Journal articles: 'Banking, Finance, and Investment'

1

Kusumadyahdewi, Kusumadyahdewi. "PENGETAHUAN KEUANGAN DI KALANGAN MAHASISWA." J-PIPS (Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial) 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jpips.v2i2.6839.

Full text

Abstract:

Currently, variety of banking products to facilitate customer transactions. So it is important to know about the knowledge of finance, including financial products. This research measures the student's understanding on financial knowledge consists of knowledge of personal finance, savings and loans, insurance, investment. The student has followed the course of accounting and financial management largely discusses financial firms, but researchers always explains its application to personal finances when teaching the subject. Measurement of the level of knowledge using questionnaires, then measured using the percentage of correct answers. Knowledge of personal financial management has been good, while knowledge of savings and loans, insurance, investments are at a low level. This study has shown the importance of improving the material being taught on the subject to expand the application on personal financial management, and understanding of banking products, insurance and investment, because students will also go to the public where it will be related to its financial problems. so hopefully with his knowledge of finance can finish well. <br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: personal finance management

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Urban, Michael, and Dariusz Wójcik. "Dirty Banking: Probing the Gap in Sustainable Finance." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061745.

Full text

Abstract:

In 2016, the Global Sustainable Investment Alliance estimated the market for sustainable investments to have reached 22.89 trillion USD of assets under management. While financial institutions have embraced the idea of sustainable finance as a business opportunity, they have arguably done little, but to piggy-back on investors’ demand. Today, it is not unusual for a single firm to retail fossil free investment funds and concomitantly offer commercial loans towards fracking, coal, and Arctic drilling. This paradox is underpinned by a major gap in the way sustainability has permeated primary and secondary markets which, we argue, calls for a serious rethinking of the sustainability transition in finance. This article proposes two contributions in this direction. First, we develop an original conceptualisation of finance as a socio-technical system to discuss the dynamics that both hinder and promote a transition from mainstream to sustainable finance. Second, we propose to study how investment banks integrate sustainability in their underwriting services. To do so, we filter through close to half a million of debt and equity underwriting deals (2005–2017) using the Government Pension Fund Global of Norway’s list of 153 excluded companies. Our results suggest that investment banks do not shy away from underwriting companies that have been flagged for major environmental, social, and governance misconduct, neither do they restrain from underwriting companies providing contentious products, such as tobacco, coal, and nuclear weapons. Moving forward, we suggest ways to address this problem and call for further research on the responsibility and agency of finance and advanced business services firms in sustainability transitions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Ordoñez, Guillermo. "Sustainable Shadow Banking." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20150346.

Full text

Abstract:

Banking regulation is beneficial because it constrains banks' portfolios to prevent excessive risk taking. But given that regulators usually know less than a bank about its investment opportunities, regulation comes at the cost of foregoing profitable investments. I argue that shadow banking improves welfare because it provides a channel to escape excessive regulation that is asymmetrically more valuable for banks with access to efficient investment opportunities. I propose a novel intervention that improves welfare further by taxing shadow activities, subsidizing regulated activities and allowing banks to self-select into being regulated or not. (JEL D82, G21, G28, G31, G32, L25)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Ellis, Katrina, Roni Michaely, and Maureen O’Hara. "Competition in investment banking." Review of Development Finance 1, no. 1 (January 2011): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2010.10.004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Odilovich, Odilov Akmal, and Jo’rayev Behzod Nuraliyevich. "Investing In Corporate Social Responsibility, Banking Disclosure And Finance In Uzbekistan." American Journal of Management and Economics Innovations 3, no. 05 (May 31, 2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmei/volume03issue05-14.

Full text

Abstract:

Using panel data set from banks in Uzbekistan, a developing country, this paper examines the eﬀects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) investment and disclosure on corporate ﬁnancial performance. The results from the Wallace and Hussain estimator of component variances (a two- way random and ﬁxed eﬀects panel) suggest that CSR investment without due disclosure would have little or no contribution to corporate ﬁnancial performance. This paper supports the argument that ﬁrms could beneﬁt both ﬁnancially and non-ﬁnancially from a strategic CSR agenda.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Ibrahim, Mansor H., and M. Shahid Ebrahim. "Islamic Banking and Finance: Beyond Comparison and Investment Opportunities." Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 52 (December 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2018.11.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Bengtsson, Elias. "Investment funds, shadow banking and systemic risk." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 24, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-12-2014-0051.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – This paper aims to consider the role of investment funds in the credit intermediation process and discuss various forms of systemic risk their involvement might give rise to. It concludes by drawing some conclusions on the policy challenges facing authorities charged with regulating shadow banking. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on findings from prior research and statistics. Findings – On a general level, the paper shows that even though traditional investment funds and hedge funds may be very different in terms of their investment strategies and business models, some of them share several commonalities from a systemic risk perspective. More specifically, it discusses how instability in the funding profile of investment funds may threaten their ability to substitute banks’ maturity and liquidity transformation; that their potential funding liquidity shortages, asset reallocations and leverage may contribute to procyclicality in credit and market runs on the systemic money and short-term credit markets; and that insufficient risk separation may elude managerial and supervisory oversight, and force banks to reduce or interrupt credit intermediation. Research limitations/implications – The paper points to the lack of timely and comprehensive data for uncovering the stages and entities involved in shadow banking. Without sufficient data, the task of policy bodies, regulators or macroprudential authorities to fully grasp shadow banking and its contribution to systemic risk is daunting. Originality/value – The paper represents (to the author’ knowledge) the first analysis of the role of investments in shadow banking.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

GIEDEMAN, DANIEL C. "Branch Banking Restrictions and Finance Constraints in Early-Twentieth-Century America." Journal of Economic History 65, no. 1 (March 2005): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050705050059.

