild) produce unusually high proportions of pleiomorphic spermatozoa. These data are being used to select the ideal donor age and season during which spermatozoa should be collected for addition to a genome resource bank, thereby enhancing effective genetic management for cheetahs propagated ex situ.
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Maredza, Andrew. "The Trade-Off between Banking Outreach And Profitability: Evidence From selected South African Development Countries." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2014): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v14i1.9032.
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In this paper, the fixed effects method known as the least squares dummy variable (LSDV) technique was applied to investigate the possibility of a trade-off between bank profitability indicators and banking outreach (expanding access to banking services) by analysing a panel of 10 South African Development Countries (SADC). Of the fifteen SADC member countries (Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic Of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic Of Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe), five (Botswana, Congo, Lesotho, Malawi and Zimbabwe) had to be excluded for lack of consistent data throughout our period of analysis. The author investigates whether expanding banking access and pursuing profitability are complementary goals in the same direction or are two conflicting goals. For estimation robustness, two indicators of profitability were used namely return on average assets (ROAA) and return on average equity (ROAE). IMF Financial Access Survey (FAS) data for each country namely, deposit accounts per capita and the number of bank branches per 1000 km2 were used as indicators of bank outreach or access. Operational inefficiency, insolvency risk and credit risk were found to exert a negative impact on both ROA and ROE. Net interest margin a proxy for interest based services and off-balance sheet activities were statistically significant and positively related with bank profitability. Central to the study was that expanding banking access was found to exert a statistically significant and positive impact on profitability for some SADC countries. However, contrary to the author`s expectation, for some countries, the indicator of outreach was inversely related with the chosen indicators of profitability. The researcher however, argues that any form of intervention aimed at improving the state of access to those financially excluded cannot be evaluated from a cost or profit perspective alone but must be all-inclusive taking into account the social and economic benefits to the society as a whole. The major purpose of financial inclusion is to reach the poor and disadvantaged segments of the population. Hence, the author cautions that although attaining high profitability is an important policy objective for ensuring sustainability and financial stability, it is certainly not the only priority. Access to banking services, social inclusion and consumer protection are equally important policy priorities. There is therefore need for government support and a general holistic stakeholder approach to the problem of banking exclusion in order to generate solutions that achieve both profitability and outreach in a balanced fashion.
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RAS, V., S. NEETHLING, A. ENGELBRECHT, A. C. MORANDINI, K. M. BAYHA, H. SKRYPZECK, and M. J. GIBBONS. "There are three species of Chrysaora (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae) in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem, not two." Zootaxa 4778, no. 3 (May 15, 2020): 401–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4778.3.1.
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Chrysaora (Pèron & Lesueur 1810) is the most diverse genus within Discomedusae, and 15 valid species are currently recognised, with many others not formally described. Since Chrysaora fulgida (Reynaud 1830) was first recognised as occurring off the south west (SW) coast off South Africa, the species has been variously synonymised with Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus 1767) and Chrysaora africana (Vanhöffen 1902). Using DNA evidence alongside multivariate tools to analyse quantitative morphometric and meristic data, as well as information from the cnidome, we unambiguously separate C. fulgida from C. hysoscella; we resurrect C. africana as a valid species and recognise a new species, Chrysaora agulhensis sp. nov. Full descriptions of C. fulgida, C. africana and C. agulhensis sp. nov. are provided. The species have different geographical patterns of distribution around the region, with restricted areas of overlap: C. agulhensis sp. nov. is found along the southern coast of South Africa and over the Agulhas Bank, C. fulgida extends from Cape Point in South Africa to southern Angola, and C. africana can be found from southern Namibia northwards to the Gulf of Guinea. The species can be readily separated in the field by a combination of tentacle/lappet number and shape, colour patterns and the form of the oral arms.
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Avio, Luciano, Caterina Cristani, Patrizia Strani, and Manuela Giovannetti. "Genetic and phenotypic diversity of geographically different isolates ofGlomus mosseae." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 55, no. 3 (March 2009): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-129.
