Academic literature on the topic 'Banking sector; System'
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Journal articles on the topic "Banking sector; System"
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A. Obalade, Adefemi, Babatunde Lawrence, and Joseph Olorunfemi Akande. "Political risk and banking sector performance in Nigeria." Banks and Bank Systems 16, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(3).2021.01.
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Political risk is prevalent in Nigeria and tends to influence business outcomes and the stability of the banking system. As a result of this study, it was determined whether political risk matters to the performance of the banking sector in Nigeria. The effect of political risk on different banks’ performance measures, such as return on assets, return on invested capital, credit risk and stock price, were examined in a panel of 12 selected commercial banks for the period 2006–2018. Data was analyzed using a two-stage system of generalized method of moments. The results provided evidence that the effect of political risk on bank performance depends on the performance proxies. Specifically, political risk was found to be negatively related to banks’ returns on invested capital and positively related to deteriorating credit risk. Hence, it can be concluded that political risk induces poor banking system performance in Nigeria. The study provides a critical insight into the management of a country’s political systems in terms of their potential to create unfavorable conditions for banking systems to thrive.
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Khattak, Mudeer Ahmed, Mohsin Ali, Baharom Abdul Hamid, and Muhammad Umar Islam. "COMPETITION, DIVERSIFICATION, AND STABILITY IN THE INDONESIAN BANKING SYSTEM." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 24 (March 8, 2021): 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v24i0.1481.
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We examine the impact of competition and portfolio diversification on banking stability for conventional and Islamic banks in Indonesia. We find that the Islamic banking sector is less stable, when compared to the conventional banking sector. Competition in the banking sector reduces stability, while diversification enhances it. We find that competition negatively impacts the Islamic banks, but diversification has no impact on these banks. An interesting finding is that competition and diversification complement each other in enhancing the stability of the Indonesian banking sector. These findings carry an important policy implication for the banking sector of Indonesia.
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W, Nadia Sasri. "The National Banking Crisis in Applied Early Warning System (EWS)." Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Pembangunan 1, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/jdep.v1i1.68.
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The purpose of this research is the research and development of the industrial sector's economy to the agricultural sector, as well as the influence of agricultural and industrial sectors on economic growth in Indonesia. The data used is time series data, 1960-2015. The method used in this research is Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). From the estimation results, it is concluded that the economic growth rate and the industrial sector negatively affect the agricultural sector, it can be said that the increasing economic growth achieved in Indonesia has increased the industrial sector and lower the agricultural sector. While the results of research that the agricultural sector negatively affect the economic growth while the industrial sector positively affects economic growth, in the sense that the agricultural sector has a bad contribution in economic growth in Indonesia.
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Dąbkowska, Anna. "Fuzje i przejęcia w niemieckim sektorze bankowym w latach 1997–2012." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 110 (July 15, 2015): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2015.110.26.
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Deepening globalisation and liberalisation on the market of banking services make banks worldwide concentrate their capitals. Carefully planned mergers and acquisitions within financial sector are supposed to rise the scale of the businesses and increase their values. This paper is aimed at presenting mergers and acquisitions in German banking sector, focusing only on transactions within particular sub-sectors of German banking system. The analysis covered consolidation processes of all sub-sectors of German banking sector. The most important mergers and acquisitions observed since the financial crisis were presented.
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Quyen, Do. "Efficiency Evaluation of e-CRM System in Banking Sector under Digitalization." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP4 (March 31, 2020): 1800–1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp4/20201665.
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Swamy, Vighneswara. "Banking System Resilience and Financial Stability - An Evidence from Indian Banking." Journal of International Business and Economy 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 87–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2013.1.5.
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This paper while emphasising the importance of the concept of financial stability in wake of recent global financial crisis in particular and other (banking and financial) crises in general attempts to highlight the significance of the soundness of banking sector in emerging economies where banking sector constitutes a lion’s share in the financial system. This study examines banking sector stability by constructing a micro vector auto regressive (VAR) model and establishes the significance of the interrelatedness of the bank-specific variables such as; Liquidity, Asset Quality, Capital Adequacy and Profitability. Further, the paper offers a substantive review of literature on the concept of financial stability in backdrop of the ongoing definition debate for financial stability. A significant contribution of this study is that, by employing the most appropriate key determinants of banking sector soundness, the paper constructs a recursive micro VAR model to explain the interdependence and comovement of the banking stability covariates in a bank-dominated financial system that aids in understanding the dynamics of financial stability of emerging economies
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Lici, Eleana, and Irena Boboli. "Concentration and Competition in the Albanian Banking Sector." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v2i1.p168-173.
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Albania has a relatively new financial system, where banking system is the most developed financial service in our country, with a share of 94, 4% of the total financial services. This is a phenomenon of countries with emerging economies, which proves that there is greater reliance on the state economic development of the banking sector, by effecting from the households to the biggest investors and the government. As in any market, competition is important for the banking sector because, it affects the efficiency and the quality of services offered. Furthermore, competition in banking has also implications for other sectors of the economy. So, higher competition in the banking sector is found to be associated with a faster growth of other sectors of the economy that rely on external financing. The main goal of this paper is to understand the characteristics of competition in our banking system and study the relationship between the level of concentration and competition. We are going to measure the concentration by the “H” indices. The “H” (Herfindaflit) indices is a measure of the level of the concentration of the banking system of a country. A high level of the indices shows a high level of concentration and as a consequence a low level of competition. A low level of the indices shows a low level of concentration which is sign of a banking market with a high competition.
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Кузбагаров, Муслим, and Елена Кузбагарова. "THE UNIFIED BIOMETRIC SYSTEM AND UNIFIED SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION AND AUTHENTICATION AS TOOLS TO ENSURE THE SECURITY OF BANKING OPERATIONS USING THE INTERNET: LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 16, no. 4-2 (April 1, 2020): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2020.4.36.
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The paper is devoted to the organizational and legal issues of using the unified identification systems in various sectors of the economy, in particular in the banking sector. In the Russian Federation since 2011 the use of the unified identification and authentication system (ESIA) and since 2018 the use of the unified biometric system (EBS) has become one of the most promising areas in the activities of commercial banks and other subjects of the financial system. It is advisable to consider the active introduction of the EBS and ESIA into the banking sector as a tool for ensuring the security of banking transactions using the Internet, developed on the basis of modern engineering, technical and software developments. Purpose: to analyze the main directions of the use of the ESIA and EBS in the banking sector, to determine the existing organizational and legal issues arising in the practical activities of banks when implementing banking operations. Methods: the research is carried out on the basis of the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, comparison and a systematic approach. Results: based on the results of the study, the authors identify the existing organizational and legal issues arising in the practical activities of banks when carrying out banking operations using the Internet, and suggest ways to solve them.
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Nyasha, Sheilla, and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "The evolution of bank-based financial system in the United Kingdom." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 1 (2013): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1c5art3.
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This paper gives an overview of the banking sector in the U.K.; it highlights the reforms since the second half of the 20th Century; it tracks the growth of the banking sector in response to the reforms implemented over the past seven decades; and finally, it highlights the challenges facing the banking sector in the U.K. The country’s banking sector consists of more than 340 commercial banks, with the Bank of England, which is the economy’s central bank, at the apex. Since the 1970s, the U.K. government has implemented a number of banking sector reforms – in order to safeguard and improve the banking sector. The response to these reforms, by the banking sector, has been varied. As a result of these reforms, there has been an increase in the activity of foreign banks as the financial sector was regulated. There has also been an improvement in the Central Bank’s oversight of the financial institutions, and an enforcement of the banks’ capital-adequacy requirements. By any standard, the U.K. currently has one of the most developed banking systems in world. The country has enjoyed a substantial bank-based financial sector development over the years, and its institutional framework has also grown stronger. However, like any other financial system, the U.K. banking system still faces wide-ranging challenges, such as less than adequate disclosure standards, contagion risk from the euro zone, squeezed interest margin and uncertainties caused by changes in regulatory regimes.
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SOKOLOV, A. P., and K. O. SEMYONOV. "INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE BANKING SECTOR." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 6, no. 12 (2020): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.12.06.022.
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The article discusses the most pressing issue of ensuring the economic security of the banking sector through international management systems. The authors analyze the protection of banks and the banking system from external and internal factors. Russia's transition from Basel-1 to Basel-3 directly had a beneficial effect on the stability of the banking system during the crisis. The reforms proposed by the Basel Committee, in turn, are aimed directly at strengthening microprudential regulation. It is proposed to highlight two factors that will have a positive effect on the Russian banking system with the adoption of Basel-3. The article will be of interest to economists working in the banking sector.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Banking sector; System"
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Murrawat, Adnan, and Foroozan Nasershariati. "CRM system benefits : A case study of banking sector." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-13335.
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Seminar Date: 05-11-2011 Level: Master Thesis in Information Technology Management, 15ECTS Institution: School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Malardalen University Authors: Adnan Murrawat Khan [amt1001] Foroozan Nasershariati [fni10002] Title: CRM system benefits, a case study of banking sector Supervisor: Dr Ole Liljefors Problem statement: Customer relationship management (CRM) systems have been adopted to have better relationships with customers by having detailed knowledge of their requirements through using different information technologies. Implementing CRM systems correctly can provide many of benefits both for the customers and to the business as well. Banks have large numbers of customers and to fulfill their customer requirements most banks have adopted CRM systems. This thesis tries to identify how CRM systems are helpful in the banking sector to get the benefits. Research Question: What are the benefits of implementing customer relationship management systems? Method: Research process used in this thesis is related to the realist approach . The study is structured by dividing the problem into different parts and then the relationship between them is analyzed. Both primary and secondary data collection have been used .The main method adopted to collect empirical data is open ended questionnaires. Secondary data have been collected by using the availability of Malardalen University online databases. Conclusion: Results showed that CRM system can provide a large benefit for a particular organization not only in attracting more and more customers but also in expanding business in related areas by successfully implementing CRM. To reap the benefits more care is required at the implementation stage and also by the realization of the fact that not all the benefits can be achieved at once. Keywords: CRM system, CRM successful implementation, CRM benefits, CRM customer benefits, CRM business benefits.
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Madani-Beyhurst, Shirin. "Essays on the banking sector of Luxembourg." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAB003.