Full text

Abstract:

This article studies the effects of branch banking restrictions on American firm investment and growth. Authors have suggested that the lack of widespread branching bank networks hindered the development of large-scale industrial firms. This article presents a model that implies that restrictions on branch banking cause the severity of external finance constraints to increase with firm size. This hypothesis is tested using a panel data set of over 250 firms for 1911–1922. Investment and growth sensitivities are significantly higher for large firms than for smaller firms, suggesting that branch banking restrictions hindered the expansion of large-scale firms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Kickbusch, Ilona, Rüdiger Krech, Christian Franz, and Nadya Wells. "Banking for health: opportunities in cooperation between banking and health applying innovation from other sectors." BMJ Global Health 3, Suppl 1 (June 2018): e000598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000598.

Full text

Abstract:

The annual funding need for global health SDG targets is estimated by WHO at US$134 billion per year, rising to US$274-$371bn by 2030. This paper examines the challenge of making sustainable investment structures in global health more attractive for mainstream financial markets. The objective is a framework for targeted future debate with financial sector actors. Four case studies of innovative sustainable investment mechanisms are analysed, elaborating potential transfer of green and impact investment models in order to channel additional private sector funds to health. To increase private sector involvement, profit must accrue to providers of finance. The paper shows how health criteria can be incorporated into structures, which create triple bottom line return opportunities. Health infrastructure projects based on risk sharing models with governments or multilateral agencies could use long-term funding, with better credit ratings and lower cost of capital. Outcomes based investment, similar to green or social impact bonds, with third-party certification of measurable health impact, satisfy the private sector need for return with social interest objectives. Responsible investment could expand by adding a ‘health’ (H) criterion to the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) framework, implementing ESG+H for mainstream investment screening. These models are scalable, satisfy the need to dedicate funds to health and incorporate consistent critical success metrics. The conclusion finds that strong legal frameworks and exploration of fiscal incentives will be critical next steps to facilitate scaling up and broadening of interest from private sector financial actors. The impact these investments have on overall population health is a positive externality of sustainable global health investment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Degl'Innocenti, Marta, Franco Fiordelisi, Claudia Girardone, and Nemanja Radić. "Competition and risk‐taking in investment banking." Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments 28, no. 2 (March 5, 2019): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fmii.12113.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Lam, Terence Y. M., and Malvern Tipping. "A case study of the investment yields of high street banks." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 34, no. 5 (August 1, 2016): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-03-2016-0019.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – Sale-and-leaseback has become an increasingly common approach during the last two decades in the investment of high street banks (banking-halls) in the UK. One measure commonly used in making property investment decisions is the all risks yield (ARY) which is associated with the level of rental income. Investors and their advisors need to know which factors are likely to result in the highest ARY when assembling investment portfolios of such properties. The purpose of this paper is to identify those yield influences. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative multiple-case study was adopted. A literature review generated a hypothesis which was tested by a qualitative study, based upon semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire, to establish the influencing factors. Expert interviews were held with the heads of those three major auction-houses dealing with auctions of all retail bank premises in the Great Britain market, whilst the questionnaire survey involved investment professionals from within the auction-houses. Findings – The study confirmed that the four factors influencing yields and investors’ decision-making when purchasing retail banking premises were tenant banking company (brand names), regional location (north and south super-regions), lot size (hammer price), and tenure (freehold or leasehold). Research limitations/implications – This investigation focuses on Great Britain’s geographical and political area which includes England, Scotland and Wales, but excludes Northern Ireland. This research focuses on banking-halls as a sub-class of retail property investment. The findings form a baseline upon which further research can be conducted on other sub-types of retail property such as high street shops and retail parks. The results will also underpin the development of a quantitative yield predictive model based on regression analysis. Practical implications – To maximize the returns on property investments, investors and their professional advisors can use those factors having the greatest influence on yields to make informed investment decisions for the building of property portfolios. Originality/value – As a sub-sector, bank premises do not necessarily correlate to the generic retail sector. This research consolidates the broad systematic drivers of retail yields into specific factors influencing the ARY of banking-halls. The findings provide better understanding of an active but sparsely analysed sub-market of banking hall investments, and by so-doing help investors to maximize their investment returns.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Ahamat, Amiruddin. "Is Islamic Banking and Finance Doing Enough? Shaping the Sustainable and Socially Responsible Investment Community." Asian Social Science 13, no. 3 (February 21, 2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n3p170.

Full text

Abstract:

Islamic finance assets advanced at double-digit rates during the past decade, from about US$200 billion in 2003 to an estimated US$1.8 trillion at the end of 2013 (Ernst & Young 2014; IFSB 2014; Wyman 2009). Hence, despite this growth, Islamic finance and its related products are still focused in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, and Malaysia, and represent less than 1 percent of global financial assets. While, Islamic banking and finance sector, should responsive to small medium enterprises mitigating liability of smallness and newness. The factors mitigating the inherent liabilities associated with new entrepreneurial startups were found to be institutional support. Institutional support was also found to be an important factor of success for new startups. The primary focus of this study is to examine the critical role of Islamic Banking and Finance, expanding and facilitating entrepreneurial opportunities. This study draws on triple bottom line concept (people, planet and profit), by developing standards equivalent to triple bottom line reporting for Islamic banking and financial institutions, and disseminating independent and objective research to relevant stakeholders. This includes examining the potential positive or negative social impact of Islamic Banking and Finance on the financially sustainable and responsible community.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Anand, Bharat Narendra, and Alexander Galetovic P. "Investment Banking and Security Market Development: Does Finance Follow Industry?" IMF Working Papers 01, no. 90 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451851397.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Rioja, Felix, Fernando Rios-Avila, and Neven Valev. "The persistent effect of banking crises on investment and the role of financial markets." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-08-2013-0035.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – While the literature studying the effect of banking crises on real output growth rates has found short-lived effects, recent work has focused on the level effects showing that banking crises can reduce output below its trend for several years. This paper aims to investigate the effect of banking crises on investment finding a prolonged negative effect. Design/methodology/approach – The authors test to see whether investment declines after a banking crisis and, if it does, for how long and by how much. The paper uses data for 148 countries from 1963 to 2007. Econometrically, the authors test how banking crises episodes affect investment in future years after controlling for other potential determinants. Findings – The authors find that the investment to GDP ratio is on average about 1.7 percent lower for about eight years following a banking crisis. These results are robust after controlling for credit availability, institutional characteristics, and a host of other factors. Furthermore, the authors find that the size and duration of this adverse effect on investment varies according to the level of financial development of a country. The largest and longer-lasting decrease in investment is found in countries in a middle region of financial development, where finance plays its most important role according to theory. Originality/value – The authors contribute by finding that banking crisis can have long-term effects on investment of up to nine years. Further, the authors contribute by finding that the level of development of the country's financial markets affects the duration of this decrease in investment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Khujamkulov, Dilmurod Yusupaliyevich, Ruhiddin Khusniddin Ogli Zayniddinov, Dilmurod Rakhmatullayevich Ergashev, Mamajon Akhmatjonovich Mamatov, and Khusniddin Fakhriddinovich Uktamov. "Improving the Use of Islamic Banking Services in Financing Investment Projects in Uzbekistan." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 2205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i2.1869.

Full text

Abstract:

Financial inclusion is remained low level by the majority of households and firms in Uzbekistan, instead of using formal finance, they are more partial to save and borrow informally. In this case, both indicate the high cost of finance as the top reason for not using it. Moreover, households, which are mostly Muslim, declare that religious reasons prevent them from using formal finance, as only conventional finance is available. The result of the survey was passed between a number of households and entrepreneurs that most of them claimed to use Islamic banking products. On the other hand, there are not created main mechanisms, infrastructure, and other important devices to regulate Islamic banking services in the country. The major objective of this study was to investigate there were used some Islamic banking products under some conventional banks for two decades and we have discussed the empirical experiences in Uzbekistan as well as given recommendations for improving the use of Islamic financial services related to foreign experiences and the result of the survey.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Grullon, Gustavo, Shane Underwood, and James P. Weston. "Comovement and investment banking networks." Journal of Financial Economics 113, no. 1 (July 2014): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.02.010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Berzins, Janis, Crocker H. Liu, and Charles Trzcinka. "Asset management and investment banking." Journal of Financial Economics 110, no. 1 (October 2013): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.05.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

PROKOPCHUK, Alona, and Lidiia KOSTYRKO. "The formation of the investment strategy of agricultural enterprises." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 11/2 (November 21, 2019): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.11(2).3.

Full text

Abstract:

By and large, investments provide the mechanism needed to finance, develop and grow the economy. In all developed countries the agricultural economy enjoys state support. Investors consider the current state of the investment climate in Ukraine as unsatisfactory. There are a number of factors: a sharp reduction in government funding, the absence of an efficient credit system, a tight tax policy. Credit and banking organizations also do not want to finance in the agricultural sector, as there are risks. Basically, businesses rely only on their own funds. In this article, we will reveal the prerequisites, essence and consistency of the formation of the investment strategy of agricultural enterprises. At present the tool for ensuring the efficiency of agricultural enterprise development management is to formulate and implement an optimal investment strategy. The process of forming an investment strategy involves the selection of objects of strategic management of the organization. Such objects are investment activity of the enterprise as a whole, strategic economic zones and investment projects. The enterprise development strategy is also focused on attracting internal and external investments. Instruments of investment activity of the enterprise can be divided into financial and non-financial.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

O'BRIEN, PATRICIA C., MAUREEN F. MCNICHOLS, and LIN HSIOU-WEI. "Analyst Impartiality and Investment Banking Relationships." Journal of Accounting Research 43, no. 4 (September 2005): 623–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679x.2005.00184.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Pantos, Themis D. "EU Banking Directives: risk and wealth effects on the Greek financial sector." Journal of Risk Finance 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2008): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/15265940810842384.