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In this work, we combined morphological taxonomy and molecular methods to investigate the intraspecific diversity of Glomus mosseae , whose global distribution has been reviewed by a survey of scientific literature and Web-available records from international germplasm collections (International Culture Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and International Bank of Glomeromycota). We surveyed 186 publications reporting the occurrence of G. mosseae from at least 474 different sites from 55 countries throughout all continents, producing a geographical map of their distribution. The relationships among G. mosseae isolates originating from Europe (United Kingdom), the United States (Arizona, Florida, and Indiana), Africa (Namibia), and West Asia (Syria) were analyzed. The level of resolution of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences strongly supports the morphological species definition of G. mosseae. An ITS – restriction fragment length polymorphism assay with the enzyme HinfI yielded a unique profile for all G. mosseae isolates, allowing a straightforward identification of this morphospecies. Genetic variability among G. mosseae isolates was revealed by the inter-simple-sequence repeat (ISSR) – polymerase chain reaction: the magnitude of genetic divergence shown by the investigated geographical isolates was higher than 50%, consistent with previous data on vegetative compatibility and functional diversity. The variability of ISSR patterns suggests that intraspecific diversity is much higher than that foreseen by morphology and rDNA regions, and should be further investigated by using other genes, such as those related to functional diversity.
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SWANEPOEL, WESSEL, VERA DE CAUWER, and ABRAHAM E. VAN WYK. "A new rheophytic species of Syzygium (Myrtaceae) from the lower Kunene River of Angola and Namibia." Phytotaxa 491, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.491.4.3.
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Syzygium kuneneense, here described as a new species, is known only from the northern part of the Namib Desert in the Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism, southwestern Angola and adjacent northwestern Namibia. These rheophytic shrubs or small trees grow among rocks on the floodplain and banks of the lower Kunene River on the international boundary between Angola and Namibia. Diagnostic characters for Syzygium kuneneense include the oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic leaves, dense flower heads and the pedicellate flowers. A comparison of some of the more prominent morphological features to differentiate between S. kuneneense and the morphologically most similar species, S. guineense, is provided. Based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria, a conservation assessment of Vulnerable (VU D1) is recommended for the new species.
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Kaxuxuena, Ndinelao, and Manfred Janik. "The pre-independence psychological experiences of the Namibian children of the liberation struggle: a qualitative study." South African Journal of Psychology 50, no. 4 (September 15, 2020): 587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246320942125.
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The Independence of Namibia in 1990 witnessed the voluntary repatriation of exiled Namibian people back home. Children of the liberation struggle is the term used to refer to the grown-up children of veterans who were under the age of 18 years before Namibian Independence. Since 2008, demonstrations and demands for jobs from government by the children of the liberation struggle have taken place regularly, drawing harsh criticism about the behaviour and demands of the children of the liberation struggle from the general private and public Namibian domain. This study aims to explore the pre-Independence psychological experiences of the Namibian children of the liberation struggle in an attempt to understand their conduct. A qualitative approach was employed where in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 employed children of the liberation struggle in the Khomas region. The collected data were categorised by means of thematic analysis. The results revealed themes which demonstrate that most children of the liberation struggle experienced adversities like growing up separated from their parents, in unstable conditions, having experienced maltreatment, constantly afraid of the enemy and having endured traumatic war-related situations. The study recommends sensitisation of the broad Namibian public on the lived experiences of the children of the liberation struggle. Psycho-education programmes and psychological interventions in the form of therapeutic group sessions and individual sessions with children of the liberation struggle can assist with reflection on the past, making sense of it and find healing to move on with their lives. Government and the private sector should cooperate in rendering training and job opportunities for the children of the liberation struggle.
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Okeahalam, C. C., and D. W. Adams. "Banks and Micro-Finance in Namibia." South African Journal of Economics 68, no. 1 (March 2000): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2000.tb01163.x.
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MUHOKO, Edward, Carlos De WASSEIGE, and Vera DE CAUWER. "Assessing land cover change in Namibia's Kavango East region: a multi-date object approach." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 344 (July 21, 2020): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.344.a31897.
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Land cover change is a global issue but its effects can be particularly severe in developing countries such as Namibia, by affecting the ecological functions of ecosystems and hence the sustainability of its development. Namibia’s arid conditions, due to low rainfall and high evapotranspiration rates, coupled with annual savannah fires, have resulted in a heterogenous landscape composed of a mixture of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. As a result, land cover maps are often inaccurate at the pixel level. Despite their relatively high accuracy, object-based image analyses are yet to be exhaustively applied to the dry tropical forests of Southern Africa. The purpose of this study was to apply a multi-date object-based approach to land cover change, in order to determine its extent and dynamics in the heterogenous landscape of Kavango East, one of the regions with the highest forest cover in Namibia. Multi-date segmentation, mean band values and image differentiation were used to detect land cover changes in four periods (1990, 2000, 2009 and 2016). The most common land conversion for all the periods was from forest to cropland. In 1990, forests covered 58% of the land but by 2016, this had dropped to 55%. Meanwhile, cropland covered 3% of the study area in 1990 and had doubled to 6% by 2016. The novel approach used in this study has produced promising results compared to traditional methods, which are prone to errors in detecting post-classification changes. The method can therefore be recommended for long term monitoring of land cover and land use change in areas with similar environmental and biophysical conditions.
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McKittrick, Meredith. "Reinventing the Family: Kinship, Marriage, and Famine in Northern Namibia, 1948–1954." Social Science History 21, no. 3 (1997): 265–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017752.
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In October 1952, during a famine in northern Namibia, an Ovambo woman named Helvi Kondombolo filed a complaint with colonial officials, stating that her son, a contract laborer, had been living in the southern part of the colony for eight years and that she wanted him either sent back to the Ovamboland reserve or persuaded to send her money to buy food. Her complaint is unique in that the laborer in question was Sam Nujoma, now president of Namibia. And yet she was only one of dozens of women who filed similar complaints against men between 1948 and 1954 (National Archives of Namibia [NAN], Native Affairs Ovamboland [NAO] 93 and 94, file 42/2). In colonial southern Africa, European officials and African men often collaborated in efforts to control African women. These complaints represent a rare case in which European officials and African women collaborated to control African men.
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ikhide, sylvanus i. "MEASURING THE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NAMIBIA." South African Journal of Economics 76, no. 4 (December 2008): 586–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2008.00214.x.
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Amadhila, Elina, and Sylvanus Ikhide. "Unfulfilled loan demand among agro SMEs in Namibia." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 264–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i2.1398.
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Using a qualitative methodology approach, a case study research design by way of in-depth semi-structured interview(s) was followed to interview farmers, commercial banks, development banks, venture capitals and private equities to determine the financing options available for farmers and provide reasons why some financial institutions shy away from providing finance to agricultural enterprises. This study deviates from prior studies which have focused on small-scale farmers and subjected farmers’ access to finance to rural credit markets, mostly informal money lenders using secondary information mostly from household surveys to build econometric models. The study indicates that only about 33 percent of formal financial institutions are providing finance to agricultural SMEs. The lack of expertise and perception of risk were cited as top reasons why formal financial institutions find it hard to provide finance to agricultural SMEs. Building on opinions from other authors cited in this paper, we maintain that new financing mechanisms can be achieved by all types of financial institutions through learning from experiences by other successful countries.
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Van Wolputte, Steven Thomas. "Indaba—Fieldwork, Jive and Phenomenology." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 43, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.v43i2.77504.
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When on my first fieldwork trip in north-western Namibia, the music by the Soul Brothers (a South African jive band) confronted me with my own naivety and estrangement. But it also introduced me to phenomenology, and continues to warn against an all too intellectualist understanding of social and cultural realities
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Baldwin, Joy R. "Replacement phenomena in tantalum minerals from rare-metal pegmatites in South Africa and Namibia." Mineralogical Magazine 53, no. 373 (December 1989): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1989.053.373.08.
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AbstractManganotantalite replacement by (1) microlite and (2) ferrotantalite, and changes in composition of uranoan microlite from rare-metal pegmatites in South Africa and Namibia have been investigated with the electron microprobe. A uranmicrolite from Karibib, Namibia contained 14.35% UO2, 1.03% PbO, 56.12% Ta2O5, 13.18% Nb2O5, 0.58% Fe2O3, 6.87% CaO, 0.54% SrO, 0.59% MnO, 0.86% Na2O and 0.47% F. Analyses along traverses across a 1.3 mm uranoan microlite, Tantalite Valley, Namibia, revealed two essentially distinct compositions: a more hydrated rim area of 200 µm radius containing 7% higher Ta2O5, 10% lower CaO and 1.3% lower F than a main central area of slightly variable composition. Back-scattered electron images reveal zoning and distinctive subspheroidal structures. New data and structural features are given for radioactive uranoan microlite from Namaqualand, South Africa. These crystals contain remnants of a bismuth phase and are in various stages of replacement. In the microlites replacing manganotantalite, the microlite reflects the composition of the replaced mineral. At Rubicon Mine, Karibib, a narrow marginal zone of mangantantalite is replaced by ferrotantalite along cleavages; a zone of intermediate composition is apparent. Detailed traverses have been completed across all of these crystals.
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Odhiambo, Ojijo, and John E. Odada. "Effects of zero rating value added tax on government revenue in Namibia." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 6, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-04-2013-0035.
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Purpose – The Government of Namibia has traditionally used fiscal (especially tax) policy as an instrument for annual budget formulation. Marginal tax rates for profits and various income brackets have been changed back and forth in response to changes in economic conditions. However, to date, no attempt has been made to evaluate the effectiveness of these reforms in achieving the broad national economic goals, in general, and the potential effects on government revenue in the short, medium and long-run periods, in particular. The purpose of this paper is to fill this information gap by analysing the implication of the 2008 zero-rating of value added tax (VAT) on basic commodities for aggregate demand and government revenue. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses an analytical framework based on economic theory which posits that in an open economy, which trades with the rest of the world, aggregate demand for goods and services is made up of consumption demand, investment demand, government demand and net exports and that real sector equilibrium is attained when aggregate supply of goods and services is equal to aggregate demand for goods and services. Findings – Using the Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey results, the annual loss in government revenue attributable to this policy is, ceteris paribus, estimated to be N$310.4 million. With a marginal propensity to consume out of disposable income of 0.89, total expenditure by households on goods and services is likely to increase by N$276.3 million per annum. In the medium-to-long-run, national income will have increased by N$303.9 million per annum. Taxes which are responsive to changes in the level of national income will have increased by N$85.7 million, compensating for just over one quarter of the estimated loss in government revenue of N$310.4 million. Research limitations/implications – The study has used a partial equilibrium model as opposed to computable general equilibrium model, which provides a consistent framework that meets most of the sectoral and institutional data requirements for the simple reason that a social accounting matrix which can be used readily to connect data from different sources, such as national accounts and household surveys and would thus have been ideal model for analysing the impacts of the VAT tax reform has not been developed for Namibia. Practical implications – The paper provides a number of practical policy options available for government including, but not limited to, increasing direct taxes, VAT rate on specific (luxury) goods and services and statutory VAT rate on all other commodities not zero-rated, other taxes such as taxes; and borrowing from external sources. Social implications – It is established that zero-rating VAT on all the basic commodities in 2008 reduces the VAT paid by all Namibian households by N$310.4 million per year, which represents the annual increase in the disposable income of all households. And with a marginal propensity to consume out of disposable income of 0.89, total expenditure by households on goods and services will increase by N$276.3 million per year. Originality/value – This paper presents the first attempt at evaluating the effectiveness of tax (VAT) policy reforms in Namibia in achieving the broad national economic goals, in general, and the potential effects on government revenue in the short, medium and long-run periods, in particular.
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Main, D. Marit. "Reach out and give back. Polio Eradication in Namibia, Africa (Plenary)." Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing 13, no. 1 (February 2009): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joon.2009.02.032.
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Chazette, Patrick, Cyrille Flamant, Julien Totems, Marco Gaetani, Gwendoline Smith, Alexandre Baron, Xavier Landsheere, Karine Desboeufs, Jean-François Doussin, and Paola Formenti. "Evidence of the complexity of aerosol transport in the lower troposphere on the Namibian coast during AEROCLO-sA." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 23 (December 11, 2019): 14979–5005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14979-2019.
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Abstract. The evolution of the vertical distribution and optical properties of aerosols in the free troposphere, above stratocumulus, is characterized for the first time over the Namibian coast, a region where uncertainties on aerosol–cloud coupling in climate simulations are significant. We show the high variability of atmospheric aerosol composition in the lower and middle troposphere during the Aerosols, Radiation and Clouds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) field campaign (22 August–12 September 2017) around the Henties Bay supersite using a combination of ground-based, airborne and space-borne lidar measurements. Three distinct periods of 4 to 7 d are observed, associated with increasing aerosol loads (aerosol optical thickness at 550 nm ranging from ∼0.2 to ∼0.7), as well as increasing lofted aerosol layer depth and top altitude. Aerosols are observed up to 6 km above mean sea level during the later period. Aerosols transported within the free troposphere are mainly polluted dust (predominantly dust mixed with smoke from fires) for the first two periods (22 August–1 September 2017) and smoke for the last part (3–9 September) of the field campaign. As shown by Lagrangian back-trajectory analyses, the main contribution to the aerosol optical thickness over Henties Bay is shown to be due to biomass burning over Angola. Nevertheless, in early September, the highest aerosol layers (between 5 and 6 km above mean sea level) seem to come from South America (southern Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay) and reach Henties Bay after 3 to 6 d. Aerosols appear to be transported eastward by the midlatitude westerlies and towards southern Africa by the equatorward moving cut-off low originating from within the westerlies. All the observations show a very complex mixture of aerosols over the coastal regions of Namibia that must be taken into account when investigating aerosol radiative effects above stratocumulus clouds in the southeast Atlantic Ocean.
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Makamani, Rewai, and Tawanda Zimanyi. "Factors Influencing the Ethical Conduct of Public Relations Practitioners in Commercial Banks in Namibia." African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/ajims.v2i1.824.
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This study examines factors that influence the ethical conduct of practising Public Relations (PR) practitioners in commercial banks of Namibia. Such factors relate to the ethical behaviour of Public Relations professionals working in commercial banks. The factors include the presence of binding codes of ethics and conduct, individual moral compasses, pressure from top management, a sense of duty towards humanity, and knowledge of ethics and professionalism. This analysis reveals that PR practitioners face ethical challenges and dilemmas from the banks’ dominant coalitions, ambiguous codes of ethics, speedy communication to the public necessitated by the news media, and the clash between the core values that inform the duty of PR professionals and those that prop up organisational culture. Ultimately, the challenges and dilemmas they confront in their work determines the way they conduct themselves ethically. The study conceives that PR practitioners are torn between upholding PR values that inform their duty and standing up for organisational values as advocated for by the dominant coalition. Ironically, PR practitioners are regarded as the ethical conscience of the commercial banks who, as per recommendations of the study, are expected to practise ethically and live up to their mandate of being custodians of ethical communication.
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Makamani, Rewai, and Tawanda Zimanyi. "Factors Influencing the Ethical Conduct of Public Relations Practitioners in Commercial Banks in Namibia." African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/ajims.v2i1.824.
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This study examines factors that influence the ethical conduct of practising Public Relations (PR) practitioners in commercial banks of Namibia. Such factors relate to the ethical behaviour of Public Relations professionals working in commercial banks. The factors include the presence of binding codes of ethics and conduct, individual moral compasses, pressure from top management, a sense of duty towards humanity, and knowledge of ethics and professionalism. This analysis reveals that PR practitioners face ethical challenges and dilemmas from the banks’ dominant coalitions, ambiguous codes of ethics, speedy communication to the public necessitated by the news media, and the clash between the core values that inform the duty of PR professionals and those that prop up organisational culture. Ultimately, the challenges and dilemmas they confront in their work determines the way they conduct themselves ethically. The study conceives that PR practitioners are torn between upholding PR values that inform their duty and standing up for organisational values as advocated for by the dominant coalition. Ironically, PR practitioners are regarded as the ethical conscience of the commercial banks who, as per recommendations of the study, are expected to practise ethically and live up to their mandate of being custodians of ethical communication.
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JOCQUÉ, RUDY, and ARNAUD HENRARD. "Three new species of the genus Ranops (Araneae: Zodariidae) from southern Africa." Zootaxa 4899, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.10.
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The genus Ranops Jocqué, 1991 was only known from three species so far. Three new species of the genus are described here: R. robinae sp. nov. (♂♀) from South Africa, R. tharinae sp. nov. (♂♀) from Botswana, and R. wandae sp. nov. (♂♀) from Namibia. Its distribution is discussed and a distribution map for all the Ranops species is provided. Ranops expers (O.P. Cambridge, 1876) does not belong to Ranops and is transferred back to Zodarion Walckenaer, 1826.
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Nilsson, A., L. Sahlén, and J. Stage. "A NET BACK VALUATION OF IRRIGATION WATER IN THE HARDAP REGION IN NAMIBIA." Agrekon 42, no. 3 (September 2003): 252–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2003.9523623.
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Böcker, Julia. "Juristische, politische und ethische Dimensionen der Aufarbeitung des Völkermords an den Herero und Nama." Sicherheit & Frieden 38, no. 1 (2020): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2020-1-50.
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Germany struggles to deal with its past colonial atrocities. From 1904 to 1908, the Empire has committed the first genocide of the 20th century in Africa; descendants of Herero and Nama in Namibia bear the consequences until today. Why full responsibility is still missing: the interdisciplinary approach identifies legal, political and ethical dimensions. The essential point is to recommend a political apology. If victim communities are included, this can be a powerful transitional justice tool even if the violence dates long back. With the return of art and human remains and with a remembrance culture, more instruments of conflict transformation are introduced.
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Baporikar, Neeta. "Corporate Social Responsibility for Sustainable Strategy." International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications 9, no. 3 (July 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsita.2018070101.
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Growing importance of CSR is making the industry, governments, policy makers and international associations seriously view the issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR) with an aim to link sustainability for the organizations, sector and economy. Hence, more and more of them are entering the arena of setting guidelines on reporting CSR initiatives. Banking is no exception. Through in-depth literature review and grounded theory approach, this article delves into the CSR initiatives by Bank Windhoek, and the multi-pronged approach adopted in developing sustainable strategy in its pursuit and endurance to be a frontrunner in the Namibian banking sector.
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Haun, Daniel B. M. "Memory for Body Movements in Namibian Hunter-Gatherer Children." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 10, no. 1 (2011): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.10.1.56.
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Despite the global universality of physical space, different cultural groups vary substantially as to how they memorize it. Although European participants mostly prefer egocentric strategies (“left, right, front, back”) to memorize spatial relations, others use mostly allocentric strategies (“north, south, east, west”). Prior research has shown that some cultures show a general preference to memorize object locations and even also body movements in relation to the larger environment rather than in relation to their own body. Here, we investigate whether this cultural bias also applies to movements specifically directed at the participants’ own body, emphasizing the role of ego. We show that even participants with generally allocentric biases preferentially memorize self-directed movements using egocentric spatial strategies. These results demonstrate an intricate system of interacting cultural biases and momentary situational characteristics.
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Lavoie, Maxime, Aurélie Renard, Justin A. Pitt, and Serge Larivière. "Vulpes chama (Carnivora: Canidae)." Mammalian Species 51, no. 972 (July 5, 2019): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sez002.
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Abstract Vulpes chama (Smith, 1833), commonly called the Cape fox, is 1 of 11 species of Vulpes. It is the only species of Vulpes occurring in southern Africa, and is endemic to that region. It occurs in southern Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and southwestern Zimbabwe. V. chama is a slender-built fox and its pelage is silvery gray throughout, back of pinna is tawny, and white hairs occur in the front along pinna edge. It tends to occupy arid and semiarid open habitats and feeds mainly on small mammals and insects, but also consumes birds, small reptiles, and fruits. V. chama is not of conservation concern and is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
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Sorel, Matthieu, and Paquita Zuidema. "Contribution à la connaissance du banc de stratocumulus namibien." La Météorologie 8, no. 82 (2013): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/51482.
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Goldblatt, P., and J. C. Manning. "New species and subspecies of Babiana, Hesperantha, and Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) from southern Africa; range extensions and morphological and nomenclatural notes on Babiana and Geissorhiza." Bothalia 42, no. 2 (December 9, 2012): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v42i2.13.
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Babiana rivulicola from stream banks in the Kamiesberg in Namaqualand and terete-leaved Ixia teretifolia from the Roggeveld, both in Northern Cape, are new species of these two largely winter-rainfall region genera. Late-flowering populations of Hesperantha radiata with crowded spikes of smaller flowers are segregated from the typical form as subsp. caricina. We also document the first record of B. gariepensis from Namibia, correct the authority for B. purpurea Ker Gawl., discuss morphologically aberrant populations of B. tubiflora from Saldanha, provide an expanded description for B. lapeirousiodes based on the second and only precisely localized collection of this rare Namaqualand species, and expand the circumscription of Geissorhiza demissa to accommodate a new record from the Kamiesberg, including revised couplets to the existing key to the species.
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Genderjahn, Steffi, Simon Lewin, Fabian Horn, Anja M. Schleicher, Kai Mangelsdorf, and Dirk Wagner. "Living Lithic and Sublithic Bacterial Communities in Namibian Drylands." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020235.
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Dryland xeric conditions exert a deterministic effect on microbial communities, forcing life into refuge niches. Deposited rocks can form a lithic niche for microorganisms in desert regions. Mineral weathering is a key process in soil formation and the importance of microbial-driven mineral weathering for nutrient extraction is increasingly accepted. Advances in geobiology provide insight into the interactions between microorganisms and minerals that play an important role in weathering processes. In this study, we present the examination of the microbial diversity in dryland rocks from the Tsauchab River banks in Namibia. We paired culture-independent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with culture-dependent (isolation of bacteria) techniques to assess the community structure and diversity patterns. Bacteria isolated from dryland rocks are typical of xeric environments and are described as being involved in rock weathering processes. For the first time, we extracted extra- and intracellular DNA from rocks to enhance our understanding of potentially rock-weathering microorganisms. We compared the microbial community structure in different rock types (limestone, quartz-rich sandstone and quartz-rich shale) with adjacent soils below the rocks. Our results indicate differences in the living lithic and sublithic microbial communities.
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Bollig, Michael. "The colonial encapsulation of the north-western Namibian pastoral economy." Africa 68, no. 4 (October 1998): 506–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161164.
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The inhabitants of Kaokoland, Himba and Herero, have recently gained prominence in the discussions concerning a controversial hydro-electric power scheme in their region. They are depicted as southern Africa's ‘most traditional pastoralists’ by groups opposing the dam and those demanding it. The article describes how Kaokoland's pastoralists suffered tremendously from the politics of encapsulation the South African government adopted against them. Having been enmeshed in interregional trade networks, commodity production and wage labour around 1900, they were isolated by the South African government within a period of twenty years. Buffer zones for the commercial ranching area and prohibitions on movement across other newly invented boundaries limited their spatial mobility. Trade across borders was inhibited altogether. Pastoralists who had diversified their assets during the previous fifty years and had taken the chance of a first wave of commercial penetration were forced back on to subsistence herding.
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Silombela, Timothy, Michael Mutingi, and Ayon Chakraborty. "Impact of quality management tools and techniques." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 24, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-05-2016-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding on the impact of quality management (QM) tools and techniques in water supply infrastructure maintenance and the generation of non-revenue water (NRW) by Namibian Municipal Water Distributors. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were selected as the primary data collection method, while secondary data were collected using document review and observations. In-depth interviews as primary method provided rich data and details on the subject matter from the respondents. Document review and observations provided a holistic perspective and understanding of the context within which the maintenance projects are handled by municipal water distributors. Findings The study found that as the number of QM tools employed to analyze maintenance data increases, the generation of NRW by the municipality decreases. However, for the tools to be effective, they should cover applications such as problem identification, data analysis, process analysis, decision making, planning, quality control and statistical process control, this helped Namibian municipalities to produce low volumes of NRW. In contrast, municipalities using QM tools arbitrarily lead to high quantities of NRW generation. Originality/value The World Bank recommends that NRW should be less than 25 percent of the total water produced, while in many countries NRW is up to 60 percent. Developed economies have made efforts to reduce NRW but efforts are still at nascent stage in emerging economies. This is the first study providing evidences of QM tools application in maintenance process and effect on NRW.
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Wessels, Konrad, Renaud Mathieu, Nichola Knox, Russell Main, Laven Naidoo, and Karen Steenkamp. "Mapping and Monitoring Fractional Woody Vegetation Cover in the Arid Savannas of Namibia Using LiDAR Training Data, Machine Learning, and ALOS PALSAR Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11222633.
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Namibia is a very arid country, which has experienced significant bush encroachment and associated decreased livestock productivity. Therefore, it is essential to monitor bush encroachment and widespread debushing activities, including selective bush thinning and complete bush clearing. The aim of study was to develop a system to map and monitor fractional woody cover (FWC) at national scales (50 m and 75 m resolution) using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite data (Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Arrayed L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) global mosaics, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016) and ancillary variables (mean annual precipitation—MAP, elevation), with machine learning models that were trained with diverse airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data sets (244,032 ha, 2008–2014). When only the SAR variables were used, an average R2 of 0.65 (RSME = 0.16) was attained. Adding either elevation or MAP, or both ancillary variables, increased the mean R2 to 0.75 (RSME = 0.13), and 0.79 (RSME = 0.12). The inclusion of MAP addressed the overestimation of FWC in very arid areas, but resulted in anomalies in the form of sharp gradients in FWC along a MAP contour which were most likely caused by to the geographic distribution of the LiDAR training data. Additional targeted LiDAR acquisitions could address this issue. This was the first attempt to produce SAR-derived FWC maps for Namibia and the maps contain substantially more detailed spatial information on woody vegetation structure than existing national maps. During the seven-year study period the Shrubland–Woodland Mosaic was the only vegetation structural class that exhibited a regional net gain in FWC of more than 0.2 across 9% (11,906 km2) of its area that may potentially be attributed to bush encroachment. FWC change maps provided regional insights and detailed local patterns related to debushing and regrowth that can inform national rangeland policies and debushing programs.
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Osifo, Osagie, and Esther Ikavbho Evbayiro-Osagie. "FOREIGN DIVERSIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF QUOTED DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN SELECTED SUB-SAHARA AFRICAN COUNTRIES." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 5, Special (June 2020): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe099.
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Foreign diversification offers prospective market opportunities which afford firms prospects for greater growth and penetration of global markets. This study investigated the effect of foreign diversification on performance of quoted deposit money banks in selected Sub-Sahara African countries; Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Zambia. The study employs secondary data collected and computed from sampled deposit money banks annual audited financial statements. Employing the use of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, panel unit root analysis, co-integration test, multivariate panel data analysis and the system- GMM for a period of 2007 – 2017, the data were estimated with the aid of Eviews 9.0 econometric statistical package. Using dependent variables (Net interest margin and Tobin Q), explanatory variables of foreign diversification, bank’s size and bank’s age respectively. The findings revealed that foreign diversifications have negative and significant effect on all the performance indicators (NIM and TOBIN Q) used in the study. The explanatory variable (foreign diversification) was significant at 1% significance level. The findings from robustness check showed that the coefficients of foreign diversification are also largely negative for most of the banks. This study therefore recommends, amongst others, banks should consider diversification as a long run strategy for promoting growth and other forms of expansions. This can be achieved by promoting more regional banking integration within the sub-region. Given that formalities are already on the ground to facilitate entry and establishment within economies in the regional blocs, diversification in this direction will involve less institutional obstacles
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Koeijer, Valerie de, Eri Park, and Marcin Sklad. "Social Representations of the African Other among participants of a Global Citizenship course in the Netherlands." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 7, no. 3 (May 18, 2015): 1394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v7i3.3591.
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This study aims to demonstrate processes by which Going Glocal, a Global Citizenship educational program based on Postcolonial Theory, can challenge social representation of the African Other among participating students. Postcolonial Theory argues that the colonial history of countries directly affects the current state of previously colonized countries and contemporary relations between people from Europe and Africa. Critical Whiteness Theory is concerned with the privileged position of a white self, for whom these privileges usually do not become tangible. 15 university college students traveled to Namibia as part of 2012 Going Glocal project and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them directly after they came back, as well as focus groups at the very beginning and end of the program. Two students with opposite socio-economic and ethnical backgrounds were selected for this case study. Their responses were interpreted using Social Representations Theory as a theoretical framework, to reveal the divergent positioning the interviewees took, and were analyzed according to Postcolonial and Critical Whiteness Theory.
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Mariri, Cecilie Butenschøn. "Searcwl and the Women's Law Collection, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Legal Information 32, no. 2 (2004): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500004200.
Full textAbstract:
The Southern and Eastern African Regional Centre for Women's Law – SEARCWL - (in daily language just called the Women's Law Centre) is an institute under the Faculty of Law, University of Zimbabwe (UZ). It all started way back in the late 1980'ies when the Norwegian Agency for Development (NORAD) sponsored diploma courses in women's law for participants from Africa, at the University of Oslo. The first three courses were held in Oslo, but then the venue was moved to the University of Zimbabwe, and through the 1990'ies more than a hundred scholars have passed through the diploma courses. From February 2003, a masters degree program has been running with 28 students from 10 different countries (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe). From mid-June until the end of August we had an additional 19 students, so-called “upgraders” – i.e. ex-diploma students upgrading their diploma to a Masters degree.
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Götte, T., and D. K. Richter. "Quantitative high-resolution cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of smithsonite." Mineralogical Magazine 68, no. 1 (February 2004): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046810181.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFive smithsonite samples from locations in Germany, Mexico and Namibia have been investigated with cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and trace-element analyses. As with other carbonates, the CL properties of smithsonite are mainly controlled by Mn2+- and Fe2+-incorporation, because these elements are the most important activator and quencher species, respectively. Additional trace elements may have either a quenching effect (Cu) or have only small or no influence (Ca, Pb). A linear correlation exists between the Mn content and the intensity of the Mn-emission band in smithsonite, which can be quantified, if the Cl intensity is related to the number of moles of Mn rather than the weight fraction. A correlation between the Cl intensity and the Mn concentration, which is valid for all trigonal carbonates, is obtained from the published results of calcite, dolomite and smithsonite. Matrix effects due to the different chemical composition of the carbonate minerals seem to be of lesser importance.
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Formenti, Paola, Stuart John Piketh, Andreas Namwoonde, Danitza Klopper, Roelof Burger, Mathieu Cazaunau, Anaïs Feron, et al. "Three years of measurements of light-absorbing aerosols over coastal Namibia: seasonality, origin, and transport." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23 (November 30, 2018): 17003–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17003-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Continuous measurements between July 2012 and December 2015 at the Henties Bay Aerosol Observatory (HBAO; 22∘ S, 14∘05′ E), Namibia, show that, during the austral wintertime, transport of light-absorbing black carbon aerosols occurs at low level into the marine boundary layer. The average of daily concentrations of equivalent black carbon (eBC) over the whole sampling period is 53 (±55) ng m−3. Peak values above 200 ng m−3 and up to 800 ng m−3 occur seasonally from May to August, ahead of the dry season peak of biomass burning in southern Africa (August to October). Analysis of 3-day air mass back-trajectories show that air masses from the South Atlantic Ocean south of Henties Bay are generally cleaner than air having originated over the ocean north of Henties Bay, influenced by the outflow of the major biomass burning plume, and from the continent, where wildfires occur. Additional episodic peak concentrations, even for oceanic transport, indicate that pollution from distant sources in South Africa and maritime traffic along the Atlantic ship tracks could be important. While we expect the direct radiative effect to be negligible, the indirect effect on the microphysical properties of the stratocumulus clouds and the deposition to the ocean could be significant and deserve further investigation, specifically ahead of the dry season.