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Cette thèse étudie le secteur bancaire du Luxembourg sous trois angles différents. Elle apporte de nouveaux éléments de débat sur un secteur bancaire souvent commenté mais rarement étudié. En outre, dans chacun des trois chapitres, les impacts de la crise financière sont étudiés. Chapitre 1: Création de liquidité par les banques du Luxembourg. Ce chapitre évalue la quantité liquidité créée par les banques. Nous constatons que cette création a plus que doublé entre 1999 et 2011. Cependant, la liquidité créée a commencé à diminuer en 2009 et en 2011, elle n’était toujours pas revenu au niveau d'avant la crise. Chapitre 2: Le canal du crédit bancaire au Luxembourg. Nous trouvons un canal du crédit opérationnel qui fonctionne essentiellement via la capitalisation des banques sur base agrégée. Nous démontrons également que les banques ont préservé la disponibilité du crédit lors de la crise financière. Chapitre 3: Rentabilité bancaire au Luxembourg dans un environnement de taux bas. Nous constatons qu’à long terme, le niveau et la pente de la courbe des taux contribuent positivement à la rentabilité bancaire, par conséquent, que les taux d'intérêt actuellement bas ont un effet négatif sur la profitabilité des banquesThis dissertation studies the banking sector of Luxembourg under three different angles. It therefore contributes to provide new evidence on an often commented but rarely investigated banking industry. Furthermore, in each of the three chapters, the impacts of the financial crisis are studied. Chapter 1: Bank liquidity creation in Luxembourg. This chapter assesses how much liquidity banks in Luxembourg have created. We find that liquidity creation has more than doubled between 1999 and 2011. However, the level of liquidity created started to decrease in 2009 and in 2011, was still not back to pre-crisis level. Chapter 2: The bank lending channel in Luxembourg. We find an operative bank lending channel in Luxembourg, which works through capitalization on an aggregated basis. Regarding the financial crisis, we underlined that banks preserved the availability of credit.Chapter 3: Bank profitability in Luxembourg in a low interest rate environment. We find that, in the long-run, the level and the slope of the yield curve contribute positively to bank profitability and hence that the current low interest rates have a negative effect on banks’ profits
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Intarachote, Thida. "Financial liberalisation in Thailand." Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/financial-liberalisation-in-thailand(a9cafc30-bd1a-4046-8642-c0f38cdbaa84).html.
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Financial liberalisation is the process of financial development that reduces the extent of government control over the financial industry. It is argued that a liberalised financial system is a fundamental prerequisite for more efficient allocation of savings and investment, which in turn leads to greater economic growth. Financial liberalisation includes the freeing up of interest rate controls, exchange and capital controls, entry of foreign banks, and the deregulation of banking sector. The latter process, which comprises the deregulation of bank structure and conduct rules and the concomitant reregulation of bank prudential supervision, is generally targetted to improve the efficiency and productivity of banks. On the other hand, financial liberalisation and basic deregulation have also (been) precursors to many banking and financial crises. This study examines the effects of deregulation on the Thai banking sector during 1990- 97 using a two-stage approach. In the first-stage analysis, the relative efficiencies and productivity of each bank in each year are measured using DEA techniques. In the second-stage, regression techniques are used to evaluate the impact of financial deregulation on efficiency and productivity, controlling for bank-specific attributes. The main findings regarding bank efficiency are that on average banks operating in Thailand hardly improved their technical, allocative and cost efficiencies, except in 1996 and 1997. Most banks were better at optimising their input mix than minimising their usage and costs of inputs. There was a clear association between size and cost efficiency for the domestic Thai banks, and on average their cost efficiencies were greater than those of the foreign bank branches, all other things being equal. However, the majority of the banks on the best-practice efficient frontier were foreign, and the smallest Thai banks were the least efficient of all the banks studied. The average productivity of foreign banks increased over the period studied, and this was mainly due to outward shifts of the production frontier each year (technological progress) rather than improvements in relative efficiency. The average productivity of domestic banks did not change over time, as technological progress was offset by moves away from the best-practice frontier. Overall, the evidence for the postulated beneficial effects of deregulation is somewhat mixed. Improvements in total factor productivity were driven by the huge expansion in lending made possible by the liberalisation, but these increases in productivity were mainly achieved by the foreign bank branches whose operations were supported by substantial amounts of financial capital from their parents. Productive efficiency of the domestic banks did improve over the period of study, but these improvements were greatest for the large and medium size banks, thus widening the gap between the most inefficient group of small Thai banks and the rest of the banking sector.
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Ngwenya, Bongani, and Khanyisa Malufu. "Perceptions Towards On-line Banking Security: An Empirical Investigation of a Developing Country`s Banking Sector, how secure is On-line Banking." IJCSN, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/271474.
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Information systems concentrate data in computer files
that have the potential to be accessed by large numbers
of people in and outside of organisations. While security
breaches and damages of information systems still come
from organisational insiders, security breaches are
increasing, especially in developing countries because
organisations are now open to outsiders through the
internet. As a result, automated data are more susceptible
to error, destruction, fraud and misuse.
The banking sector in Zimbabwe has introduced, of late,
on-line banking facilities and these are heavily
dependent on the use of internet.The increase in computer crime has led to scepticism about the move made by the banks to introduce on-line banking. Some view this as a noble move which has made the banking system more efficient, reliable and secure, while others view it as a risky and insecure way of banking. The aim of this study was to assess whether on-line banking in the developing countries is secure or not. The researcher chose a descriptive-quantitative research design. Data was collected using a self constructed questionnaire. Convenience sampling and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select the main subjects of the study. Generally on average there was no significant difference between the perceptions of management bank personnel and non-management bank personnel on the security of on-line banking. The study recommends further future studies on the security of on-line banking in developing countries based on the perceptions of the customers themselves, who are using on-line banking services, the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security and also a study of the latent dimensions of on-line banking security as extracted by factor analysis, how they differ from elements of information security as derived from the theoretical framework and literature.
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Arbussà, i. Reixach Anna. "The effects of information and communication technologies on the banking sector and the payments system." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7696.
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This dissertation studies the effects of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on the banking sector and the payments system. It provides insight into how technology-induced changes occur, by exploring both the nature and scope of main technology innovations and evidencing their economic implications for banks and payment systems. Some parts in the dissertation are descriptive. They summarise the main technological developments in the field of finance and link them to economic policies. These parts are complemented with sections of the study that focus on assessing the extent of technology application to banking and payment activities. Finally, it includes also some work which borrows from the economic literature on banking. The need for an interdisciplinary approach arises from the complexity of the topic and the rapid path of change to which it is subject.The first chapter provides an overview of the influence of developments in ICT on the evolution of financial services and international capital flows. We include main indicators and discuss innovation in the financial sector, exchange rates and international capital flows. The chapter concludes with impact analysis and policy options regarding the international financial architecture, some monetary policy issues and the role of international institutions.
The second chapter is a technology assessment study that focuses on the relationship between technology and money. The application of technology to payments systems is transforming the way we use money and, in some instances, is blurring the definition of what constitutes money. This chapter surveys the developments in electronic forms of payment and their relationship to the banking system. It also analyses the challenges posed by electronic money for regulators and policy makers, and in particular the opportunities created by two simultaneous processes: the Economic and Monetary Union and the increasing use of electronic payment instruments.
The third chapter deals with the implications of developments in ICT on relationship banking. The financial intermediation literature explains relationship banking as a type of financial intermediation characterised by proprietary information and multiple interactions with customers. This form of banking is important for the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises. We discuss the effects of ICT on the banking sector as a whole and then apply these developments to the case of relationship banking.
The fourth chapter is an empirical study of the effects of technology on the banking business, using a sample of data from the Spanish banking industry. The design of the study is based on some of the events described in the previous chapters, and also draws from the economic literature on banking. The study shows that developments in information management have differential effects on wholesale and retail banking activities.
Finally, the last chapter is a technology assessment study on electronic payments systems in Spain and the European Union. It contains an analysis of existing payment systems and ongoing or planned initiatives in Spain. It forms part of a broader project comprising a series of country-specific analyses covering ten European countries. The main issues raised across the countries serve as the starting point to discuss implications of the development of electronic money for regulation and policies, and in particular, for monetary-policy making.
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Costa, Carlota. "How do banks choose a certain costing system and why." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9796.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsThis work project has the purpose of examining how banks choose a certain costing system and why. A survey addressed to all banks operating in Portugal was used to identify which organizational, contextual and cultural factors influence the banks’ decision to adopt a specific costing system. The importance of cost control, cost information and top management support, which are omitted factors from other studies, as well as nationality and cost structure were found to be statistically significant. No association was detected between the decision of adopting a costing system and the factors product diversity/complexity, level of competition, size of the bank and business segment.
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Seabra, Maria Teresa Domingos. "A eficiência e desenvolvimento do sistema financeiro angolano : sector bancário." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3765.
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Mestrado em FinançasO presente trabalho consiste na análise da Eficiência e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Financeiro Angolano - Sector Bancário num período de seis anos (2005 a 2010). O Sistema Bancário Angolano, teve um grande crescimento nos últimos dez anos, em termos de desempenho financeiro e de números de instituições bancárias, assim como a obtenção dos objectivos económicos que pautam os gestores das organizações. Com a globalização e o aumento da concorrência dos mercados, a preocupação dos gestores aumenta, obrigando-os a identificar e implementar políticas que permitam uma maior eficiência e solidez no sistema financeiro. Mediante a aplicação da Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), através de dados extraídos nos Relatórios e Contas dos Bancos, Relatórios do BNA e Deloitte, procurou-se identificar o crescimento da produtividade dos Bancos ao longo do período em análise (2005 a 2010), utilizando o Método de Malmquist-DEA de forma a complementar a análise dos dados. A análise efectuada às instituições financeiras no período em referência, de acordo com os resultados apresentados pelo modelo não-paramêtrico DEA, teve como objectivo observar e identificar as unidades consideradas eficientes e as não eficientes, de forma a melhorar o seu desempenho.
This work consists in analyzing the Efficiency and the Development of the Financial System in Angola - Based, specifically, on the analysis of the Banking System in a period of six years (2005 to 2010). The banking system has greatly increased over the past ten years, in terms of financial performance and number of banking institutions, as well as the achievement of economic goals that guide the management of organizations. With globalization and increased market competition, the concern of managers is also increasing forcing them to identify and implement policies that enable greater efficiency and the soundness in the financial system. Through the application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)-using data extracted from Banks Annual Reports, BNA Reports and Deloitte-, it was intended the identification of the productivity growth of banks over the period under review (2005-2010) using the Malmquist-DEA method to complement the data analysis. The analysis of financial institutions in this period, according to the results presented by non-parametric DEA model, aimed to observe and identify units considered to be efficient and not efficient, to improve its performance.
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Shrafat, Fayiz Dahash. "Understanding the pre-evaluation process of information system investment : a case of the Jordanian banking sector." Thesis, University of Salford, 2011. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26911/.
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The general purpose of this research is to close a gap in knowledge by generating new knowledge and understanding of the pre-evaluation structures, procedures and practices adopted by a large Jordanian bank in justifying information system (IS) investment projects, since limited attention has been given to this topic, particularly in the Jordanian banking sector (JBS). It investigates the organisational context and its influence on the process of IS investment pre-evaluation within the JBS. It also seeks to determine the level of formality of the evaluation techniques used. The study extends the existing knowledge in IS evaluation research by drawing on the interpretive case study approach and actor-network theory (ANT) combined with content, context, process framework (CCP) also known as interpretive contextualism to trace pre-evaluation practices in order to understand how IS proposals are developed and assessed in Jordan, a developing country. It makes important contributions to knowledge in the IS discipline, by applying existing theories to theorise IS pre- evaluation in a more novel and sophisticated way than before, by providing rich insight and by drawing specific implications. In combining ANT with CCP, the study offers a novel theorisation of pre-evaluation practices. For this reason, it is argued that ANT can be extended with CCP to offer explanations for contextual factors that are beyond the scope of an actor network. The findings show that there are important contextual factors in all development and implementation activities that affect or frame the evaluation process. IS proposals come into being and are made to work because of their characteristics, such as being dynamic and relational. The IS proposal has thus been re-conceptualised to represent the vision of future business activities and its functions associated with the IS in question. The study also finds that more flexibility in pre-evaluation methodology would be preferable, as it would allow the innovative capacity of the actors to play a significant role in articulating the future of these practices in banking. Among other recommendations, the study calls for research into evaluation throughout the IS lifecycle.
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Blum, David, Klaus Federmair, Gerhard Fink, and Peter Haiss. "The Financial-Real Sector Nexus. Theory and Empirical Evidence." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/196/1/document.pdf.
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Without doubt a well-developed financial sector is related to efficient resource allocation and growth, but there is modest consensus on the direction of that link, on the notion of what is meant by "well developed", on which subset of the financial market is crucial and thus which organisational set-up provides optimal returns for both architects and market participants alike. With sluggish growth, torn down market barriers and systemic change in the EU accession countries the direction, magnitude, sustainability, institutional set-up of the finance-growth nexus (and which), becomes one of the core issues of both macroeconomic theory and practice. This paper reviews the economic theory available, provides a well structured overview of 54 empirical studies conducted since 1964, sets the stage for constructing a data base encompassing the major three segments of financial markets (stock, bond and bank credit) and provides the methodological background for combining cross-country production function and time-series approaches in order to answer the following questions: (1) What is the direction of the finance-growth nexus, (2) which segment of the financial sector drives whatever nexus there is, and (3) what are the features of a growth supportive financial architecture.Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Torcato, Filipa da Costa Leal Estêvão. "Estudo da evolução das reclamações do sistema financeiro entre 2006 e 2010." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10856.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisO presente trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de analisar a evolução do número de reclamações no Sistema Financeiro, em especial, no sector bancário. Visto que o Sistema Financeiro exerce um papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento económico de qualquer país e que o sector dos serviços financeiros é um dos que gera maior número de reclamações em Portugal. Para esta abordagem, foram utilizados dados obtidos a partir dos relatórios dos reguladores (Banco de Portugal, CMVM e ISP) do referido sector. O estudo desenvolvido permitiu estabelecer as tendências da evolução do número de reclamações, de 2006 a 2010.
This research was conducted with the aim of analyse the evolution of the complaints number in the financial system, particularly in the banking sector. Since the financial system plays a key role in the economic development of any country and the financial services sector creates one of the largest number of complaints in Portugal. For this approach, data were gathered from the regulators reports of this sector (Bank of Portugal, CMVM and ISP). The developed study allowed establishing the trends of the evolution of the complaints number, from 2006 to 2010.
Books on the topic "Banking sector; System"
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Nasution, Anwar. The banking system and monetary aggregates following financial sector reforms: Lessons from Indonesia. Helsinki, Finland: UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1996.
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Sattar, Danyal. Third-system financial instruments for the cultural sector: A report for Banking on Culture. Manchester: NorthWest Arts Board, 2000.
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Task Force on the Future of the Canadian Financial Services Sector., ed. Canada's social payment disbursement system and the financial services sector ; Moving to a mandatory direct deposit scheme : the case of Alberta. Ottawa: The Task Force on the Future of the Canadian Financial Services Sector, 1998.
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Poletaeva, Vladislava. Economics of sustainable industrial growth: concept, problems and possible mechanisms of formation. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1086387.
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The monograph examines the issues of transformation of the Russian economy from raw materials export model to a model of sustainable industrial growth. In the first Chapter of the work the author formulates the definition of sustainable economy growth and the expediency of its formation, analyzes the problems that hinder the transformation of national economic system into a model for sustainable industrial growth, and identified possible mechanisms of such transformation. In the second Chapter, in order to determine the sources of the implementation of the financial mechanism of forming of economy of sustainable industrial growth, the author assesses financial potential of economic entities and analyzes the role of the banking sector and the state to invest resources in the Russian economy. In the third Chapter the author provides the rationale (for the decision of task of forming of economy of industrial growth) for the development of cooperation in the banking sector and the state in the financing of manufacturing industry on the basis of realization of interests of all key stakeholders of such projects, identifies the interests of the state, banking sector and manufacturing industries and estimated the fullness of their realization in the framework of the existing mechanisms of the banking and government lending to the economy.
Designed for teachers, students of economic specialties, as well as anyone interested in the problems of development of economy in modern conditions.
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Poletaeva, Vladislava. Financial mechanism for the formation of the economy of sustainable industrial growth. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1347148.
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"The monograph is devoted to the development of a financial mechanism for the transformation of the national economic system from a relatively low growth rate and their significant instability of the export-raw materials model to a model of sustainable industrial growth.
In the first chapter, the rationale is made for the feasibility (to solve the problem of forming an economy of sustainable industrial growth) of developing cooperation between the banking sector and the state in the field of financing the manufacturing industry based on the implementation of the interests of all key stakeholders of such projects, the interests of the state, the banking sector and manufacturing enterprises are identified, and the completeness of their implementation within the existing mechanisms of bank-state investment in the economy is assessed.
The second chapter describes the algorithm of transactions for lending to industrial enterprises as part of the financial mechanism for forming an economy of sustainable industrial growth, and also develops methods for implementing the interests of the bank, the authorized state institution (creditors) and the manufacturing industry (borrower) when providing the latter with financing and in a situation of problem debt. In the third chapter, the author formulates a method for determining the "locomotive" industries, investment in which will stimulate the growth of the national economic system to the greatest extent
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Hasyanova, Svetlana. Banking risks: international approaches to assessment and management. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1225278.
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The textbook is devoted to the study of issues of assessment and management of banking risks based on international approaches. The application of methods and methods for assessing, managing and minimizing risks in commercial banks is considered both from the point of view of implementing international recommendations and standards in the banking sector of the Russian Federation, and in the context of organizing internal systems and procedures in banks. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of regulatory requirements for risk assessment and capital adequacy to cover risks in accordance with international agreements developed by the Basel Committee on banking supervision. Alternative approaches to risk assessment and management, their advantages and disadvantages, prospects for use and impact on banks ' activities are analyzed. It is intended for students of master's programs of economic and financial faculties of higher education institutions, as well as for practitioners in the field of Finance and banking.
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Gavrilov, Leonid. Information technologies in commerce. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1085795.
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The textbook discusses the technologies of the digital economy in commerce: visualization systems, virtual and mixed reality technologies, risk management, budgeting and planning, service-oriented enterprise architecture. The use of intelligent information systems in the work of the enterprise and for forecasting sales, scoring, combating fraud in the banking sector and trade; wireless information networks of 4G and 5G standards, Internet of Things networks, mobile technologies in the work of retail and wholesale enterprises is shown.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the field of training "Trade business".
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Chandra, Saurabh, ed. SOCRATES (Vol 2, No 2 (2014): ISSUE - JUNE). 2nd ed. India: SOCRATES : SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL, 2014.
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Bank, World, ed. Colombia, the investment banking system and related issues in the financial sector. Washington, D.C., U.S.A: World Bank, 1985.
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Collier, Richard S. Banking on Failure. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859673.001.0001.
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This book seeks to explain why and how banks ‘game the system’. More specifically, its objective is to account for why banks are so often involved in cases of misconduct and why those cases often involve the exploitation of tax systems. To do this, a case study is presented in Part I of the book. This case study concerns a highly complex transaction (often referred to as ‘cum-ex’) designed to exploit a flaw at the intersection of the tax system and the financial markets settlements system. It was entered into by a very large number of banks and other financial institutions. A number of factors make the cum-ex transaction remarkable, including the sheer scale of the financial amounts involved, the large number of banks and financial institutions involved, the comprehensive failure of the controls infrastructure in this highly regulated sector, and the fact that authorities across Europe have found it so difficult to deal with the transaction. Part II of the book draws out the wider significance of cum-ex and what it tells us about modern banks and their interactions with tax systems. The account demonstrates why the exploitation of tax systems by banks is practically inevitable due to a variety of systemic features of the financial markets and of tax systems themselves. A number of possible responses to the current position are suggested in the final chapter.
Book chapters on the topic "Banking sector; System"
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Apati, Seth. "The Nigerian Banking System: The Case for Reforms." In The Nigerian Banking Sector Reforms, 18–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230305359_2.
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Yu, Ip-Wing, Laurence Kang-Por Fung, and Chi-Sang Tam. "Assessing the Risk of Multiple Defaults in the Banking System." In The Banking Sector in Hong Kong, 261–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230227378_12.
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Gola, Carlo, and Alessandro Roselli. "The Stability of the British Banking Sector." In The UK Banking System and Its Regulatory and Supervisory Framework, 80–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230235779_5.
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Luo, Dan. "Efficiency Analysis of the Chinese Banking Sector." In The Development of the Chinese Financial System and Reform of Chinese Commercial Banks, 25–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137454669_2.
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Matoušek, Roman. "The Czech Banking System in the 1990s: Regulation and Supervision." In Reforming the Financial Sector in Central European Countries, 31–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403937803_2.
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Mylonas, Paul, and Nikos S. Magginas. "Non-performing Loans in the Greek Banking System: Navigating Through the “Perfect Storm”." In Non-Performing Loans and Resolving Private Sector Insolvency, 275–306. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50313-4_12.
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Luo, Dan. "Foreign Penetration and Its Impact on the Chinese Banking Sector." In The Development of the Chinese Financial System and Reform of Chinese Commercial Banks, 142–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137454669_5.
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Luo, Dan. "The Financial Crisis and Its Influence on the Chinese Banking Sector." In The Development of the Chinese Financial System and Reform of Chinese Commercial Banks, 114–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137454669_4.
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Kladova, Anna, Marina Alpidovskaya, and Valeriy Gordeev. "The Shift of the Competition Paradigm in the Banking Sector of Russia." In The Future of the Global Financial System: Downfall or Harmony, 61–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00102-5_5.
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Skaggs, Neil T., and Cheryl L. Wasserkrug. "Banking Sector Influence on the Relationship of Congress to the Federal Reserve System." In Central Bankers, Bureaucratic Incentives, and Monetary Policy, 169–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4432-9_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Banking sector; System"
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Saha, Partha, N. Parameswaran, B. B. Chakraborty, and Ambuj Mahanti. "A Formal Analysis of Fraud in Banking Sector." In 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2013.36.
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Магомаева, Л. Р., and Д. А. Эбаев. "KEY DETERMINANTS OF INNOVATION IN THE BANKING SECTOR." In «АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ НАУКИ: ТЕОРИЯ, ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ПРАКТИКА». Международная научно-практическая онлайн-конференция, приуроченная к 60-ти летию член-корреспондента Академии наук ЧР, доктора технических наук, профессора Сайд-Альви Юсуповича Муртазаева. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.conf..2021.39.54.050.
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Нацеленность современной экономической системы на инновации предопределяет необходимость создания специализированной финансовой инфраструктуры «нового уровня и качества», позволяющей обеспечивать поставленные задачи инновационного развития. Эти обстоятельства в полной мере относятся к банковскому сектору, сбалансированное, устойчивое и нацеленное на положительное эволюционирование функционирование которого находится в зависимости от банковской инфраструктуры, ее количественной и, главное, качественной представленности. В связи с этим, в исследовании приводятся ряд трактовок банковской инфраструктуры, а также определены детерминанты формирования кросс-канальной банковской инфраструктуры, определяющие основные принципы стратегии развития информационных ресурсов при выведении на рынок современных банковских продуктов The focus of the modern economic system on innovation predetermines the need to create a specialized financial infrastructure "of a new level and quality", which allows to ensure theset objectives of innovative development. These circumstances fully relate to the banking sector, balanced, stable and aimed at positive evolution, the functioning of which depends on the banking infrastructure, its quantitative and, most importantly, qualitative representation. In this regard, the study provides a number of interpretations of the banking infrastructure, as well as identifies the determinants of the formation of a cross-channel banking infrastructure, which determine the basic principles of the strategy for the development of information resources when introducing modern banking products to the market.
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Iakovleva, Marina Nikolaevna. "Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Banking Sector." In All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, chair Tatiana Leonidovna Fomicheva. Publishing house Sreda, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-97317.
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This article is devoted to the study of the role of artificial intelligence in the banking sector. Today, the introduction of new technologies in all spheres of life is a very relevant topic. The article reveals the concept of artificial intelligence as a factor in the development of the banking sector in particular and the economy as a whole. An overview of the use of the artificial intelligence system in banks in Russia and the world is presented.
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Li, Yun, and Pin Wang. "Analysis of Expert System Investment Technology Based on Banking Sector." In 2018 8th International Conference on Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (ICASET 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaset-18.2018.53.
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Aseinov, Dastan. "Factors Affecting Cost Efficiency in the Banking Sector of Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01907.
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Instabilities in the banking sector have had an adverse effect on the economy as a whole, since the largest share in the financial system and financial intermediation in Kyrgyzstan have been captured by banking sector. Economic efficiency in banking can be viewed as a source of financial stability of banking system. Economic efficiency of the banking is more important challenge not only for shareholders and managers of banks, and also for regulation and supervision authorities, and public and potential investors.
The aim of this study is to examine factors affecting the banking cost efficiency for Kyrgyz banks. It is also important to choose the appropriate approach in measurement of banking cost efficiency, since there are many different methods. In this study preferred stochastic frontier approach which assumes random error term which captures sampling, measurement and specification errors. We adopted stochastic cost frontier model proposed by Battese ve Coelli (1995) which also allow to examine investigate the impact of variables on efficiency.
We used unbalanced panel data set captured 17-23 Kyrgyz commercial banks for period of 2000-2013. Obtained results suggest that capitalization, foreign ownership, credit risk, liquidity risk and currency risk have most influence on cost efficiency scores of banks calculated averagely at level of 0,766. Overall results indicate that domestic banks more cost efficient than domestic private and foreign banks. Average cost efficiency scores of domestic banks, foreign and separately public banks are 0,848; 0,649 and 0,875, respectively.
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Kakhniashvili, Natia. "OPTIMIZATION OF LENDING SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL PANDEMIC IN GEORGIA." In Proceedings of the XXX International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25062021/7602.
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The banking sector is the backbone of the country's economy, where ongoing processes significantly determine the financial stability of the country. In the modern world, this topic does not lose its relevance, moreover, it is becoming more and more the center of attention. As it is known, Georgia is a developing country, where the largest share of the financial sector belongs to the banking sector. Community life, including primarily the business sector, which significantly depends on the effective functioning of the credit sector. The article is dedicated to modern trends, first of all the Covid-19 pandemic the biggest challenge of the 21st century, because of it the banking sector faced the biggest challenges and completely changed the credit environment. The article reflects the reality of whether the Georgian banking sector is ready to deal with various types of financial crises in the changing environment.
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Кузьмина, Ольга Юрьевна, and Марина Николаевна Кичатова. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE BANKING SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Ноябрь 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt188.2020.67.49.020.
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В статье рассмотрены основные аспекты происходящей эволюции банковской системы в условиях цифровизации экономики. Сделан вывод о наличии противоречивых тенденций в развитии банковского рынка, усиление процессов монополизации банковского сектора не способствует укреплению конкурентных отношений, что негативным образом отражается на качестве предоставляемых услуг потребителям. The article considers the main aspects of the ongoing evolution of the banking system in the context of digitalization of the economy. The conclusion is made that there are contradictory trends in the development of the banking market, and the strengthening of the processes of monopolization of the banking sector does not contribute to strengthening competitive relations, which negatively affects the quality of services provided to consumers.
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Yorgancılar, Fatma Nur, Haldun Soydal, and Bedriye Tunçsiper. "Banking in Shadow of Globalization." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02031.
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The sector having the most important role among developedness indicators is financial sector. The most important and vulnerable part of this sector is banking system. Financial liberalization and relaxation in political approach, based on strict norms, following it, and increasing competition at sectorial level required the presence of supervision mechanisms. The rigid rules of supervision system under consideration led profit margin to fall gradually. Hence, alternative searches became a current issue in terms of the other actors of banks and banking system. These alternative ways, developed and termed off-balance sheet activities despite the fall at profitability level, are shown as one of the main reasons for 2008 Global Crisis by some economists and draw attention to the concept of shadow banking. In USA, together with the synthesis of liberalization and financial engineering, “Shadow Banking” system formed as the main reason for 2008 Crisis and played role in its development. In this study, the effects of shadow banking on world banking are dealt with the theoretical meaning, and a set of economic policy are suggested in the light of the data obtained.
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"FINANCIAL RISK COORDINATION SYSTEM IN THE BANKING SECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-2-6/10.
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Serinkan, Celaleddin. "Management and Organization Issues of the Banking Sector in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02003.
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The banking system is an integral part of contemporary economy. There are many reasons behind the success of the banks. One of the most important of these reasons is the development of effective management and organization in the banks.
This study has been applied to commercial banks in Kyrgyzstan banking sector. The aim of this study is to identify the problems of commercial banks in Kyrgyzstan and to contribute to new work on their solution. The main issues such as planning, organization, decision making, human resources and training related to management and organizational problems of the enterprises in the study are discussed. Besides the general information about the research, the research method, sampling and measurement tools are given. Findings from the questionnaires were evaluated on the percentage (%) and frequency (f). In the results obtained, it was observed that commercial banks were making short-term plans and staff recruitment was dependent on management. It has been understood that senior management does not resort to employees' opinions when making a decision.
Reports on the topic "Banking sector; System"
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor
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Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.1sem.eng-2020.
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In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Graphs A and B.1 Naturally, the sudden, unanticipated change in macroeconomic conditions has caused the appearance of vulnerabilities for short-term financial stability. These vulnerabilities require close and continuous monitoring on the part of economic authorities. The main vulnerability is the response of credit and credit risk to a potential, temporarily extreme macroeconomic situation in the context of: (i) recently increased exposure of some banks to household sector, and (ii) reductions in net interest income that have led to a decline in the profitability of the banking business in the recent past. Furthermore, as a consequence of greater uncertainty and risk aversion, occasional problems may arise in the distribution of liquidity between agents and financial markets. With regards to local markets, spikes have been registered in the volatility of public and private fixed income securities in recent weeks that are consistent with the behavior of the international markets and have had a significant impact on the liquidity of those instruments (red portions in the most recent past of some market risk items on the map in Graph A). In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to those vulnerabilities, this Report presents a stress test that evaluates the resilience of credit institutions in the event of a hypothetical scenario thatseeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The scenario assumes a hypothetical negative growth that is temporarily strong but recovers going into the middle of the coming year and has extreme effects on credit quality. The results suggest that credit institutions have the ability to withstand a significant deterioration in economic conditions in the short term. Even though there could be a strong impact on credit, liquidity, and profitability under the scenario being considered, aggregate capital ratios would probably remain at above their regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. In this context, the recent measures taken by both Banco de la República and the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia that are intended to help preserve the financial stability of the Colombian economy become highly relevant. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor