Dissertations / Theses: 'Banks and banking – Zimbabwe'

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Abel, Sanderson. "Measuring the performance of the banking sector in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5110.

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The measurement of the banking sector performance in Zimbabwe is motivated by the unique developments that typified the sector during the period 2009-2014 after emerging from an economic crisis. The Zimbabwean economy returned to stability and growth in 2009, after a decade long economic decline. Economic stability brought about growth in deposits, loans, assets, capitalization and profits during this period. The banking sector has been accused of excessive profiteering through overpricing their products, which culminated in the intervention by the authorities in the sector. The interest rates spread, fees and other charges were presumed to be high which motivated the need to understand whether the banking sector is efficient or inefficient given the high interest rate spreads between the deposit rates and lending rates. Furthermore the high interest rates have raised the question of whether banks were exploiting their market power to price their products highly or whether their prices were determined by the dictates of market forces. Continued profitability of the sector also called for an investigation into what was driving the persistence of profitability over time. The primary objective of this research was to measure the performance of the banking sector during the period 2009-2014. The study contributes to the empirical literature by measuring and assessing the drivers of banking sector competition, efficiency and profitability and applying them at much disaggregated levels. This study also contributes to the debate on the relationships among the performance measures of competition, profitability and efficiency. The study adopted a number of methods which contributes to the array of tools central banks can employ to measure bank performance. The study employed a number of methodologies to measure the competition, efficiency and profitability performance of the banking sector. Competition was estimated using the new empirical industrial organisation methods of Panza and Rose (1987) and the Lerner (1934) Index was used. Cost and revenue efficiency was estimated using the two step methods of Data Envelopment Analysis followed by the Tobit regression method. An assessment of the persistence and drivers of profitability was measured using the Generalised Method of Moments. This study shows that the banking sector was operating under monopolistic competition market structure. This implies that banks held some market power as a result of product differentiation due to unique features such as brands, image and advertising, among others. The study indicates that competition increased during the period 2009-2014. Market power/competition in the banking sector during the study period was driven by capital adequacy, non-performing loans, liquidity risk, cost-income ratio, economic growth and government policy on pricing of bank products. The study suggests that the banking sector experienced an average inefficiency level of approximately 35 per cent in relationship with the best performing institutions in the sample. As a result of stability experienced in the economy, the average revenue and cost efficiency increased between 2009 and 2014. The study further established that the discord around the implementation of the indigenisation and empowerment law, coupled with the government intervention in the banking sector had a negative impact on the banking sector efficiency. It also found that efficiency is determined by market power, capital adequacy, cost income ratio, economic growth, inflation, market share and profitability. The Granger Causality test between cost efficiency and market power suggests that causality is bidirectional. On the other hand granger causality between revenue efficiency and market power is unidirectional and positive, running from revenue efficiency to market power. The result implies that policy measures should bring a balance between increasing competition and improving the revenue efficiency. The study shows that the banking sector was profitable during the period 2009 to 2014. The profitability was a reflection of a stable macroeconomic environment, typified by low inflation levels, despite the crises during this period. It further reveals that the banking sector‟s profitability persisted over time, reflecting the regulatory structure of the sector. The study established that profitability was determined by market power, non-performing loans, liquidity risk, capital adequacy, bank size and cost efficiency. This implies profitability was driven by bank specific determinants. There are a number of policy implications derived from the study. Regulatory measures such as forced consolidations can lead to excessive market power by the banking institution; hence it should be moderated. Banks should enhance credit risk because NPLs has been dragging profits. Banks should take advantage of the various measures introduced, such as the setting up of the special purpose vehicle and credit reference bureau. The government should avoid tampering with market forces as this reduces competition, efficiency and profitability and put in place measures that grow the economy as it increases the efficiency and profitability of the banking sector.

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Munyengeterwa, Karyn. "Financial inclusion technologies and bank performance: insights from Zimbabwe's banking sector." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32849.

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The study examined the effect of financial inclusion technologies on the financial performance of Zimbabwean banks. The study employs ATM, mobile banking (MB), internet banking (IB) and point of sale (POS) transactions on the financial performance of banks as measured by return on assets. The study adopted the explanatory design and the target population of the study consisted of all the 13 commercial banks in Zimbabwe, with the study period being six years, from 2013 to 2018. The panel data was estimated using fixed and random effects. The findings of the research indicated that all the commercial banks in Zimbabwe at the time of doing this study were using POS, ATM, Mobile banking and Internet banking as they adopted digital forms of banking. In terms of financial performance, banks have been able to increase their return on assets between the years 2013 and 2018. In terms of regression analysis, the findings indicate that for every 1% increase in Mobile banking, ATM and Internet banking there will be an accompanying 0.6%, 0.9%, and 0.5% increase in financial performance respectively while for every 1% increase in POS, there will be a 0.7% decrease in financial performance. Therefore, the research recommended banks to go a step ahead in being innovative through designing new products which will only be accessible to clients who access banking through digital banking methods. Also, the research recommends the government of Zimbabwe to put in place sound macro-economic policies for the whole economy to recover so that the commercial banks in Zimbabwe can fully utilize the benefits associated with digital banking.

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Chikoko, Laurine. "Liquidity risk management by Zimbabwean commercial banks." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020344.

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Macroeconomic and financial market developments in Zimbabwe since 2000 have led to an increase in many banks‟ overall exposure to liquidity risk. The thesis highlights the importance of understanding and building comprehensive liquidity frameworks as defenses against liquidity stress. This study explores liquidity and liquidity risk management practices as well as the linkages and factors that affected different types of liquidity in the Zimbabwean banking sector during the Zimbabwean dollar and multiple currency eras. The research sought to present a comprehensive analysis of Zimbabwean commercial banks‟ liquidity risk management in challenging operating environments. Two periods were selected: January 2000 to December 2008 (the Zimbabwean dollar era) and March 2009 to June 2011 (the multiple currency era). Explanatory and survey research designs were used. The study applied econometric modeling using panel regression analysis to identify the major determinants of liquidity risk for 15 commercial banks in Zimbabwe. The financing gap ratio was used as the proxy for liquidity risk. The first investigation was on liquidity risk determinants in the Zimbabwean dollar era. The econometric investigations revealed that an increase in capital adequacy reduced liquidity risk and that there was a positive relationship between size and bank illiquidity. Liquidity risk was also explained by spreads. Inflation was positively related to liquidity risk and was a significant explanatory variable. Non-performing loans were not significant in explaining commercial banks‟ illiquidity, which is contrary to expectations. The second investigation was on commercial banks‟ liquidity risk determinants in the multiple currency era by using panel monthly data. The results showed that capital adequacy had a significant negative relationship with liquidity risk. The size of the bank was significant and positively related to bank illiquidity. Unlike in the Zimbabwean dollar era, spreads were negatively related to bank liquidity risk. Again, non-performing loans were a significant explanatory variable. The reserve requirements ratio and inflation also influenced bank illiquidity in the multiple currency regime. In both investigations, robustness tests for the main findings were done with an alternative dependent variable to the financing gap ratio. To complement the econometric analysis, a survey was conducted using questionnaires and interviews for the same 15 commercial banks. Empirical analysis in this research showed that during the 2000-2008 era; (i) no liquidity risk management guidelines were issued by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe until 2007. Banks relied on internal efforts in managing liquidity risk (ii) Liquidity was managed daily by treasury (iii) The operating environment was challenging with high inflation rates, which led to high demand for cash withdrawals by depositors (iv) Locally owned banks were more exposed to liquidity risk as compared to the foreign owned banks (v) Major sources of funds were new deposits, retention of maturities, shareholders, interbank borrowings, offshore lines of credit and also banks relied on the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe as the lender of last resort (vi) Financial markets were active and banks offered a wide range of products (vii) To manage liquidity from depositors, banks relied on cash reserves, calculating and analysing the withdrawal patterns. When faced with cash shortages, banks relied on the daily limits set by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (viii) Banks were lending but when the challenges deepened, they lent less in advances and increased investment in government securities. (ix) Inflation had major effects on liquidity risk management as it affected demand deposit tenors, fixed term products, corporate sector deposit mobilisation, cost of funds and investment portfolios (x) The regulatory environment was not favourable with RBZ policy measures designed to arrest inflation having negative repercussions on banks` liquidity management (xi) Banks had no liquidity crisis management frameworks. During the multiple currency exchange rate system (i) Commercial banks had problems in sourcing funds. They were mainly funded by transitory deposits with little coming in from treasury activities, interbank activities and offshore lines of credit. There was no lender of last resort function by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. (ii) Some banks were still struggling to raise the minimum capital requirements (iii) Commercial banks offered narrow product ranges to clients (iv) To manage liquidity demand from clients, banks relied on the cash reserve ratio, and calculated the patterns of withdrawal, while some banks communicated with corporate clients on withdrawal schedules. (v) Zimbabwe commercial banks resumed the lending activity after dollarisation. Locally owned banks were aggressive, while foreign owned banks took a passive stance. There were problems with non-performing loans, especially from corporate clients, which exposed many banks to liquidity risk. (vi) Liquidity risk management in Zimbabwe was still guided by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Risk Management Guideline BSD-04, 2007. All banks had liquidity risk management policies and procedure manuals but some banks were not adhering to them. Banks also had liquidity risk limits in place but some violated them. Furthermore, some banks were not conducting stress tests. Although all banks had contingency plans in place, none were testing them. Specifically, the research study highlighted the potential sources of liquidity risk in the Zimbabwean dollar and multiple currency periods. Based on the results, the study recommends survival strategies for banks in managing liquidity risk in such environments. It proposes a comprehensive liquidity management framework that clearly identifies, measures and control liquidity risk consistent with bank-specific and the country‟s macroeconomic developments. The envisaged framework would assist banks in dealing with illiquidity in a manner that would be less disruptive and that could render any future crisis less painful. Of importance is the recommendation that the central bank might not need to be too strict or too relaxed, but be moderate in ensuring an enabling regulatory environment. This would help banks to manage liquidity risk and at the same time protect depositors in any challenging operating environment. In both the studied time periods, there were transitory deposits. Generally there is need to inculcate a savings culture in Zimbabwe.

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Mwanyisa, Tafadzwa. "The relevance of relationship marketing on the sustainability of Zimbabwe banks." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1610.

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Mass marketing also referred to as traditional marketing, has been criticised for trying to appeal to everyone, without necessarily providing for customers’ needs and wants. Therefore, the traditional marketing mix has been deemed ineffectual in a highly competitive and ever-changing business world, especially in the banking sector. Changes in the marketing environment have led to the development of new concepts such as relationship marketing. The fundamental concept of relationship marketing involves maximising the longterm benefits for the bank and the customer, resulting in a series of transactions, which allow a long-term relationship to be established and maintained. In short, it is a marketing concept that revolves around building and maintaining a long-term link or bond with one’s customers. The Zimbabwean banking sector has been affected by the country`s political and economic turmoil over the past decade. The collapse of the economy has affected the banking sector and its relationship with clients. During the economic crisis, Zimbabwean banks were unable to meet the basic international requirements of the Basel Accord, and as such, no profits were made. Borrowers had problems repaying existing loans; and banks also became reluctant to lend more, as a liquidity problem in the financial system was prominent. In 2009, a new government was formed which introduced the multi-currency system and the economy went on a recovery path. Given the nature of the economy of Zimbabwe, relationship marketing becomes an indispensible marketing tool that banks can use. The main purpose of the research was to investigate the relevance of relationship marketing on the sustainability of Zimbabwean banks. Five independent variables (customer relations, product attributes, promotion and service delivery and information technology) were identified and were tested against one dependent variable (sustainability of banks). A positivist research paradigm approach was used to conduct the research. The approach uses the quantitative method of research to establish causal relationships. Null (Ho) and alternative hypotheses (Ha) were formulated in x order to test the relationship between variables. A five point Likert scale questionnaire was developed and administered in five major commercial banks in Harare, Zimbabwe namey; Banc ABC, Barclays bank, Commercial Banks of Zimbabwe, Stanbic Bank and Standard Chartered Bank. The five major banks were selected in terms of market capitalisation as well as total deposit share among other things. The empirical results revealed that five of the independent variables positively correlated with the dependent variable implying that they all have an impact on bank sustainability. However, the current situation (2011) in Zimbabwe shows that only two independent variables (product variables and service delivery) have any impact on bank sustainability. In other words, there was a relationship between product attributes and sustainability of banks. Additionally, there was a relationship between service delivery and sustainability of Zimbabwean banks. Conclusions sited that product attributes and service delivery, as variables of relationship marketing, if implemented desirably could salvage the lost confidence and contribute to bank sustainability in Zimbabwe. Therefore, recommendations given by the researcher extensively focused on the two variables that have a relationship with Zimbabwean banks’ sustainability; briefly on the three variables (customer relations, promotion and information technology) that had no relationship.

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Dhliwayo, Charity Lindile. "Bank supervision in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Bangor University, 1990. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/bank-supervision-in-zimbabwe(8c6b037b-e540-4fdd-a678-4fa8de5a04b4).html.

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Concern with bank failures and crises due to the increased volume and complexity of banking risks has emphasised banking regulatory policy that is aimed towards helping to ensure bank safety. In response to the changing banking environment, prudential supervision has increased in importance. This study is an empirical evaluation of the impact of the present and evolving supervisory system in Zimbabwe. The ultimate aim is to identify the most appropriate system that can best meet supervisory objectives. It is found that capital adequacy supervision is a central requirement for effective supervision. Three research methods were applied to the problem: field survey, theory and related statistical analysis, and simulation. The field survey established the pressures leading to supervision, and the objectives, instruments and likely effects of supervision in Zimbabwe. Theory and practical policy considerations were then used to draw out the potential empirical effects of supervision. For statistical testing purposes, supervision was proxied as the imposition of capital adequacy constraints. The general methodological approach used was to analyse trends in performance and condition of banks before and after the implementation of supervision. Since the Zimbabwean supervisory system is new, a comparative study of other developing countries' supervision was undertaken. Non-statistical, financial simulation experiments were then carried out to illustrate more clearly the important policy implications of the results. xviii The results confirmed the importance of capital adequacy analysis. It was concluded that capital ratios should be strengthened as volume of operations increased and the operating environment became risky. Whilst gearing ratios were useful in relating the volume of operations to capital strength, the results indicated the comparative suitability of adopting the risk assets ratios which facilitates more detailed risk appraisal. However, it was concluded that capital ratios, used alone, are not adequate indicators of overall prudential soundness. Close and adequate monitoring of all bank operations are also essential.

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Mambondiani, Lance. "Corporate governance of banks : evidence from Zimbabwe's banking sector." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/corporate-governance-of-banks-evidence-ftom-zimbabwes-banking-sector(8a924bd2-09e5-42b9-a9a4-70c9064d60f6).html.

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Banks play a primary role in the intermediation of savings and investments. As a result, the stability and development of the financial sector is of paramount importance to most countries. In developed countries, the global financial crisis which led to the shocking collapse of Lehman Brothers and distress in other global financial giants such as AIG, Merrill Lynch, Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and Northern Rock have raised concerns about corporate governance in the financial sector and more specifically, the importance of a stable banking sector worldwide. In developing countries, financial systems are heavily reliant on banking firms since they are the largest intermediaries. The institutional environment which includes substantial ownership by insider owners, poor legal and regulatory systems, corruption and the existence of distributional cartels underscore the need for effective regulation and sound corporate governance aimed at curbing excessive risk taking by owners. The effects of different ownership structures on banks have received little attention particularly in developing countries. Literature suggests that whether the ownership rights of a bank are held by just a few shareholders or by many and whether these shareholders are insiders or outsiders has differing effects on corporate governance. This study analyses the effects of ownership structure on corporate governance in Zimbabwean banks. The Zimbabwean banking sector has experienced major changes since the liberalisation of the financial markets in 1991. The sector expanded due to the entry of a significant number of private indigenous banks in a market previously dominated by foreign banks. Following this expansion, the sector suffered a near-systemic crisis in 2003 which resulted in the collapse of 13 of these newly registered banks and the arrest of several owner managers for abusing depositor’s funds. After the financial sector crisis, the central bank implemented new corporate governance regulations in 2004 which introduced a separation between ownership and management. The objective of the regulation was to address the problems relating to insider ownership concentration address corporate governance weaknesses in banks. The findings from this study indicate ownership concentration in all the banks across ownership types, and insider ownership concentration in private indigenous banks before and after the 2004 regulations. The empirical evidence also find that banks with insider ownership concentration suffered corporate governance weaknesses which resulted in problems such as related party transactions, frauds, tunnelling and abuse of depositor’s funds compared to those with outside ownership concentration. In this regard, the study finds that in developing countries, insider ownership concentration may result in corporate governance weaknesses whilst outsider ownership concentration can result in increased monitoring. The study also finds evidence of a weak legal and regulatory framework, poor enforcement and regulatory forbearance as some of the institutional arrangements which affected ownership structure and corporate governance in banks. The analysis in this study also indicate that the regulatory changes introduced by the central bank in 2004 have not been ineffective in tackling the corporate which resulted from insider ownership concentration. As a result, the study questions the a wholesome adoption of Anglo-Saxon type provisions relating to separation between ownership and management without an empirical analysis of their appropriateness to developing countries in developing countries.

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Tawodzera, Wilson. "Competitive intelligence specialist expertise in the Zimbabwean banking sector : hidden talent? : a case study of Steward Bank Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2018. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/33843/.

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What has been an enduring gap in both research and practice since the McKinsey consultants first published their report on 'The war for talent' in 1998 as a response to rising competition between organisations globally, is the lack of talent management systems where professional rather than leadership talent is recognised. By focusing on the competitive intelligence specialist role, this study explores how a seemingly strategic professional role is framed in the context of organisational talent within the banking sector of Zimbabwe. It is noteworthy that the modern thinking around talent management in organisations has been dominated by research done in United States of America (US), Europe and Asia with a focus on multinational and private organisations (Thunnissen et al., 2013a: 1745). Of notable concern is the lack of empirical efforts towards talent management within the African continent, even more so in the context of the banking sector, and this study is an attempt to address this gap. By using a conceptual framework derived from a critical review of competitive intelligence specialist and talent management literature, the study uses qualitative methods to collect research data from the case study bank, namely Steward Bank. To illuminate how the research participants framed the research phenomenon, frame analysis was adopted and achieved through the analytical use of a signature matrix consisting of two elements: rhetorical framing devices and rhetorical reasoning devices. Contrary to the research expectations, in this case study, the competitive intelligence specialist activities are not embedded in specific roles but instead are dispersed across the organisations in different departments. This setup is attributed to the dispersed nature of the requisite knowledge resident in different parts of the organisation. It is clear from the findings that competitive intelligence specialist activities are recognised as a key differentiator to organisational performance, and arguably deserve to be recognised as talent. However, the formal talent management system does not recognise competitive intelligence specialist activities as organisational talent, thereby pointing to rhetorical obfuscation by participants. Furthermore, different aspects of how talent is defined emerged ranging from an innate view of talent, with some going further to attribute talent as a gift from God, to an acquired view of talent where participants suggest that the more they practice competitive intelligence activities, the more expertise they tend to gain. Based on findings of this study, it is argued that organisations will benefit more from a holistic approach to talent management, which not only includes key strategic leadership roles but also incorporates key strategic specialist roles and key strategic specialist activities similar to the competitive intelligence specialist activities. Also, both academics and practitioners need to reconsider the institutionalisation of competitive intelligence and incorporate the dispersed competitive intelligence activities approach. By successfully applying frame analysis, this study has also heightened the notion of frame signature matrix as a data analysis technique for identifying how actors frame certain phenomenon within the organisational context.

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Madebwe, Charles. "An investigation into the role played by perceived security concerns in the adoption of mobile money services : a Zimbabwean case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017933.

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The ubiquitous nature of mobile phones and their popularity has led to opportunistic value added services (VAS), such as mobile money, riding on this phenomenon to be implemented. Several studies have been done to find factors that influence the adoption of mobile money and other information systems. The thesis looks at factors determining the uptake of mobile money over cellular networks with a special emphasis on aspects relating to perceived security even though other factors namely perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived trust and perceived cost were also looked at. The research further looks at the security threats introduced to mobile money by virtue of the nature, architecture, standards and protocols of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). The model employed for this research was the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Literature review was done on the security of GSM. Data was collected from a sample population around Harare, Zimbabwe using physical questionnaires. Statistical tests were performed on the collected data to find the significance of each construct to mobile money adoption. The research has found positive correlation between perceived security concerns and the adoption of money mobile money services over cellular networks. Perceived usefulness was found to be the most important factor in the adoption of mobile money. The research also found that customers need to trust the network service provider and the systems in use for them to adopt mobile money. Other factors driving consumer adoption were found to be perceived ease of use and perceived cost. The findings show that players who intend to introduce mobile money should strive to offer secure and useful systems that are trustworthy without making the service expensive or difficult to use. Literature review done showed that there is a possibility of compromising mobile money transactions done over GSM

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Ozturk, Huseyin. "Three essays in Turkish banking : development banks, Islamic banks and commercial banks." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31399.

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This thesis is composed of three empirical chapters each of which examines separate segments of Turkish banking system from different perspectives. First empirical chapter investigates regional loan distribution of development banks. The findings in this chapter suggest that political connection has played a significant role in development lending. There is also geographical bias which leads to higher volumes of loans in the regions close to the capital city. Second empirical chapter examines Islamic banks and compares them with conventional banks in terms of profitability and competition grounds. The results reveal that Islamic banks earn more returns with respect to conventional banks. The results also suggest that the regulatory changes of the last decade improve market power of these banks. The last empirical chapter investigates micro structure of Repo and Reverse Repo Market of Turkey in which only commercial banks can transact. This chapter initially presents the network topologies of this market that helps one to understand the characteristics of complex network in this market. This chapter then computes a connectivity measure and investigates the drivers of connectivity out of domestic and external factors. Although results provide very rich insights, external factors dominate the behaviour of network in this market.

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Rinkus, Michael A. "An Exploratory Study Comparing Mid-sized U.S. Banks' and Global Banks' Sustainability Programs." Thesis, Lawrence Technological University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3738368.

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This is an exploratory qualitative case study of the state of sustainability programs within a set of 12 mid-sized U.S. banks compared among themselves and then compared to a set of 12 global banks. This research was designed in two phases. Phase One presented the current state of sustainability within mid-sized U.S. banks and global banks based upon each bank’s public data as organized into three sections: a bank profile, major strategic initiatives, and bank sustainability initiatives and programs. Phase Two data were analyzed from 24 interviews with key executives within each bank. A structured interview format was used, and the interviews were conducted in-person, by phone, or via email depending on the respondent’s preference.

The research found that the majority of mid-sized U.S. banks had, from a regulatory view point, achieved the broader aspects of sustainability. Mid-sized U.S. banks had not seized the spirit of sustainability by organizing and communicating their efforts in the context of a voluntary formal reporting mechanism. Mid-sized banks generally relied on government compliance reports to communicate their efforts. By relying on compliance reporting, mid-sized U.S. banks are missing an opportunity to enhance their image and improve reputational and risk management efforts. It was found that the global banks demonstrated a willingness to embrace the spirit of sustainability past any regulatory requirements, but found their efforts were still in the process of integration within their many business units. It was also found that there is a need for one globally accepted reporting mechanism for sustainability performance. At present, there appear to be many competing requirements for reporting on sustainability efforts, which are beginning to tax internal departments of global banks in an effort to meet the information needs of all their stakeholders.

Using thematic analysis, five key contributions resulted: The first contribution is an understanding of the key components of mid-sized U.S. banks and global bank sustainability programs. The second contribution is identification of the motivators for mid-sized U.S. banks and global banks to establish a sustainability program. Third, a set of criteria was identified to help determine the success of a bank’s sustainability program that can be used by mid-sized U.S. banks and global banks (criteria for success). The fourth contribution is the presenting of the current state of sustainability programs for the set of banks used in the study. The fifth contribution is a set of guiding elements and impact benefits that can be used by any size bank executives to improve business results through implementation of a sustainability initiative.

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Cutcher, Leanne. "Banking on the customer customer relations, employment relations, and worker identity in the Australian retail banking industry /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/632.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.
Title from title screen (viewed 8 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Discipline of Work and Organisational Studies, School of Business, Faculty of Economics and Business. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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Wu, Tong Caudill Steven B. "Is there a gap of banking efficiency between access and non-accession countries in central and eastern Europe." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/WU_TONG_10.pdf.

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Lee, Sai-kit. "The role of supervisory authorities in maintaining banking system stability in 1990's : a comparison between Hong Kong (Hong Kong Monetary Authority) and Japan (The Ministry of Finance) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21240668.

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Lai, Pui-ming Amy. "Service quality in banking : a longitudinal study in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17982376.

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Schneider, Friedrich. "Regulating the banking sector /." Florence (Italie) : European University Institute, 1990. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/33280.

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Bennasr, Nabil. "Islamic banks facing the conventional banking sector." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0004.

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Cette thèse analyse les conséquences de l’intégration d’un milieu bancaire conventionnel pour une banque islamique. Elle est composée de trois chapitres. Un premier traité de la conformité Sharia des banques islamiques. Cette conformité est assurée par un comité de supervision éthique. Nous détaillons le rôle et les tâches de ce comité de supervision éthique et montrons comment les contraintes réglementaires internationales ainsi que la pénurie éventuelle de personnels compétents pour alimenter ces sharia boards incitent la banque islamique à externaliser ce contrôle de conformité Sharia. En se proposant sur modèle théorique inspiré de Kornai, Maskin and Roland (2003), ce premier chapitre examine ainsi l'impact de l'externalisation de ce comité sur le business model de la banque islamique. Le deuxième chapitre est essentiellement empirique : nous comparons l'efficacité des deux modèles de banque, l’un internalisant (l’autre externalisant) le processus d’examen/ validation de la conformité Sharia. Pour procéder à cette étude empirique, nous examinons un échantillon d'une centaine de banques qui se divise en deux groupes de banques un premier qui externalise le contrôle de conformité Sharia et le deuxième l'internalise. Nous montrons que les banques sont plus efficaces lorsqu'elles externalisent ce processus de conformité. Finalement, un troisième chapitre traite la question de la création de liquidité au sein des deux banques, conventionnelle et islamique. Dans ce chapitre nous développons un modèle théorique inspiré de Diamond (2007) et nous comparons la création de liquidité de ces deux banques. Nous mettons en évidences les contraintes qui pèsent sur la banque islamique, elles se manifestent dans la structure du bilan des banques islamiques, un bilan qui présente un volume important d'actifs tangibles. On montre que la structure de ce bilan limite la possibilité pour les banques islamiques de concurrencer les banques conventionnelles et ainsi remet en cause leur capacité à intégrer un milieu bancaire conventionnel
This dissertation analyses the consequences of the integration of an Islamic bank into a conventional banking environment. The dissertation is composed of three chapters. The first examines the Islamic banks' compliance, which is ensured by a supervisory ethical committee. We examine the role and the tasks of this committee in detail, showing how international regulatory constraints, as well as a general lack of individuals with the required skills to sit on the Sharia boards, provide incentives for the Islamic bank to outsource the monitoring of Sharia compliance. Basing our study on a theoretical model, inspired by Kornai, Maskin and Roland (2003), this first chapter analyses how the outsourcing of this committee has an impact on the business model of the Islamic bank. The second chapter is largely empirical; we compare the effectiveness of two bank models, one in which the Sharia compliance validation process is internal, and one in which it is external. To test this empirical study, we analyze a sample of around 100 banks which are divided into two groups, one which outsources the Sharia compliance and monitoring and one which internalizes this process. We show that banks are more effective when they outsource the compliance monitoring process. Finally, the third chapter approaches the question of liquidity creation within two types of bank: Islamic and conventional. In this chapter, we develop a theoretical model inspired by Diamond (2007) and we compare the liquidity creation process in these two banks. We demonstrate the constraints that burden the Islamic bank, shown by the high volume of tangible assets in their balance sheets. We demonstrate that the structure of this balance sheet limits the possibilities for Islamic banks to compete with conventional banks, and thus brings into question their capacity to integrate a conventional banking environment

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Elmabrouk, Elmabrouk A. Ambarik. "Quality of banking services in Libyan banks." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3285/.

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Against the background of growing competition in the global marketplace, understanding customers, is a significant aspect of marketing. In the search for competitive advantage, there is a need to measure service quality to better understand its antecedents and consequences, and establish methods for its improvement. In the Libyan economy, the banking sector is one of the most important. Its significance increased after the 2003 lifting of the United Nations sanction. This was followed by entry to the sector of a number of domestic and multinational firms. Despite this increased competition, domestic banks are still widely considered to suffer from low levels of service quality. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the actual level of service quality provided by Libyan public commercial banks as perceived by their customers. A modified SERVQUAL model was developed to measure service quality in Libyan commercial public banks. The resulting instrument is intended to help these banks to measure their service quality and focus on the service quality dimensions of most importance to their customers. It also aimed to gain an understanding of cultural and environmental influences on service quality in the Libyan banking sector, and their effect on banking management practices. It is also expected that this instrument, and its results, will contribute to future research into service quality. The findings of the present study have produced some important results. Firstly, the level of service quality offered by the Libyan public commercial banks as it was perceived by their customers was relatively high. Secondly, the theoretical five-factor structure of the SERVQUAL model was not confirmed in the Libyan banking context, and the service quality structure in the Libyan context appears to be four-dimensional. Furthermore, the study offers suggestions to banking managers to allocate their resources more efficiently to the most important dimensions, i. e. reliability and tangibles, to improve service quality, since the factor analysis indicates that these are the most important dimensions to customers. Finally, reflections on the methods used to modify SERVQUAL to make it more sensitive to a particular cultural context have implications for future researchers in terms of methodology, method and data analysis.

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Gardiner, Leslie J. (Leslie Jean) Carleton University Dissertation Management Studies. "The Organizational structure of transnational banks; a comparative analysis of global operations." Ottawa, 1988.

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19

Ahmad, Abu Umar Faruq. "Islamic banking in Bangladesh /." View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030723.130611/index.html.

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Thesis (Master of Laws (Hons.)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2002.
"A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Laws (Honours)" Bibliography : leaves 215-221.

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20

Msimanga, Dumisile. "The challenges of banks in financing SMEs in Harare, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14058.

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This research is a diagnosis of the supply side of SME (small and medium enterprises) credit. Its objectives are to determine the current level of bank lending to SMEs to validate the financing gap, to explore the strategies and mechanisms employed by banks to provide tailor-made lending for SMEs and finally to conclude by identifying some of the key challenges the banks face in their quest to lend to SMEs. This, then, culminated in some recommendations for increasing bank funding to SMEs. This study employed a deductive qualitative research.. The research used a non-probability, purposive/judgmental sampling method to choose the heads of bank SME units to include in the research. There are twelve banks with dedicated SME units, out of a total of 18. The researcher carried out in-depth face to face interviews using semi-structured questions. The qualitative data was coded, deductively analysed and conclusions drawn and incorporated into a report. Banks’ most outstanding challenges in dealing with SMEs in terms of information asymmetry, an unsupportive business environment, poor quality of SME clients and inflexible regulatory requirements.

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21

Burton, Dawn. "Banks go to market." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.331964.

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Brägger, Beat. "Tax amnesties - Strategic options for European Private Banks." St. Gallen, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/03604915002/$FILE/03604915002.pdf.

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Harahap, Sofyan Syafri. "The Central Bank and commercial bank control relationships in Indonesia : a field based case study /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh254.pdf.

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Enchzajaa, Culuunbaataryn. "Impact of institutions on lending informal constraints and enforcement of bank regulation in Mongolia /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-9007-1.

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25

Hägg, Gustav, Niklas Jonsson, and Josefine Björk. "Entry Modes - A banking perspective." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1787.

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In the European Union the borders are being wiped out and this is creating new business markets for companies that before never had dreamt of going international. Today we see it as natural that companies act world-wide to gain success and increase the growth and profit. They need to do this to be competitive on the ever changing market that we have nowadays. One of the most important things to have in mind when thinking of expanding to other countries is which entry mode to choose. There are several ways of entering a market and if you do it right you might be very successful, but if you do not spend time on this decision the internationalization process can become very short and the company can lose a lot of capital. With this thesis we want to investigate how two large Scandinavian banks made their presence into the Baltic market in the mid 90’s, which kind of entry modes they went for and if one of them made a wiser choice than the other. In the thesis we have also gone in to the factors that have been of high importance when making the decision on why they chose the Baltic market and also which kind of entry mode. Our main findings after having made this thesis is that it was the profit and growth potential that was the main driving force for establishing on the Baltic market, but also the short distance and the low costs of going in on the market. The choice of entry mode differs between the two banks and that was expected since they have different strategies when going international. And even the know-how of the market in question and resources of the company have been important factors.

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Ėnchzajaa, Čuluunbaataryn. "Impact of institutions on lending informal constraints and enforcement of bank regulation in Mongolia /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitats-Verlag, 2006. https://www.lib.umn.edu/slog.phtml?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=134342.

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27

Hopkins, Deborah Ann. "Factors affecting adoption of automated teller machines, direct deposit of paychecks and partial direct deposit to savings where available." Connect to resource, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1214411921.

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28

Lam, Chun-cheung Otto. "A study of the origins, emergence and development of Western banking in China, 1770s-1866 /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38031012.

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Li, Jing. "Accounting conservatism and its implication on valuation in commercial banks /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ACCT%202004%20LI.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-38). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Villalpando-Benitez, Mario. "The political economy of banking regulation : the case of Mexico, 1940-1978 /." Connect to web site, 1999. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu973014578.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2000.
Advisor: Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-120). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

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Chan, Tin-hang. "Electronic banking in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19876403.

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32

Gandhi, Alka. "Antebellum banking regulation a comparative approach /." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1054733779.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 121 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-121). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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33

Wang, Dan. "Three essays on bank technology, cost structure, and performance." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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34

Jeong, Woocheon. "Three essays on the relationship between the banking sector, the real sector, and the political environment." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=416.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 91 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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Leung, Wai-kwan Lucia. "Hong Kong's banking crisis in 1991." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13278800.

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36

Alwaddan, Abubaker. "Banking reforms and banking efficiency in Libyan commercial banks : a non-parametric approach." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416066.

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37

Von, Eldik Deborah Sijlmans. "In pursuit of a competitive position in global private banking in the Asia Pacific region." Thesis, [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13263249.

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38

Tam, Pui-sun. "The Bank of China Group in Hong Kong : its changing role and future direction /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B15967463.

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39

Chan, Chi-ping Eliza. "Hong Kong competitiveness : human resources in financial industry /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1883100X.

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40

Bart-Williams, Edem. "Determinants of internet banking adoption by banks in Ghana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3715.

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Growth in information and communication technology (ICT) is drastically changing the way businesses, especially in the service industries, are conducted. The financial services industry and banking in particular, is not excluded from this technology explosion. Internet banking, even though not new in advanced countries, is a new transaction channel being used by banks in some parts of Africa, especially Ghana, to offer various products and services to their customers. However, this medium has not been fully exploited by these banks as there are many hurdles the banks must triumph over. In deploying this technology and these systems, there are several factors which banks must take into consideration before fully deploying such a system to their customers, hence the motivation for this study. The absence of suitable and sufficient knowledge on this topic also exposes a “rhetoric versus reality” argument of whether the intention to adopt Internet banking is critical to the strategies and ultimate success of banks in Ghana. For banks to stay ahead of competition as well as to attract and maintain their clientele, it is of paramount importance to gather and link the perspectives of both clients and bank managers in order for banks to ensure that they perform according to the needs and expectations of their clients. In order to achieve the intended results, an empirical study was conducted by taking into consideration the viewpoints of both bank clients and bank managers in determining the factors that customers take into consideration before adopting the Internet banking medium. The primary aim of this study was to quantify significant relationships between the selected variables. Therefore the positivism research paradigm was used, while the phenomenological paradigm was employed for the measuring instruments. Because multiple sources of data were used, from the perspectives of banking clients and managers in Ghana, methodological triangulation was adopted for this study. The results of the empirical investigation showed that both groups (clients and managers) considered the variables of market share, technology acceptance, diffusion of innovation, organisational variables, organisational efficiency, and business strategy to have direct influence on the adoption of Internet banking. However, they differed in opinion concerning the degree of influence of these variables. The bank managers’ responses leaned more towards strong agreement with the importance of these variables than did those of the bank clients. Thus, for bank clients to readily adopt the Internet banking medium for their banking transactions, bank managers must take a closer look at these determinant factors described in the study. The study showed that the population group, educational and income levels exerted an influence on the perceptions clients have regarding Internet banking adoption factors. It was found that the higher the education and income levels of the clients, the easier it was for them to adopt Internet banking. Also, the male group dominated the use of the Internet banking. This is supported by the fact that there is a growing middle class in Ghana that falls within this category of banking clients.

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Majoma, Munyaradzi Laurel. "The role of branchless banking in smallholder agriculture in Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60828.

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Access to financial services from financial institutions has often proved to be one of the major constraints to rural and smallholder agricultural development in Zimbabwe. However, the ICT revolution across the world leading to the development of branchless banking options has brought new financial inclusion opportunities in the rural areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of branchless banking in smallholder agriculture through investigating the user patterns and adoption rate of mobile banking by rural farmers in Zimbabwe. Zvimba District was used as the case study while mobile banking was the branchless banking option investigated. The study also sought to investigate the barriers to adoption of mobile banking, in addition to laying out the difference between traditional banking channels and mobile banking. A survey through a structured interview with rural smallholder farmers was the main means of data collection. The data collected was then used to quantify the adoption of mobile banking, the barriers to adoption, and the alternative financial service providers used in rural areas, making it possible to draw conclusions for the purposes of policy formulation. The findings from the study revealed a high rate of adoption of mobile banking among the rural people. According to the study, even though mobile banking was cheaper and more accessible, traditional banking channels were still cited as being an important need for rural people. The significant factors investigated as creating barriers to adoption of mobile banking included age, education, income, marital status and farming experience, while factors such as gender and farm size proved to be insignificant. In light of the findings, it was recommended that besides transactional uses, branchless banking should be further developed and enhanced to provide other services such as insurance services and credit needed by smallholder farmers. Furthermore, in order to enhance customer uptake, mobile network operators (MNOs) were recommended to consider a segmentation approach when extending services to appropriate segments in rural areas.
Dissertation (MInst (Agrar))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MInst (Agrar)
Unrestricted

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42

Mohra, Majid. "Service delivery process in the retail banking industry." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288973.

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Muljawan, Dadang. "An analysis of capital regulation for Islamic banks." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6803.

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This thesis makes a theoretical contribution to the design of the capital adequacy assessment framework for Islamic banks. The proposed capital regulation is aimed at enhancing the Islamic banks' operational sustainability. The first analytical section in the thesis discusses the nature of sharing contracts. The analysis helps to explain the current reluctance to use sharing contracts by the players in the Islamic banking system. Each individual will always try to optimise his utility, monetarily as well as religiously, as a form of compliance with religious rules. However, in an adverse condition, religious and risk-averse customers will compromise the two utility objectives (i.e. adopting hybrid types of contract that, to some extent, deliver his minimum required financial return besides also complying with religious norms). The second analytical section in the thesis discusses possible improvements to the capital regulation of Islamic banks. This includes the possibility of enhancing the fiduciary as well as the agency roles performed by the Islamic banks. The analysis produces a number of propositions. The first proposition is to require the banks to have prudent assets-liabilities (capital) structures and to have adequate financial cushions. The second proposition is to require the shareholders of Islamic banks to observe a minimum level of financial participation; and to require the banks to disclose crucial financial information to investors. Theoretically, the higher the level of financial participation and the higher the quality of information provided, the better the quality of the contract entered into by the banks and 'their customers. The last part of the discussion, embracing empirical analysis, shows the important role played by capital in absorbing temporary financial shocks (especially when debt-based deposits are dominant). The discussion also covers the possibility of using statistical techniques for assessing the soundness of Islamic banks' operational activities.

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44

El-Ansary, Osama. "Modelling the operations of Egyptian joint venture banks." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23875.

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Wong, Tak-chuen, and 黃德存. "Banking procyclicality: cross country evidence." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47869537.

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The stylized fact of co-movement of lending and economic activity has been widely interpreted as evidence of a destabilizing feedback mechanism between the banking and real sectors, suggesting the special role of credit supply in amplifying financial and macroeconomic instability. Indeed, this “procyclicality” view significantly influences bank regulations internationally. Under the Basel III, the countercyclical capital buffer is exclusively designed to dampen the volatility of credit supply over the business cycle. The strong co-movement of lending and economic activity, however, is insufficient to confirm the existence of the procyclicality, given that both demand and supply of loans decline during economic downturns. If loan supply does not play a causal role, then any measure to strengthen lending capacity of banks would be ineffective in addressing this procyclicality issue. The literature, however, provides limited, otherwise inexistent, cross-country evidence to answer these fundamental questions. This research gap calls into question the sufficiency of international evidence to assess the effectiveness of the new capital measure, and more broadly, the regulatory reform. This cross-country econometric study covering 39 economies for the period 1990– 2009 examines these fundamental issues in detail. There are three main findings and policy implications. For banking stability, a significant procyclical pattern of loan supply exists, and such pattern is negatively associated with bank capital. These findings together support the view that the countercyclical capital buffers of Basel III could be effective tools for dampening loan volatility over the business cycle. For the regulatory reform, there is prevalent evidence that capital and liquidity are determinants of loan supply. This finding bears out the main Basel III argument that stronger capital and liquidity could strengthen the resilience of the global banking sector to macroeconomic shocks. For macroeconomic stability, empirical findings suggest a moderate macroeconomic effect of loan supply, particularly for developed economies. However, the finding does not imply a small impact of banking instability on the real sector. In fact, banking crises are estimated to have a larger independent negative effect on economic growth after controlling for the macroeconomic effect through impacts of banking crises on loan supply. There are two main policy implications of these findings. First, the main channel through which stronger capital and liquidity of banks help reduce macroeconomic instability would have an impact on reducing the likelihood of the occurrence of a banking crisis. Second, during non-crisis periods, bank regulations aiming at smoothing loan supply may have a relatively moderate impact on reducing macroeconomic instability. For policy to address banking procyclicality, the results show that aside from higher quantitative capital and liquidity requirements, more stringent definitions of capital could dampen loan supply procyclicality, which speaks in favor of recent policy initiatives to strengthen the quality of regulatory capital. More stringent bank regulations are also found to reduce loan supply procyclicality in countries with deposit insurance schemes. To reduce the propagations of loan supply shocks to the real sector, policy to improve the breadth of the stock market and the size of the domestic bond market would be useful.
published_or_final_version
Economics and Finance
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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46

Leung, Kin-pang. "Banking system in China performance and challenges /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31954583.

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47

陳家華 and Kar-wah Chan. "Product costing and performance measurement in banking." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1986. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263537.

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48

Sin, Man-kwong Wallace. "How regulatory environment affects China banking development /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19873645.

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Chan, Kar-wah. "Product costing and performance measurement in banking /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1986. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1232517X.

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50

Chan, Tin-hang, and 陳天行. "Electronic banking in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31268572.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Banks and banking – Zimbabwe'

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