Journal articles: 'Bantous – Cameroun'

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Abé, Claude. "Rapports inégalitaires entre Pygmées et Bantous : discrimination et inégalités scolaires au Sud Cameroun." Autrepart 59, no. 3 (2011): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/autr.059.0145.

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Makasso, Emmanuel-Moselly. "Processus de relativisation en bàsàa: de la syntaxe à la prosodie." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 53 (January 1, 2010): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.53.2010.396.

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Cet article propose une réflexion sur la manière dont la langue bàsàa (Bantu A 43 parlée au Cameroun) exprime la relativisation. En l’absence d’une classe grammaticale de pronoms relatifs la langue utilise la classe des démonstratifs. La stratégie démonstrative mise en place peut selon les cas, associer la classe des locatifs pour déterminer les degrés de définitude. La langue distingue également les relatives restrictives des relatives non-restrictives qui sont soit descriptives, soit emphatiques. Du point de vue prosodique, la fin de la relative en bàsàa coïncide avec une finale de Groupe Intonatif. This article provides a sketch of the morphosyntax and prosody of relative clauses in Bàsàa, a Bantu language (A 43) spoken in Cameroon. The language does not have a class of relative pronouns like French or English. Rather, the language borrows from the demonstrative class to form relatives. Also, the language can involve locatives in the demonstrative strategy to express relative definiteness. Two varieties of relatives can be found in Bàsàa: restrictive relatives and non-restrictive relatives, which can be descriptive or emphatic. Prosodically, we find an Intonational Phrase boundary at the end of the relative clause.

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Yukawa, Yasutoshi. "Some Features of Bantu Languages in Cameroun." Journal of African Studies 1991, no. 39 (1991): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1991.39_1.

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Zekeng, Leopold. "Update on HIV/SIV infections in Cameroon." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1410 (June 29, 2001): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0858.

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The high degree of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) diversity in the Cameroonian population indicates a relatively old epidemic in this country. However, studies of pygmy ‘hunter–gatherers’ show only rare HIV–1 infection, mainly after contact with Bantus rather than from contact with non–human primates.

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Lavachery, Philippe. "Le Peuplement des Grassfields: Recherches Archeologiquesdans L’ouest du Cameroun." Afrika Focus 14, no. 1 (February 11, 1998): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-01401005.

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The Settlement of the Grassfields: Archeological Research in the West of Cameroon Until recently the Grassfields (Western Cameroon), cradle of the Bantu languages, were an unknown zone from an archaeological point of view. The excavations of Shum Laka rock shelter offer the first chrono-cultural sequence for the area. After 20 millenniums of microlithic (Late Stone Age) traditions of hunter-gatherers, a new culture with macrolithic tools, pottery and arboriculture (Stone to Metal Age) slowly developed from 6000 BC onwards. Correlation with palaeo-climatic and historical linguistic data suggests that proto-Benue-Congo and, later, proto-Bantu speakers could have been involved in these industries.

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Copet-Rougier, Elisabeth. "Du Clan à la chefferie dans l'est du Cameroun." Africa 57, no. 3 (July 1987): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160718.

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IntroductionLes sociétés gbaya et mkako de l'Est-Cameroun constituent une frontière entre deux mondes. Les Mkako sont à la limite bantoue du nord-ouest du bassin congolais tandis que les Gbaya représentent le monde oubanguien dans les savanes à galeries forestières. Qualifiées autrefois d'anarchiques, ces sociétés partagent des caractéristiques communes: acéphales, dénuées de pouvoir politique centralisé, de règies de succession relatives au rôle de leader, sans hiérarchie lignagère ni organisation segmentaire, sans toujours de référence au territoire, elles reposent sur une organisation patriclanique caractérisée par la fluidité des unités sociales dans une disposition où le clan ne constitue pas toujours à proprement parler un groupe «corporate». Enfin, l'un de leurs traits marquant réside dans l'antagonisme entre l'idéologie égalitaire sans cesse affirmée et la compétition des homines importants, ou bien l'émergence de leaders, qui se fondent sur des rapports d'inégalité, aussi ténus qu'ils puissent être.

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Kurbanov, Fuat, Yasuhito Tanaka, Kei Fujiwara, Fuminaka Sugauchi, Dora Mbanya, Leopold Zekeng, Nicaise Ndembi, et al. "A new subtype (subgenotype) Ac (A3) of hepatitis B virus and recombination between genotypes A and E in Cameroon." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 2047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80922-0.

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Blood samples (n=544) from two different populations (Pygmies and Bantus) in Cameroon, West Africa, were analysed. Serological tests indicated that the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in Bantus (20·3 %) was higher than that in Pygmies (2·3 %, P<0·0001), whereas the distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers was equally high in both populations: in total, 9·4, 17·3 and 86·8 % for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc, respectively. HBV genotype A (HBV/A) and HBV/E were predominant (43·5 % each) in both populations, and HBV/D was found in a minority (13 %). The preS/S region was sequenced in nine cases (five HBV/A and four HBV/E) and the complete genome in six cases (four HBV/A and two HBV/E). Subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HBV/A strains were distinct from the subtypes (subgenotypes) described previously, Ae (A2) and Aa (A1), and in the preS/S region they clustered with previously reported sequences from Cameroon. Based on the nucleotide difference from Aa (A1) and Ae (A2), more than 4 % in the complete genome, the Cameroonian strains were suggested to represent a new subtype (subgenotype), designated HBV/Ac (A3). A high (3·9 %) nucleotide divergence in HBV/Ac (A3) strains suggested that the subtype (subgenotype) has a long natural history in the population of Cameroon. One of the HBV/Ac (A3) strains was found to be a recombinant with an HBV/E-specific sequence in the polymerase reverse transcriptase domain. Further cohort studies will be required to assess detailed epidemiological, virological and clinical characteristics of HBV/Ac (A3), as well as its recombinant form.

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Onguene Awana, Nérée, Armelle Nadine Tchudjo Tchuente, and Thomas W. Kuyper. "Biodiversité des macrochampignons sauvages comestibles de la forêt humide du Sud-Cameroun." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 338 (February 11, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2018.338.a31679.

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Pour les communautés de forêts humides du Cameroun – Bantu, pygmées Baka et Bagyeli –, les champignons sauvages comestibles (CSC) ont toujours été considérés comme de substantielles sources alimentaires et médicinales. Cependant, peu d’informations sont disponibles sur la diversité et l’écologie des CSC du Cameroun. Aussi une étude a-t-elle été entreprise pour connaître la diversité et acquérir les connaissances endogènes des principaux champignons sauvages comestibles et médicinaux de la forêt humide de ce pays. À partir d’excursions mycologiques, d’enquêtes structurées et semi-structurées conduites dans une vingtaine de sites de cinq régions du Grand-Sud-Cameroun, les espèces de CSC ont été collectées et décrites. Quatre-vingt-quatorze taxons de CSC ont été identifiés, appartenant à 32 familles et 41 genres, dont environ 61,7 % de saprotrophes, 21,3 % de taxons ectomycorhiziens (ECM) et 17 % d’espèces du genre Termitomyces, les plus fréquemment collectées et consommées. Cette forte diversité fongique s’est traduite par un éventail varié d’habitats et de niches écologiques. Les CSC les plus appréciés sont les saprotrophes Armillaria camerounensis et Volvariella volvacea, ainsi que toutes les espèces de Termitomyces et de chanterelles. La plupart de CSC sont collectés pour la consommation. La vingtaine d’espèces de CSC ectomycorhiziens sont symbiotiquement associées aux racines de 13 genres d’essences forestières appartenant aux familles des Cesalpiniaceae et Phyllantaceae. In fine, deux principaux services écosystémiques de production sont fournis par les CSC du Cameroun : l’approvisionnement alimentaire et médicinal, et l’octroi de revenus. Des besoins de recherche s’imposent en faveur de l’étude de la biodiversité et des médicinaux des CSC de la forêt humide du Cameroun, et de la valorisation des déchets agricoles pour la culture du champignon de paille V. volvacea.

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Makasso, Emmanuel-Moselly, and Seunghun J. Lee. "Basaá." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100314000383.

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Basaá [ɓàsː] is spoken by 282,000 people in the forest area located in the South, Centre and Littoral regions of Cameroon (based on 1982 Ethnologue record; Lewis 2009). Basaá is a narrow Bantu language in the Niger-Congo language family, and it is classified as A43 (Guthrie 1967–71, A43a in Maho 2009). The ISO code of Basaá is bas (Lewis 2009).

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Hodieb, Liliane. "On the aspectual system of Wushi (Babessi), a Ring Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon." Language in Africa 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2021-2-2-43-65.

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One of the characteristics of Bantu languages, including Grassfields Bantu languages, is their multiple time distinctions. Within the Ring Grassfields group, multiple tenses are also well attested. For example, Aghem has three past and two future tenses (Anderson 1979), Babanki has four past tenses and three future tenses (Akumbu & Fogwe 2012), as well as Lamnso’ (Yuka 2012). Oku has three past tenses and two future tenses (Nforbi 1993) and Babungo has four past and two future tenses (Schaub 1985). These tenses represent different degrees of remoteness in time such as hordienal, immediate, distant, etc. However, in spite of the indisputable lexical unity of Ring Grassfields Bantu languages (Stallcup 1980; Piron 1997), Wushi strikingly stands apart: it does not mark tense morphologically. As a matter of fact, the aspectual system of Wushi is based on five aspects: perfective, imperfective, retrospective or anterior, potential, and the distal or dissociative marker kə̀ that is analyzed in the light of Botne & Kershner (2008). This paper sets out to analyze these verb forms.

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Chen, Zhuo, and Blake Lehman. "An argument analysis of cognate objects in Dschang (Yemba)." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.4991.

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Focusing on the Foto dialect of Dschang (Yemba), an understudied Grassfields Bantu language spoken in Cameroon, this paper offers a cross-linguistic perspective on Cognate Objects (CO). An argument analysis of Dschang COs is supported by both cross-linguistic comparison, e.g. forms of corresponding wh-questions, the compatibility with strong determiners, quantifiers and possessors, and the ability to be pronominalized and relativized, and Dschang-internal evidence including word order variations and tonal marking in object position.

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12

Barlew, Jefferson. "Salience, uniqueness, and the definite determiner -te in Bulu." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 24 (April 5, 2015): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v24i0.2992.

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Analyses of the meanings of definite determiners both in English (Kadmon 1990, Roberts 2003, Elbourne 2013, a.o.) and crosslinguistically (Schwarz 2013, Arkoh and Matthewson 2013) have been framed in terms of two dimensions of meaning: familiarity and uniqueness. This paper presents an analysis of the Bulu (Bantu, Cameroon) definite determiner -te. I argue that the antecedent of an NP with -te is required to be salient and unique. Thus, salience is an additional dimension along which there is crosslinguistic variation in the meanings of definite determiners.

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13

Kowo, Mathurin Pierre, Patrick Goubau, Elie-Claude Ndjitoyap Ndam, Oudou Njoya, Satoshi Sasaki, Victor Seghers, and Hugo Kesteloot. "Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and other blood-borne viruses in Pygmies and neighbouring Bantus in southern Cameroon." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, no. 5 (September 1995): 484–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(95)90076-4.

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14

Schroeder, Hannes, María C. Ávila-Arcos, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, G. David Poznik, Marcela Sandoval-Velasco, Meredith L. Carpenter, José Víctor Moreno-Mayar, et al. "Genome-wide ancestry of 17th-century enslaved Africans from the Caribbean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 12 (March 9, 2015): 3669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421784112.

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Between 1500 and 1850, more than 12 million enslaved Africans were transported to the New World. The vast majority were shipped from West and West-Central Africa, but their precise origins are largely unknown. We used genome-wide ancient DNA analyses to investigate the genetic origins of three enslaved Africans whose remains were recovered on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin. We trace their origins to distinct subcontinental source populations within Africa, including Bantu-speaking groups from northern Cameroon and non-Bantu speakers living in present-day Nigeria and Ghana. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first direct evidence for the ethnic origins of enslaved Africans, at a time for which historical records are scarce, and demonstrate that genomic data provide another type of record that can shed new light on long-standing historical questions.

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Zimmerman, P. A., L. L. Steiner, V. P. K. Titanji, P. N. Nde, J. E. Bradley, T. Pogonka, and A. B. Begovich. "Three new DPB1 alleles identified in a Bantu-speaking population from central Cameroon." Tissue Antigens 47, no. 4 (April 1996): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1996.tb02556.x.

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Kesteloot, Hugo, Ndjitoyap Ndam, Satoshi Sasaki, Mathurin Kowo, and Victor Seghers. "A Survey of Blood Pressure Distribution in Pygmy and Bantu Populations in Cameroon." Hypertension 27, no. 1 (January 1996): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.27.1.108.

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Akumbu, Pius W. "Babanki verb tone." Studies in African Linguistics 44, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v44i1.107263.

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In Babanki, a Grassfields Bantu language of northwestern Cameroon, several tonal patterns can be found on a single verb root depending on the construction in which the verb is used. An underlying high tone may surface normally as high, but unexpectedly as low, or high-falling; while underlying low tones surface as high, high-falling, or normally as low. For this reason the low tone verb can have a L(L), HL, or even H(H) surface melody while the high tone verbs can be L(H), HL, or H(H). Accounting for these melodies in order to reconstruct the underlying forms is necessary for a proper understanding of the Babanki verb tone in particular and the tonal system of Centre Ring Grassfields Bantu languages in general. This paper demonstrates that five tone rules (Downstep, Tone Docking, High Tone Spread, Low Tone Spread, and Upstep) and one phonological rule (Schwa Insertion) are required to account for the complex tonal system of Babanki verbs.

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Schmidt, Deborah. "Phantom consonants in Basaa." Phonology 11, no. 1 (May 1994): 149–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001871.

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Basaa, a zone A Bantu language spoken in Cameroon, is only one among many genetically unrelated languages for which the positing of phonetically null phantom consonants facilitates a phonological account of certain otherwise unexpected surface forms encountered in derivational paradigms. Clements & Keyser (1983), Marlett & Stemberger (1983), Keyser & Kiparsky (1984), Crowhurst (1988) and Hualde (1992) propose that phantom consonants exist in Turkish, Seri, French, Finnish, Southern Paiute and Aranese Gascon, for example, syllabifying as onsets or codas where appropriate and in certain cases inducing the gemination of an adjacent consonantal segment or the lengthening of a preceding tautosyllabic vowel, as we shall see takes place in Basaa.

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Hyman, Larry M. "Vowel harmony in Gunu." Studies in African Linguistics 30, no. 2 (June 15, 2001): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v30i2.107358.

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The vowel harmony systems of the Bantu A.60 languages of Cameroon provide an extraordinary wealth of uncommon properties not yet exploited by linguistic theory. In this paper, the author focuses on one variant of the Yambasa cluster, Gunu A.62a, as described by Ambadian [1990, 1991], Orwig [1989], Quilis et al [1990], and Robinson [1979, 1983]. An analysis of long-distance ATR and rounding harmonies in Gunu is presented in terms of the privative features ATR, Front, Round, and Open. Both the featural representations and their "direct mapping" onto outputs account for the derivational opacity as well as transparency of front vowels to Round harmony.

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Grimm, Nadine. "Color Categories in Language Contact: ‘Pygmy’ Hunter-Gatherers and Bantu Farmers." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3320.

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<p>When speakers adopt colors from another language, do they only borrow certain lexical forms or do they absorb whole concepts? And if both a lexical term and a color category are borrowed, are they both borrowed at the same time or is one of them borrowed first? In this paper, I address the question of how color categories are borrowed, providing evidence from Gyeli ‘Pygmy’ hunter-gatherers (PHGs) in contact with Bantu farmers in southern Cameroon. The data shows rich variability in borrowing patterns. Color categories are not borrowed in toto, but only partially, i.e. the resulting color category in the recipient language only partially coincides with the color category in the donor language. Further, the borrowing of a color category may or may not be in conjunction with the borrowing of a color term from the recipient language. While Gyeli PHGs borrow a lexical term first from neighboring Bantu farmer languages and then expand the color category in a second step, the path of borrowing of Bantu farmers from colonial languages is the inverse. Farmer languages first adopt a new color category, but reject loanwords. Their second step in acquiring a new color is to find a name for the new color category.</p>

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Mous, Maarten. "TAM-full object-verb order in the Mbam languages of Cameroon." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (January 1, 2014): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.420.

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Nen and Nyokon are unique among the Bantu languages in allowing full nominal objects between the tense/aspect marker and the verb. Despite the fact that the two languages are neighbours and related they make different use of this positional option. In Nen the position is the default one for objects and the post-verbal position renders an object discrete and suitable for quantified objects and for contrast. In Nyokon the position before the verb is functionally equivalent to the one after the verb. The difference is related to the fact that Nyokon allows the preverbal object only in certain tenses whereas in Nen it is not restricted. But contrasted objects in Nyokon too appear after the verb. There is a construction in which both positions are filled with a constituent. This construction is modelled on a secondary predication construction.

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Betsem, Edouard, Olivier Cassar, Philippe V. Afonso, Arnaud Fontanet, Alain Froment, and Antoine Gessain. "Epidemiology and Genetic Variability of HHV-8/KSHV in Pygmy and Bantu Populations in Cameroon." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, no. 5 (May 15, 2014): e2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002851.

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Byrd, Dani. "Pitch and duration of yes-no questions in Nchufie." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22, no. 1-2 (June 1992): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300004552.

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This paper will present a preliminary phonetic description of yes-no questions in Nchufie (also known as Bafanji), a Grassfields Bantoid language of the Nun group in the Mbam-Nkam family spoken in Northwestern Cameroon by approximately 8,500 people (Grimes 1988). As there is no published description of this language, a very brief review of the Nchufie segment inventory will be in order. Following this, an instrumental description of the yes-no questions in the language will be presented, focusing on the prosodic cues of duration and pitch. Of special interest will be the interaction of intonation with lexical tone and the representation and cross-linguistic significance of Nchufie yes-no question formation. Below is a brief description of the phonetic segment inventory of Nchufie. Due to the complexities of Nchufie phonology and tonology, the following description should be considered preliminary only; the details are not well understood.

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de Filippo, Cesare, Koen Bostoen, Mark Stoneking, and Brigitte Pakendorf. "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1741 (May 23, 2012): 3256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0318.

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The expansion of Bantu languages represents one of the most momentous events in the history of Africa. While it is well accepted that Bantu languages spread from their homeland (Cameroon/Nigeria) approximately 5000 years ago (ya), there is no consensus about the timing and geographical routes underlying this expansion. Two main models of Bantu expansion have been suggested: The ‘early-split’ model claims that the most recent ancestor of Eastern languages expanded north of the rainforest towards the Great Lakes region approximately 4000 ya, while the ‘late-split’ model proposes that Eastern languages diversified from Western languages south of the rainforest approximately 2000 ya. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the language dispersal was coupled with the movement of people, raising the question of language shift versus demic diffusion. We use a novel approach taking into account both the spatial and temporal predictions of the two models and formally test these predictions with linguistic and genetic data. Our results show evidence for a demic diffusion in the genetic data, which is confirmed by the correlations between genetic and linguistic distances. While there is little support for the early-split model, the late-split model shows a relatively good fit to the data. Our analyses demonstrate that subsequent contact among languages/populations strongly affected the signal of the initial migration via isolation by distance.

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Casali, Roderic F. "NCs in Moghamo prenasalized onsets or heterosyllabic clusters." Studies in African Linguistics 24, no. 2 (June 15, 1995): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v24i2.107406.

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This paper is concerned with the analysis of nasal-plus-oral-stop sequences in Moghamo, a Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon. Although Stallcup [1978] tentatively analyzed these sequences as heterosyllabic clusters, the evidence suggests that they are actually prenasalized syllable onsets. First, the distribution of NCs closely parallels that of unambiguous onsets: they occur both initially and medially in words of several grammatical categories. Instances of unambiguous heterosyllabic clusters, by contrast, are rare. Second, while the nasal portion of noun-initial NCs was historically a prefix, it appears to be part of the root synchronically. Third, the nasal portion of an Niger-Congo does not appear to be phonologically tone-bearing. Finally, the contention that NCs are on-sets is supported by native speaker intuitions.

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Vansina, Jan. "Linguistic Evidence for the Introduction of Ironworking into Bantu-Speaking Africa." History in Africa 33 (2006): 321–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2006.0022.

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Did Africans once independently invent the smelting of metals or did they obtain this technology from Europe or the Middle East? This continues to be an unresolved and hotly disputed issue, mainly because the dates for the earliest appearance of smelting in Africa south of the Sahara remain inconclusive. All the earliest sites in Western and West-Central Africa from Walalde in Senegal to the Tigidit cliffs and Termit in Niger, the firki plains south of lake Chad, Taruga, and perhaps Nsukka in Nigeria, Ghwa Kiva (Nigeria), and Doulo (Cameroon) in the Mandara mountains, Gbabiri (Ndio district) in the Central African Republic, and a few sites in Rwanda, Burundi, and Buhaya cannot be dated more closely than between 840 and 420 BCE. Greater precision is impossible because the C14 curve runs flat during these four centuries, hence all these sites yield the same date. (Alpern, Killick, Me Eachern, Holl, Jézégou/Clist, Kanimba Misago). If the earliest “real” dates fell before 800 BCE, they would support independent invention, while later dates strengthen the case for borrowing. Still, this information does tell us that ironworking was adopted in the northern parts of West and West -Central Africa and in the region of the Great Lakes within the span of a mere four centuries.The emergence of ironworking must have left linguistic traces in the relevant terminology irrespective of whether it spread by borrowing or by independent invention—hence historical linguistics can contribute to this debate. That approach is best tested by an examination of the relevant vocabulary in Bantu languages because the historical study of those languages is further advanced than that of any other language family in Africa (Nurse/Phillipson). Moreover Bantu-speakers occupy a large portion of the continent.

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D’Alessandro, Paola, Roberta Frasca, Elizabeth Grobbelaar, Mattia Iannella, and Maurizio Biondi. "Systematics and biogeography of the Afrotropical flea beetle subgenus Blepharidina (Afroblepharida) Biondi & D’Alessandro, with description of seven new species (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 49, no. 5 (October 30, 2018): 443–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-00002182.

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A taxonomic revision of the species attributed to the subgenus Blepharidina (Afroblepharida) Biondi & D’Alessandro is provided. Seven new species are described: Blepharidina (Afroblepharida) afarensis sp. nov. and B. (A.) tajurensis sp. nov. from Djibouti; B. (A.) bantu sp. nov. from Kenya; B. (A.) benadiriensis sp. nov. from Somalia; B. (A.) nubiana sp. nov. from Sudan; B. (A.) pusilla sp. nov. from Ethiopia and Kenya; B. (A.) zephyra sp. nov. from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria. An updated catalogue, including material examined, distributions, chorotypes, and ecological notes, is supplied. The revision comprises a key to the eleven known species, habitus photos, and microscope and scanning electron micrographs of diagnostic characters, including the aedeagus and spermatheca. A phylogenetic analysis based on parsimony was provided. The strict consensus tree was used to put forward a preliminary biogeographical analysis of the taxon in the light of the current distribution of the species.

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Ngomanda, Alfred, Katharina Neumann, Astrid Schweizer, and Jean Maley. "Seasonality change and the third millennium BP rainforest crisis in southern Cameroon (Central Africa)." Quaternary Research 71, no. 3 (May 2009): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.12.002.

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AbstractThe third millennium BP crisis of the central African rainforest is not sufficiently understood. The low resolution of most pollen profiles and a large plateau of the calibration curve aggravate the exact dating of the event, and its causal climatic parameters are debated. We present a high-resolution pollen profile from the swamp site Nyabessan in the southern Cameroonian rainforest, covering the period 3100-2300 cal yr BP. Between 3100 and 2500 cal yr BP, the climate was favourable for a regional evergreen forest with Caesalpiniaceae and Lophira and a local Raphia swamp forest. Around 2500/2400 cal yr BP, a significant decrease of mature forest and swamp forest taxa and an increase of pioneers indicate that the rain forest was seriously disturbed and replaced by secondary formations. The dominance of Trema orientalis, a pioneer well adapted to seasonal desiccation, points to a much more accentuated seasonality after 2500 cal yr BP, which seems to be linked to a southwards shift of the ITCZ during the northern hemisphere winter months. We propose that the rain forest crisis between 2500 and 2200 cal BP created favourable conditions for farming and paved the way for a major expansion of Bantu speaking populations.

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Lemogoum, D., Y. Hako, C. Bika Lele, C. Okalla, J. Dissongo, J. M’buyamba-Kabangu, J. Degaute, M. Leeman, and P. van de Borne. "[OP.8E.03] RELATION BETWEEN 24 HOURS URINARY SODIUM AND POTASSIUM EXCRETION AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN RURAL AND URBAN PYGMIES AND BANTUS OF SOUTHERN CAMEROON." Journal of Hypertension 34 (September 2016): e108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000491617.91118.2e.

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Lhoest, Simon, Cédric Vermeulen, Adeline Fayolle, Pierre Jamar, Samuel Hette, Arielle Nkodo, Kevin Maréchal, Marc Dufrêne, and Patrick Meyfroidt. "Quantifying the Use of Forest Ecosystem Services by Local Populations in Southeastern Cameroon." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062505.

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In order to improve sustainability and design adequate management strategies in threatened tropical forests, integrated assessments of the use of ecosystem services are needed, combining biophysical, social, and economic approaches. In particular, no integrated ecosystem services (ES) assessment has been conducted in Central Africa, where rural communities deeply depend on forests in a high-poverty context. Here, we aimed to quantify the use of ES provided by tropical forests to local populations in the Dja area (Cameroon), identify its determinants and evaluate its sustainability. We conducted various interviews and field surveys with 133 households in three villages, focusing on three provisioning services (bushmeat, firewood, and timber), and five cultural services (cultural heritage, inspiration, spiritual experience, recreation, and education). Local populations consumed a mean of 56 kg of bushmeat/person/year (hunting zones covering on average 213 km2), 1.17 m3 of firewood/person/year (collection zones covering on average 4 km2), and 0.03 m3 of timber/person/year. Between 25% and 86% of respondents considered cultural services as important. The use of ES was mainly influenced by population size, deforestation rate, and forest allocations, whereas the influence of socio-demographic characteristics of households remained limited to slight differences between Baka and Bantu people. We conclude that the consumption of firewood and timber is sustainable, whereas high hunting pressure has resulted in severe defaunation in the area due to the large decline in the abundance and biomass of forest mammals hunted for bushmeat by local populations.

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Essomba, Noel Emmanuel, Dieudonné Adiogo, Danielle Kedy Koum, Carine Ndonnang, Madeleine Irma Ngo Ngwe, Léo Njock Ayuck, Leopold Lehman, and Yves Coppieters. "Seroprevalence, attitudes and practices of the Baka Pygmies of eastern Cameroon towards HIV and AIDS." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 08 (August 29, 2015): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6635.

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Introduction: The vulnerable health status of Pygmies is the result of their continual exposure to the modern world. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV and the attitudes and practices of Baka populations towards HIV infection. Methodology: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted over a five-month period in 12 Pygmy camps. A questionnaire was completed to collect information, and anonymous screenings were held. For screening, whole blood was collected. The Determine HIV-1/2 test was used as the rapid test, and the SD Bioline HIV-1/2 test was used as the second test. Associations between variables were checked. Results: A total of 560 Baka were recruited. The sex ratio was 0.92. Among the means of transmission, sexual intercourse was the most frequently cited (37.6%). A minority (28.5%) knew where to undergo an HIV test, 24.2% did not know that there exists treatment enabling patients to have a higher quality of life, and 75.7% had never used a condom. A total of 86.9% had never been tested for HIV. Subjects who had sex with the Bantu were three times more likely to be infected (p = 0.02), as well as those who had had more than three sexual partners. Conclusions: The changes affecting contemporary societies are inevitably influenced by the dominant factors of modernity, particularly progress, development, and social dynamics in all their aspects. Baka knowledge about HIV/AIDS is limited. Educational efforts, increased awareness, and guidance are needed.

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Cyrine, NYOMY Cyrine. "Exploring negation in Awing." Journal of Translation and Language Studies 1, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jtls.v1i1.24.

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Negation is a universal category and languages differ in many respects in the way they express the latter (see Klima 1964). In this regards, some languages express sentential negation (a subcategorization of negation) with one marker (Dutch, German, English, etc.) while others like French uses two markers. Alongside markers used to express sentential negation, other items, among which Negative Polarity Items, mark negation and tight a particular element within its domain. In this paper, I aim at providing a picture of the expression of negation in Awing (a Bantu Grassfield langue of the Ngemba Group spoken in the North West region of Cameroon). Accordingly, sentential negation is expressed with two discontinuous markers kě…pô. One fact important to the presence of this negative marker is the movement of postverbal elements to a preverbal position turning the SVO structure in non-negative clause to an SOV pattern in negative clauses. In addition, the study describes other negative elements and negation subcategories. In last, the study of negative concord reveals that Awing belongs to the group of Strict Negative Concord (SNC) languages in which n-words must co-occur with negative marker to yield negation.

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Swart, Marelize, Michelle Skelton, Ambroise Wonkam, Luke Kannemeyer, Nyasha Chin’ombe, and Collet Dandara. "CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 Polymorphisms in Two Bantu-Speaking Populations from Cameroon and South Africa: Implications for Global Pharmacogenetics." Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875692111201010043.

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Hanink, Emily Anne, Andrew Koontz-Garboden, and Emmanuel-moselly Makasso. "Property concepts in Basaá and the ontology of gradability across category." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 29 (December 9, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v29i0.4606.

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Theories of gradability and comparison (e.g., Kamp 1975, Cresswell 1977 and many following) have been developed with data from familiar languages like English with adjectives at their core. In many languages, however, the main predicate in truth-conditionally equivalent constructions -- the property concept (PC) (cf. Dixon 1982) -- is of a different category: that of a nominal, which is predicated through possession cross-linguistically. Francez and Koontz-Garboden (2017) argue for a semantics for such nouns as mereologically and size-ordered sets of abstract portions, a treatment that keeps with their exhibition of mass noun behavior, with possessive predications and comparatives involving these nouns built on such a semantics. A semantics of this kind is not standardly assumed for adjectives and constructions built on them in familiar languages, however, raising the question whether the truth-conditional equivalence of the constructions with nouns in languages that have them and the constructions with adjectives in languages that have them should be model-theoretically represented, a position assumed by Menon and Pancheva (2014), or whether this equivalence should be captured in some other way. Based on data from modification, degree questions, subcomparatives, and equatives in Basaá (Bantu; Cameroon), we show that adjectives and the have+PC noun construction must in fact have a type-theoretically identical semantics.

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Adabale, Abosede, Samira Batista Lobo Makanjuola, Akinsegun Akinbami, Adedoyin Dosunmu, Alani Akanmu, Farideh A. Javid, and Louis C. Ajonuma. "Frequency of beta S globin gene haplotypes among sickle cell patients in Nigeria." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 6 (June 2021): 030006052110199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211019918.

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Objective To determine the frequency of beta s globin gene haplotypes in Nigerian patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and to measure their correlation with clinical and haematological characteristics. Methods This study enrolled patients with SCD and collected their peripheral blood for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in order to identify five polymorphic sites in the β-globin gene cluster. Results A total of 245 homozygous SCD patients (490 alleles) were included in the study. Among the analysed alleles, 426 (86.9%) had the Benin (BEN) haplotype; 19 (3.9%) had the Senegal (SEN) haplotype; 31 (6.3%) had the Cameroon haplotype; five (1.0%) had the Bantu/Central African Republic haplotype; and nine 9 (1.8%) had atypical haplotypes. No significant association was observed between the haplotypes and haematological events, although patients with the BEN/SEN haplotype showed improved red blood cell counts, haemoglobin levels and red blood cell width index. No significant association was observed between the haplotypes and the three clinical manifestations, although patients with the BEN/SEN haplotype showed a four-fold lower frequency of painful episodes. Conclusion These findings suggest that the SEN haplotype combined with the BEN haplotype might contribute toward a better haematological profile and milder clinical severity in SCD.

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Garcin, Yannick, Pierre Deschamps, Guillemette Ménot, Geoffroy de Saulieu, Enno Schefuß, David Sebag, Lydie M. Dupont, et al. "Early anthropogenic impact on Western Central African rainforests 2,600 y ago." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 13 (February 26, 2018): 3261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715336115.

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A potential human footprint on Western Central African rainforests before the Common Era has become the focus of an ongoing controversy. Between 3,000 y ago and 2,000 y ago, regional pollen sequences indicate a replacement of mature rainforests by a forest–savannah mosaic including pioneer trees. Although some studies suggested an anthropogenic influence on this forest fragmentation, current interpretations based on pollen data attribute the ‘‘rainforest crisis’’ to climate change toward a drier, more seasonal climate. A rigorous test of this hypothesis, however, requires climate proxies independent of vegetation changes. Here we resolve this controversy through a continuous 10,500-y record of both vegetation and hydrological changes from Lake Barombi in Southwest Cameroon based on changes in carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of plant waxes. δ13C-inferred vegetation changes confirm a prominent and abrupt appearance of C4 plants in the Lake Barombi catchment, at 2,600 calendar years before AD 1950 (cal y BP), followed by an equally sudden return to rainforest vegetation at 2,020 cal y BP. δD values from the same plant wax compounds, however, show no simultaneous hydrological change. Based on the combination of these data with a comprehensive regional archaeological database we provide evidence that humans triggered the rainforest fragmentation 2,600 y ago. Our findings suggest that technological developments, including agricultural practices and iron metallurgy, possibly related to the large-scale Bantu expansion, significantly impacted the ecosystems before the Common Era.

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Schmidt, Deborah Schlindwein. "Vowel raising in Basaa: a synchronic chain shift." Phonology 13, no. 2 (August 1996): 239–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700002116.

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Like many of the zone A Bantu languages of western equatorial Africa, Basaa, which is spoken over a large area to the north-east and east of Douala, Cameroon, shows an inventory of seven surface vowels (Guthrie 1953). The Basaa forms cited in this article, all of which are found in the comprehensive Dictionnaire Basaa-Français (Lemb & de Gastines 1973), are transcribed using the vowel symbols in (1):These vowel symbols differ from those used by Guthrie only in that the hooks are eliminated from underneath his [i] and [u] and the dots are eliminated from underneath his [???] and [???]. I assume for these vowels the characteristics indicated in (1), where non-parenthesised feature specifications are a property of surface phonological representation and parenthesised feature specifications are default phonetic values. Following Hyman's (1988) analysis of Esimbi, another Cameroonian language containing these vowels in its inventory, I take [E] and [ɔ] to be low.The verb roots in (2) contain instances of each of the seven surface vowels of Basaa:Though bare verb roots may surface unsuffixed, suffixal extensions may also be added to give applied, passive, habitual, direct causative, indirect causative, simultaneous, associative, possessive, reversive, reflexive, stative and nominalised forms. Of interest to us is the vowel raising induced within the verb root when certain of these suffixal extensions are added. In (3) we see the CVC verb forms of (2) along with their corresponding applied and indirect causative forms:Other suffixal extensions that induce raising are the passive, direct causative, simultaneous, reversive and stative extensions. For example, these other suffixal extensions attach to /ten/, one of the verb roots in (3), to give [tina], [tinis], [tinha], [tinil] and [tiní], respectively.

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Bernaudin, Francoise, Cécile Arnaud, Annie Kamdem, Serge Pissard, Isabelle Hau, Ralph Epaud, and Corinne Pondarré. "Impact of α-Gene Deletions and β-Globin Cluster Haplotypes on Biological Parameters at Baseline and on Hydroxyurea in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.10.10.

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Abstract Despite being a monogenic disease, sickle cell anemia (SCA) is remarkably heterogeneous in its phenotypic expression. Additional genetic polymorphisms such as α-thalassemia co-inheritance and β-globin haplotypes have a recognized influence. Alpha-thalassemia reduces HbS polymerization and decreases hemolysis by lowering intracellular hemoglobin concentration. The three major β-globin haplotypes, Senegal (SEN), Benin (BEN) and Bantu/Central African Republic (CAR), have been reported to affect disease severity, in part by influencing baseline HbF levels, but no studies in large cohorts have so far compared the biological parameters in patients with these haplotypes. The haplotype BEN is largely predominant in the US, and patients are often compound heterozygotes for two different haplotypes, whereas the haplotype CAR is rarely observed. In Africa, environmental, nutritional and infectious factors make it difficult to distinguish the role of haplotypes in modulating hematological characteristics. In France, SCA-patients are frequently homozygous for the different haplotypes, rendering the comparison of hematological parameters possible. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of α-thalassemia and β-haplotypes on the biological parameters recorded at baseline and on hydroxyurea (HU). SCA-patients from the Créteil pediatric cohort with available assessment of α genes, β-haplotypes and baseline parameters were included in this study (n=578). Alpha-thalassemia was present in 254/578 (44%), with 191 (33%) having one deleted gene and 63 (10.9%) two. CAR/CAR homozygosity was present in 216 (37.4%), BEN/BEN in 140 (24.2%) and SEN/SEN in 69 (11.9%) patients, and 153 (26.5%) had other haplotypes (Cameroon, atypical or heterozygous). The presence of α-Thal was significantly more frequent (p<0.001) in CAR/CAR (121/216; 56%) than in BEN/BEN (43/140; 31%) and SEN/SEN (19/69, 28%). Univariate correlations of biological parameters with the number of α genes and β-haplotypes are shown in Table 1. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that HbF% was positively correlated with SEN (β=0.152,p=0.003) and negatively with CAR (β=-0.189,p<0.001) whereas hemoglobin and LDH were inversely correlated with the number of α genes (β=-0.225,p<0.001 and β=0.201,p<0.001) and CAR haplotypes (β=-0.230,p<0.001 and β=0.171,p=0.001) respectively. As shown in Table 2, hemoglobin and HbF% were significantly lower in CAR/CAR than in BEN/BEN, and lower in BEN/BEN than in SEN/SEN, independently of the α-Thal status. Whereas LDH was not different in patients with α-Thal, LDH was significantly higher in CAR/CAR than in BEN/BEN and SEN/SEN in those with no α-Thal. Thus, the CAR/CAR patients with no α-Thal have the most severe hemolytic anemia with the lowest Hb and highest LDH levels. Hydroxyurea was given to 168 SCA-children at the median age of 6.6 years and the median dose of 26 mg/kg/day for at least one year between February 1993 and December 2014. The biological parameters were recorded when HbF % increase was maximal, and the delta (D) values from the initiation levels were calculated. Indications for HU were frequent VOC/ACS (n=101), severe anemia (n=23), and normalized TCD in patients with abnormal-TCD history (n=44). Alpha-Thal was present in 72/168 (56%), while CAR/CAR was present in 77/168 (46%), BEN/BEN in 41/168 (24%), and SEN/SEN in 12/168 (7%). Table 3 summarizes the biological parameters and D changes. Paired analysis showed significant changes in all parameters whatever the β-haplotypes and α gene number. Leukocytes, neutrophils, platelets, reticulocytes, bilirubin, LDH were lower while hemoglobin, MCV and HbF were higher. However, the SEN/SEN/α-Thal group was too small to show significance. On HU, parameters were no longuer significantly different between CAR/CAR patients and the others, except for hemoglobin that remained significantly lower (p=0.008) in CAR/CAR patients without α-Thal than in BEN/BEN and SEN/SEN patients. In conclusion, patients without α-Thal and with the CAR/CAR β-haplotype have the most severe hemolytic anemia at baseline. Despite a significant increase of their hemoglobin level on HU, they remain the most severely anemic patients. These results may explain some of the discrepancies observed between US and French studies, in particular regarding the effects of HU on cerebral vasculopathy for which the correction of anemia is crucial. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Melatagia Yonta, Paulin, and Michael Franklin Mbouopda. "Named Entity Recognition in Low-resource Languages using Cross-lingual distributional word representation." Revue Africaine de la Recherche en Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées Volume 33 - 2020 - Special... (September 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/arima.6439.

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International audience Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a fundamental task in many NLP applications that seek to identify and classify expressions such as people, location, and organization names. Many NER systems have been developed, but the annotated data needed for good performances are not available for low-resource languages, such as Cameroonian languages. In this paper we exploit the low frequency of named entities in text to define a new suitable cross-lingual distributional representation for named entity recognition. We build the first Ewondo (a Bantu low-resource language of Cameroon) named entities recognizer by projecting named entity tags from English using our word representation. In terms of Recall, Precision and F-score, the obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed distributional representation of words La reconnaissance des entités nommées (REN) est une tâche fondamentale du TALN dont le but est d'identifier les expressions telles que les noms de personnes, de lieux et d'organisations dans un texte. Il existe de nos jours plusieurs systèmes de REN, cependant les données nécessaires pour les utiliser dans le traitement des langues peu dotées telles que les langues camerounaises ne sont pas disponibles. Nous exploitons le fait que les entités nommées apparaissent rarement dans les textes pour définir une nouvelle représentation distributionnelle interlingue des mots, qui soit adaptée à la REN. En utilisant notre représentation, nous projectons les entités nommées de l'anglais vers l'ewondo (une langue bantou du Cameroun); nous obtenons donc le tout premier modèle de reconnaissance des entités nommées en langue ewondo. Les résultats en terme de précision, rappel et f-mesure montrent l'efficacité de notre représentation

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Lavachery, Philippe. "The Settlement of the Grassfields:Archeological Research in the West of Cameroon." Afrika Focus 14, no. 1 (March 28, 1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v14i1.5599.

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Until recently the Grassfields (Western Cameroon), cradle of the Bantu languages, were an unknown zone from an archaeological point of view. The excavations of Shum Laka rock shelter offer the first chrono-cultural sequence for the area. After 20 millenniums of microlithic (Late Stone Age) traditions of hunter-gatherers, a new culture with macrolithic tools, pottery and arboriculture (Stone to Metal Age) slowly developed from 6000 BC onwards. Correlation with palaeo-climatic and historical linguistic data suggests that proto-Benue-Congo and, later, proto-Bantu speakers could have been involved in these industries. KEYWORDS: archeology, Cameroon, grassfields, proto-Bantu

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Esoh, Kevin K., Tobias O. Apinjoh, Steven G. Nyanjom, Ambroise Wonkam, Emile R. Chimusa, Lucas Amenga-Etego, Alfred Amambua-Ngwa, and Eric A. Achidi. "Fine scale human genetic structure in three regions of Cameroon reveals episodic diversifying selection." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79124-1.

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AbstractInferences from genetic association studies rely largely on the definition and description of the underlying populations that highlight their genetic similarities and differences. The clustering of human populations into subgroups (population structure) can significantly confound disease associations. This study investigated the fine-scale genetic structure within Cameroon that may underlie disparities observed with Cameroonian ethnicities in malaria genome-wide association studies in sub-Saharan Africa. Genotype data of 1073 individuals from three regions and three ethnic groups in Cameroon were analyzed using measures of genetic proximity to ascertain fine-scale genetic structure. Model-based clustering revealed distinct ancestral proportions among the Bantu, Semi-Bantu and Foulbe ethnic groups, while haplotype-based coancestry estimation revealed possible longstanding and ongoing sympatric differentiation among individuals of the Foulbe ethnic group, and their Bantu and Semi-Bantu counterparts. A genome scan found strong selection signatures in the HLA gene region, confirming longstanding knowledge of natural selection on this genomic region in African populations following immense disease pressure. Signatures of selection were also observed in the HBB gene cluster, a genomic region known to be under strong balancing selection in sub-Saharan Africa due to its co-evolution with malaria. This study further supports the role of evolution in shaping genomes of Cameroonian populations and reveals fine-scale hierarchical structure among and within Cameroonian ethnicities that may impact genetic association studies in the country.

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Fosah, Ngum Precious, and Fidelis Cho-Ngwa. "Genetic Relationship between the Different Ethno-Linguistic Groups of Mezam and Momo Divisions of the North West Region of Cameroon." Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, July 3, 2021, 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2021/v8i230191.

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Aim: Although the many ethnolinguistic groups of the Mezam and Momo Divisions of the North West Region of Cameroon are historically known to be related, no genetic study has hider to be conducted to verify the claim. This study was therefore aimed at determining the genetic relationship between the different ethno linguistic groups of Mezam and Momo divisions of north west Cameroon using 6 Y-STR loci. Materials and methods: Venous blood samples were collected from, at least 30 consented participants from each of 11 ethnolinguistic groups previously identified in the study area. Genomic DNA was isolated and six Y- Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats (Y-STRs): DYS388, DYS389I DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393, were genotyped using standard techniques and the phylogenetic relationship between these groups established. Results: Four loci (DYS3891, DYS390, DYS391, and DYS392) had an allele frequency of 1 in all 11 groups and a total of 4 haplotypes were obtained. Haplotype 11-13-21-11-9-10 corresponding to DYS388-DYS389I-DYS390-DYS392-DYS393-DYS391 was the most predominant in all populations. Conclusion: It is concluded that, all 11 populations included in this study have a common genetic origin, the Bakaka population of Cameroon which correlates with their Bantoid linguistic relatedness.

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Akumbu, Pius, Larry Hyman, and Roland Kießling. "The segmental and tonal structure of verb inflection in Babanki." Phonological Data and Analysis 2, no. 2 (April 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/pda.v2art2.32.

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In this study we provide a comprehensive phonological and morphological analysis of the complex tense-aspect-mood (TAM) system of Babanki, a Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon. Our emphasis is on the competing inflectional tonal melodies that are assigned to the verb stem. These melodies are determined not only by the multiple past and future tenses, perfective vs. progressive aspect, and indicative vs. imperative, subjunctive, and conditional moods, but also affirmative vs. negative and “conjoint” (CJ) vs. “disjoint” (DJ) verbal marking, which we show to be more thorough going than the better known cases in Eastern and Southern Bantu. The paper concludes with a ranking of the six assigned tonal melodies and fourteen appendices providing all of the relevant tonal paradigms.

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Connell, Bruce. "Aspects of the phonetics of Cambap." Studies in African Linguistics, June 1, 2002, 179–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v31i1.107350.

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Increasingly, the need to document endangered languages before they cease to be spoken and disappear is being recognized. Corresponding acknowledgement of the importance of detailed descriptions of the phonetics of such languages, however, is lagging behind. This study examines the phonetics of Cambap, a Bantoid language spoken in the Nigeria-Cameroon borderland by approximately 30 people. The focus is on describing how its phonological contrasts are realized, and as such this study represents only a stage in a more complete description of Cambap phonetics, their relation to the phonology of Cambap and to more general aspects of the language and culture of the Camba.

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Faytak, Matthew, and Pius W. Akumbu. "Kejom (Babanki)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association, February 24, 2020, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100319000264.

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Kejom [k̀ɘd͡ʒɔ́m], the preferred autonym for the language more commonly known as Babanki, is a Central Ring Grassfields Bantu language (ISO 693-3: [bbk]) spoken in the Northwest Region of Cameroon (Hyman 1980, Hammarström et al. 2017, Simons & Fennig 2017). The language is spoken mainly in two settlements shown in Figure 1, Kejom Ketinguh [k̀ɘd͡ʒɔ́m ↓kɘ́tÍⁿɡ̀uʔ] and Kejom Keku [k̀ɘd͡ʒɔ́m ↓kɘ́k̀u], also known as Babanki Tungoh and Big Babanki, respectively, but also to some extent in diaspora communities outside of Cameroon. Simons & Fennig (2017) state that the number of speakers is increasing; however, the figure of 39,000 speakers they provide likely overestimates the number of fluent speakers in diaspora communities. The two main settlements’ dialects exhibit slight phonetic, phonological, and lexical differences but are mutually intelligible. The variety of Kejom described here is the Kejom Ketinguh variant spoken by the second author; all data and examples which we take into account are based on his speech.

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Onguene, A. N., and Th W. Kuyper. "Wild Edible Mushrooms Depict a Dissimilar Biogeographical Distribution in Humid Forests of Cameroon." Annual Research & Review in Biology, April 6, 2019, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2019/v31i430056.

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For millennia, wild edible mushrooms (WEM) had always been considered as substantial food and medicinal sources, for local communities, both Bantu and indigenous peoples. However, few information and sparse data are available on useful mushrooms of Cameroon. A study was undertaken to update the checklist of WEM in humid forests of Cameroon. From mushroom excursions, surveys and inventories, thousand fungal specimens were collected in situ, described and identified using key features and references. Wild edible mushrooms were recruited in three trophic groups. They denoted a dissimilar national biogeographical distribution. Saprophytes and Termitomyces were encountered throughout the country; ectomycorrhizal mushrooms occurred in forest clumps, only in three regions: South, Southeast and Southwest. 117 WEM were listed belonging to 17 families and 43 genera, including nearly 22 Termitomyces, 32 ectomycorrhizal and 63 saprophyte species. 15 WEM were also claimed to have medicinal properties. This vast mushroom diversity related to various specific habitats and ecological niches. Five fungal groups were considered as excellent edible. Amanita and Boletus species were seldom consumed. Most mushroom species were harvested solely for home consumption, with the exception of Termitomyces, the only marketed mushroom. In fine, the diversity of WEM was high but poorly known and valorized. To fulfill the Nagoya convention, it is recommended to pursue mycological inventory of macrofungi in Cameroon, including the use of molecular tools and to cultivate local wild edible saprophyte mushrooms.

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Hyman, Larry M. "How to Study a Tone Language, with Exemplification from Oku (Grassfields Bantu, Cameroon)." UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Reports 6 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p72tr4s97h.

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Diane, Gangueu Djape Clotilde, Yondo Jeannette, Noumedem Anangmo Christelle Nadia, Nkouayep Vanessa Rosine, Atiokeng Tatang Rostang Joel, and Mpoame Mbida. "Parasitaemia in Asymptomatic Bantu and Baka Pygmy People Living in the East Region, Cameroon." International Journal of Tropical Diseases 3, no. 2 (November 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23937/2643-461x/1710039.

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Filippone, Claudia, Edouard Betsem, Sylviane Bassot, Patricia Tortevoye, Alain Froment, Arnaud M. Fontanet, and Antoine Gessain. "High frequency of HTLV-1 infection in Bantus and Pygmies from rural Cameroon bitten by non-human primates during hunting." Retrovirology 11, S1 (January 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-11-s1-p57.

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Bessala, Gaston, and Francine Moguo. "The conditional mood in Ghomálaʼ." Studies in African Linguistics, June 1, 2017, 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v46i1.107247.

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Abstract:

This paper sets out to examine the conditional mood in Ghɔmálá’, a Grassfields Bantu language spoken in the Western Region of Cameroon. This article shows that the elements used to build conditionals can play other roles in the language; they can play the role of focus particle, relativizer and even copula. Two main conditional markers are used in Ghɔmálá’ and are found at clause initial position. Contrary to other languages where the future and present tenses express unreal conditionals and past tenses express reality conditionals, Ghɔmálá’ uses past tenses for unreality conditionals and present and future tenses for reality conditionals. Conditionals in Ghɔmálá’ have many pragmatic uses and their use must be judicious due to the numerous functions they assume.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bantous – Cameroun'

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