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Academic literature on the topic 'Bank of weight filters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Bank of weight filters"

1

Hussain, Ghasan Ali. "DESIGN OF PARALLEL COUPLED MICROSTRIP BAND-PASS FILTER." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 15, no. 5 (2016): 6768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v15i5.1650.

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Filters occupy important acts in several Radio Frequency microwave applications. Several applications such as wireless communications still challenge RF/microwave filters with strict requirements such as smaller size, higher performance, lighter weight, and lower cost. Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications offers a unique and comprehensive treatment of RF/microwave filters based on the microstrip structure. One of the most common methods in designing microwave filters is using of parallel-coupled microstrip. In this paperÂ simulate and fabricate by using Ansoft Designer a two resonator microstrip band-pass filter suitable for Wi-Fi applications.Â The results of simulation were quite good.

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Tucker, Jeff, Kathleen E. Wage, John R. Buck, and Lora J. Van Uffelen. "Performance weighted blended spectrogram." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 157, no. 3 (2025): 2106–16. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0036216.

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Spectrograms are used for time-frequency analysis and as preprocessing for signal classifiers and other algorithms. The conventional spectrogram is a tapered short-time Fourier transform, equivalent to a bank of bandpass filters. The taper defines filter-bank characteristics such as bandwidth and sidelobe levels. Although the conventional spectrogram uses minimal computational resources, its design requires a compromise between resolution and interference suppression. Adaptive spectrogram algorithms adjust the filter-bank based on incoming data, thereby allowing different bandwidth/sidelobe trade-offs at each frequency and time. Adaptation can simultaneously improve tonal resolution and reveal quiet sources but typically costs substantially more to implement. This paper presents an adaptive spectrogram designed for applications with limited computational resources, e.g., autonomous vehicles. The performance weighted blended (PWB) spectrogram combines the output of a set of conventional filter-banks designed with different tapers. By adapting its blend weights at each frequency and time, the new algorithm separates loud closely spaced tones and identifies quiet signals. Because it relies on conventional filter-banks, the PWB spectrogram requires significantly less computation than other adaptive algorithms that require expensive matrix computations. Analysis of underwater glider data demonstrates the algorithm's ability to reveal a quiet chirp signal in the presence of vehicle self-noise.

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Gohil, Bhumikaba, and Khyati Chavda. "Design & Simulation of S Band Planar Microwave Filter for Wireless Application." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1187, no. 1 (2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1187/1/012016.

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Abstract Reducing the size of today’s wireless communication systems has become an important criterion in filter design with minimal possible value of filter parameters. To achieve this goal in wireless communication system, filter design is the most important part of the signal transmission process. Conventional filters are very important for modern wireless communication systems as they do not provide the desired miniaturization and results. Recently, using metamaterials and dielectric resonators, the filter size has been drastically reduced to a very small size for practical applications. This filter is flat and lightweight. It consumes very low power consumption. In this proposed work, a compact S-band microwave band stop filter was designed using a simple technique. These filters are small in size and light in weight. The design covers the S-band and is suitable for the desired frequency for Wi – Fi and wireless LAN application.

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Sorkin, A. А., A. V. Minakov, and Yu P. Salomatov. "Waveguide Quarter-Wave Transverse Ridge Resonators on Quasi-TEM Wave and Filters on Their Basis." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 28, no. 3 (2025): 95–105. https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2025-28-3-95-105.

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Introduction. In modern communication systems, the requirements imposed on the weight, size, and frequency characteristics of filters in the input and output paths of antenna-feeder devices (AFD) are becoming increasingly stringent. Taking this into account, we investigate a transverse waveguide ridge resonator of a quarter-wave structure. The use of a quarterwave resonator, rather than a half-wave structure, allows the width and length of the filter to be reduced. The influence of various resonator parameters on its resonant frequency is demonstrated. The dependence of the loaded Q-factor on the height of the transverse ridge quarter-wave resonator is calculated. The calculated waveguide filters on resonators of this type offer the possibility of forming attenuation poles both above and below the passband.Aim. Investigation of various types of filters on ridge quarter-wave resonators, as well as evaluation of the rejection band by level and by width.Materials and methods. Numerical studies were carried out using the methods of finite elements (FEM) and finite difference in the time domain (FDTD).Results. Simulation of various types of fiveand ten-order filters on ridge quarter-wave resonators was performed. Five-order filters, depending on the arrangement of the resonators, are capable of forming attenuation poles both above and below the passband. A ten-order filter on transverse ridge quarter-wave resonators at receiving frequencies of the X-band (7.25…7.75 GHz) provides insertion losses of no more than 1.2 dB, while the attenuation level in the transmission frequency range (7.9…8.4 GHz) is at least 80 dB.Conclusion. The use of filters on ridge quarter-wave resonators ensures a significant reduction in length and improvement in weight and size characteristics, while maintaining a high level of attenuation in the stop band.

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Lubey, Daniel P., and Todd A. Ely. "Anomaly Detection in Autonomous Deep-Space Navigation via Filter Bank Gating Networks." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (2022): 11161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111161.

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This study investigates methods for autonomous navigation of a deep-space spacecraft where one-way radiometric and on-board optical information are fused to create a fully informed state estimate. The specific focus is on using filter bank methods (i.e., Multiple Model Estimation [MME] and Mixture of Experts [MoE]) to detect when measurement and/or dynamical mis-modeling occurs. We develop a new χ2-based gating network for a filter bank that may be used to identify poorly performing filters (i.e., those with low weights), which may be used as a signal for mis-modeling in the system. In addition to defining and deriving this new weighting scheme, numerical simulations based on NASA’s InSight mission demonstrate this new algorithm’s performance with and without measurement and dynamical mis-modeling present.

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Barmashe, Pravin, and D. K. Srivastava. "Design and Optimization of Tri-Band Open Loop Resonator Filter for BT, WiMAX, WLAN and Wi-Fi Applications." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 12, no. 4 (2022): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0422_22.

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The consumer wireless frequency spectrum is getting denser and overlapping so may signals can cause interference and less data speed. There is need to either switch to new channel or to use newer technologies available. As per FCC new 6GHz band is now open for WLAN & Wi-Fi networks and to filter out other signals a microwave filter could the best mate. This paper proposed a tri-band microstrip filter having rectangular resonator with open loop has been evaluated. Because of its tiny size, lighter weight, cheaper cost, and superior performance, microstrip filters are often chosen over lumped filters at higher frequencies. The construction, refinement, and implementation of a modular tri-band bandpass filter have examined in this research. The proposed low-profile tri-band MS filter with three resonators designed for BT, WiMAX, WLAN and Wi-Fi microwave applications. The physical size of the filter is 30×15 mm2 . The designed filter has full ground and substrate is of FR-4 material having 4.3 dialectic constant and 1.6 mm thickness. The filter is made of four rectangular resonators of diverse dimension. Resonators are arranged in symmetrical geometry. Proposed tri-band bandpass filter is having negative group delay which facilitates the feedforward amplifier circuits. Filters with NGD also helps to reduces the physical size of the microwave circuits. The proposed tri-band filter has passband characteristics on 2.37GHz, 5.36GHz, and 6.15GHz with the insertion loss of 1.03dB, 1.6dB, and 3.67dB having return loss of 23.3dB, 18.56dB, 12.8dB, and 21.87dB. Filter exhibits good fractional bandwidth of 21.92%, 6.68%, and 4.36% respectively. Proposed filter has 2 transmission zeros. The tested and simulated results of |S11| and |S21| parameters are quite identical which shows the excellent matching of physical parameters. Keywords - Tri-band, band-pass filter, NGD, rectangular resonators, BT, WiMAX, WLAN, Wi-Fi.

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Shieh, Chun-Ping, Shih-Hung Yang, Yu-Shun Liu, et al. "Simultaneously Spatiospectral Pattern Learning and Contaminated Trial Pruning for Electroencephalography-Based Brain Computer Interface." Symmetry 12, no. 9 (2020): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091387.

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Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain computer interfaces (BCIs) translate motor imagery commands into the movements of an external device (e.g., a robotic arm). The automatic design of spectral and spatial filters is a challenging task, as the frequency bands of the spectral filters must be predefined by previously published studies and given that they may be affected during trials by artifacts and improper motor imagery (MI). This study aimed to eliminate the contaminated trials automatically during classifier training, and to simultaneously learn the spectral and spatial patterns without the need for predefined frequency bands. Compared with previous studies that measured the discriminative power of a frequency band based on mutual information, this study determined the difference of the class conditional probability density function between two MI classes. This information was further shared to measure the contamination level of the trial that simplified the computation. A particle-based approximation technique iteratively constructed a filter bank that extracted discriminative features, and simultaneously removed potentially contaminated trials. The particle weight was estimated by an analysis of variance F-test instead of mutual information as commonly used in previous studies. The experimental results of a publicly available dataset revealed that the proposed method outperformed the other BCI in terms of the classification accuracy. Asymmetrical spatial patterns were found on left- versus right-hand MI classifications. The learnt spectral and spatial patterns were consistent with prior neurophysiological knowledge.

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Kumari, Poonam, Saif Ahamad, and Imran Ullah Khan. "FIR FILTER DESIGN WITH INERTIA WEIGHT AND COMPRESSION FACTOR APPROACH USING ADVANCED OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES." International Research Journal of Computer Science 8, no. 3 (2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/irjcs.2021.v0803.004.

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This paper includes the design of Finite impulse response filter with inertia weight and compression factor approach. The objective function of filter design involves accurate control of various parameters of frequency spectrum and is thus highly non-uniform, non-linear, non-differentiable and multimodal in nature. Classical optimization methods cannot converge to solutions. Because they have disadvantages such as highly sensitive to starting points, frequent convergence to local optimum solution or divergence or revisiting the same solution, requirement of continuous and differentiable objective cost function, requirement of the piecewise linear cost approximation and problem of convergence and algorithm. Evolutionary optimization methods for the design of optimal digital filters have better control of parameters and the highest stop band attenuation.

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Mueller, Jaclyn A., Alexander I. Culley, and Grieg F. Steward. "Variables Influencing Extraction of Nucleic Acids from Microbial Plankton (Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists) Collected on Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide Filters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 13 (2014): 3930–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00245-14.

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ABSTRACTAnodic aluminum oxide (AAO) filters have high porosity and can be manufactured with a pore size that is small enough to quantitatively capture viruses. These properties make the filters potentially useful for harvesting total microbial communities from water samples for molecular analyses, but their performance for nucleic acid extraction has not been systematically or quantitatively evaluated. In this study, we characterized the flux of water through commercially produced nanoporous (0.02 μm) AAO filters (Anotop; Whatman) and used isolates (a virus, a bacterium, and a protist) and natural seawater samples to test variables that we expected would influence the efficiency with which nucleic acids are recovered from the filters. Extraction chemistry had a significant effect on DNA yield, and back flushing the filters during extraction was found to improve yields of high-molecular-weight DNA. Using the back-flush protocol, the mass of DNA recovered from microorganisms collected on AAO filters was ≥100% of that extracted from pellets of cells and viruses and 94% ± 9% of that obtained by direct extraction of a liquid bacterial culture. The latter is a minimum estimate of the relative recovery of microbial DNA, since liquid cultures include dissolved nucleic acids that are retained inefficiently by the filter. In conclusion, we demonstrate that nucleic acids can be extracted from microorganisms on AAO filters with an efficiency similar to that achievable by direct extraction of microbes in suspension or in pellets. These filters are therefore a convenient means by which to harvest total microbial communities from multiple aqueous samples in parallel for subsequent molecular analyses.

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Govorun, I. V., B. A. Belyaev, Ya B. Zav’yalov, et al. "10 GHz MONOLITHIC FILTER BASED ON STRIPLINE RESONATORS WITH SPLIT CONDUCTOR." Доклады Российской академии наук. Физика, технические науки 513, no. 1 (2023): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s268674002306007x.

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The monolithic design of the compact bandpass filter X-band is made on technology of multilayered printed circuit boards. A quarter-wave stripline resonators of the filter have two conductors divided by the layer prepreg having low parameters which is bonding together a design. This eliminates influence of prepreg on the characteristics of the devices, ensuring good repeatability of filters in mass production. For increase the high-frequency stopband of filter, one of the conductors of each resonator is cut in half by a transverse slit. The constructive sizes of the device were obtained by parametric synthesis using the electrodynamic analysis of its 3D model. The experimental data of five-order filter are in good agreement with the electromagnetic simulation of filters 3D model. An experimental device has a central frequency of the passband of 10 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 5.7%, its dimensions and weight are 18.0 × 5.4 × 2.1 mm and 0.5 g. The important advantage of the developed design is the possibility of its installation on the board using the surface mounting method.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bank of weight filters"

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Bamberger, Roberto Hugo. "The directional filter bank : a multirate filter bank for the directional decomposition of images." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15346.

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Aktop, Onur. "Optimization Of Doppler Processing By Using Bank Of Matched Filters." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606420/index.pdf.

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In radars, matched filters are used in the receiver of the system. Since the target velocity is not known a priori, degradation occurs due to mismatch of the return signal and the matched filter. The performance of the radar can be improved by using a bank of matched filters. The first topic investigated in this work is optimization of the bank of matched filter structure. Two methods are proposed for the design of the parallel filter structure and computations are performed with both methods. The output signal of a radar receiver filter consists not only of the main peak from the target but also of range sidelobes. In a multi-target radar environment, the sidelobes of one large target may appear as a smaller target at another range, or the integrated sidelobes from targets or clutter may mask all the information of another target. The second part of this thesis discusses the methods for decreasing the sidelobe level of the receiver output. Two methods are studied for this purpose. The first is the classical amplitude weighting and the second is the use of an inverse filter that minimizes total sidelobe energy. Both methods decrease the sidelobe levels while bringing a mismatch loss and main peak broadening. For the inverse filter case it is observed that the effect of inverse filter becomes evident as the filter length is increased beyond some point. Finally, the effects of quantization on video signal and the receiver filter coefficients are evaluated. It is observed that 16 bits quantization is sufficient for all kinds of receiver filters tested.

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Cadena, Pico Jorge Eduardo. "Perfect Reconstruction Filter Bank Structure Based On Interpolated FIR Filters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71756.

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State of the art filter bank structures achieve practically perfect reconstruction with very high computational efficiency. However, the increase in computational requirements due to the need to process increasingly wider band signals is paramount. New filter bank structures that provide extra information about a signal while achieving the same level of required efficiency, and perfect reconstruction properties, need to be developed. In this work a new filter bank structure, the interpolated FIR (IFIR) filter bank is developed. Such a structure combines the concepts of filter banks, and interpolated FIR filters. The filter design procedures for the IFIR filter bank are developed and explained. The resulting structure was compared with the non-maximally-decimated filter bank (NMDFB), achieving the same performance in terms of the number of multiplications required per sample and the overall distortion introduced by the system, when operating with Nyquist prototype filters. In addition, the IFIR filter is tested in both simulated and real communication environments. Performance, in terms of bit-error-rate, was found to not be degraded significantly when using the IFIR filter bank system for transmission and reception of QPSK symbols.<br>Master of Science

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Li, Min. "Induced norm optimal multirate filter bank design using LMI constraints /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202002%20LI.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-58). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Chen, Min. "Implementation and optimization of a modulated filter bank based on allpass filters." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9192.

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A filter bank based on an allpass IIR filter with brick-wall response was designed by A. J. Van Leest in [17]; however, the delay in the filter bank is too long to be used in real time applications. In order to reduce the delay, the orders of coefficients, transition bandwidth and filter bank structures must be optimized. The order of coefficients can be reduced by increasing the stopband attenuation. In order to further reduce the delay, the sharpness of the filter bank has to be reduced. This thesis also discussed the number of band and filter bank structure against to filter bank delay. The filter bank can be used in non-real time application such as CD compression with high order coefficient. The minimum transition bandwidth can be reached at 0.03257pi/number of band. This thesis expands upon DCT modulations of IIR based modulated filter banks and investigate the Hartley transformation in filter bank modulation as a new modulation technique. These modulation techniques generate the real output signal with real input signals. The quantization errors from quantizing the coefficient are studied. It is concluded that at least 16 bits are required in order for a filter bank to give a good performance as designed without quantization.

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Nordstrom, Jeanne McDonald 1957. "The utility of using matched weight PVC filters during air sampling for particulates." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276824.

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Matched weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters are currently available for use in total dust air sampling. This paper studies the utility of employing two superimposed filters in a cassette. Cassettes containing "paired" PVC filters were employed, in the same way matched weight filters would be used, during side by side sampling studies with cassettes housing single PVC filters, to determine whether the presence of two filters in a cassette presented problems during sampling. The effects of dust type, particle breakthrough, moisture concentration, and increased pressure drop from the addition of a second filter were studied. The presence of static electricity between filter pairs was also noted. Under recommended loading conditions "paired" filters seemed to perform as well as single filters in all aspects studied. Due to large filter weight variations found within individual batches of PVC filters, randomly selected filter pairs should not be used as actual matched weight filters.

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Nallanathan, Arumugam. "Filter bank based spreading sequences: designand performance in DS/CDMA communications systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124077X.

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Nallanathan, Arumugam. "Filter bank based spreading sequences : design and performance in DS/CDMA communications systems /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21779120.

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Nayebi, Kambiz. "A time domain framework for the analysis and design of FIR multirate filter bank systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13867.

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Weaver, Michael B. "Performance comparison between three different bit allocation algorithms inside a critically decimated cascading filter bank." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references.

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Books on the topic "Bank of weight filters"

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Atsushi, Shiho, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Weight filtrations on log crystalline cohomologies of families of open smooth varieties. Springer, 2008.

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Chai, Li, and Jingxin Zhang. System Approach to Filter Bank Frames. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Bockenhauer, Detlef, and Robert Kleta. Approach to the patient with renal Fanconi syndrome, glycosuria, or aminoaciduria. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0041_update_001.

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Up to 80% of filtered salt and water is returned back into the circulation in the proximal tubule. Several solutes, such as phosphate, glucose, low-molecular weight proteins, and amino acids are exclusively reabsorbed in this segment, so their appearance in urine is a sign of proximal tubular dysfunction. An entire orchestra of specialized apical and basolateral transporters, as well as paracellular molecules, mediate this reabsorption. Defects in proximal tubular function can be isolated (e.g. isolated renal glycosuria, aminoacidurias, or hypophosphataemic rickets) or generalized. In the latter case it is called the Fanconi–Debre–de Toni syndrome, based on the initial clinical descriptions. However, in clinical practice it is usually referred to as just the ‘renal Fanconi syndrome’. Severity of proximal tubular dysfunction can vary, and may coexist with some degree of loss of glomerular filtration capacity. Causes include a wide range of insults to proximal tubular cells, including a number of genetic conditions, drugs and poisons.

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Schwarz, Robin. Night Swimming. Grand Central Publishing, 2009.

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Schwarz, Robin. Night Swimming. Warner Books, 2004.

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Schwarz, Robin. Night Swimming. Grand Central Publishing, 2005.

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Schwarz, Robin. Night Swimming. Warner Books, 2004.

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Bell, Meredith Meyer. Mastering Menopause in 5 Minutes a Day: Uplifting and Effortless Plan for Symptom Relief, Weight Loss, Stress Support, and Diet Without Breaking a Sweat or the Bank! Meredith Meyer Bell, 2023.

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Bell, Meredith Meyer. Mastering Menopause in 5 Minutes a Day JOURNAL: Uplifting and Effortless Plan for Symptom Relief, Weight Loss, Stress Support, and Diet Without Breaking a Sweat or the Bank! Meredith Meyer Bell, 2023.

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Bell, Meredith Meyer. Mastering Menopause in 5-Minutes a Day: An Uplifting and Effortless Plan for Symptom Relief, Weight Loss, Stress Support, and Diet Without Breaking a Sweat or the Bank! Meredith Meyer Bell, 2023.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bank of weight filters"

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Beex, A. A. Louis, and James R. Zeidler. "Steady-State Dynamic Weight Behavior in (N)LMS Adaptive Filters." In Least-Mean-Square Adaptive Filters. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471461288.ch9.

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Yang, Jinfeng, Yihua Shi, and Jinli Yang. "Finger-Vein Recognition Based on a Bank of Gabor Filters." In Computer Vision – ACCV 2009. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12307-8_35.

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Semoushin, Innokenti, Julia Tsyganova, and Maria Kulikova. "Fault Point Detection with the Bank of Competitive Kalman Filters." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44862-4_44.

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Zając, Michał. "Mobile Robot Self-diagnosis with a Bank of Adaptive Particle Filters." In Adaptive and Intelligent Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23857-4_19.

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Ferdinando, Hany, Martti Ilvesmäki, Janne Kananen, Sadegh Moradi, and Teemu Myllylä. "A Skewness-Based Harmonic Filter for Harmonic Attenuation of Wearable Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Signals." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59091-7_11.

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AbstractHarmonics is an unavoidable phenomenon, even before we knew about digital circuits. In our sleep study, we found harmonic artefacts (HA) in our functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signal. Interestingly, it was neither device- nor subject-dependent. The fundamental frequency was around either 0.5 Hz or 1 Hz. It appeared to be very sharp peaks and they were within the band of interest, i.e., respiratory (0.1–0.6 Hz) and cardiac (0.6–5 Hz) bands. Since the exact location might change, we proposed a skewness-based harmonic filter (sbHF) to identify the fundamental frequency and attenuate HA. Since suppressing certain frequencies may change signal characteristic, spectral entropy was used to evaluate it based on Wilcoxon-test at a 0.05 significant level. 25 controls (6 females, age: 39.0 ± 8.5 years, height: 175.6 ± 8.0 cm, weight: 80.3 ± 10.8 kg) and 16 sleep apnea patients (1 female, age: 48.3 ± 12.4 years, height: 177.3 ± 6.0 cm, weight: 93.6 ± 17.1 kg) were recruited for our sleep study. sbHF showed good performance to identify fundamental frequency and attenuate HA from our raw fNIRS signals and 5% of the signal experienced changes in signal characteristics based on the spectral entropy analysis. Combining sbHF with a certain motion artefact reduction, we found that specific order of operation to get appropriate chromophore concentration was needed. This method is not only for problems in wearable fNIRS, but also can be modified for other problems by adjusting the suspected area or sweeping the frequency range to identify a fundamental frequency.

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Banat, Mohammad M., and Ahmed A. Al-Shwmi. "Detailed simplified implementation of filter bank multicarrier modulation using sub-channel prototype filters." In Proceedings of the 1st International Congress on Engineering Technologies. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003178255-1.

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Sudhamalla, Mallesh, G. Lavanya, Vooradi Sandhya, G. Karthik Reddy, Merugu Suresh, and R. Suhasini. "An Enhanced Method for SNR Multi-Scale Entropy-Based Weighted ECG Distortion Using Adaptive Kalman Filter Bank." In Cognitive Science and Technology. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9262-7_83.

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Semibalamut, Kostiantyn, Volodymyr Moldovan, Svitlana Lysenko, Maksym Topolnytskyi, and Sergiy Zhuk. "A Method of Analytical Calculation of Dynamic Characteristics of Digital Adaptive Filters with Parallel-Sequential Weight Summation." In Lecture Notes in Computational Intelligence and Decision Making. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82014-5_6.

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Bock-Seefeld, Benjamin, Patrick Gehre, and Christos G. Aneziris. "Carbon-Bonded Filter Materials and Filter Structures with Active and Reactive Functional Pores for Steel Melt Filtration." In Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_1.

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AbstractThere exists an increasing pressure on the metal making and metal using industry to remove solid and liquid inclusions such as deoxidation products, sulfides, nitrides carbides etc. and thereby improve metal cleanliness. It is well known that size, type and distribution of non-metallic inclusions in metal exert considerable effects on the mechanical properties of the cast products. In terms of this contribution a new generation of metal qualities via melt filtration with superior mechanical properties for use in light weight structures and high demand construction materials are explored. The main target is an enormous reduction of non-metallic inclusions in the metal matrix by the use of intelligent filter materials as well as filter systems with a functionalized filter surface. Especially a new generation of combined refining filter systems will be illustrated. The metal melt comes first in contact with a reactive filter which generates gas bubbles in the melt as well as activates gas bubbles on the surface of the inclusions. As a result, a kind of flotation of the inclusions towards the slag on the surface of the melt takes place. Further the high reactivity as well as the gas bubbles contribute to the agglomeration of the fine inclusions to big clusters which flow due to buoyancy forces to the surface of the melt or are filtrated on the surface of active filters, which do not form gas bubbles but provide on their functionalized surfaces the same chemistry as the inclusions for a sufficient adhesion and as a result for a sufficient filtration of the inclusions. With this approach a purification higher than 95% can be achieved. Another topic is dealing with carbon-bonded filter materials based on environmentally friendly binder system based on lactose and tannin. Furthermore, functional calcium aluminate coatings in combination with carbon are studied with regard to their impact on the active/reactive filtration and flotation in steel melts, respectively. Another major focus is the investigation of water-soluble filter skeleton-templates, which are produced by 3D-hybrid-printing techniques and coated by flame spraying technology. Subsequently, the filter skeleton-templates are removed in water, avoiding sharp-edged cavities inside the filter.

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KOMAROV, Vyacheslav V., and Valery P. MESHCHANOV. "Filtering of Microwave Signals for Satellite Communication Systems." In Modern Radio Signals Filtering Devices Methods, Technologies, & Structures. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815196504124010010.

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High electrical strength and low losses compared to other transmission lines predetermined the widespread use of waveguide filters and multiplexers in on-board radioelectronic complexes of satellite communication systems. The electrical parameters of these devices, taking into account the specifics of their operation in near-Earth orbit, are subject to fairly stringent requirements: high power limit, temperature stability, weight, and size indicators. Their disadvantages can be considered as a limited range of operating frequencies, determined by the cutoff frequencies of the main and first higher modes, as well as relatively large sizes. Very high requirements are also placed on the accuracy of the manufacture of filtration devices. At present, in the literature, one can find a description of a large number of various designs of band-pass filters of the waveguide type. Some of them are considered in the present chapter.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bank of weight filters"

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Zhang, Wenwen, Hao Zhang, and Jing Wang. "Weight bank addition photonic accelerator for artificial intelligence." In Photonic Computing: From Materials and Devices to Systems and Applications, edited by Xingjie Ni and Wenshan Cai. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3026872.

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Zhang, Weipeng, Jiawei Zhang, Joshua C. Lederman, Bhavin J. Shastri, and Paul Prucnal. "Microring Modulation-and-Weight Banks." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2024.sm3g.3.

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For photonic neural networks, we propose a novel microring bank with carrier-effect and thermal dual-tunability, which can 1) combine modulating and weighting for saved space, 2) improve tuning efficiency, and 3) inherit WDM-enabled scalability.

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Miyata, Toma, Yasunori Sugita, and Naoyuki Aikawa. "Design Method of Effective Passband Flat Variable FIR Filters for Weight Measurement." In IECON 2024 - 50th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon55916.2024.10905575.

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Hassebrook, Harry, V. B. K. Vijaya Kumar, and Larry D. Hostetler. "Linear phase coefficient composite filters." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.fp2.

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A new approach to composite filter design is presented in which the filter is the weighted sum of training samples with the complex weights being of unit magnitude and linear phase. The LPCC filters are based on the fact that when the N training images are uniformly sampled in in-plane rotation, the resulting N×N correlation matrix (CM) is Toeplitz. The training set for out-of-plane rotation is chosen so that its CM most closely resembles the Ideal CM for in-plane rotation. The eigenvectors of the ideal CM are used to obtain the coefficients needed to generate the LPCC filters. The elements of these eigenvectors are complex exponentials which have unit magnitude and linear phase. The resulting magnitude response from such filters is constant (equal to the associated eigenvalue). The outputs of these filters are combined into a filter bank response based on the Bayes minimum probability of error criterion.

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Mu, Guogang, Ying Sun, Yanxin Zhang, and Xiangping Yang. "Optoelectronically implemented three-layer neural network for pattern recognition." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.tud2.

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A three-layer optoelectronic neural network for recognizing multiplex 3-D objects from arbitrary perspective views is demonstrated. Every kind of object is transformed into its feature codes and then classified by an associative memory of the codes. The experimental system is composed of two stages of different neural networks. The first network is implemented optically, and a bank of SDF filters are used as the interconnection weights. The optical system performs a hetero-association that encodes the projective images into a set of codes. Four kinds of aircraft are chosen as the examples, and 252 training images, which are obtained from different perspective views, are selected for each object. The four kinds of aircraft include airliner, fighter, bomber, and rocket. The experimental results show that the system can recognize correctly most of the projective images, including those outside the training set and partially hidden.

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Sharma, Mohit, and Marc Moonen. "Prototype filter design for weighted overlap-add filter bank based sub-band adaptive filtering applications." In 2023 31st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eusipco58844.2023.10289725.

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Voyce, D. C., R. B. Greed, and R. G. Humphreys. "Switched Filter Bank Incorporating HTS Filters." In 28th European Microwave Conference, 1998. IEEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euma.1998.338171.

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Mohsin, Syed, Muhammad Javed, and Almas Anjum. "Face Recognition using Bank of Gabor Filters." In 2006 International Conference on Emerging Technologies. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icet.2006.336021.

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Nie, Shouping, SongLing Bian, Feng Liu, and Aiming Li. "Study of the bank of eigenfunction filters." In Optoelectronic Science and Engineering '94: International Conference, edited by Wang Da-Heng, Anna Consortini, and James B. Breckinridge. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.182074.

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Olowoyeye, Adebayo, Mihran Tuceryan, and Shiaofen Fang. "Medical volume segmentation using bank of Gabor filters." In the 2009 ACM symposium. ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1529282.1529458.

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Reports on the topic "Bank of weight filters"

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Wick, Charles H., and Patrick E. McCubbin. Filtration Characteristics of MS2 Bacteriophage Using Various Molecular Weight Filters. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada368535.

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Ferrer, Alejandro, and Ana Molina. The interaction of liquidity risk and bank solvency via asset monetisation mechanisms. Banco de España, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53479/39785.

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In a liquidity stress scenario, banks may need to urgently monetise assets to meet deposit outflows. This can be done by either selling the assets or using them as collateral in financing operations. In a context of crisis, executing these financing transactions with private counterparties may be constrained, making the transactions with the central bank particularly relevant. The sale of assets classified at amortised cost will result in the materialisation of any accumulated unrealised losses, adversely affecting the banks’ profitability. Alternatively, central bank financing prevents the materialisation of unrealised losses, which, however, limit the amount of financing that can be obtained through this mechanism, as it is based on the market value of the collateral provided. In this case, the increase in interest expenses associated with the funds obtained from the central bank will also impact the bank’s profitability. All these negative effects on profitability ultimately affect solvency and can exacerbate the initial liquidity crisis. Thus, there is a link between liquidity stress and solvency deterioration in which unrealised losses play a significant role. Drawing on Spanish banking system data, we examine this connection in various simulation exercises, looking at its nature and strength under each mechanism (asset sale and pledge). The data show a growing weight of government debt classified at amortised cost on the balance sheets of Spanish banks in recent years, as well as an increase in the associated unrealised losses during the period of rising interest rates, especially in 2022, and in 2023.

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Botero-Ramírez, Oscar, Andrés Murcia, and Mauricio Villamizar-Villegas. Foreign investment dynamics: The impact of benchmark-driven versus unconstrained investors on local credit conditions. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1309.

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We examine the impact of foreign investor heterogeneity on local lending, focusing on Colombia from 2014 to 2023. Distinguishing between benchmark-driven and unconstrained investors, we highlight their differing responses to global and idiosyncratic shocks. Using bond-level data and the corporate credit registry, we link banks’ exposure to foreign flows with firm-level lending decisions. By decomposing Colombia’s weight in the J.P. Morgan GBI-EM index into valuation and exogenous components, we identify how investor behavior shapes bank balance sheets. Our main findings show that banks with greater exposure to unconstrained investors significantly expand lending during capital inflows, whereas those linked to benchmark-driven investors exhibit a more muted response. These results emphasize the role of investor composition in financial stability and provide key insights for policymakers in emerging markets.

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Peña-Habib, Oliver, Jorge Gallego, Luis Fernando Corrales, et al. IDB Group Project Performance: The 2023 Validation Cycle. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012862.

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This report summarizes the 2023 results of the Office of Evaluation and Oversight's (OVE's) annual review of project performance at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Group. Every year, IDB Group Management prepares self-evaluations on the final results of its operations. These are called Project Completion Reports (PCRs) at the IDB and Expanded Supervision Reports (XSRs) at IDB Invest. PCRs and XSRs are then validated by OVE to ensure that they are substantiated by evidence and are prepared in accordance with their respective guidelines. Self-evaluations are intended to serve as accountability and learning tools. The IDB Group's project evaluation methodology is objectives-based. Project performance is rated based on four core criteria: (i) relevance of the project's goals and design, (ii) effectiveness or the degree to which the project achieved the specific objectives for which it was approved, (iii) efficiency with which the objectives were achieved, and (iv) sustainability of the results achieved. Each project then receives an overall outcome rating, calculated as a weighted average of the core criteria ratings, where effectiveness has the highest weight. In addition, two noncore criteria are rated for IDB operations (Bank performance and borrower performance), while three are rated for IDB Invest operations (additionality, investment profitability, and work quality). OVE also rates the quality of the self-evaluation reports by Management. The overall outcome is rated on a six-point scale, while core criteria, noncore criteria, and PCR and XSR quality are rated on a four-point scale. For simplicity, this report groups ratings into “positive” and “negative,” where positive corresponds to the top half ratings in the scale, and negative to the bottom half.

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David, Gabrielle C. L., Patrick H. Trier, Ken M. Fritz, et al. National Ordinary High Water Mark Field Delineation Manual for Rivers and Streams : Interim Version. U.S. Army Engineer Reseach and Development Center, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46102.

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The ordinary high water mark (OHWM) defines the lateral extent of nontidal aquatic features in the absence of adjacent wetlands in the United States. The federal regulatory definition of the OHWM, 33 CFR 328.3(c)(7), states the OHWM is “that line on the shore established by the fluctuations of water and indicated by physical characteristics such as [a] clear, natural line impressed on the bank, shelving, changes in the character of soil, destruction of terrestrial vegetation, the presence of litter and debris, or other appropriate means that consider the characteristics of the surrounding areas.” This is the first manual to present a methodology for nationwide identification and delineation of the OHWM. A two-page data sheet and field procedure outline a weight-of-evidence (WoE) methodology to organize and evaluate observations at stream sites. This manual presents a consistent, science-based method for delineating the OHWM in streams. It also describes regional differences and challenges in identifying the OHWM at sites disturbed by human-induced or natural changes and illustrates how to use remote data to structure field inquiries and interpret field evidence using the principles of fluvial science. The manual demonstrates that, in many landscape settings, the OHWM may be located near the bankfull elevation.

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David, Gabrielle, Ken Fritz, Tracie-Lynn Nadeau, et al. National Ordinary High Water Mark Field Delineation Manual for Rivers and Streams : Final Version. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2025. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49526.

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The ordinary high water mark (OHWM) defines the lateral extent of non-tidal aquatic features in the absence of adjacent wetlands in the United States. The federal regulatory definition of the OHWM, 33 CFR 328.3(c)(4), states the OHWM is “that line on the shore established by the fluctuations of water and indicated by physical characteristics such as [a] clear, natural line impressed on the bank, shelving, changes in the character of soil, destruction of terrestrial vegetation, the presence of litter and debris, or other appropriate means that consider the characteristics of the surrounding areas.” This is the first manual to present a methodology for nationwide identification and delineation of the OHWM. A two-page data sheet and field procedure outline a weight-of-evidence (WOE) methodology to organize and evaluate observations at stream sites. This manual presents a consistent, science-based method for delineating the OHWM in streams. It also describes regional differences and challenges in identifying the OHWM at sites disturbed by human-induced or natural changes and illustrates how to use remote data to structure field inquiries and interpret field evidence using the principles of fluvial science. The manual demonstrates that, in many landscape settings, the OHWM may be located near the bankfull elevation.

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Pines, Mark, Arieh Bar, David A. Carrino, Arnold I. Caplan, and James A. Dennis. Extracellular Matrix Molecules of the Eggshell as Related to Eggshell Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1997.7575270.bard.

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The extracellular matrix of the mineralizing eggshell contains molecules hypothesized to be regulators biomineralization. To study eggshell matrix molecules, a bank of monoclonal antibodies was generated that bound demineralized eggshell matrix or localized to oviduct epithelium. Immunofluorescence staining revealed several staining patterns for antibodies that recognized secretory cells: staining for a majority of columnar lining cells, staining for a minor sub-set of columnar lining cells, intensified staining within epithelial crypts, and staining of the entire tubular gland. Western blotting with the antibody Epi2 on eggshell matrix showed binding to molecules with the apparent molecular weight of eggshell matrix dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (eggshell DSPG) (Carrino, et al., 1997). Immunoblots of cyanogen bromide-cleaved eggshell DSPG revealed broad band of reactivity that shifted to 25 kDa after chondroitinase digestion; indicating that the Epi2 binding site is located on a fragment which contains dermatan sulfate side chains. Immunogold labeling showed that Epi2 binds to secretory vesicles within the non-ciliated cells of the columnar epithelium, while the antibodies Tg1 and Tg2 bind to secretory vesicles of tubular gland cells. Immunogold labeling of demineralized shell matrix showed binding of Epi2, Tg1, and Tg2 to the matrix of the palisades layer, and showed little reactivity to other regions of the shell matrix. Quantification of the immunogold particles within the eggshell matrix revealed that antibodies Epi2 and Tg1 bind all calcified regions equally while antibody Tg2 has a greater affinity for the baseplate region of the calcium reserve assembly.

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Alonso, Pablo, Basil Kavalsky, Jose Ignacio Sembler, et al. How is the IDB Serving Higher-Middle-Income Countries?: Borrowers' Perspective. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010547.

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This evaluation assesses how well IDB's current mode of engagement meets the needs and expectations of countries that have relatively higher income levels and increasing access to diverse funding sources.For the purpose of this evaluation OVE selected 10 countries as case study countries using three objective indicators: (a) income level, (b) level of access to international financial markets, and (c) the weight of the country in IDB's lending portfolio. The countries, labeled higher middle income countries (HMICs) in this evaluation, are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The evaluation finds that IDB remains a valued and trusted development partner in the vast majority of the HMIC case study countries. It is still financially competitive, even in countries with investment-grade sovereign risk ratings, and is particularly so during times of international turbulence. IDB's counterparts particularly value the following aspects of their cooperation with the Bank: the discipline IDB helps impart to project design and execution, along with capacity building related to project management; the opportunity that IDB provides to learn from other experiences in the Region; the seal of approval that IDB's project financing can help provide through its social, environmental, and fiduciary safeguards; and IDB's ability to facilitate medium-to long-term project continuity across political cycles. However, the evaluation also finds that several aspects require further consideration as IDB moves forward, regarding the usefulness of country strategies; engagement with subnational governments; streamlining of IDB's different private sector windows; fine-tuning of some lending instruments; speed of project preparation and implementation; knowledge creation and sharing; and the introduction of fee-based services. The evaluation provides five recommendations to help IDB strengthen its engagement with High-Middle Income Countries.

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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, Hannah Pilkington, David Jones, and Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping project: Big Thicket National Preserve. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299254.

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The Big Thicket National Preserve (BITH) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, vegetation classification field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Kountze, Texas where representatives gathered from BITH, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. The project acquired new 2014 orthoimagery (30-cm, 4-band (RGB and CIR)) from the Hexagon Imagery Program. Supplemental imagery for the interpretation phase included Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS) 2015 50 cm leaf-off 4-band imagery from the Texas Orthoimagery Program (TOP), Farm Service Agency (FSA) 100-cm (2016) and 60 cm (2018) National Aerial Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery, and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Maps imagery. In addition to aerial and satellite imagery, 2017 Neches River Basin Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and TNRIS to analyze vegetation structure at BITH. The preliminary vegetation classification included 110 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 304 plots surveyed between 2016 and 2019 and 110 additional observation plots. The final vegetation classification includes 75 USNVC associations and 27 park special types including 80 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 12 herbaceous, and 3 sparse vegetation types. The final BITH map consists of 51 map classes. Land cover classes include five types: pasture / hay ground agricultural vegetation; non ? vegetated / barren land, borrow pit, cut bank; developed, open space; developed, low ? high intensity; and water. The 46 vegetation classes represent 102 associations or park specials. Of these, 75 represent natural vegetation associations within the USNVC, and 27 types represent unpublished park specials. Of the 46 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, 7 map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, 4 map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials, and 9 map classes contain four or more USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland types had an abundance of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ilex opaca, Ilex vomitoria, Quercus nigra, and Vitis rotundifolia. Shrubland types were dominated by Pinus taeda, Ilex vomitoria, Triadica sebifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, and/or Callicarpa americana. Herbaceous types had an abundance of Zizaniopsis miliacea, Juncus effusus, Panicum virgatum, and/or Saccharum giganteum. The final BITH vegetation map consists of 7,271 polygons totaling 45,771.8 ha (113,104.6 ac). Mean polygon size is 6.3 ha (15.6 ac). Of the total area, 43,314.4 ha (107,032.2 ac) or 94.6% represent natural or ruderal vegetation. Developed areas such as roads, parking lots, and campgrounds comprise 421.9 ha (1,042.5 ac) or 0.9% of the total. Open water accounts for approximately 2,034.9 ha (5,028.3 ac) or 4.4% of the total mapped area. Within the natural or ruderal vegetation types, forest and woodland types were the most extensive at 43,022.19 ha (106,310.1 ac) or 94.0%, followed by herbaceous vegetation types at 129.7 ha (320.5 ac) or 0.3%, sparse vegetation types at 119.2 ha (294.5 ac) or 0.3%, and shrubland types at 43.4 ha (107.2 ac) or 0.1%. A total of 784 AA samples were collected to evaluate the map?s thematic accuracy. When each AA sample was evaluated for a variety of potential errors, a number of the disagreements were overturned. It was determined that 182 plot records disagreed due to either an erroneous field call or a change in the vegetation since the imagery date, and 79 disagreed due to a true map classification error. Those records identified as incorrect due to an erroneous field call or changes in vegetation were considered correct for the purpose of the AA. As a simple plot count proportion, the reconciled overall accuracy was 89.9% (705/784). The spatially-weighted overall accuracy was 92.1% with a Kappa statistic of 89.6%. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Five map classes had accuracies below 80%. After discussing preliminary results with the parl, we retained those map classes because the community was rare, the map classes provided desired detail for management or the accuracy was reasonably close to the 80% target. When the 90% AA confidence intervals were included, an additional eight classes had thematic accruacies that extend below 80%. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management include the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and PLOTS database sampling data. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 15 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.

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