Full text

Abstract:

PurposeThe paper seeks to examine whether or not wealth effects and changes in the systematic risk associated with the return structure of the Greek commercial chartered banks, investment firms and insurance companies resulted from the passage of the European Union Banking Directives over the period 1988‐1997.Design/methodology/approachUsing monthly stock returns from the DataStream database for the period January 1988 to December 1997, the separate effects of each of the EU Banking Directives on Greek commercial chartered banks, investment firms and insurance companies are tested. The “seemingly unrelated regression” methodology is utilized to test three portfolios consisting of an equally weighted banking, investment and insurance index made up of major Greek banks, investment firms and insurance companies respectively. The Greek Market Index serves as a proxy for the market portfolio. All the aforementioned indices were converted to returns using the log difference method.FindingsEmpirical results indicate that the systematic risk dramatically increased for Greek insurance and investment firms and moderately increased for Greek commercial chartered banks through the tabling of the Free Capital Movement Directive in the Greek Parliament. After controlling for systematic risk, the results suggest that the passage of the Free Capital Movement Directive did not create wealth effects for the shareholders of commercial chartered banks, investment firms and insurance companies. Conversely, the results demonstrate that the Second Banking, Investment Services and Capital Adequacy Directives produced no wealth effects for the investment firms and insurance companies, but not for commercial chartered banks' shareholders. The whole wealth effect on the Greek financial sector was neutral.Originality/valueThis article will be of value to academics, bankers, bank regulators, practitioners, and economic policy makers who are interested in the regulatory evolution of the EU banking industry.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

AGARKOVA, L. V., V. V. AGARKOV, and O. N. CHUVILOVA. "INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD FINANCE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3, no. 4 (2021): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.03.011.

Full text

Abstract:

According to national strategies, the innovative development of Russia should become a priority in all areas. In terms of finance, there is a contradictory picture, when certain sectors, primarily banking and taxation, are the national leaders in the use of innovative solutions, and such as household finance are significantly lagging behind. The article examines the economic potential of households, taking into account the current challenges in financial systems, and in addition, it is proposed to develop a unified national digital platform for the development of household finance. This will allow in the future, through the associated financial and social ecosystems, to integrate household finances into a variety of reproduction sectors of the national economy, investment programs and priority national projects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Świeszczak, Marika. "How Are Banks Doing on Sustainable Finance?" Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 3, no. 27 (September 30, 2020): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.3.27.08.

Full text

Abstract:

In recent years, the banking sector has started to prioritize sustainable development, recognizing the growing benefits of sustainable investment. However, they e ncounter many obstacles on the road, among others, the time horizon, waiting for regulatory proposals, and a lack of understanding of the potential effects of climate change. To strengthen its sustainability policy, the ESMA decided to harmonize transparency rules that should have a significant impact on the entire banking sector. The purpose of the article is to organize basic definitions related to the sustainable development policy, to show the role of finance in the whole process, to present important changes in the regulation, and to approximate current changes in the field of sustainable development in the banking sector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Hidir, Nashrullah, Muslimin Kara, and Ayu Ruqayyah Yunus. "Analisis Pemahaman Masyarakat Terhadap Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) Setelah Merger." El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam 4, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 1045–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/elmal.v4i4.2284.

Full text

Abstract:

Many factors prevent Muslims from accessing Islamic banking or banking that adheres to Qur'anic principles including a lack of university research, support from Islamic organizations and public knowledge of the practice. One of these factors is the fact that most people are not aware of Islamic banking, which prevents them from seeking out this financial institution. Moreover, most people have no knowledge of sharia law also known as Islamic finance although it is practiced by many banks around the world. This study explores public opinion about the existence of Islamic banks in Indonesia and their investment choices. It also investigates future investment prospects and Islamic banking products. This study uses qualitative data analysis methods derived through inductive and deductive methods. Furthermore, participants were found to have substantial knowledge about Islamic banks in Makassar. People are attracted to Islamic banks because they are implemented according to sharia principles. Many respondents stated that one of the reasons they like Islamic banking is because it is safer and more secure. Other reasons include avoiding usury and feeling proud to be a Muslim which some consider an advantage from an Islamic perspective. Keywords: Sharia, Sharia Bankin, Understanding

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

I. Tabash, Mosab, and Suhaib Anagreh. "Do Islamic banks contribute to growth of the economy? Evidence from United Arab Emirates (UAE)." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(1-1).2017.03.

Full text

Abstract:

Islamic finance has grown rapidly in the recent years particularly in the Middle East and the world. It receives a great attention of bankers and financial scholars due to its stability during financial shocks and crises. The paper uses empirical analysis to test the role of Islamic banking in enhancing the economic growth of United Arab Emirates (UAE). Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross formation (GF), and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are used as representatives for economic growth, while Islamic banks’ investments are used as a representative for Islamic financial sector in the UAE. The study uses time series techniques to test the link between the variables. In the current study, co-integration along with error correction models is utilized. All econometric work is done using Eviews. The findings reveal that the causal relationship between Islamic banks’ investments and economic growth of UAE is supply-leading direction. Furthermore, the findings depict that Islamic investments have contributed in increasing investments and in bringing FDI into the country in the long-term. The study also shows that there is two-way association between Islamic banks’ investments and FDI. It shows that FDI supports Islamic banking and Islamic banking brings FDI. The paper concludes that authorities of the UAE should devote more attention for this growing banking sector by facilitating regulations for establishing new Islamic banks and then creating a suitable environment for their growth and progress in the UAE.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Al Madani, Nabilah, and Dahruji Dahruji. "THE ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE STATE EXPENDITURES, ISLAMIC BANKING FINANCE AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT (PMA) ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA 2017-2022." LISAN AL-HAL: Jurnal Pengembangan Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/lisanalhal.v16i2.273-294.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this research were assessing the effect of the correlation between state spending, Islamic banking finance and foreign investment (PMA) economic growth in Indonesia. The research sources of data were secondary data from 2017-2021. From this analysis, the Gross Domestic Product at constant prices was used to measure Indonesia's economic growth. This study were included in quantitative research and applies the Multiple Linear Regression Method. The results of the study based on the t-test (partial test) found that Islamic banking finance and foreign investment (PMA) significantly affect economic growth in Indonesia. Then for the variable State Expenditure did not significantly affect Economic Growth in Indonesia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Al-Zu'bi, Bashir. "Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance." American Journal of Islam and Society 15, no. 1 (April 1, 1998): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i1.2210.

Full text

Abstract:

The course was organized by the Islamic Development U.K., in cooperationwith the Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, andLoughborough University, Loughborough, U.K. More than 100 guestspeakers, organizers, and participants attended.The participants were very active in panel discussions. The topicsincluded Islamic banking and fm ance, Islamic economics, economicdevelopment from the Islamic perspective, the creation of money, therationale of prohibiting interest and its prohibition in western literature,debt, equity, Islamic fund management, the role of zakat in the eradicationof poverty, Islamic finance in the West, and the new halal investmentcompany in Europe. As a starting point, Dr. Umer Chapra presented a paper on the presentstate of Islamic economics. He emphasized the importance of economicsin explaining the fall of Muslim power. He also pointed out the effect ofIslamic values and institutions, including zakat and the abolition of interest.He added that now it is time to solve the practical problems that theMuslim countries are facing and also to show ways of realizing theIslamic vision of a society where development is taking place with justice.Dr. Monawar Iqbal talked about the rationale of Islamic banking andthe services that people are in need of, e.g., investment in the form ofmudarabah, musharakah, and murabah.Attention was juid to the following features of Islamic banking: risksharing, productivity as compared to credit worthiness, moral dimension,equity, efficiency, stability, and growth.The experience of Islamic banking in Pakistan, Iran, and Sudan wasdiscussed. In addition, there was a discussion on multinational entities(e.g., Islamic Development Bank). Dr. Iqbal emphasized the major problemsfacing Islamic banking such as lack of profit sharing on the assetside, adverse selection, moral hazard, lack of project appraisal machinery,lack of project monitering, defaulters and the issue of penalties,illogicality of the Islamic financial market, short-term asset structure,excess liquidity, short-term placement of funds, lack of a lender of lastresort, difficulties in issuing letters of guarantee, and taxation.Despite these problems, 192 Islamic banks were operating by the endof 1996. An analysis of 166 of these banks was made by Dr. SamirShaikh, who described their current profile and showed that their netprofit in 1996 was $1,683,648. On the suggestion of Dr. Tarigullah Khanthe principles of Islamic finance were grouped into the following categories:benevolence, sharing principle, deferred sale-principle, andsharing-cum-deferred sale ...

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Cornford, Andrew. "Trade, Investment and Competition in International Banking." Journal of Banking Regulation 8, no. 2 (February 2007): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jbr.2350042.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Armstrong, Angus. "Restoring Trust in Banking." National Institute Economic Review 221 (July 2012): R4—R10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011222100111.

Full text

Abstract:

Trust allows financial transactions to take place when contracts are incomplete and the cost of negotiating too great for the parties involved. Banking covers many different types of transactions in assets with different levels of incomplete contracts. Investment banks have traditionally dealt with assets with incomplete contracts and often traded on informal and opaque markets. The creation of new global banks combined know-how, capital and collateral to generate enormous growth in these markets. While global banks developed trust with counterparties in specific markets, the opacity combined with limited liability structures also created principal-agent problems. The scandals which emerged are a reflection of these agency problems and have left trust in the banks greatly diminished. If levels of trust remain so low, this will be consistent with ongoing bank vulnerability, less lending to finance risky but profitable investment projects, and consequently lower economic activity. Regulation can support private incentives to accept codes of conduct which enhance trust.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Budiman, Intisaar Kaamilah, Mariam Abdulaziz, Alliya Jaffar, and Mor Talla Lo. "Impacts of the Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 on Investment Account products offered by Islamic Banks in Malaysia." International Journal of Management and Applied Research 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18646/2056.64.19-024.

Full text

Abstract:

The Islamic Financial Services Act (IFSA) 2013 is a Malaysian banking law which was enacted to regulate and supervise the banking practices of Islamic finance institutions. IFSA 2013 has the effect of repealing the Islamic Banking Act 1983 (IBA), the Takaful Act 1984, the Payment System Act 2003 and the Exchange Control Act 1953. Prior to the introduction of IFSA 2013 there was no clear distinction between deposit and investment accounts. The IFSA 2013 re-defines Islamic deposit, and classifies investment accounts as non-principal guaranteed while deposit account as principal guaranteed. The objective of this paper is thus to explore implications of IFSA 2013 on investment accounts from the perspective of the banker. Future research could explore the perspective of account holders looking at their views on investment accounts and IFSA 2013.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Bloch, Ernest, Samuel L. Hayes III, and Philip M. Hubbard. "Investment Banking: A Tale of Three Cities." Journal of Finance 45, no. 4 (September 1990): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2328734.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

KHAN, MUHAMMAD. "Guaranteeing Investment Deposits in Islamic banking System." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Islamic Economics 16, no. 1 (2003): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/islec.16-1.2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Singh, Prakash, and Dibyendu Maiti. "Sources of Finance, Innovation and Exportability in Asia: Cross-country Evidences." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, no. 1 (April 2019): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684618821486.

Full text

Abstract:

Sunk costs determine the level of productivity and exportability of a firm according to the modern trade theory. While productivity rise requires finance for innovation and technology adoption from external sources, this article attempts to argue that sources of finance would be detrimental to the innovation ability of firms. Although formal banking finance suffers from asymmetric information, it is less risky to invest on R&D compared to that of non-banking sources and capital market. In other words, the fund received from formal banking source raises innovation, and, thereby, exportability of firms and financing from other sources involve higher cost and limit innovation capacity and exportability. Analysis of firm-level database provided by the World Bank Enterprise Survey confirms that firms depend more on formal banking source for investment in innovation, and this is found to be significant in explaining innovation and exportability. JEL Codes: F20, F36

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Huda, Farzana, and Tanbir Ahmed Chowdhury. "Merchant Banking Operation: A Case Study of Selected Merchant Banks in Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v9i1.10712.

Full text

Abstract:

In Bangladesh the establishment of merchant bank added value to the stock market which plays a vital role in the progress of economic development. This study tried to analyze the performance of Lanka Bangla Investment Ltd., Prime Finance Capital Management Ltd., IDLC Investment Ltd. and Uttara Finance and Investment Ltd. Seven trend equations have been tested for different activities of the selected merchant banks. It is observed that the selected merchant banks were able to achieve a stable growth of investment in securities, margin loan to clients, brokerage commission, capital gain/loss from securities, portfolio management services, issue management fees, corporate advisory fees and underwriting commission during the period of 2011-2015. Among them the trend equation of investment in securities, margin loan to clients, and corporate advisory fees are positive incase of all the selected merchant banks. Square of correlation coefficient (r2) has also been tested for all trend equations. The r2 of interest income from merchant bank, portfolio management services, settlement and transaction fees and documentation fees, is more than 0.5. It indicates the prospect of merchant banks in Bangladesh is bright.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Carter, Richard B., and Frederick H. Dark. "An Empirical Examination of Investment Banking Reputation Measures." Financial Review 27, no. 3 (August 1992): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.1992.tb01322.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Engel, Dirk, and Torge Middendorf. "Investment, internal funds and public banking in Germany." Journal of Banking & Finance 33, no. 11 (November 2009): 2132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.05.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Cortes, Gustavo S., Renato L. Marcondes, and Maria Dolores M. Diaz. "Mortgages for machinery: credit and industrial investment in pre-World War I Brazil." Financial History Review 21, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565014000110.

Full text

Abstract:

How could a primitive credit market finance the early industrialisation of an underdeveloped economy? To answer this question, we use a hand-collected data set of mortgage loans raised by industrial firms in the city of São Paulo during the period 1866-1914. These mortgages were debt obligations collateralised by land, improvements, machinery and equipment. We argue that the mortgage credit market was a key source of funding for early industrial investments in Brazil. We find that industries were mainly funded by non-banking and domestic agents. The empirical evidence suggests that mortgages were an important proxy for industrial investment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Sar, Salim. "Examination of Smes' Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Financial System Specific to Participation Banking." Ekonomik Yaklasim 33, no. 124 (2022): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ey.23002.

Full text

Abstract:

The Islamic finance system is a system that is outside the traditional financial system and offers alternative financing methods instead of traditional financing methods. Interest in the Islamic financial system is increasing day by day. Due to this increasing interest, the literature on the subject is gradually developing. In this study, it is aimed to test the relationship between the knowledge of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) about Islamic finance investment products and the tendency of SMEs to invest in Islamic finance instruments. The alternative investment and financing system awareness questionnaire used in the data collection part was applied to SMEs operating in the province of Erzincan. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA test, Tukey HSD test, Pearson Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. The findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the predictive variables of the Islamic financial system and the tendency to use the Islamic financial system. The most effective predictor variable on the tendency of SMEs to use the Islamic finance system was found to be awareness of Islamic finance. The positive relationship between the tendency to use the Islamic finance system and the predictive variables (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and awareness of Islamic finance) can be interpreted as SMEs tend to invest in Islamic finance instruments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Vovchak, Olha, and Viktoriia Rudevska. "Banking crediting of enterprises’ innovation activity in Ukraine." Banks and Bank Systems 11, no. 4 (December 9, 2016): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(4).2016.10.

Full text

Abstract:

The basic tendencies and problems of banking crediting of enterprises’ innovation activity have been researched. The main directions in enterprises’ financing framework as banking crediting have been analyzed. The factors that influence the level of bank support of enterprises that overcome innovation activity and actively implement innovations have been researched. The banking crediting is proved to be meant to become one of the most important sources of financing of investment programs and projects, directly connected with improvement and development of the most important branches of economy. Keywords: bank, innovations, innovation activity, enterprises’ financial resources, crediting. JEL Classification: G24

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Al-Roubaie, Amer. "Islamic Finance: A Bulwark against Contagion in the Global Banking System." ICR Journal 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v1i2.749.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this article is to shed some light on the performance of Islamic financial institutions in view of the current global financial crisis. Islamic financial activities and products are conducted in compliance with the shari’ah and, therefore, they are less vulnerable to changes in monetary variables than conventional financial products. Due to the prohibition of interest and because of ethical and moral constraints, Islamic banks are restricted from investment in speculative transactions which lessens default risk and enhances effectiveness of liquidity management. Islamic modes of investment contribute to society’s wellbeing through the creation of wealth and employment to ensure economic stability and human development. In Islam, knowledge, information and work are the main ingredients for success (falah). In an information-intensive world, honesty, accountability and transparency are vital for market performance and business activities. The global financial crisis has caused instability in financial markets weakening confidence in the global economic system as well as increasing uncertainty about future macroeconomic trends.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Scadden, R. W. "Banking and Finance Series. Investment. By Andrew Adams (Graham and Trotman, 1989)." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 117, no. 1 (June 1990): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100043092.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Prasad, Ajnesh, and Tanvir Qureshi. "Race and racism in an elite postcolonial context: reflections from investment banking." Work, Employment and Society 31, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016661269.

Full text

Abstract:

The question of how race manifests at work in postcolonial contexts has been an understudied phenomenon by management and organization studies researchers. This article seeks to address the void in the extant literature by drawing on the rich experiences of a visible minority investment banker who worked in several countries with colonial legacies. Presented as a narrative, the banker’s experience conceptualizes how race ubiquitously materializes in both the field of high finance and the broader postcolonial communities in which it is situated. Indeed, the narrative illuminates the contemporary complexities of race as it unfolds discursively within the organizational setting of high finance. Finally, the article considers some of the implications of racism on visible minority professionals in the era of postcoloniality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Mehta, Dileep R., Ingo Walter, and Roy C. Smith. "Investment Banking in Europe: Restructuring for the 1990s." Journal of Finance 47, no. 2 (June 1992): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2329129.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Alawneh, Ateyah Mohammad. "Relationship between Fiscal Policy and Islamic Finance: A Case Study of the Jordan Islamic Bank." International Journal of Asian Social Science 12, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5007.v12i7.4545.

Full text

Abstract:

The study aims to clarify the relationship between fiscal policy and Islamic finance during the period of (2000–2020). Results of the co-integration analysis showed the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables of the study. Analysis of a long-term relationship through the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) model showed a positive, statistically significant effect of government spending on Islamic financing and investment and a negative, statistically significant effect of taxes on Islamic financing and investment. Causal relationship analysis showed that government spending and taxes cause Islamic financing and investment, which implies that Islamic finance follows the fiscal policy in Jordan. Results confirm the effectiveness of fiscal policy in influencing Islamic finance and investment, which indicates that fiscal policy has a role in Islamic banking financial services and in creating the appropriate environment for that. This study offers recommendations by finding new investment financial tools compatible with Islamic Sharia's provisions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Shohih, Hadist, and Ro’fah Setyowati. "PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM MENGENAI PRAKTIK GHARAR DALAM TRANSAKSI PERBANKAN SYARIAH." Dialogia Iuridica: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis dan Investasi 12, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/di.v12i2.3323.

Full text

Abstract:

The industrial era 4.0 has presented sophisticated online transactions, this has also brought changes to the banking and investment sector in Indonesia. The phenomenon of online transactions in banking and investment practices has made Islamic finance, which prohibits the concept of giving interest or usury, becomes "grey", in other words, unclear or uncertain. There is no prohibition in Islamic law for a contract, which is only related to something that is not certain. However, if something uncertain causes the other party to suffer losses and the other party gains, then it becomes gharar. This study raises a legal issue, namely how gharar practices in banking and investment in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical. The results of the study concluded that gharar should be avoided in banking and investment institutions because the practice of gharar has the potential to occur in all (commercial) business contracts. where there is incomplete information due to the uncertainty of both parties who transact and even change something that should be certain to be uncertain. So that to realize a good transaction system according to Islam, it needs support from Muslims, namely by applying the concept of investment in Islam. Islamic financial transactions must be constructed carefully and avoid things that are prohibited by Islam.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Zulhilmi, Muhammad. "BANKING FINANCE ANALYSIS ON AGRICURURAL SECTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT IN INDONESIA." Business and Entrepreneurial Review 14, no. 2 (November 20, 2016): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ber.v14i2.1146.

Full text

Abstract:

The agriculture sectors the main in supporting national economic development in each country. Similarly with Indonesia. With the vast area and the majority of Indonesian people work as farmers, the agriculture sector has a strategic role in employment to flabor; Hence the government should focus on improving growth and investment in the agriculture sector. The main issues in the economic development of agriculture in Indonesia in the lackof capital. This is in contrast toother developing countries where the government gives subsidies to this sector. Short ages on the capital side is due to the low income of people who have an impact on the low of saving ability, thus the investment in the agriculture sector in low. While the increase in financing at the agriculture sector will pose aconsiderable influence on the Real Gross National Saving. Real Bank Landing to agriculture, Real Out-Put of Agriculture sub-Sector, Real Investmen in Agriculture and will have an impact on economic growth and investment in agriculture. This study was designed to use secondary data by using a model analysis techniques of Structural Equation Modeling. In addition, this study also uses a model approach of Tawhidi string Relation (TSR). In the premise of Tawhidi String Relations, this research will be identified quantitatively by using analysis Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD), which aims to look at the welfare of farmers in sharia. The result of the analysis shows that the level of the Real Gross National Saving, Real Bank Lending to Agriculture, Real Out-Put of Agriculture of sub-Sector. Real Investment in Agriculture and the agriculture sectore has a significant influence on sub sequent economic growth and investment. The ruselt ofthe analysis with TSR also shows a significant effect. This is indicated by the level of the biggest change in sequence, namely: variable GDP (Ѳ) 33.27%, variable (Ѳ) 22.21%, variable AGE (Ѳ) 12.45%, Variable BLAFF 11.09%, variable EAGEXP (Ѳ) of 8.01% and the variable RGNS (Ѳ) of 7.17%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Hasan, M. S., N. H. Ali, O. A. Abbas, and O. Wasfy. "Islamic finance: Meeting Global Aspirations and Growth Potential — UK Model." Review of Business and Economics Studies 10, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2022-10-3-56-68.

Full text

Abstract:

This study’s objective is to provide a description of the Islamic financial industry and its products, with an emphasis on the development of Islamic finance in the UK market. Islamic finance is a relatively popular issue in the world of economics due to its patterns of worldwide expansion. In the western world, the UK is at the forefront of Islamic finance. This research used a positivist outlook, and a descriptive research design. The optimum way will thus be to acquire secondary data. Both content analysis and descriptive analysis were used to examine the data that had been gathered. The findings showed that the UK’s political environment and organizational structure support the expansion of Islamic banking there. The study also highlights the difficulties that UK-based Islamic financing faces. The results showed that financing real estate, as well as the provision of insurance services and the financing of transport firms without interest charges on loans, improve investment by Islamic banking and conventional banking institutions with an Islamic sector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Tsaurai, Kunofiwa. "Banking sector development and foreign direct investment. A case of Botswana." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 4, no. 3 (2014): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv4i3art5.

Full text

Abstract:

The study investigates if there is a causality relationship between banking sector development and FDI inflows in Botswana. Though quite a number of authors have written on the subject, there appears to be no consensus on the directional causality between banking sector development and FDI inflows into the host country. At the moment, three dominant perspectives exist regarding the relationship between banking sector development and FDI inflows into the host country. The first perspective says that banking sector development attracts FDI inflows into the host country. The second perspective suggests that there is a positive feedback effect between banking sector development and FDI inflows whilst the third perspective maintains that there is no direct causality relationship between the two variables. The results from this study are consistent with the third perspective that says there is no direct causality relationship between banking sector development and FDI net inflows. This confirms that the long run relationship between banking sector development and FDI net inflows is an indirect one and the two set of variables affect each other indirectly through other factors in Botswana.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Gaston, Richard S. "Outsourcing information services in investment banking." Business Information Review 22, no. 4 (December 2005): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266382105060605.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Abubakar, Abbas Said, and Dr Josiah Aduda. "ISLAMIC BANKING AND INVESTMENT FINANCING: A CASE OF ISLAMIC BANKING IN KENYA." International Journal of Finance 2, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijf.42.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of Islamic banking on investment financing in Islamic banks in Kenya.Methodology: This study employed descriptive survey design. The population of this research consisted of 8 commercial banks offering Shariah compliant products. The study used secondary data for the period 2009 to 2012. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and results were presented in frequency tables and figures. The data was then analyzed in terms of descriptive statistics like frequencies, means and percentages.Results: The study findings indicated that there were various Islamic banking products that Islamic banks used to finance their investments. This included motor vehicle financing, mortgage financing, asset financing, real estate financing, trade financing and SME financing. The study also indicated that there were various modes of financing used by Islamic banking such as profit and loss sharing, Ijara and murahaba. Regression results revealed that motor vehicle financing was statistically significant in explaining loans advanced to customers in Islamic banks. However mortgage financing, asset financing, real estate financing, trade financing and SME financing were not statistically significant in explaining loans advanced to customers in Islamic banks but they were positively correlated.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that the management of the banks to get well equipped and competent employees on Islamic banking products as most Islamic banks are currently managed by people who have been educated and trained in the conventional banking system. Thus, more time may be required for the unique characteristics of Islamic financial instruments to be completely accepted and understood by both bank personnel and customers. It is also recommended that the terms and conditions of acquiring a loan be made more appealing and considerate for more investors to approach the banks for assistance as the Shari`ah restricts the type of businesses for which Islamic banks can provide financing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Livne, Gilad, Garen Markarian, and Maxim Mironov. "Investment horizon, risk, and compensation in the banking industry." Journal of Banking & Finance 37, no. 9 (September 2013): 3669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.05.021.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Banking, Finance, and Investment'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles