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Patrut, Adrian, Roxana T. Patrut, Laszlo Rakosy, Demetra Rakosy, Willie Oliver, Ileana Andreea Ratiu, Daniel A. Lowy, Gebhardt Shiimbi, Stephan Woodborne, and Karl F. von Reden. "Radiocarbon Investigation of the Historic African Baobabs of Omusati, Namibia." Forests 13, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111899.
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The Omusati region belongs to historic Ovamboland, an area of northern Namibia populated by tribes of the Ovambo group. Four very large African baobabs of Omusati played an important role in historic events of the area, such as the tribal wars and the Namibian War of Independence. The four historic baobabs are the Ombalantu baobab (8 stems; circumference 24.50 m), Okahao baobab (4+ stems; around 25 m), Amadhila baobab (12 stems; 25.35 m) and Sir Howard baobab (9 stems; 31.60 m). Two historic baobabs collapsed totally or partially. The stems of the Amadhila baobab toppled and died in 2021, while 3 stems of the Okahao baobab collapsed a long time ago, but are still alive. Our research aimed to determine the architecture and age of these baobabs. Three baobabs (Ombalantu, Amadhila, Sir Howard) exhibit a closed ring-shaped structure, with a false cavity inside. One baobab (Okahao) had an open ring-shaped structure, before its collapse. Several wood cores were extracted from the baobabs and investigated by radiocarbon dating. The dating results indicate ages of 770 ± 50 years for the Ombalantu baobab, 650 ± 50 years for the Okahao baobab, 1100 ± 50 years for the Amadhila baobab and 750 ± 50 years for the Sir Howard baobab.
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Patrut, Adrian, Roxana T. Patrut, Laszlo Rakosy, and Karl F. Von Reden. "Age and architecture of the largest African Baobabs from Mayotte, France." DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy 1, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37281/drcsf/1.1.5.
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The volcanic Comoro Islands, located in the Indian Ocean in between mainland Africa and Madagascar, host several thousand African baobabs (Adansonia digitata). Most of them are found in Mayotte, which currently belongs to France, as an overseas department. Baobabs constitute a reliable archive for climate change and millennial specimens were recently used as proxies for paleoclimate reconstructions in southern Africa. We report the investigation of the largest two baobabs of Mayotte, the Big baobab of Musical Plage and the largest baobab of Plage N’Gouja. The Big baobab of Musical Plage exhibits a cluster structure and consists of 5 fused stems, out of which 4 are common stems and one is a false stem. The baobab of Plage N’Gouja has an open ring-shaped structure and consists of 7 partially fused stems, out of which 3 stems are large and old, while 4 are young. Several wood samples were collected from both baobabs and analyzed via radiocarbon dating. The oldest dated sample from the baobab of Musical Plage has a radiocarbon date of 275 ± 25 BP, which corresponds to a calibrated calendar age of 365 ± 15 yr. On its turn, the oldest sample from Plage N’Gouja has a radiocarbon date of 231 ± 20 BP, corresponding to a calibrated age of 265 ± 15 yr. These results indicate that the Big baobab of Musical Plage is around 420 years old, while the baobab of Plage N’Gouja has an age close to 330 years. In present, both baobabs are in a general state of deterioration with many broken or damaged branches, and the Baobab of Plage N’Gouja has several missing stems. These observations suggest that the two baobabs are in decline and, most likely, close to the end of their life cycle.
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Taylor, Peter J., Catherine Vise, Macy A. Krishnamoorthy, Tigga Kingston, and Sarah Venter. "Citizen Science Confirms the Rarity of Fruit Bat Pollination of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Flowers in Southern Africa." Diversity 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030106.
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The iconic African baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) has “chiropterophilous” flowers that are adapted for pollination by fruit bats. Although bat pollination of baobabs has been documented in east and west Africa, it has not been confirmed in southern Africa where it has been suggested that hawk moths (Nephele comma) may also be involved in baobab pollination. We used a citizen science approach to monitor baobab tree and flower visitors from dusk till midnight at 23 individual baobab trees over 27 nights during the flowering seasons (November–December) of 2016 and 2017 in northern South Africa and southern Zimbabwe (about 1650 visitors). Insect visitors frequently visited baobab flowers, including hawk moths, but, with one exception in southeastern Zimbabwe, no fruit bats visited flowers. Citizen science enabled us to substantiate preliminary conclusions about the relative importance of moth versus bat pollination of baobabs in southern Africa, with important implications for resource management.
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Groffen, Jordy, Gary Rethus, and Jack Pettigrew. "Promiscuous pollination of Australia’s baobab, the boab, Adansonia gregorii." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (2016): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16049.
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Australia’s native baobab, Adansonia gregorii (F.Muell., Malvaceae: Bombacoideae) is the only baobab outside the African continent. Baobabs of the African continent have shades either of red, orange and yellow coloured flowers and are pollinated by insects, especially by hawkmoths of the Sphingidae family, or have white flowers and are pollinated by small mammals (e.g. bats and lemurs). In contrast, the Australian baobab, with white, erected flowers, was found to be mostly pollinated by hawkmoths. It is possible that for this white-flowered species, small mammals play a role in pollination. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify major pollinators of the Australian baobab. Motion cameras were used in December 2013 and ground observations were performed in the flowering season of 2015–2016 to observe (potential) pollinators. Results show observations of hawkmoths and other insects, birds and sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) pollinating the flowers. The major pollinator found in this study was, however, the black flying fox (Pteropus alecto): it was observed foraging in groups and consuming the anthers of the Australian baobab flowers. Pollination by megabats, as the black flying fox, could have played an important role in the evolution of the white, erect flower of Australian baobabs.
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Mashapa, Clayton, Patience Zisadza-Gandiwa, Edson Gandiwa, and Shakkie Kativu. "Abundance and Structure of African Baobab (Adansonia digitata) across Different Soil Types in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Biodiversity 2013 (September 25, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/874713.
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This study investigated the abundance and structure of African baobab (Adansonia digitata) across soil group strata in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. The study was based on a stratified random sampling design composed of the following soil group substrates: (i) granophyres, (ii) malvernia, and (iii) rhyolite. Belt transects of 0.3×0.1 km were randomly laid across soil group. Baobab abundance and population structure were determined from the density and size class distribution, respectively. There were significant differences in plant height and plant density across Gonarezhou soil groups. Study sites on granophyres derived soil group indicated viable abundance and recruitment of baobab population. Whereas the study highlighted a concern over the unbalanced size structure distribution of baobab population on malvernia derived soil group, our results indicated that baobabs are in danger of extirpation on malvernia derived soil group. Baobab community in Gonarezhou tends to occur more densely along environmental gradient of soil group type as influenced by the underlying geological soil substrate of granophyres. Malvernia derived soil group is likely less ideal for baobab recruitment.
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Patrut, Adrian, Roxana Teodora Patrut, Jean-Michel Leong Pock-Tsy, Pascal Danthu, Stephan Woodborne, Laszlo Rakosy, and Ileana Andreea Ratiu. "Investigation of the Architecture and Age of Superlative Adansonia grandidieri from the Andombiry Forest, Madagascar." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091258.
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Over the past years, our research on baobabs mainly focused on the largest Malagasy species, namely the Reniala or Grandidier baobab (Adansonia grandidieri Baill.). The biggest A. grandidieri are located in the Morombe area, especially in the so-called Andombiry Forest. This giant forest of Reniala hosts well over 6000 mature individuals, out of which more than 30 have very large sizes, i.e., circumferences over 20 m. We investigated, measured and dated by AMS radiocarbon the largest specimens. We found that all large Grandidier baobabs are multi-stemmed. They mostly exhibit a closed ring-shaped structure, with a false cavity inside. In this architecture, which enables Grandidier baobabs to reach very large sizes, the stems that build the ring typically have similar ages. Here we present the AMS radiocarbon investigation of two large baobabs, A 215 (girth 21.50 m) and A 257 (girth 25.70 m). According to dating results, the baobab A 215 has an age of only 375 years. It consists of four fused stems and has a closed ring-shaped structure. The baobab A 257 has the second largest trunk of all known live Reniala trees. It also exhibits a closed ring-shaped structure, with five fused stems around a false cavity, which has an opening toward the exterior. The dating results indicate that A 257 is around 900 years old.
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ASSOGBA, Orgely Doris Imeilda, Kolawolé Valère SALAKO, Benjamin FANTODJI, Éméline P. S. ASSÉDÉ, Achille Ephrem ASSOGBADJO, and Paxie Wanangwa CHIRWA. "Does land use type impact the demographic and spatial structures of Adansonia digitata L. in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Northern Benin?" BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 344 (August 18, 2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.344.a31908.
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Changes in land use type (LUT) are a major driver of biodiversity loss and species decline. Responses to changes in LUT are species-specific, which may in turn be context-dependent. Understanding such responses is essential for the management of socio-economically important wild tree species. The baobab, Adansonia digitata L., is an important traditional agroforestry tree species in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study assesses how LUT affects the demographic and spatial structure of baobab stands. Using data from a census and mapping of baobab trees in 12 plots of 250 m × 250 m each, the study compared baobab tree density, total height and diameter, diameter size-class distribution (SCD), stand stability, and spatial relationships in a strictly protected area (national park), a buffer zone and farmlands (Matéri and Boukombé) in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin. The results show that the highest young and adult tree densities are in farmlands (particularly in Matéri), followed by the buffer zone and the national park. No significant differences in tree diameter and total height of baobab trees were found among the different LUT. The SCD had a reverse J-shape with a better negative slope and population stability metrics in farmlands (particularly in Matéri) but a flattened slope in the buffer zone. The spatial distributions of juvenile and adult baobab trees were random, and independent of each other. The spatial distribution of juvenile and adult baobabs was also independent of the other tree species, irrespective of LUT. It was concluded that baobab conservation is better in farmlands than in the national park but that the difference between park and farmlands may be context-dependent, probably linked to local environmental conditions, the socio-ecological context and interactions with baobab trees.
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Diaouma Badiane, Sidia, and Edmée Mbaye. "Le baobab, un arbre emblématique dans le futur urbain du pôle de Diamniadio au Sénégal : marqueur spatial, représentation sociale et intégration paysagère." Revue Organisations & territoires 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1522/revueot.v28n2.1048.
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L’intégration de l’arbre dans la ville est devenue un enjeu de taille en matière de planificationurbaine. Les projets de villes nouvelles tentent de prendre en compte cette dimension. La création du pôleurbain de Diamniadio au Sénégal s’inscrit ainsi dans cette logique d’intégration paysagère. Cet article s’intéresse à l’image du baobab dans la construction de ce pôle urbain. Notre hypothèse est que cet arbre bénéficie d’une attention particulière en raison de son statut d’espèce protégée (il constitue d’ailleurs un des deux sceaux symboliques du Sénégal), mais également du fait qu’il fournit à la population des biens et services écosystémiques remarquables. Cette étude s’appuie sur des données d’inventaire des baobabs dans le pôle urbain de Diamniadio et sur des données d’enquête (quantitatives et qualitatives). Le recensement de baobabs in situ a permis d’identifier 333 individus répartis de façon aléatoire dans l’espace. Malgré la croissance urbaine, le baobab garde toujours son aspect d’arbre symbolique, gravé dans la mémoire collective.
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Aina, A. B. J., N. K. Oyesanya, T. A. Fadipe, O. R. Aina, O. A. Farinde, O. E. Akanbi, and O. A. Akinsoyinu. "Ruminal evaluation of nutrient profiles of some legume forages, agricultural by-products and Baobab bark in sheep." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 33, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v33i1.2149.
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The crude protein (CP) ether extract (EE), acid detergent fibre, (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg) and Copper (Cu) degradability profiles of two legume forages (Tephrosia bracteolata and Stylosanthes hamata), two agricultural by-products (wheat ofsal and Rice bran) and Adansonia digitata (Baobab) bark that usually form part of feed materials commonly used in compounding small ruminant concentrate seed were estimated using nylon-bag technique, based on 5x 5 factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design in 2-way classification Factor A was the different feedstuffs (Tephrosia, Stylo, Baobak bark, Whear offal and Rice bran) while factor B was the different incubation periods (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48h) using individual animal as replicate. Results indicated that as incubation periods increased, the extent of disappearance of the test nutrients of each sample increased while the rate of degradation of each sample varied according/y: The trends of the extent of nutrient disappearance were in the following order: CP: Tephrosia (15.2 +0.14%) > Wheat offal (13.10+0.13%) > Stylo (12.24+0.36)> Rice bran (5.76 + 0.09%) > Baobab bark (3.05 +0.33%) EE: Stylo (9.53 + 0.2296) > Rice bran (5.74 +0.27%) > Wheat offal (2.13 +0.34%)= Baobab bark /2.13 + 0.33%)> Tephrosia (0.35 +0.7394). ADF: Rice bran (53.94 + 7.21%)> Baobab bark (46.87 + 5.34%)> Stylo (34.37+3.07%)> Tephrosia (31.01+4.46%)>Wheat offal (27.50 + 2.0896). NDF: Rice bran (58.11+6.29%)>Baobab bark (47.26+7.12%)>Tephrosia (44.14+3.05%)>Stylo (40.46+3.2296)>Wheat offal (25.29+4.21%) Ca: Tephrosia (0.855+0.18%)> Stylo (0.843+0.19%)> Rice bran (0.308+0.09%)> Wheat offal (0.204+0.04%)>Baobab bark (0.140+0.09%). P: Wheat offal (3.09+0.26%)> Rice bran (1.95+0,10%)> Baobab bark (0.76+0.21%)>Stylo (0.45+0.19%)> Tephrosia (0.09+0.01%). Mg: Tephrosia (0.495+0.31%)>Rice bran (0.234+0.21%)>Wheat offal (0.179+0.30%)>Stylo (0.160+0.23%)>Baobab bark (0.1/6+0.23%) Cu! Stylo (46.65+8. 1796)>Rice bran (37.79+4.7%)>Baobab hark (26.89+2.6%)>Tephrosia (18.51+2.70%)>Wheat ofsal (11.44+2.8%). Baobab bark was the least and slowest in the extent and rate of nutrients released into the rumen. Rice bran was also the second highest in terms of fast release of EE, P, Mg and Cu into the rume, suggesting that it can supply a reasonable level of EE, P, Mg and Cu, in addition to fastest release of +DF and NDF when fed or included in the concentrate supplement for ruminants. Wheat offal is also reasonably rich in crude protein and phosphorus. The two agricultural by-products are therefore good sources of nutrients for ruminants. The two legume forages (Tephrosia and Stylo) are fairly richer in CP, EE, Ca, Mg and Cw than other feedstuffs and they readily released their nutrients faster, and to a larger extent, than other feedstuffs. The inclusion of the two forages in the concentrate supplement, or fed as hay or silage can therefore be recommended in ruminant production, particularly when fast release of the nutrients is required while Baobab bark can be recommended when slow release of nutrient will be beneficial to the requirement of the animal
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Darr, Dietrich, Chifundo Chopi-Msadala, Collins Duke Namakhwa, Kathrin Meinhold, and Chimuleke Munthali. "Processed Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Food Products in Malawi: From Poor Men’s to Premium-Priced Specialty Food?" Forests 11, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060698.
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The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) is an important source of non-timber forest products in sub-Saharan Africa. Its fruits contain high amounts of vitamin C, calcium, and dietary fibre. In addition, other parts of the tree are traditionally used for human consumption, particularly during lean seasons. In line with the increasing demand for natural, healthy, and nutritious food products, the baobab has great potential to contribute to human nutrition and rural livelihoods. In Malawi, where demand for baobab has substantially increased within the last decade, baobab fruits are being processed into a variety of food and non-food products, such as fruit juice, ice-lollies, sweets, and cosmetics. Yet, information on the sociodemographic background and quality preferences of baobab consumers is scanty. The current study, therefore, aimed to (1) map the diversity of baobab products available in Malawi; (2) determine consumer segments and their preferences for the most common baobab food products; and (3) examine the contribution of major attributes of processed baobab food products on their price. We employed a mixed-methods approach including the analysis of 132 baobab products and a survey of 141 consumers in formal and informal retail outlets, adopting multistage and purposive sampling. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using cluster analysis, cross tabulation, and hedonic regression. Results pointed to two distinct consumer segments for baobab food products, largely following the formal–informal product divide currently existing in Malawi. Both segments clearly differed with regard to preferred product attributes. We also showed that extrinsic product attributes such as packaging quality, labelling, conformity with food standards, or health claims provided distinct differentiation potential for baobab food manufacturers. In addition to providing empirical evidence for the transition of baobab food products into higher-value market segments, our results can help food processing enterprises to improve the composition and marketing of their baobab products.
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SALAMİ, Mercy, Raphael BABATUNDE, and Grace AKİNSOLA. "Afrika yerli bitkilerinin insan ve hayvan beslenme güvenliğine katkısı: Kuzeybatı Nijerya’da baobab kullanımından içgörü." Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 28, no. 2 (May 6, 2023): 454–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1200451.
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In this study, we looked into how the baobab, an indigenous plant of Africa, affected households of Hausa-Fulani in Northwestern Nigeria's nutrition security. The study employed a mixed data set from 239 households. Specifically, we looked at how baobab contributed to the nutritional security of children under the age of five and how baobab was used to manage livestock. We also described the features of Hausa-Fulani families in Northwestern Nigeria. The data were analyzed using multinomial regression models and descriptive statistics. The Focus Group Discussion showed that baobab enhances a child's nutritional status. The multinomial regression analysis supported this since baobab consumption was found to positively influence weight gain. Numerous ethnoveterinary functions of baobab were also reported. It was concluded that baobab contributes significantly to the nutritional security of households in the study area. We thus urge the use of baobab for food bio-fortification and the necessity for research to boost the indigenous food systems of Africa. The result of this study will help encourage the utilization of baobab plant parts in the fortification of diets and strengthen the value chain system of the plant.
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Ofori, Hayford, and Ahmad Addo. "A review of baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit processing as a catalyst for enhancing wealth and food security." Journal of the Ghana Institution of Engineering (JGhIE) 23, no. 2 (June 6, 2023): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56049/jghie.v23i2.66.
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Scientific study on non-timber forest products with potential for use by humans has recently experienced a resurgence. Baobab is one of these non-timber forest products, and every part of the baobab has been shown by studies to be useful. Because the fruit products of the baobab tree contain enormous amounts of phytochemicals, these products have found uses in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Hence, this study examined, among other things, the role of the physical and mechanical properties of the baobab seeds in relation to design of equipment for processing as well as the phytochemicals found in the fruit products. It also discussed the traditional and orthodox uses of the baobab product. Along with vitamins and amino-acids found in the pulp, other minerals were also reviewed. High quantities of proteins, lipids, essential amino acids, and fatty acids, including linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids, as well as Omega 3, 6, and 9, are present in baobab seeds and the seed oil. Antinutrients present in baobab seeds have the potential to be harmful to human health when consumed. The study examined different processing techniques used to lessen these antinutrients present in the seeds. To fully realize the potential of baobab fruit products, areas for further research have been highlighted in this review.
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Chipurura, B., F. Pswarayi, and M. Muchuweti. "Sensory properties and consumer acceptance of a stirred-type yoghurt produced from baobab (Adansonia digitata) pulp during refrigerated storage." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 14, no. 62 (April 16, 2014): 8695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.62.13020.
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The baobab ( Adansonia digitata L.) tree is widespread throughout the hot and drier regions of tropical Africa . The baobab pulp from the tree is an important source of nutrients in Africa as it is a rich source of amino acids, iron, vitamins C, A and E. In some African countries including Zimbabwe, the pulp is used traditionally to cure various ailments such as dysentery, inflamed gums and as an antidote to poison . Baobab pulp has many food uses and consequently the aim of the current study was to determine the sensory properties of the baobab flavoured yoghurt during storage and consumer acceptance of the yoghurt . A trained panelist evaluated the appearance, consistency on spoon, consistency in mouth, odour, flavour and overall acceptability of the yoghurt on day s 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of storage . In all the sensory evaluations, plain yoghurt was used as a control. The consumer panelists ( n = 150) evaluated taste, texture, colour, smell and aftertaste of the yoghurt. In general, the sensory scores of the baobab flavoured yoghurt and plain yoghurt decreased with storage time. The plain yoghurt had higher appearance scores from day 1 up to day 28 as compared to the baobab flavoured yoghurt and there was a significant difference (p = 0.01) in the scores of the yoghurts . On day 1 the consistency on spoon scores for both the baobab flavoured yoghurt and the plain yoghurt had the same value and from day 2 up to day 28, the plain yoghurt had the highest consistency on spoon scores as compared to the baobab flavoured yoghurt and the difference was significant (p = 0.01 ). The baobab flavoured yoghurt consistency in mouth scores were lower as compared to the plain yoghurt and the difference in the scores of the products was significant (p = 0.01). The odour and flavour scores of both the baobab flavoured yoghurt and plain yoghurt decreased throughout the storage period and the difference in the scores of the yoghurts was significant (p = 0.05). There was a significant difference (p = 0.05) in the overall acceptability scores of the baobab flavoured yoghurt and the plain yoghurt. Although the baobab flavoured yoghurt scores decreased with time of storage and the yoghurt had an astringent aftertaste, the consumer scores indicated that the baobab flavoured yoghurt was acceptable in terms of taste, texture, colour and smell .
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Burton, Adrian. "Baobab tales." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11, no. 8 (October 2013): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295-11.8.452.
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Arnaud, Gérald. "Orchestra Baobab." Africultures 72, no. 1 (2008): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afcul.072.0188.
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Yéboué, Kouamé Hermann, Fatogoma Etienne Silué, Kouao Augustin Amonkan, Efoé Simeon Atouloukou, and Brou André Konan. "Effect of a Baobab Powder Diet on Growth and Digestive Balance in Growing Rats." Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 11, no. 09 (September 23, 2023): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2023.v11i09.004.
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Introduction: The fight against malnutrition (over- and undernutrition) requires knowledge of the fruits we eat. Baobab is a fruit from the north of Côte d'Ivoire whose consumption can help improve nutrition. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of baobab pulp and evaluate its nutritional impact after consumption in growing rats. Methodology: To achieve this objective, the physicochemical parameters and macronutrient contents of baobab flour were determined. Then, 3 batches of 5 rats were fed separately with three diets: RFB (baobab pulp), RM (baobab pulp + cornstarch) and RFM (cornstarch). Regular weighing was carried out to determine growth and digestibility parameters. Results: At the end of the work, it was found that baobab pulp is an acidic food (pH = 3.2), composed mainly of carbohydrates (92.47), mainly energy. It has a high starch content (56.34), a high sugar content (21.37), hence its sweet taste; with a considerable fiber content (7.82), in terms of dry matter (DM). Baobab flour contains very low levels of protein (2.08) and lipids (0.37). From a nutritional point of view, the baobab pulp diet (RFB) does not promote rat growth, and therefore the utilization of dietary protein. In addition, the RFB diet results in negative digestibility of dietary proteins and very low digestibility of the dry matter in the food consumed. On the other hand, rat growth and the digestibility of dietary protein and dry matter increased with the reduction (RM) or elimination (RFM) of baobab flour from the diet. Conclusion: Ultimately, these results enable us to assess the nutritional quality of baobab flour. Its consumption, which does not promote weight gain despite its high carbohydrate content, can therefore be used in the fight against obesity.
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Wairimu, Nancy, Owaga Eddy Elkana, and Kipkorir Koskei. "Development and Evaluation of Goat Milk Yoghurt Enriched with Baobab Fruit Pulp." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2022): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2022.4.2.485.
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Baobab is a dry land product rich in vitamins and minerals but has remained underutilized. Therefore, value addition of the baobab pulp through incorporation of pulp to the probiotic yoghurt will promote dietary utilization. Different treatments were made by incorporating different amounts of ground baobab pulp. Treatments were analyzed for protein, fat, ash and moisture content. Total solids, synerisis, titratable acidity, pH, butterfat and specific density, sensory evaluation and shelf life were analyzed. There were significant differences between the treatments in most of the parameters studied. The treatment with the highest amount of baobab pulp showed an increase in levels of total solids, titratable acidity and synerisis but decreased the viscosity of the yoghurt. There were significant variations in sensory attributes and samples with the highest baobab pulp scored the highest for taste, texture, aroma, color and overall acceptability. Incorporating baobab pulp to yoghurt improved its nutritional and physicochemical properties.
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Olatoye, Kazeem, Oluwatobi Olusanya, and Abiola Olaniran. "The nutritional characteristics and acceptability of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L) pulp as nutrient concentrate substitute in custard powder." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 15 (February 28, 2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1500.
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Micronutrient deficiency in the human diet is of serious concern in developing nations. The utilization potential of Baobab pulp (BP) as a micronutrient source in custard formulation was evaluated. Custard powder was formulated from corn-starch, salt, flavor, colorant, and a commercial nutrient concentrate (NC) using a standard recipe, as a control sample. The nutrient concentrate was substituted by 20 – 50% of Baobab pulp in custard formulation. Custard powder was characterized by chemical, physicochemical, pasting, and sensory properties, using standard procedures. Substitution of Baobab pulp for nutrient concentrate in custard formulation resulted in a significant (p ≤0.05) increase in the crude protein (2.23 – 3.67%), fat (1.49 – 2.40%), fiber (2.95 – 4.85%), and ash (2.21 – 3.63%) contents of custard powder. The vitamins A, C, and Beta-carotene contents of Baobab pulp-fortified custard varied (p ≤0.05) significantly. Substitution of Baobab pulp for nutrient concentrate increased the mineral composition (Calcium (1.16 – 5.75 ppm), Magnesium (1.09 – 1.83 ppm), Potassium (0.81 – 2.68 ppm), and Iron (0.12 – 0.39 ppm)) of custard samples significantly (p ≤0.05). The addition of Baobab pulp in the custard powder formulation enhanced its chemical composition and sensory attributes. The enhancement level increases with an increase in the proportion of baobab pulp.
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Ibraheem, Salma, Yousif Idris, Salma Elghali Mustafa, Baraka Kabeir, Faridah Abas, M. Maulidiani, and Nurashikin Hamid. "Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Sudanese baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit pulp extract." International Food Research Journal 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.28.1.03.
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The present work aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and biological activities of Sudanese baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit pulp extract. Baobab fruit pulp serves as food, and has been used in traditional medicine in Africa for the treatment of several diseases, and believed to possess many biological activities. The sample of baobab fruit was collected from Blue Nile State in Sudan. The fruit pulp was obtained from baobab pods, sieved, extracted with methanol (80%), and analysed for its antioxidant activity, and alpha-glucosidase and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities. The phytochemical constituents of the pulp were determined by LC-MS and 1H-NMR techniques. The results for antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH and FRAP for methanolic extract were 232.70 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (AEAC)/g and 222.28 mmol/g of Fe2+, respectively. Baobab pulp extract showed greater capability in inhibiting the generation of NO from the stimulated RAW264.7 cells at 98.45% inhibition and IC50 of 36.55 µg/mL; and α-glucosidase enzyme activity at 97.94% inhibition and IC50 of 58.59 µg/mL. The LC-MS/MS analysis of the baobab extract showed that 52 compounds were found in the baobab pulp, including 19 flavonoids, ten phenolic acids, four lipids (glycero-3-phosphocholine derivative, 1,2-didodecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol), 1-pentadecanoyl-2-(13Z,16Z-docosadienoyl)-glycero-3-phosphate, and glycero-3-hosphocholine derivative), sugars, organic acid, iridoids, adenosine, scopoletin, and taraxerone. The NMR detected 21 metabolites from baobab pulp extract including carbohydrates, organic acids, vitamin, amino acids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and fatty acids. The present work is the first of its kind in comprehensively analysing the Sudanese baobab fruit pulp, combined with qualitative characterisation of chemical components using NMR, LC-MS, α-glucosidase, and NO inhibitors. Baobab fruit pulp contains several beneficial phytochemicals and biological activities, and it has potential positive effect on general human’s health.
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James, Margaret, Willis Owino, and Samuel Imathiu. "Microbial Contamination and Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Processed Baobab Products in Kenya." International Journal of Food Science 2022 (February 25, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2577222.
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Baobab fruit demand has been on the rise in the recent past, and in an attempt to match the demand, farmers and middlemen are forced to harvest immature fruits which are not fully dried. To ensure an acceptable moisture content, baobab fruits are subjected to solar drying, which is a slow process and often carried out in open and unhygienic conditions raising safety concerns. This study was conducted to investigate the microbial and aflatoxin contamination levels in ready-to-eat baobab products from selected formal and informal processors in specific counties of Kenya. Selected processed baobab products were sampled randomly from formal and informal processors and analyzed for the total aerobic count, Enterobacteriaceae, yeast and molds, ergosterol, aflatoxins, moisture, and water activity. The moisture and water activity of baobab pulp and candies from formal processors ranged between 7.73% and 15.06% and 0.532 and 0.740 compared to those from informal processors which ranged from 10.50% to 23.47% and 0.532 to 0.751, respectively. In this study, baobab pulp from formal processors had significantly ( p = 0.0008 , 0.0006) lower Enterobacteriaceae and yeast and molds loads ( 0.7 ± 0.29 and 3.1 ± 0.38 log 10 CFU/g, respectively) than pulp from informal processors ( 3.1 ± 0.70 and 5.3 ± 0.11 log 10 CFU/g, respectively). Similarly, the Enterobacteriaceae counts of candies from formal processors (nondetectable) were considerably lower ( p = 0.015 ) than those from informal processors ( 1.8 ± 0.56 log 10 CFU/g). The ergosterol content in these baobab product samples ranged between 0.46 and 1.92 mg/100 g while the aflatoxin content ranged between 3.93 and 11.09 × 103 μ g / kg , respectively. Fungal and aflatoxin contamination was detected in 25% and 5% of pulp from formal and informal processors, respectively, and in 5% of candies from informal processors. Microbial contamination in processed baobab products shows an unhygienic processing environment while the fungal and aflatoxin contamination may indicate poor postharvest handling, transport, and storage conditions of baobab fruits along the baobab value chain.
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Adagba, Terlumun, Aliyu Abubakar, and Abubakar Sabo Baba. "Impacts of Baobab Stem Fibre Reinforcement in Enhancing the Concrete Strength." December 2023 2, no. 2 (December 2023): 361–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/rrrj.2023.2.008.
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Concrete has a limited ductile range, poor tensile strength, and low crack resistance. Therefore, for concrete to function at its best, reinforcing is needed to compensate for these weaknesses. The aim of the study is to assess how the inclusion of baobab stem fibre affects the mechanical characteristics of concrete. Additionally, it sought to investigate the correlation between compressive and flexural strengths when baobab stem fibre is utilised as a reinforcement material. Concrete mixed with baobab stem fibre at volumes of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, each with a fibre length of 50mm, was produced using a mix ratio of 1:2:3. The concrete had a constant water/cement ratio of 0.50 and was cured for the periods of 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days before testing. Test are carried out to determine how the inclusion of baobab fibre as reinforcement influences workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength. The findings indicated that higher volume fraction of baobab fibre in the concrete influence negatively its workability and compressive strength, but had a positive impact on flexural strength. The flexural and compressive strength results were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Minitab 19 software. The results revealed coefficients of variation, with R2 values of 97.42% and 93.41% regarding the correlation between flexural and compressive strength, respectively, considering the percentage of baobab fibre volume and curing period. indicating, the percentage baobab fibre volume and curing age are useful predictors of the generated models. The results show that adding baobab fibres to concrete can enhance its performance, especially in terms of flexural strength.
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SANOU, JOSIAS, JULES BAYALA, PAULIN BAZIÉ, and ZEWGE TEKLEHAIMANOT. "PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION BY MILLET (PENNISETUM GLAUCUM) AND TARO (COLOCASIA ESCULENTA) GROWN UNDER BAOBAB (ADANSONIA DIGITATA)AND NÉRÉ (PARKIA BIGLOBOSA) IN AN AGROFORESTRY PARKLAND SYSTEM OF BURKINA FASO (WEST AFRICA)." Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (February 13, 2012): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479712000014.
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SUMMARYPhotosynthesis and biomass production by millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) grown under baobab (Adansonia digitata) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) was studied at Nobéré (Burkina Faso) with the aim of optimising parkland systems productivity. Millet yielded the highest biomass under Baobab and the lowest biomass was recorded in the zone close to the tree trunk of néré. In contrast, the biomass of taro was higher in heavy shaded zones under néré and the zone close to baobab's trunk. The two crops showed an increasing trend of photosynthesis rate (PN) from tree trunk to the open area. However, the increase in thePNof taro from tree trunk to the open field was lower compared to that of millet. By increasing its leaf area index (LAI) under shade, taro displayed higher biomass production under tree compared to the open area while an opposite trend was observed in millet. The high millet biomass production under baobab could be explained by light availability and the reduction of temperature under shade compared to the open field. The adaptation of taro to shade by increasing its LAI and thus avoiding drastic reduction inPNunder shade resulted in better biomass production under heavy shade. Therefore, it was concluded that by replacing millet with taro under dense tree crowns the productivity of agroforestry parkland systems could be increased.
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Agbohessou, M., K. V. Salako, R. Idohou, R. C. Gbedomon, A. Hounkpèvi, F. J. Chadare, R. Glèlè Kakaï, and A. E. Assogbadjo. "Status of vegetative propagation of baobab: A review." African Crop Science Journal 28, s1 (October 2, 2020): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.16s.
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The African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a large tree of great socio-economic and cultural importance in Africa, with almost all the parts of the species used for various purposes. A major concern about baobab fruit pulp production is the long time it takes for first fruiting (about 15 years). Vegetative propagation offers several advantages with regard to consumers’ preferences and precociousness of fructification. The objective of this study was to synthesise existent knowledge related to vegetative propagation methods of baobab and examine future prospects for improving the species propagation. This will ultimately contribute to better integrate baobab-based agroforestry systems into the diversification and poverty alleviation programmes. It is clear that cutting, grafting and in vitro multiplication are the vegetative propagation methods already tested on baobab. The success of grafting methods ranges from 10 to 89%, depending on the technique used. The Murashige and Skoog environment, supplemented with or without growth regulator hormones is by far the best condition for the in vitro reactivity of baobab explants, regardless of their types. With regards to cuttings, the average success rates stand around 30% when Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormone is used. Other approaches such as marcotting techniques are yet to be tested and data on fruit production using these techniques are still needed in order to determine the best promising method for rapid and efficient vegetative propagation of baobab.
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KUMAR, Dr D. SURESH. "THE BAOBAB TREE." Hygeia J. D.Med.10 (1) August 2018 - January 2019 10, no. 1 (September 15, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15254/h.j.d.med.10.2018.16.
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Trees are known to live for many years. Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment while meditating underneath a peepal tree (Ficus religiosa). A branch of the original tree was rooted in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka in 288 B.C. and is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi. It is the oldest plant in the world. Long-living plants are found in many parts of the world. The Baobab tree is one among them. Baobab is the common name of a genus of trees (Adansonia) distributed in Madagascar, Africa, Australia and India. The Baobab is the national tree of Madagascar. The Baobab is also known as “bottle tree”, “the tree of life”, “upside-down tree”, and “monkey bread tree”.
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Ibrahim, Alia Mutasim Ali. "The Variation Effect of Solvents on the Physicochemical Properties Baobab (Ophelussitularius) Seeds Oil." Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research 9, no. 1 (2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000347.
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It is remarkable to notice that Baobab seeds are normally discarded in Sudan, without knowing the great wealth hidden. The present study was conducted to determine physicochemical properties of Baobab (Ophelussitularis) seeds oil and select proper solvent for oil extraction from seeds which contain approximately 22-45%, used n-hexane and ethanol as solvents, leaching was done by solid extraction method. Physicochemical properties of the Baobab seeds oil were evaluated by standard and established methods. Oils and solvents were separated using rotary evaporator, recovery solvent were 91.2% and 75% for n-hexane and ethanol respectively. The obtained Baobab oils color were golden yellow (reddish yellow) not effected by type of solvent, it showed resistance to change in color, results showed the maximum Baobab oil yields were 16% and 13.5 % for n-hexane and ethanol respectively. Crude protein CP was found to be13.475 g/100 g, oil content was 13.26 g/, Saponification value SV 338.4925 g and 406.725 g/100 g for Baobab oil extracted with n-hexane and ethanol respectively. Results were obtained for ash content, crude fiber, acid value, FFA and rheological properties. Physicochemical properties indicated that n-hexane was more suitable to extract Baobab oil more than ethanol and recover easy. The difference was clearly visible in PV, AV and µ, while n-hexane yields pure oil more than ethanol. All those results detected that seeds of Baobab are beneficial if they extracted using n-hexane. It is recommended to conduct additional research on this issue and insert other solvents to select the best solvent and study the effect of different solvents on the properties of resulting oil.
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Braca, Alessandra, Chiara Sinisgalli, Marinella De Leo, Beatrice Muscatello, Pier Luigi Cioni, Luigi Milella, Angela Ostuni, Sergio Giani, and Rokia Sanogo. "Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) from Mali, as a Source of Health-Promoting Compounds." Molecules 23, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 3104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123104.
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Background: Adansonia digitata L. (Malvaceae), also known as baobab, is a tree attracting recent interest especially due to the high nutritional value of the fruit pulp. However, few studies are reported on the secondary metabolite content, showing high variability depending on the geographic region. Methods: In this study, the chemical profiles of Malian commercial baobab fruits and leaves, focused on phenolic content, were investigated by HPLC coupled with a photodiode array (PDA)/UV and an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer (MS) and gas chromatography (GC)/MS. In addition, the extracts of fruit pulps obtained from three different markets (Fruits 1, 2, and 3) were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition. Results: Baobab fruit pulps were found to be rich in procyanidins and flavonol glycosides, with tiliroside as the major constituent. The baobab leaves showed a similar profile respect to the fruits, but with more detected phenolics. All fruit pulp extracts exerted antioxidant activity (highest for Fruit 3) and higher α-glucosidase inhibition than acarbose used as standard. Conclusions: This study confirmed the variability of baobab with different origins and indicated Malian species baobab as a promising source of health-promoting substances.
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Ali, Hassan, and Ibtisam El Zubeir. "Effects of some fruits on the processing and composition of camel milk ice cream." Croatian journal of food science and technology 15, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2023.15.1.07.
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The present study was conducted to process and evaluate the chemical composition of ice cream made from camel milk, flavored with vanilla, baobab and papaya fruits. Camel milk, baobab and papaya were examined for chemical composition before the processing. Ice cream samples were made using one level of vanilla (3%) as control and two levels of each baobab and papaya (3% and 5%). Then ice cream samples were packed into plastic cups and stored in a freezer at -18 oC for 8 weeks. The chemical composition was examined every two weeks. The data showed significantly (P<0.05) higher total solids and ash in baobab (5%) ice cream samples, while high fat content was found in vanilla (3%) and papaya (5%). Also, high protein content was found in papaya ice cream samples. It was concluded that processing of ice cream using baobab (3%) and papaya (3%) gives ice cream with good chemical properties. The study recommended processing of ice cream from camel milk adding baobab and papaya fruits. Further studies should be conducted by adding local fruits and other additives to enhance the chemical properties of ice cream from camel milk as functional food.
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Garvey, Rebecca, Miriam Clegg, and Shelly Coe. "The acute effects of baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata) on satiety in healthy adults." Nutrition and Health 23, no. 2 (April 17, 2017): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260106017704361.
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Background: The baobab fruit is high in both dietary fibre and polyphenols and therefore may increase satiety. The aim of the study was to measure the effects of baobab fruit extract on satiety. Methods: The study was conducted on 20 healthy participants. The study was a one-day single-blind crossover design. Participants were randomised to either a test smoothie consisting of 15 g of baobab extract or a control smoothie without the addition of baobab. Subjective ratings of satiety were taken on visual analogue scales immediately pre-consumption and then post-consumption, and energy intake at a post ad libitum meal was recorded. Results: Subjective measures of hunger were reduced following the test smoothie compared with the control ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in calorie intake at an ad libitum meal. Conclusions: This research has positive implications for the use of baobab for reducing hunger, possibly having a positive effect on weight maintenance.
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Mamman, S., B. S. Shuaibu, and J. A. Yusuf. "EXPLORING THE NUTRITIONAL AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF BAOBAB (Adansonia digitata L) FRUIT PULP AND SEED." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0501-604.
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This research presents the proximate and elemental compositions of Baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) The proximate analysis gives the composition of the biomass in terms of gross components such as moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon. In this study, the proximate composition was determined using standard methods (AOAC) while the mineral content was analysed with the aid of an Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Flame Photometry. Minerals are micronutrients that occur in foods in minute amounts but are very essential for body metabolism. The results revealed that Baobab seed and pulp are rich in crude protein, fat, carbohydrate and total ash contents. The high amount of total ash (3.15 0.05 %) and (4.65 0.55 %) present in the seed and pulp respectively suggests that they both possess high level of inorganic matter; thus, having high amount of minerals. The study also shows that Baoba seed and pulp have high economic value and are good and cheap sources of mineral element such as calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper and zinc. For these reasons, they can be incorporated into food supplements for both humans and animals, also could have industrial applications
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Zumunta, J. D., A. F. Umar, and V. Agbo. "Microbial changes during the fermentation of baobab (Adansoniadigitata) fruit pulp yoghurt." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v13i2.16.
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This study was conducted to assess the microbial changes during the fermentation of Baobab (Adansoniadigitata)fruit pulp yoghurt. The Baobab fruit pulp yoghurt was prepared in the Laboratory using the conventional method. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were used as starter cultures while a control was produced without the starter cultures. de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar was used to culture lactic acid bacteria. The microbialload, succession and percentage occurrences were determined using standard methods. The total aerobic bacterial count wasfound to be within the range of 1.9x103 - 1.4x105 cfu/ml. The Lactic acid bacteria and fungal count ranges were 4.5 x 103 - 7.5 x 103 cfu/ml and 8.0 x 101 – 2.8 x 104 cfu/ml respectively. At the end of fermentation time, there was significant difference between the test and control Baobab yoghurt at P<0.05. Lactic acid bacteria recorded the highest count of 6.2 x 104 and 7.5 x 103 cfu/ml in the test and control respectively. Bacillus species , Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus,Streptococcus thermophilus and Micrococcus species were the bacteria isolated while the fungal isolates were Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula species. Lacbacillusbulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bacillus species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were the only microorganisms found at the end of fermentation time. The study obtained low microbial count and isolated less number and type of microorganisms from Baobab fruit pulp yoghurt because of the antimicrobial effect of baobab pulp and pasteurization treatment.Based on the results of this study, Baobab fruit pulp yoghurt can be said to be of good microbiologicalquality for human consumption. The industrial use of Baobab fruit pulp in the production of yoghurt is recommended.
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Green, Jonathan. "[Illustration]: Baobab Tree." Callaloo, no. 36 (1988): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2931538.
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Fowoyo, Patience T., Samuel T. Ogunbanwo, Oluwatoyosi O. Popoola, and Paulina O. Adeniji. "Development of Non-Dairy Synbiotic Fruit Beverage Using Adansonia digatata (baobab) Fruit Pulp as Prebiotic." Fermentation 8, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120673.
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Probiotics improve gut health; however, their intake through diet is mainly in the form of dairy products, which represents a challenge to lactose-intolerant individuals and vegetarians. This study aimed to determine the prebiotic potential of baobab and to evaluate the potential of using fermented baobab-based beverages as functional foods. The prebiotic content of baobab fruit pulp was determined. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from raw milk samples, identified through phenotypic and molecular methods, and evaluated for their probiotic potential. Three potential non-dairy synbiotic functional beverages using baobab fruit pulp fermented with potential probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum and mixed with milk, water, and apple juice separately were produced. The growth and survival of probiotic L. fermentum in the beverages at room (25 °C) and refrigeration (4 °C) temperatures for 3 weeks were determined. Baobab fruit pulp contained phytochemicals, vitamins, fatty acids, inulin, and fructooligosaccharides. Sequence alignment of the LAB isolates identified homologous sequences of Lacticaseibacillus casei, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and Lactiplantibacillus pentosus with 97.2–98.5% similarity. All the lactic acid bacteria did not produce DNAse and gelatinase enzymes, exhibited antagonistic activity against test pathogenic organisms, and demonstrated tolerance to bile salt, simulated gastric juice, and acid. The viability of L. fermentum increased from an initial inoculum size of 106–108 CFU/mL in the baobab-based beverages and remained constant at 108 CFU/mL both at room and refrigeration temperatures. However, after three weeks, the viability of L. fermentum in the synbiotic beverages reduced to 107 CFU/mL. Refrigerated synbiotic beverages had more viable L. fermentum cells (8.04–8log10 CFU/mL) than those stored at room temperatures (7.95–7.7log10 CFU/mL) after three weeks of storage. This study has shown that baobab fruit pulp has prebiotic potential and can be used in the production of a non-dairy functional beverage.
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Barau, B. W., T. G. Gabuin, and A. E. Angyu. "Population Status and Age Structure of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Tree in Zing Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 10 (October 30, 2023): 2361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i10.30.
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The population status and age distribution of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) trees in Zing Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria, were studied. Six (6) wards cutting across 25 villages were purposely selected, and baobab clusters were randomly sampled. Data on the number of stands, stand density (SD) per cluster, height, CBH, crown cover (CC), number of branches (NB), and number of flowers or fruits (NF) were recorded. A total of 851 baobab stands were recorded in an area covering 751,105.56 m2. Zing AI, AII, and B recorded 18 clusters (35.25%) and a total stand of 370 (43.46%), while Dingding, Monkin, and Yakoko recorded 33 clusters (54.71%) and a total stand of 481 (56.92%). Baobab clusters were more aggregated in Dingding, Monkin, and Yakoko than in Zing AI, AII, and B. Mean CBH (4.23+0.26), mean CC (3.78+0.48), mean NB (5.70+1.65), mean NF (18.94+13.94), and area of clusters (416,135.91m2) were highest in Zing AI, AII, and B, while total stand (481), SD (1.43E-3), and mean baobab height (13.94+1.63) were highest in Dingding, Monkin, and Yakoko, although not statistically significant (p>0.05). The results also revealed very low natural regeneration, as only 66 (7.76%) juveniles and 785 (92.24%) adults were recorded, with no single seedling sighted. We therefore, recommend that extensive research be conducted into unearthing the factors limiting natural regeneration and poor recruitment of young baobab trees.
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Monteiro, Sara, João Dias, Vanda Lourenço, Ana Partidário, Manuela Lageiro, Célia Lampreia, Jaime Fernandes, Fernando Lidon, Fernando Reboredo, and Nuno Alvarenga. "Development of a Functional Dark Chocolate with Baobab Pulp." Foods 12, no. 8 (April 20, 2023): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12081711.
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In recent years, cocoa and dark chocolate have attracted the interest of consumers not only for their sensory characteristics but also for their nutritional properties and positive impact on health. The baobab is a fruit of African origin with a sour and slightly sweet flavour, widely consumed by local communities due to its unique nutritional features. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of the concentration of baobab flour in the development of functional dark chocolate, including physical, chemical, nutritional and sensory evaluations. The results presented a positive correlation between the incorporation of baobab flour and the antioxidant activity (up to 2297 mmol TE/100 g), vitamin C content (up to 49.7 mg/100 g), calcium (up to 1052 mg/kg), potassium (up to 10,175 mg/kg), phosphorus (up to 795.9 mg/kg), chlorine (up to 235.4 mg/kg) and sulphur (up to 1158 mg/kg). The sensory evaluation of dark chocolate with 3% baobab presented the highest evaluation on the parameters “texture” and “overall flavour”, while the parameter “overall flavour” presented the lowest evaluation on chocolate with 9% baobab. No influence was observed on fatty acid profile, protein, fat and hardness.
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Ghabo, Alphousseyni, Seckou Bodian, Elhadji Dieng, Soumaila Tigampo, and Vincent Sambou. "THERMOMECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PLASTERBOARDS BASED ON BAOBAB TRUNK FIBERS (ADANSONIA DIGITATA L.)." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 01 (January 31, 2023): 09–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16212.
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This work deals with the characterization of a plasterboards based on baobab trunk fibers for thermal insulation in buildings. The aim of this study is, firstly, to evaluate the thermal insulating capacity of baobab trunk fibers and, secondly, to determine the thermophysical and mechanical properties of plasterboards reinforced with baobab fibers. The results indicate that the water absorption of plasterboards increases with increasing fibers content, while the thermal conductivity and density decrease with increasing fibers content. All plasterboards showed good thermo-physical and mechanical properties for thermal insulation of buildings.
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Lamidi, Wasiu Agunbiade, Clement Adesoji Ogunlade, Adetutu Rianat Olaniyan, Kabiru Alani Shittu, Mosobalaje Abdulsalam Murtadha, Adenike Favour Ajibade, and Adesina Fadeyibi. "Moisture Dependent: Physical Properties of Baobab Seeds (Adansonia digitata L.)." Agricultural Engineering 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0003.
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Abstract The research investigated physical properties of baobab seeds to determine suitable equipment for the processing of its seeds. Pods of baobab used in the study were collected at a local farm in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. Physical properties of the samples, such as moisture contents, mass, axial dimensions, shape indices, true and bulk densities, porosity, angle of repose and surface area were determined. The results showed that physical properties of baobab seeds were stable for moisture content, ranging between 12 to 18% dry mass (dm). The 100 seed mass (g) and geometric mean diameter increased from 0.60 g to 0.62 g and 10.12 to 10.27 mm respectively, in the moisture range of 12 to 18% dm. Other studied ranges of physical properties ranges included: average length (12.22 to 12.63 mm), width (10.10 to 10.28 mm), thickness (8.23 to 8.42 mm,), sphericity, (81.23 to 82.56 mm), surface area (319.42 to 332.53 mm2), 50 seed mass (0.60 and 0.62 g), and 1000 seed mass (12 and 12.4 g) within the moisture content range of 12 to 18% dm. The angle of repose of baobab seeds decreased with an increase in moisture content. The maximum value of 29.18o was obtained at 14% moisture content while a minimum value of 24.42o was obtained at 18% moisture. Moisture content had a significant effect on coefficient of friction of baobab seeds on glass, stainless steel, plywood and rubber. In the same moisture range (12-18%), the static coefficient of friction for baobab seeds ranged from 0-739 to 0-905 on stainless steel, 0-960 to 1-190 on galvanized steel, 0-812 to 1-055 on plywood and 0-496 to 0-950 on glass. The least coefficient of friction values were recorded on stainless steel and glass which implies that baobab seeds will move with lower resistance on these surfaces in post-harvest handling. On the other hand, the resistance will be higher on plywood and glass. The data obtained will serve as guide for agricultural and food engineers, food processors and technicians involved in design and construction of post-harvest equipment used for separating, cleaning, milling and other production processes, to which baobab seeds are subjected.
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Mganga, Nyatwere Donasian, and Khamis Yusuph. "Aboveground carbon storage in Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) in Mkanana agroforestry and Mangalisa forest reserve in Mpwapwa District, Tanzania." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v14i4.3.
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Woodlands are important sinks for the ever increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is directly linked to climate change. Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is among the vascular tree species with a long lifespan of 1250 years thus potential for carbon storage though inadequately studied. This study therefore aimed to account for aboveground biomass and carbon in an agroforestry of Mkanana village (with baobabs and sunflower) and Mangalisa forest reserve in Mpwawa District. The allometric model developed for baobabs in dry areas was used for estimation of biomass which was computed as 50% carbon. The mean aboveground biomass of baobabs of 6.952 ± 0.09546 tonnes/tree in Mangalisa forest reserve was higher than 5.538 ± 0.3064 tonnes/tree recorded in Mkanana agroforestry (Mann-Whitney U-Statistic = 94.000, U’ = 531.00, P ˂ 0.0001). On the other hand, the mean aboveground carbon of 3.476 ± 0.09546 tonnes/tree in Mangalisa forest reserve was significantly higher than 2.769 ± 0.1533 tonnes/tree recorded in Mkanana agroforestry (Mann-Whitney U-Statistic = 93.000, U’ = 532.00, P ˂ 0.0001). The results of this study positively contribute to vegetation carbon storage. Sustainable carbon storage in baobabs can be achieved by planting them in reserve areas rather than in agroforestry.
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Bationo, Babou André, Alkassoum Maïga, Pascal Compaore, and Antoine Kalinganire. "Dimension socioculturelle du baobab Adansonia digitata L. dans le plateau central du Burkina faso." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 306, no. 306(4) (December 1, 2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2010.306.a20428.
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Le baobab, Adansonia digitata L., est classé parmi les cinq espèces ligneuses prioritaires au Burkina Faso dont le paysage agraire montre une distribution irrégulière de cette espèce. Les principaux déterminants socioculturels de cette distribution demeurent cependant peu ou mal connus. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser la structure et les facteurs socioculturels qui déterminent la distribution du baobab dans le Centre-Nord et le Centre-Ouest du Burkina Faso. Les travaux ont été menés à travers des inventaires forestiers, des enquêtes socio-éco-nomiques et des observations de terrain sur les pratiques paysannes. Les résultats montrent qu'à l'intérieur d'un même terroir la structure du baobab varie en fonction du type de champ (case, village, brousse). La structure des diamètres épouse une forme en «L» dans les champs de case, une forme en «j» dans les champs de brousse et irrégulière dans les champs de village. Le baobab est considéré dans toute la zone d'étude comme une espèce maléfique abritant des génies, mais aussi en tant que plante alimentaire et médicinale de premier plan. Contrairement au Centre-Ouest, les produits du baobab sont largement utilisés dans l'alimentation et l'artisanat dans le Centre-Nord, où les populations l'entretiennent dans les champs de case et de village par la pratique de la régénération naturelle assistée. La faible présence du baobab dans le Centre-Ouest est en partie liée aux habitudes, au développement du maraîchage qui favorise la disponibilité de condiments alternatifs et aux perceptions que les populations ont vis-à-vis de cet arbre. (Résumé d'auteur)
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Monteiro, Sara, Fernando H. Reboredo, Maria Manuela Lageiro, Vanda M. Lourenço, João Dias, Fernando Lidon, Marta Abreu, António P. L. Martins, and Nuno Alvarenga. "Nutritional Properties of Baobab Pulp from Different Angolan Origins." Plants 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 2272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172272.
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The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) is found widely in the forests and savannas of sub-Saharan Africa. The baobab fruit has a sour and slightly sweet taste and is widely consumed by the natives, thus containing a high nutritional value and providing a source of income for rural people. This study aimed to compare the nutritional composition of baobab fruit pulp from different localities in the Namibe province (Angola). Twenty samples of baobab pulp were collected in markets of the four municipalities of Namibe. The results obtained showed that there is some geographic location dependence on nutritional and functional composition. The municipality of Camucuio showed samples with higher fibre content (56.62 g/100 g) and vitamin C (288.9 mg/100 g). Samples from the Virei municipality stood out for their antioxidant activity (1936 mmol TE/100 g), high K content (42.4 mg/g) and higher values of protein (2.42 g/100 g). The samples collected in the municipality of Bibala stood out for their high contents of carbohydrates (28.1 g/100 g), total phenolic compounds (972 mg GAE/100 g) and Ca (3.80 mg/g). Despite the differences in origin, the high nutritional value of baobab fruit has the potential to improve the diet of thousands of people in Africa qualitatively.
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Patrut, Adrian, Stephan Woodborne, Roxana T. Patrut, Grant Hall, Laszlo Rakosy, Christiaan Winterbach, and Karl F. von Reden. "Age, Growth and Death of a National Icon: The Historic Chapman Baobab of Botswana." Forests 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10110983.
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The year 2016 witnessed the fall of a symbol of the botanical world: the historic Chapman baobab of Botswana. This article presents the results of our investigation of the standing and fallen tree. The Chapman baobab had an open ring-shaped structure composed of six partially fused stems. Several wood samples collected from the stems prior and after their collapse were analysed by using radiocarbon dating. The radiocarbon date of the oldest sample was 1381 ± 22 BP, which corresponds to a calibrated age of 1345 (+10, −15) calendar years. The dating results show that the six stems of the Chapman baobab belonged to three different generations, which were 1350–1400, 800–1000 and 500–600 years old. The growth rate variation of the largest and oldest stem is presented and correlated with the climate evolution in the area over the past 1000 years. The factors that determined the sudden fall and death of the Chapman baobab are also presented and discussed.
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Raphalalani, Z., F. Ramukhithi, R. Ndhlala, K. Nephawe, and T. Nedambale. "26 Baobab oil supplemented extender preserves post-thaw bull sperm quality parameters." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 2 (2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab26.
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The processes of semen cryopreservation and thawing affect sperm membrane integrity and motility and increases morphological defects as well as DNA damage. The most influential cause of this is oxidative stress. When endogenous antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma is reduced during the freeze-thawing process, plant extracts exhibiting strong antioxidant activity can be used as supplements for compensation. Baobab oil has gained interest because it is rich in powerful antioxidants, which could protect sperm cells from oxidative damage during cryopreservation. Our study aimed to assess the effects of baobab oil on post-thaw sperm quality parameters in an egg-yolk-based extender. Thirty semen ejaculates were collected from 15 Nguni bulls using an electro ejaculator. Semen samples were randomly allocated to control (no baobab oil), 20μL (1%), 50μL (2.5%), and 100μL (5%) baobab oil per millilitre extender. Following dilution, semen samples were loaded into 0.25-mL semen straws, equilibrated for 4h at 5°C, and transferred into a controlled rate programmable freezer. The frozen semen straws were stored in a liquid nitrogen tank (−196°C) until thawing. Semen straws were thawed (37°C/60 minutes) after 1 week of cryopreservation and analysed for (1) sperm motility using a computer-aided sperm analyser, (2) morphological defects and viability using eosin-nigrosin stain, (3) membrane integrity by hypo-osmotic swelling test, and (4) DNA integrity by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay. Data was analysed using analysis of variance. Treatment means were compared in relation to the control group by Dunnett's test. We found that supplementing semen extender with baobab oil at 1% significantly (P<0.05) preserved sperm DNA integrity (88.3±3.7) and membrane integrity (74.0±4.2) when compared with the control group (71.7±3.7 and 55.8±4.4, respectively). Baobab oil supplementation either at 1% (5.9±0.5), 2.5% (7.2±0.5), or 5% (6.0±0.5) significantly reduced sperm morphological defects compared with control (9.5±0.5). Total motility (1% (72.7%), 2.5% (72.7%), 5% (71.9%), control (59.3%)) and viability (1% (79.1%), 2.5% (79.8%), 5% (77.8%), control (67.6%)) were also improved by supplementation; however, the difference was not significant. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that supplementing bull semen extender with 1% baobab oil protects sperm from morphological defects, maintains membrane integrity, as well as preserves sperm DNA. All the baobab oil supplementation levels preserved post-thaw bull-sperm quality parameters.
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Tavarwisa, Delight Michael, Chido Govera, Moses Mutetwa, and Wonder Ngezimana. "Evaluating the Suitability of Baobab Fruit Shells as Substrate for Growing Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (February 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6620686.
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The baobab fruit shells were evaluated for their suitability as a substrate for growing oyster mushrooms and compared to three base substrates (wheat straw, maize cobs, and sawdust) of 1 kg dry weight. The duration of developmental stages, mycelium vigor, yield, and biological efficiency of the oyster mushroom from the four different substrates were recorded. Yields from the first 3 harvests (flushes) were considered, as they were the most productive ones. Wheat straw demonstrated significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher mycelial colonization rate taking an average of 23 days to complete full spawn run followed by baobab fruit shells, sawdust, and maize cobs which took averages of 25.8, 27.2, and 29.5 days, respectively. Baobab fruit shells had the longest number of days taken between full spawn run and first pinhead formation with an average of 14.4 days which was significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) to the wheat straw, sawdust, and maize cobs which had 7.4, 9.4, and 10.5 days. The highest yield was observed on the sawdust which had an average of 682 g followed by wheat straw with 594 g. Maize cobs and baobab fruit shells had the least yield of 518 g and 482 g, respectively. The results showed that baobab fruit shells could be used as a substrate for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms and it can be recommended for commercial cultivation of oyster mushrooms.
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Ibrahim, Alia Mutasim Ali, and Kamal Eldin El-Tayeb Yassin. "A Note on the Effect of Storage on Physicochemical Properties of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Seedsʼ Oil from Kordofan and Blue Nile States." University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Sciences 30, no. 1 (November 11, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53332/uofkjas.v30i1.1127.
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Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is an indigenous forest tree related with the Savannah dry lands of sub-Saharan Africa. Local communities utilize the leaves, pulp, and seeds of Baobab as a source of nutrition and for income generation. Seed oil has been used for centuries by rural communities as food and medicine. The global demand for Baobab seed oil in industrial applications has increased in recent years. The present study was conducted to determine physicochemical properties, mineral content and effect of storage on seeds from two different geographical locations (Kordofan and Blue Nile States). Six different samples of Baobab seeds were collected, prepared and stored in 2017 at room temperature until analysis in 2019. The oil was extracted by cold pressing process and its physicochemical properties were evaluated by standard and established methods. The results showed that the Baobab oil color was golden yellow/ reddish yellow and it showed resistance to change in color and seeds contained reasonable amount of oil. Oil density, PH, refractive index and acid value showed negligible change with the storage. However the peroxide value increased when the storage period increased, while the iodine value, saponification and viscosity of the oil decreased markedly with the storage time. Kordofan seed oil was higher than Blue Nile in density, oil content and saponification value, while Blue Nile seed oil showed higher viscosity, peroxide value and minerals especially potassium content.
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GUINDO, Fanta, Mamadou Abdoulaye Konaré, Cheickna Daou, and Amadou Malé Kouyaté. "Influence Des Types De Coupe Sur Les Caractéristiques Physico-Chimiques Et Organoleptiques Des Feuilles De Baobab." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 34, no. 2 (October 14, 2022): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v34.2.4620.
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RESUME Les feuilles de baobab constituent l’un des organes les plus consommées par les populations locales pour satisfaire les besoins alimentaires et thérapeutiques. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l’effet des techniques de récolte des feuilles (coupe totale et partielle) sur leurs caractéristiques nutritionnelles et organoleptiques. Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des feuilles et celles organoleptiques des sauces à base de ces feuilles ont été déterminées suivant les méthodes standardisées. Les feuilles issues de la coupe partielle avec une teneur de 4,60±0,63 g/100g MS étaient plus riches (p-value<0,05) en matières grasses que celles issues de la pratique paysanne (coupe totale). De même, elles ont présenté les teneurs les plus élevées en calcium (2140,00±108,17 mg/100g), potassium (833,33±47,26 mg/100g) et β-carotène (1,06±0,15 mg/100g). Si les techniques de coupe n’ont pas eu d’influence sur la viscosité des sauces des feuilles de baobab, les dégustateurs ont mieux apprécié les sauces à base des feuilles issues de la pratique paysanne (25,83%). Ces données montrent que les techniques de récolte ont une influence sur la qualité nutritionnelle des feuilles de baobab et leurs caractéristiques organoleptiques. Pour lutter efficacement contre les carences en micronutriments qui sévissent au Mali surtout chez les enfants, les données de cette étude montrent la coupe partielle est plus bénéfique que la coupe totale.Mots clés : Feuilles de baobab, types de coupe, qualité nutritionnelle.Effect of the types of cut on the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of baobab leavesABSTRACT Baobab leaves are one of the most consumed organs by the local populations in order to satisfy food and therapeutic needs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of leaf harvesting techniques (total and partial cutting) on their nutritional and organoleptic characteristics. The physico-chemical parameters of the leaves and the organoleptic characteristics of the sauces made with these leaves were determined according to the standard methods. The leaves from the partial cut with a content of 4.60±0.63 g/100g DM were richer (p-value<0.05) in fat than those from the farming practice (total cut) with 3.37±0.42 g/100g. Similarly, they had the highest contents of calcium (2140.00±108.17 mg/100g), potassium (833.33±47.26 mg/100g) and β-carotene (1.06±0.15 mg/100g). While harvesting techniques had no influence on the viscosity of the sauce made from baobab leaves, the tasters well appreciated those from the farmer's practice (25.83%). These data show that harvesting techniques have an influence on the nutritional quality of baobab leaves and their organoleptic characteristics. In order to fight effectively against micronutrient deficiencies that are alarming in Mali, especially among children, the data from this study show that the partial cutting is more benefit than the total one.Key words: Baobab, cutting types, nutritional quality.
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Bell, Karen L., Haripriya Rangan, Christian A. Kull, and Daniel J. Murphy. "The history of introduction of the African baobab ( Adansonia digitata , Malvaceae: Bombacoideae) in the Indian subcontinent." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 9 (September 2015): 150370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150370.
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To investigate the pathways of introduction of the African baobab, Adansonia digitata , to the Indian subcontinent, we examined 10 microsatellite loci in individuals from Africa, India, the Mascarenes and Malaysia, and matched this with historical evidence of human interactions between source and destination regions. Genetic analysis showed broad congruence of African clusters with biogeographic regions except along the Zambezi (Mozambique) and Kilwa (Tanzania), where populations included a mixture of individuals assigned to at least two different clusters. Individuals from West Africa, the Mascarenes, southeast India and Malaysia shared a cluster. Baobabs from western and central India clustered separately from Africa. Genetic diversity was lower in populations from the Indian subcontinent than in African populations, but the former contained private alleles. Phylogenetic analysis showed Indian populations were closest to those from the Mombasa-Dar es Salaam coast. The genetic results provide evidence of multiple introductions of African baobabs to the Indian subcontinent over a longer time period than previously assumed. Individuals belonging to different genetic clusters in Zambezi and Kilwa may reflect the history of trafficking captives from inland areas to supply the slave trade between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. Baobabs in the Mascarenes, southeast India and Malaysia indicate introduction from West Africa through eighteenth and nineteenth century European colonial networks.
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Alameen, Alaa Alnoor, Monerah R. Alothman, Mona S. Al Wahibi, Ejlal Mohamed Abdullah, Rehab Ali, Mohnad Abdalla, Sndos Z. A. Fattiny, and Rasha Elsayim. "Potential Effect of Baobab’s Polyphenols as Antihyperlipidemic Agents: In Silico Study." Molecules 28, no. 16 (August 17, 2023): 6112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166112.
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Adansonia digitata L. is an African tree commonly called baobab. This tree is effectively used in traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular disorders. Hyperlipidemia is a well-known cardiovascular risk factor associated with the increased incidence of mortality worldwide. This study aimed to demonstrate the mechanism of baobab polyphenols in the activities of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and pancreatic lipase as lipid metabolic enzymes. Molecular docking and an incentive for drug design showed that all the polyphenols in baobab bound to the proteins with higher affinity and a lower binding energy compared with simvastatin as the positive control (ΔG: from −5.5 kcal/mol to −6.5 kcal/mol). The same polyphenols exhibited a considerable binding affinity to pancreatic lipase (ΔG: from −7.5 kcal/mol to −9.8 kcal/mol) in comparison with the control and HMG-CoA reductase. Quercetin showed the best docking score from the selected Baobab polyphenols (ΔG = −9.8 kcal/mol). The root mean square deviation (RMSD) results indicated that stable epicatechin and quercetin complexes were demonstrated with HMG-CoA reductase, and other less stable complexes were developed using rutin and chlorogenic acid. Moreover, the analysis of the root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) simulation results was consistent with that of the RMSD. The RMSF value for all the baobab polyphenols, including the crystal control ligand, was kept between 0.80 and 8.00 Å, similarly to simvastatin, and less than 4.8 Å for pancreatic lipase. Chlorogenic acid, quercetin, epicatechin, and rutin had negative ΔG binding scores from highest to lowest. The same ligands displayed more negative ΔG binding scores than those observed in HMG-CoA reductase and crystal control ligand (methoxyundecyl phosphinic acid) in their simulation with pancreatic lipase. In conclusion, baobab polyphenols interact with HMG-CoA reductase and pancreatic lipase to inhibit their substrate binding and block their activity.
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Cicolari, Stefania, Marco Dacrema, Arold Jorel Tsetegho Sokeng, Jianbo Xiao, Achille Parfait Atchan Nwakiban, Carmen Di Giovanni, Cristina Santarcangelo, Paolo Magni, and Maria Daglia. "Hydromethanolic Extracts from Adansonia digitata L. Edible Parts Positively Modulate Pathophysiological Mechanisms Related to the Metabolic Syndrome." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 21, 2020): 2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122858.
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Metabolic syndrome includes a cluster of risk factors for many pathological conditions, including hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Adansonia digitata L. (also known as baobab) is used in traditional African Medicine and recent studies showed that it improves the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action associated with the beneficial effects of extracts from the edible parts of baobab (fruit pulp, leaves, raw and toasted seeds), evaluating their inhibitory activity against: alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and pancreatic lipase. Baobab fruit pulp and leaf extracts resulted to be the most active ones and were then tested on the differentiation process of SW-872 human liposarcoma cells to mature adipocytes. The addition of these latter extracts did not affect triglyceride accumulation, indicating a neutral impact on this parameter. The findings here reported help to explain the growing amount of evidence on the biological properties of baobab and provide suggestions about their use in food and nutraceutical fields.
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Gbaguidi, A. M., F. J. Chadare, V. K. Salako, Y. O. V. Idohou, and A. E. Assogbadjo. "Optimisation of oven-drying of baobab leaves using a central composite design." African Crop Science Journal 28, s1 (October 2, 2020): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.2s.
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Baobab (Adansonia digitata) leaves represent a key nutritional resource; although their consumption is apparently restricted to local communities, mainly as a sticky sauce, cosmetics and a variety of purposes. Ready-to-use powder of oven-dried baobab leaves can improve the availability of the product on markets, and hence its utilisation and shelf life. This study was carried out to optimise the oven-drying temperature and duration for the best conservation of baobab leaf powder and its sustainable availability for multipurpose uses. Different combinations of values of temperature and drying duration were generated, using a central composite design, in response surface methodology framework. Findings showed that dry matter, hue, chroma and lightness were significantly influenced by oven-drying temperature and duration; while the least gelation concentration was significantly influenced by the temperature. Based on leaf dry matter, hue and chroma models, the optimal oven drying conditions for baobab leaves for good preservation leading to human consumption and other purposes are set at 45 °C for 23.5 hours.
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Alba, Katerina, Maria Dimopoulou, and Vassilis Kontogiorgos. "Baobab polysaccharides as emulsifiers." LWT 144 (June 2021): 111235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111235.
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hÁinle, Liam Ó. "Filíocht: an crann baobab." Comhar 56, no. 10 (1997): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25573401.
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