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Journal articles on the topic 'Baptist doctrine'
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1
YARNELL, MALCOLM B. "Are Southern Baptists Evangelicals? A Second Decadal Reassessment." Ecclesiology 2, no. 2 (2006): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174553206x00061.
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Abstract<title> ABSTRACT </title>In 1983, Southern Baptist theologians began to evaluate the relationship between Southern Baptists and American evangelicals. In 1993, the relationship between the two and the concomitant problems of identity formation were again given serious consideration. This article reviews the earlier conversations and reassesses the relationship in the second decade after the question was first raised and in light of the fact that many Southern Baptists have begun to define themselves as evangelicals. Serious reservations about a close identification are raised in light of a number of doctrinal controversies. Of especial concern are the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the Baptist doctrine of the Church. It is suggested that Southern Baptists continue their dialogue with but maintain a healthy distance from evangelicalism. Concurrently, an expansion in dialogue with other Christian communities, including fundamentalists, Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, mainline Protestants, Anabaptists, as well as other Baptists, is advocated.
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Wenkel, David H. "The Doctrine of the Extent of the Atonement among the Early English Particular Baptists." Harvard Theological Review 112, no. 3 (July 2019): 358–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816019000166.
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AbstractThis essay challenges the view that the early English Baptists who are often labeled as “Particular Baptists” always held a doctrine of strict particularism or particular redemption. It does so on the basis of the two London Baptist Confessions of 1644 and 1646. The main argument asserted here is that the two earliest confessions of the English Particular Baptists supported a variety of positions on the doctrine of the atonement because they focus on the subjective application of Christ’s work rather than his objective accomplishment. The first two editions of the earliest London Baptist confession represent a unique voice that reflects an attempt to include a range of Calvinistic views on the atonement. Such careful ambiguity reflects the pattern of Reformed confessionalism in the seventeenth century. This paper then goes on to argue that some individuals did indeed hold to “strict particularism”—which is compatible with, but not required by, the first two confessions.
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Fiddes, Paul. "Christian Doctrine and Free Church Ecclesiology: Recent Developments among Baptists in the Southern United States." Ecclesiology 7, no. 2 (2011): 195–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174553111x559454.
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AbstractThe main substance of this article is an extended review of a recent book by a Southern Baptist historical theologian, Malcolm Yarnell, entitled The Formation of Christian Doctrine, which aims to root the development of doctrine in a free-church ecclesiology. This review offers the opportunity to examine a spectrum of ecclesiologies that has recently emerged among Baptists in the Southern region of the United States of America. Four 'conservative' versions of ecclesiology are identified, which are named as 'Landmarkist', 'Reformed', 'Reformed-Ecumenical' and 'Conservative Localist'. Four 'moderate' versions are similarly identified, and named as 'Voluntarist', 'Catholic', 'Moderate Localist' and 'World-Baptist'. While these categories are not intended to be mutually exclusive, the typology is useful both in positioning Yarnell's particular thesis, and in making comparisons with recent Baptist ecclesiology in Great Britain, which has focussed on the concept of covenant. Yarnell's own appeal to covenant is unusual in Southern Baptist thinking, and means that he cannot be easily fitted into the typology suggested. Though he belongs most evidently to the group named here as 'Conservative Localists', and is overtly opposed to any concept of a visible, universal church except in an eschatological sense, it is suggested that his own arguments might be seen as tending towards a more 'universal' view of the reality of the church beyond its local manifestation. His own work thus offers the promise that present polarizations among Baptists in the southern United States might, in time, be overcome.
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McKinney, Blake. "“One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism” in the Land of ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer: The Fifth Baptist World Congress (Berlin, 1934)." Church History 87, no. 1 (March 2018): 122–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640718000823.
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The interplay of religion, politics, and state in National Socialist Germany continues to defy facile characterizations. In 1934, mere weeks following the Röhm Putsch in which the Nazi regime committed dozens of political assassinations, Berlin hosted thousands of Baptists from across the globe who would unanimously decry nationalism and racialism and advocate for the separation of church and state. Held from August 4–10, 1934, the fifth Baptist World Congress marks the zenith of German Baptist publicity and international Baptist cooperation during the interwar period. The Congress thus provides a focal point for analyzing interwar British and German Baptist relations. This relationship reflected both international cooperation and the gradual divergence of doctrine along nationalistic lines. German Baptists experienced greater freedom of exercise under the Third Reich than under previous regimes, and they leveraged their international connections in order to further their mission. They refused to become involved in the well-documented “Church Struggle” of the Confessing Church and the “German Christian Movement,” and this refusal strained international partnerships. The German Baptist experience challenges many assumptions concerning the churches under the Third Reich as it illustrates the Nazi regime's permissive toleration of a biblicist Free Church group with propagandistically valuable international connections.
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Cho, Dongsun. "Deification in the Baptist Tradition: Christification of the Human Nature Through Adopted and Participatory Sonship Without Becoming Another Christ." Perichoresis 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2019-0017.
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Abstract Some contemporary Baptists (Medley and Kharlamov) argue that the conservative Baptists in North America need to incorporate the concept of deification into their traditional soteriology because they failed to present the continual and transforming nature of salvation. However, many leading conservative Baptist systematicians (Garrett, Erickson, Demarest, and Keathley) demonstrate their concern about a possible pantheistic connotation of the doctrine of deification. Unlike the conservative Baptists, I argue for the necessity of working with the concept of deification in the traditional Baptist soteriology. The concept of deification is not something foreign to the Baptist tradition because Keach, Gill, Spurgeon, and Maclaren already demonstrated the patristic exchange formula ‘God became man so that man may become like God’. They considered the hypostatic union of two natures in Christ as the source and model of becoming like God or Christ, the true Image of God. Christians are called to be united with the glorified humanity of Christ by their adopted sonship and participation in the divine nature. Christification speaks of the real transformation of Christians in terms of a change in the mode of existence, not in nature. The four Baptists taught that Christian could participate in the communicable attributes of God, but not in the essence or incommunicable attributes of God. Therefore, Christification never produces another God-Man. Conservative Baptists do not have to compromise their traditional commitment to sola scriptura and the forensic nature of justification in their employment of the theme of deification. This paper concludes with four suggestions for contemporary Baptist discussions on deification.
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Minczew, Georgi. "John the Water-Bearer (Ивань Водоносьць). Once Again on Dualism in the Bosnian Church." Studia Ceranea 10 (December 23, 2020): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.10.20.
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The article examines the debate as to the direct influence of Bulgarian and Byzantine Bogomilism upon the doctrine of the Bosnian Church. The author traces some scholarly views pro et contra the presence, in the Bosnian-Slavic sources, of traces of neo-Manichean views on the Church, the Patristic tradition, and the sacraments. In analyzing two marginal glosses in the so-called Srećković Gospel in the context of some anti-Bogomil Slavic and Byzantine texts, the article attempts to establish the importance of Bulgarian and Byzantine Bogomilism for the formation of certain dogmatic and ecclesiological views in the doctrine of the Bosnian Church: the negative attitude towards the orthodox Churches, especially the Roman Catholic Church; the rejection of the sacrament of baptism and of St. John the Baptist; the rejection of the sacrament of confession, and hence, of the Eucharist. These doctrinal particularities of the Bosnian Church warrant the assertion that its teachings and liturgical practice differed significantly from the dogmatics and practice of the orthodox Churches. Without being a copy of the Bogomil communities, the Bosnian Church was certainly heretical, and neo-Manichean influences from the Eastern Balkans were an integral element of the Bosnian Christians’ faith.
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Perry, Jeffrey Thomas. "“Courts of Conscience”: Local Law, the Baptists, and Church Schism in Kentucky, 1780–1840." Church History 84, no. 1 (March 2015): 124–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640714001735.
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This article examines how religious controversy affected antebellum Kentucky's legal culture and helped construct the relationship between church and state. It incorporates legal theory to broaden conceptions of law and argues that Baptist churches served as important legal sites for their communities. More than simply punishing moral transgressions, churches litigated disputes that under common law and within county courts would be considered criminal or civil law. By acknowledging that individuals produced law outside of state institutions, the article illuminates a more complex and fluid trans-Appalachian legal culture, one in which church members and non-members alike possessed a capacious vision of law. During the late 1820s and 1830s, Kentucky Baptists faced years of discord emanating from Alexander Campbell's “Reformation.” Amidst a religious backdrop of doctrinal controversy and schism, afflicted churches witnessed a decline of disciplinary activities as individuals' ceased to envision their churches as sites for neutral dispute resolution. The failure of church courts to contain internal dissension and curtail schism led to contentious court battles over rights to local meetinghouses. As judges reviewed church disciplinary records and litigants debated religious doctrine at the courthouse, these church property disputes highlight the process of redefining church-state relations in the post-establishment era.
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Campbell-Reed, Eileen R. "Living Testaments: How Catholic and Baptist Women in Ministry Both Judge and Renew the Church." Ecclesial Practices 4, no. 2 (December 7, 2017): 167–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22144471-00402002.
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In 2014 women constituted 15.8% of u.s. clergy. They led 10% of u.s. congregations. While the numbers have increased dramatically in fifty years, this data invites a deeper question. What does women’s entry into ministry (lay and ordained) mean for ecclesiology, the life and doctrines of the church? Four case studies from two qualitative investigations of ministry illustrate women’s pastoral leadership from the margins of Roman Catholic and Southern Baptist churches, showing how women called to ministry are: living testaments to a renewed vision for church that embraces the fullness of humanity; living judgments on harms and shortcomings of the church; embodied revisions to ecclesial practices. Each case study bears witness to situated possibility of the Spirit’s work; exposes and challenges sins of sexism; shows every day dilemmas over resisting and subverting power; and reframes doctrine and practice from the margins, renewing ecclesial vision for the church.
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Shepetyak, Oleh Myhailovych. "Gnostic sects and trends in the past and present." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 84 (January 9, 2018): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2017.84.797.
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The article describes the analysis of Gnostic sects of the Late Antiquity, with the exception of the concepts of large Gnostic systems. Particular attention is devoted to the consideration of the Mandaean religion - the only ancient Gnostic religion that exists to this day. The history of the formation of Mandaise, the determinative role of John the Baptist and the cult of Teyvila for the Mandaeans, as well as the peculiarities of their doctrine has been analysed.
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Hahn, Judith. "Invalid Baptismal Formulas: A Critical View on a Current Catholic Concern." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 23, no. 1 (January 2021): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x20000630.
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In 2008 and 2020, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith published two responses to questions posed regarding the validity of modified baptismal formulas. When administering baptism, some Catholic ministers had altered the prescribed formula with regard to the naming of the Trinity and with regard to the declarative introduction of the formula (ie ‘We baptise you …’ instead of ‘I baptise you …’). The Congregation dismissed all of these formulas as invalidating baptism and demanded that individuals baptised with these formulas be baptised again. In explaining its 2020 response the Congregation referred to Thomas Aquinas, who addressed these and similar issues in his sacramental theology. This reference is evidently due to Aquinas’ pioneering thoughts on the issue. However, in studying Aquinas’ work on the subject it is surprising to find that they reveal a far less literalist approach than the Congregation suggests. In fact, his considerations point at an alternative reading, namely that sacramental formulas should be understood as acts of communication which, based on the ministers’ intention of doing what the Church does, aim at communicating God's grace to the receivers in an understandable way.
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Shore, Marlene. "Carl Dawson and the Research Ideal: The Evolution of a Canadian Sociologist." Historical Papers 20, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030932ar.
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Abstract Carl Dawson's development as a sociologist reflected a general trend in sociology's evolution out of theology and social work. Trained as a minister, Dawson rejected the religious vocation at some point after World War I to become a social scientist. Appointed to McGill in 1922, he strove to establish research as the foundation for understanding society, questioning the efficacy of social reform. His convictions stemmed from his Maritime Baptist background, wartime experience and education at the University of Chicago. In 1914, Dawson left the Maritime region where he had been born and raised to attend the divinity school of the University of Chicago. In so doing, he was following a well travelled route: poor economic conditions drove numerous people out of the Maritime provinces between 1910 and 1929, and the lack of doctoral programmes in Canada compelled many students to attend American graduate schools. With its strong reputation for research, the University of Chicago was a popular choice. Its divinity school, a Baptist stronghold, was attractive to adherents of that faith. That a number of its faculty members were Canadians also attested to the institutional ties that had long linked Baptists in Canada and the northern United States. In 1918, Dawson recessed from graduate studies for war service and resumed his studies in 1919 - his interests now sharply turned towards sociology. This shift was partly influenced by the Chicago divinity school's close ties with the sociology department - a result of the historic link between the social gospel and sociology generally - but was also the product of the school's position as a leader in liberal and radical theological doctrine. The modernists within the institution stressed that all studies of society, including religion, must accord with modern empirical methods. That, in addition to their acceptance of the ideas of John Dewey and the Chicago School regarding social development, led some to the conclusion that religion itself was but a form of group behaviour. In reflecting all those currents of thought, Dawson's Ph.D. thesis, "The Social Nature of Knowledge," hinted at the reasons for his departure from the ministry for a career in social science. Showing that all culture and knowledge, morals and ideals had social origins, Dawson concluded that even fact was not fixed truth but represented the decision of individuals to agree on certain points and issues. This explained why Dawson believed that research - a collection of facts - would aid in understanding society. The thesis was also marked by an opposition to social action, stemming from what Dawson had witnessed during the war and the upheaval which followed, but also, it must be argued, from the antiauthoritarian and antihierarchial strain in the Baptist faith. The fact that Dawson eschewed social action in much the same way as did Harold Innis, another Baptist educated at Chicago, suggests that there exists a tradition in the development of Canadian social science quite different from the one which Brian McKillop has traced in A Disciplined Intelligence, and it was that legacy which Dawson's brand of sociology represented.
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Antus, Elizabeth L. "“The Silence of the Dead”: Remembering Suicide Victims and Reimagining the Communion of Saints." Theological Studies 81, no. 2 (June 2020): 394–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040563920929653.
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Though the Catholic Church has become more mindful of the role that mental illness, especially depression, often plays in suicide, this greater awareness needs development so that Catholic theology can de-stigmatize suicidal people without normalizing suicide. To this end, the article draws upon recent psychological work on suicide to highlight the deep suffering of suicidal people and to indicate that they are, generally, victims of severe mental illness. Furthermore, attention is drawn to a group who is especially stigmatized: those who have already died by suicide. In response, Johann Baptist Metz’s emphasis on anamnestic solidarity with the dead provides an important corrective to this forgetting. Lastly, this revised understanding of suicide decedents helps Catholics develop the doctrine of the communion of saints for today.
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Hankins, Barry. "One in Hope and Doctrine: Origins of Baptist Fundamentalism, 1870–1950. By Kevin Bauder and Robert Delnay. Schaumburg, Ill.: Regular Baptist Books, 2014. 396 pp. $29.99 paper." Church History 85, no. 2 (May 27, 2016): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640716000287.
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Wenkel, David H. "Only and Alone the Naked Soul: The Anti-Preparation Doctrine of The London Baptist Confessions of 1644/1646." Baptist Quarterly 50, no. 1 (July 3, 2017): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0005576x.2017.1343917.
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Kertson, Brandon. "Spirit Baptism in the Pentecostal Evangel 1918–1922." PNEUMA 37, no. 2 (2015): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700747-03702003.
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North American pentecostal statements of doctrine were created as lowest common denominator statements upon which a large group of people can agree without too much divisiveness. A century later, it is tempting to see these statements as the final and complete word concerning a doctrine. In practice, however, practitioners experience the reality of those doctrines in numerous and multifaceted ways. This paper reflects on statements 5 and 6 of the 1916 Assemblies of God Statement of Fundamental Truths, which speak to the “pentecostal distinctive” of Spirit baptism. It compares these doctrinal statements with testimonies, sermons, and reports from the Assemblies of God periodical the Pentecostal Evangel during the five-year period from 1918, shortly after the Statement was approved, to 1922. The evidence will show the dynamic nature of beliefs and practices concerning Spirit baptism from a very early period. This dynamic and broad understanding is similar to the way modern pentecostal scholars envision Spirit baptism today.
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Walker, Jennifer. "Church, State and an Operatic Outlaw: Jules Massenet's Hérodiade." Cambridge Opera Journal 31, no. 2-3 (July 2019): 211–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586720000014.
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AbstractWhen Jules Massenet began work on Hérodiade in the late 1870s, he likely expected to see his work premiered at the Paris Opéra. But the coveted Parisian premiere was not to be. Based on a liberal reworking of the infamous tale of Herod, Salome and John the Baptist, Hérodiade undoubtedly challenges traditional Catholic doctrine. Yet Massenet's opera was not as ‘secular’ as it may seem. I argue here that it draws instead on a Republican-friendly brand of Catholicism that encouraged individual religiosity as an anticlerical strategy. Herein, I argue, lay the reasons why Hérodiade was outlawed. It was not so much the libretto's liberal transformations of biblical characters as what those transformations represented both to the Catholic Church and to the French state: in the end the representation of a simultaneously Republican and Catholic Christ presented a dangerous analogue to the country's strained political situation.
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Sulikowska-Bełczowska, Aleksandra. "Old Believers and the World of Evil: Images of Evil Forces in Old Believer Art." Ikonotheka 27 (July 10, 2018): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2318.
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The article considers the Old Believers’ beliefs about, and the manner of depicting, the Antichrist, the end of the world, Satan and the devils. It discusses how both Old Believer literature and philosophy relate to their art, which was created between the second half of the 17th century and 1917. The subject matter includes popular images from Old Believer iconography, such as images of John the Baptist, the Angel of the Desert, the Archangel Michael, the Archistrategos of the Heavenly Hosts, Saint Nicetas fighting a devil, or Saint George slaying a dragon, as well as several illustration sets from various editions of the Old Believer Annotated Apocalypse. Many of the Old Believer icons, drawings and craftworks from various groups and workshops display angels, but also Satan and the devils. The latter may be considered particularly controversial in the light of the doctrine of icon painting and of the Old Believers’ particular beliefs. The article attempts to answer the question as to what reasons stood behind the fear of such representations and why they were ultimately accepted by the faithful.
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Butler, Geoffrey. "Wesley, Fletcher, and the Baptism of the Holy Spirit." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 30, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-bja10004.
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Abstract Long regarded as a spiritual grandfather of sorts for the Pentecostal movement, John Wesley has been credited by some as paving the way for their doctrinal distinctive of Spirit baptism through his teaching on entire sanctification. Yet, Wesley’s language surrounding Spirit baptism and the meaning of Pentecost differs significantly from that of classical Pentecostalism, calling into question whether a direct line can be drawn from Wesley himself to this Pentecostal distinctive. This article makes the case that their doctrine of Spirit baptism owes much more to the theology of Wesley’s intended successor John Fletcher and the Holiness movement that followed than Wesley’s doctrine of entire sanctification, and that one may find in Fletcher’s theology the seeds that would culminate in this Pentecostal doctrine easier than one could in Wesley’s theology.
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Juriček, Marko. "A Biblical Theology of the Baptism in the Holy Spirit." Kairos 14, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32862/k.14.2.3.
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This article will discuss the issue of the baptisim of the Holy Spirit: what it is, how is it manifested, and what are its fruits. In the introduction, the problem and the questions pertaining to the Holy Spirit baptism are stated together with the thesis that will be tested. The thesis is that the baptism of the Holy Spirit biblically understood is a unique and unrepeatable event universal to all Christians, which happens instantaneously with salvation (when the believer is placed in Christ and joined to his body) and that this baptism is not marked by any immediate and special outward sign. First, this article will present different views on the doctrine of Holy Spirit baptism with historical developments of the views. Then it will deal with biblical data, focusing on all major passages. Special attention will be given to the Book of Acts, and “the second blessing” theology, which is the crux of the doctrine. Then the relation of hermeneutics and experience will also be discussed. Finally, the conclusion and the practical implications of the baptism of the Holy Spirit and biblical admonishments for the Christian life will be given.
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Alexander, Kimberly Ervin. "Matters of Conscience, Matters of Unity, Matters of Orthodoxy: Trinity and Water Baptism in Early Pentecostal Theology and Practice." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 17, no. 1 (2008): 48–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552508x331970.
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AbstractThis article surveys early Pentecostal discussions of the doctrine of the Trinity and water baptism and focuses specifically on baptismal mode and formula. In tracing the discussion from 1906 to the period just after the 1916 General Council of the Assemblies of God, literature from various streams of the tradition is examined. By surveying the periodical literature as well as official documents produced by these various denominations and groups, not only will doctrinal discussions be seen but also the practices associated with water baptism. It is the author's conclusion that there was some degree of flexibility with regard to both formula and mode of baptism before the emergence of the New Issue (1914). However, the research reveals that there was a well thought out doctrine of the Trinity prior to the rise of Oneness theology thereby establishing that Pentecostal theology was Trinitarian in its inception.
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Holmes, Stephen R. "The Nature of Theology and the Extent of the Atonement." Perichoresis 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2018-0020.
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Abstract This article considers the post-Reformation debates over the extent of the Atonement. It traces the origins of these debates from the articles of the Arminian Remonstrance of 1610 through the declarations of the supporters of the Synod of Dort in 1618-19. The debate is then considered in relation to an English Baptist context, and specifically the exegetical dispute over the meaning of the word ‘all’ in 2 Corinthians 5:14-15 and Romans 3:23-4. Three options are examined and the various difficulties in arbitrating between these various interpretations. Recognising these difficulties, the article goes on to explore the relationship between scriptural exegesis and theology with reference to the formulation of the ecumenical doctrine of the Trinity in the fourth century. It argues that while theology should always attempt to be consistent with the exegetical data on occasion it proves inconclusive, as in the case of the debate over the extent of the atonement. In such cases the role of theology becomes one of mediation as it seeks a way of reading the texts of Scripture that allows them to be heard without contradicting each other. Again, this is illustrated from the fourth century and the Christology of Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa. Returning to the question of atonement with this understanding of the task of theology the article seeks to propose a way to reconcile the biblical texts which speak of the atonement as both universal and limited.
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Pramudya, Wahyu. "Doktrin Kerajaan Allah Menurut Walter Rauschenbusch." Veritas : Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2000): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v1i2.41.
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Walter Rauschenbusch lahir dan dibesarkan di Rochester, New York. Setelah menyelesaikan pendidikannya di Rochester Theological Seminary, ia ditahbiskan sebagai pendeta di Second Baptist Church di New York. Dalam pengalaman pelayanannya di daerah yang yang disebut “Hell’s Kitchen,” ia melihat betapa kerasnya kehidupan saat itu. Ia menyaksikan eksploitasi tenaga kerja oleh industri-industri raksasa, penindasan kepada kaum miskin dan lemah, dan perlakuan diskriminatif dari pihak penguasa kepada orang-orang yang menderita. Sementara di sisi lain, ia melihat gereja tidak melakukan tindakan apapun. Sikap pasif dari gereja itu dimengerti oleh Rauschenbusch sebagai tanda dari kegagalan teologi di dalam menjawab tantangan zaman. Bagi Rauschenbusch teologi membutuhkan suatu penyesuaian untuk dapat menjawab tantangan ataupun kebutuhan zaman. Ia menyadari adanya kesulitan-kesulitan yang besar dalam usaha penyesuaian itu. Kunci untuk menjawab tantangan ini adalah penempatan kembali doktrin Kerajaan Allah sebagai pusat dari teologi. Melalui Injil Sosial, Rauschenbusch ingin kembali menempatkan doktrin Kerajaan Allah sebagai pusat dari teologi. Oleh karena itu dalam Injil Sosial, doktrin Kerajaan Allah menjadi pusat, bahkan “This doctrine [the Kingdom of God] is itself social gospel.” Seluruh doktrin yang lain haruslah diinterpretasikan (ulang) di bawah terang doktrin ini. Tulisan ini mencoba melihat apa dan bagaimana karakteristik doktrin Kerajaan Allah menurut Rauschenbusch, latar belakang filsafat di balik pemikiran Rauschenbusch, dan implikasinya terhadap doktrin Kerajaan Allah, doktrin dosa dan doktrin keselamatan. Setelah itu akan diberikan kajian terhadap pemikiran Rauschenbusch dari sudut pandang teologi Injili. Dalam bagian penutup akan diberikan kesimpulan dan sumbangsih pemikiran Rauschenbusch dalam konteks gereja di Indonesia.
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Rollin, Roger B. "Conversion and Coercion in American Prisons." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 2 (March 2009): 660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.2.660.
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PMLA invites members of the association to submit letters, printed and double-spaced, that comment on articles in previous issues or on matters of general scholarly or critical interest. The editor reserves the right to reject or edit Forum contributions and offers the PMLA authors discussed in published letters an opportunity to reply. Submissions of more than one thousand words are not considered. The journal omits titles before persons' names and discourages endnotes and works-cited lists in the Forum. Letters should be addressed to PMLA Forum, Modern Language Association, 26 Broadway, 3rd floor, New York, NY 10004-1789.What obligations does literary scholarship have to its society, culture, and laws? The question arises in Tanya Erzen's “Religious Literacy in the Faith-Based Prison” (123.3 [2008]: 659–64). The problems with this account of Florida's Lawtey Correctional Institution and its religious-right rehabilitation program begin with the essay's title. One would take “religious literacy” to mean something like “competence in religious history and/or religious doctrine,” but in this essay it does not: for here “religious literacy” is a euphemism for total immersion in and complete acceptance of the Southern Baptist belief system. The author calls such brainwashing “religious self-knowledge” (660), though it seems aimed at the obliteration of any vestiges of selfhood. Even the phrase “faith-based prison” is a smokescreen: “faith,” a term that in our highly religious and religiously diverse culture has generally positive associations, here conceals the ugly truth that the only faith that counts at Lawtey is fundamentalist Christianity.
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Cocksworth, Ashley. "Revisiting Karl Barth's doctrine of baptism from a perspective on prayer." Scottish Journal of Theology 68, no. 3 (July 7, 2015): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930615000101.
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AbstractThis article focuses on Karl Barth's mature doctrine of baptism, as it is developed in the final part-volume of the Church Dogmatics. Published in 1967 (English translation in 1969) as a fragment of the ethics of the doctrine of reconciliation, Barth's theology of baptism is not without its controversy. Among the critiques that the baptism fragment has generated, one of the most significant concerns is over its presentation of the relation between divine agency and human agency. The formal division in the baptism fragment (and its sharp distinction between ‘Spirit baptism’ and ‘water baptism’) is taken to imply an uncharacteristic separation of divine agency and human agency, which renders his doctrine of baptism inconsistent with other areas of his thought. The argument proposed in this article, however, is that better clarity as to what Barth is theologically up to in the baptism fragment can be gained by reading his mature theology of baptism in connection with his theology of prayer. Barth's theology of prayer is rich and extensive. Although very present across all of his writings, his thinking on prayer (and indeed the Church Dogmatics itself) culminates in an intriguing set of meditations on the petitions of the Lord's Prayer. Although unfinished, these lectures on prayer were published posthumously as The Christian Life in 1976 (English translation 1981). Together with his doctrine of baptism and his unwritten doctrine of the Lord's Supper, the finished lectures on prayer would have formed the ethics of reconciliation. Importantly, Barth insists that baptism and the Lord's Supper were to be understood not only in the context of prayer but actually as prayer, as ‘invocation’. Rooted in the motif of ‘correspondence’, which is deployed at a number of key points throughout the Church Dogmatics, Barth's theology of invocation is based on a highly participative account of the divine–human relation: divine agency and human agency ‘correspond’ in the crucible of prayer. From the perspective provided by his writings on prayer, invocation and the motif of the ‘correspondence’ of divine and human agency, this article revisits the critique that Barth unduly separates divine and human agency in the baptism fragment.
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Trollinger, William Vance. "Riley's Empire: Northwestern Bible School and Fundamentalism in the Upper Midwest." Church History 57, no. 2 (June 1988): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167186.
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In the 1920s a loosely united band of militant conservatives launched a crusade to capture conrol of the major Protestant denominations. These fundamentalists staunchly affirmed the supernatural character and literal accuracy of the Bible, the supernatural character of Christ, and the necessity for Christians to separate themselves from the world. Most often Baptists and Presbyterians, they struggled to reestablish their denominations as true and pure churches: true to the historic doctrines of the faith as they perceived them, and pure from what they saw as the polluting influences of an increasingly corrupt modern culture. But by the late 1920s the fundamentalists had lost the fight. Not only were they powerless minorities in the Northern Baptist and the Northern Presbyterian denominations, where the struggle for control had been the fiercest, but many perceived them as uneducated, intolerant rustics. The Scopes trial cemented this notion in the popular consciousness.
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Baker, Josiah. "‘One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism’?" Journal of Pentecostal Theology 29, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-02901006.
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The emerging ecumenical activities of Classical Pentecostals affect and are affected by the relations between Oneness and Trinitarian Pentecostals. The commitments of Trinitarian Pentecostals to Oneness Pentecostals could hinder their involvement in ecumenical contexts that reject Oneness Pentecostals, while their increasing Trinitarian commitments could strain their already tenuous relationship with Oneness Pentecostals. This article is a programmatic essay that explores the emerging tension through its focal point of baptism, an important subject in intra-Pentecostal and ecumenical discourse. The author unpacks the origins of the problem facing Trinitarian Pentecostals before articulating why baptism is the proper locus for beginning to resolve the tension. He argues that the tensions for Pentecostals caused by the doctrine of God are best resolved by the further development by Pentecostals of their Trinitarian theology. The author concludes with necessary steps to be taken in this doctrinal formulation within intra-Pentecostal and ecumenical contexts.
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George, Timothy. "The Reformed Doctrine of Believers' Baptism." Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 47, no. 3 (July 1993): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002096430004700303.
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Green, Chris. "The Spirit that Makes Us (Number) One." Pneuma 41, no. 3-4 (December 9, 2019): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700747-04103029.
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Abstract Charles Parham’s racism is well known, but the relationship between his racism, his ecclesiology, and his doctrine of Spirit baptism and “missionary tongues” is still not fully appreciated. Early in the pentecostal movement, Pentecostals rejected Parham and quickly abandoned his doctrine of xenolalia alone as “the Bible evidence” of Spirit baptism. But Ashon Crawley’s recent work suggests that the logic of Parham’s racist/colonialist doctrine left a lasting mark on (white) pentecostal theology and practice. In the first parts of the article I explore the effects of racism and colonialism on Pentecostalism, and in the final section I respond to that history by proposing, in conversation with William Seymour’s teachings, a doctrine of mission and tongues-speech that purposefully contradicts the “white-settler” logic of Parham’s teachings.
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Posa, Carmel. "Book Review: One Baptism: Ecumenical Dimensions of the Doctrine of Baptism." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 24, no. 3 (October 2011): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x1102400308.
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Soritau, Ilie. "A Debate Concerning the Biblical Mode of Baptism." DIALOGO 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51917/dialogo.2021.7.2.13.
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"Baptism inaugurates a life that daily moves forward to a battle, confident that in each sorrow, there is a more vigorous expression of the presence of the risen Christ. Baptism warns the Christian that if he shares the same life, he must face the same struggle of life unto death so that life is eternally victorious. Recent events in the Romanian Orthodox Church regarding the baptism of infants by immersion have ignited a civil debate and much criticism. The issue of baptism and for that matter, the baptism itself is very important. For the believers especially this is important. However, no matter how important this is, one has to agree that it should never ever lead to division and hate. Unfortunately, it looks like nothing among believers can lead to disagreement more than such discussions about the role of baptism, the meaning of it, and of course, the methods used to perform the baptism. On the other hand, there should be an agreement that ignoring the problems raised by this issue will not solve it at all, but instead creating even more problems and further the gap among many Christians, ultimately. The fact that there is a possibility to discuss this important doctrine as part of a dialog among many denominations, among many religions it will prove the level of one’s maturity to “agree to disagree” with the main goal of learning always and know what to stand for and what is worth fighting for. When it comes to major doctrines special attention should be given to the text, making sure that there is a proper, correct, throughout exegesis as well as a very good lexical and syntactical study. The purpose of this research is to dig deep into the Bible and more specifically exegete the text found in The Gospel of Matthew chapter 3, from verses 13 to 17, then view its theological lessons followed by practical applications."
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McMaken, W. Travis. "Authority, Mission, and Institution: A Systematic Consideration of Matthew 28.18-20 in Karl Barth's Doctrine of Baptism." Ecclesiology 5, no. 3 (2009): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174553109x422340.
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AbstractMany of Barth's most faithful and devoted interpreters have taken issue with his unapologetically non-sacramental account of baptism in CD IV/4 and his attendant rejection of infant baptism. While many questions have been raised concerning the veracity of the exegesis that Barth produces in support of his position, little attention has been paid to the way in which Matthew 28.18-20, when systematically considered, relates to his account of baptism. Taking the themes of authority, mission and institution as analytic tools, this paper examines the role played by the Matthean passage throughout the Church Dogmatics period, and considers how these themes relate to Barth's rejection of infant baptism. It is suggested in conclusion that understanding baptism as the 'sign of the gospel' allows us to move beyond Barth's rejection of infant baptism without abrogating his concern for mission.
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Mikoski, Gordon S. "Baptism, Trinity, and ecclesial pedagogy in the thought of Gregory of Nyssa." Scottish Journal of Theology 59, no. 2 (May 2006): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930606002146.
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This paper elucidates the connections in Gregory of Nyssa's thought between the rite of baptism, the doctrine of God as Trinity, and practices of ecclesial pedagogy. These components formed a dynamic and differentiated whole for Gregory. To consider one element in isolation from the others runs the risk of interpretive distortion of Gregory's work. This means that the current tendency to harvest Gregory's trinitarian ideas abstracted or disembodied from the rite of baptism and practices of ecclesial pedagogy perpetuates the false notion that the doctrine of the Trinity can be adequately treated apart from liturgical and pedagogical concerns.
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Raitt, Jill. "Probably They are God’s Children: Theodore Beza’s Doctrine Of Baptism." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 8 (1991): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900001629.
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The discussion that took place between Theodore Beza and Jacob Andreae during the Colloquy of Montbeliard in 1586 highlights the differences among the French Reformed doctrine, the doctrine derived from the Basle Reformation, and the Lutheran doctrine. It also makes very clear how consistendy the Genevan Reformers related their sacramental theology, their understanding of the work of the Holy Spirit, and their doctrine of predestination.
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Everts, Janet Meyer. "The Pauline Letters in James D.G. Dunn's Baptism in the Holy Spirit." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 19, no. 1 (2010): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552510x490728.
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AbstractJames D.G. Dunn's Baptism in the Holy Spirit asserts that Pentecostalism and its doctrine of baptism in the Holy Spirit is built solely on the book of Acts. Dunn thinks that the letters of Paul offer no support for the doctrine of Spirit-baptism and wholly agree with his conversioninitiation understanding of the work of the Holy Spirit. But in making this assertion, Dunn is ignoring a long line of biblical interpretation in the Anglican tradition. This interpretive tradition, which begins with the Puritans and continues through the Keswick convention and the Anglican Charismatic renewal sees the 'sealing of the Spirit' found in 2 Cor 1.21-22 and Eph 1.13-14 as a clear indication that Paul knew a second empowering experience of the Spirit, an experience that is indicated in many places in his letters.
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Hawksley, Theodora. "Susan K. Wood, One Baptism: Ecumenical Dimensions of the Doctrine of Baptism." Ecclesiology 9, no. 1 (2013): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455316-00901009.
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Keane, Drew Nathaniel. "A Reconsideration of the Continued Practice of Confirmation in the Episcopal Church." Anglican Theological Review 100, no. 2 (March 2018): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000332861810000202.
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Many Episcopal liturgists argue for the elimination of confirmation. This essay explores the reformed rite of confirmation, the doctrine of the Book of Common Prayer (1979), and considers objections to the rite involving its relationship to the sacraments of baptism and communion. I argue that it is a nuanced application of the New Testament's teaching on baptism to a context in which infant baptism is normative. The supposed redundancy and theological untidiness of confirmation prove, in fact, to be its strength.
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Brinkman, Martien. "The Rediscovery of the Meaning of Baptism—Its Contribution to a Public Theology." Journal of Reformed Theology 2, no. 3 (2008): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156973108x333759.
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AbstractIn this contribution, I emphasize the potential public—and here that means 'societal'—impact of one of the main sacraments of the church; namely, the sacrament of baptism. I shall focus especially on the ethical implications of the sacrament of baptism as a sacrament that marks the transition to a new way of life. The thesis to be elaborated is that the sacrament of baptism, including its doctrine of original sin and its expectation of the kingdom of God, comprises the indispensable framework of a sound public theology understood as a theology of societal renewal.
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Pitt, David. "One Baptism: Ecumenical Dimensions of the Doctrine of Baptism by Susan K. Wood." Antiphon: A Journal for Liturgical Renewal 13, no. 2 (2009): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/atp.2009.0016.
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Perșa, Răzvan. "Intermarriage in the Canonical Tradition of the Orthodox Church." Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 346–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ress-2018-0028.
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Abstract My research tries to re-examine the issue of mixed marriage from the point of view of the Orthodox Canonical Tradition in the broader context of marital and baptismal theology, through an extensive interpretation of the canons of the Orthodox Church regarding intermarriage according to the historical, social, legal, doctrinal, and canonical context of the promulgation of those canons. The interpretation of the canons regarding mixed marriage will try to emphasize the definition of heretical groups in accordance with the baptismal theology and with the manner of reception of heretics into the Orthodox Church that was developed by every Council. In accordance with the Canons of the Council of Laodicea and of the Fourth Ecumenical Council, I will demonstrate that the Church did not stipulate any immediate conversion of the non-Orthodox spouse and the marriage was not grounded on immediate baptism, but on the willingness of the heterodox person to promise and accept Orthodox teachings for a future baptism. In accordance with the interpretation of Canon 72 of the Council of Trullo, I will emphasize that the canonical prohibition of mixed marriage is not a doctrinal one, otherwise the canon would reject any cohabitation between Orthodox and non-Orthodox, but rather it is a pastoral, canonical and disciplinary measurement in order to suppress the spread of heretical doctrines and teachings.
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Cross, Anthony R. "The Evangelical sacrament: baptisma semper reformandum." Evangelical Quarterly 80, no. 3 (April 21, 2008): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-08003001.
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This study is not an apologetic for the credobaptist or pedobaptist positions, but argues that, as practised today, both forms depart from New Testament baptism, which was an integral part of the process of becoming a Christian. It argues that New Testament baptism was faith-baptism, that the baptism referred to in the various New Testament strata refers to this ‘one baptism’ (of Spirit and water), and that baptism occupied an essential place within the primitive church’s proclamation of the gospel and its mission. Using David Bebbington’s fourfold characteristics of Evangelicalism – crucicentrism, biblicism, conversionism and activism – it shows that New Testament baptism was intimately related to each of these and argues that it should be returned to this place if the church, and especially the Evangelical wing of the church, is to take seriously the necessity that its doctrines and practices should be semper reformandum, always subject to reform.
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Quayesi-Amakye, Joseph. "The ‘Evasive’ Spirit of Pentecostalism." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 24, no. 1 (March 28, 2015): 92–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-02401009.
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The paper discusses the contribution of Peter Newman Anim to the development of Ghanaian indigenous Pentecostalism. It examines the theological implications of Anim’s spiritual experience and the subsequent outpouring of the Spirit upon his organisation against the backdrop of the debate surrounding Spirit baptism. The Pentecostal doctrine of Spirit baptism has generated lots of debate between Evangelicals and Pentecostals. While the one contends that the baptism is a once for all time conversion-initiative experience for the Church universal, the other thinks otherwise. This paper takes up the debate from a Ghanaian Pentecostal stable by appealing to the first pneumatic experience that occurred in a secluded village that ignited the Pentecostal fire nationally. This phenomenon occurred outside the expectant Anim’s group, thus raising incisive theological questions concerning the plausible context and condition for Spirit baptism. By means of historical analysis, critical examination, and practical illustration the paper attempts to evaluate the various positions on Spirit baptism.
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Lancaster, Sarah Heaner. "Baptism and Justification: A Methodist Understanding." Ecclesiology 4, no. 3 (2008): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174553108x341288.
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AbstractThe association of the Methodists with the Roman Catholic and Lutheran Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification was a significant ecumenical event. The Methodist Statement that allowed this agreement, though, does not include a description of the connection between baptism and justification. This paper examines John Wesley's understandings of baptism and justification to suggest a way that they may be held together in Methodist theology. The Methodist practice of infant baptism stands in tension with an understanding of justification built on the model of adult conversion experience, and this tension is found in Wesley's own work. It is possible, though, to find in the way Wesley engaged certain questions some indications of how baptism and justification may be both connected and distinguished in order to display a flexible understanding of God's ongoing work in human life.
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Hogsten, Chaplain Doug. "The Monadic Formula of Water Baptism: A Quest for Primitivism via a Christocentric and Restorationist Impluse." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 17, no. 1 (2008): 70–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552508x331989.
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AbstractControversy over the proper baptismal formula enveloped much of the Finished Work camp of Pentecostalism from 1913 to 1916. This article demonstrates that, while often called the new issue by both supporters and detractors, the use of the monadic formula of Jesus' name in baptism was not a new phenomenon. Employing the monadic formula of water baptism was instead historically and theologically rooted in the Christocentric and restorationist impulse of the nineteenth century and was used by various groups (even second work advocates) that espoused the principle of primitivism. The revival of Jesus' name baptism within Pentecostalism was a result of these same influences reignited through—though not solely dependent upon—Durham's Finished Work doctrine. In fact, one might argue that Jesus' name baptism was a logical evolution among those who understood themselves to be the eschatological people of God walking in the 'evening light' which was being restored.
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Czyżewski, Bogdan. "Freedom and Grace in the Teaching of Mark the Hermit." Collectanea Theologica 90, no. 5 (March 29, 2021): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/ct.2020.90.5.22.
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Mark the Hermit is one of the most important theoreticians of ascetic life in the ancient Church. In his ascetic writings, he takes up a number of subjects, including teaching about freedom and grace. This is not a systematic doctrine, but rather statements scattered in his works, occasional, often similar to each other. “Freedom” is defined by St. Mark the Hermit by the term ἐλευθερία, while “grace” – by the term χάρις. He also reminds us that freedom is given to man by Christ; man also receives it in the sacrament of baptism, because it frees him from the burden of sin. Grace, in turn, is presented by Mark the Hermit always as a gift from God given to man. Therefore, the Kingdom of Heaven is a gift, and not a reward for deeds, and the salvation that we receive from Christ is also grace. St Mark the Hermit’s teaching on freedom and grace certainly differs from the views of the Messalian sect, whose followers did not want to admit that grace and freedom are given to the baptised, so that they can perfect themselves throughout their lives and become similar to God.
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Wessels, Roland. "The Spirit Baptism, Nineteenth Century Roots." Pneuma 14, no. 1 (1992): 127–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007492x00113.
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AbstractPentecostals claim that there is a life transforming and empowering experience subsequent to conversion, called the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, (The prepositions "in" and "with" are also used. Often it is now being designated "the Spirit baptism") with the accompanying sign of tongues (glossolalia) which all Christians may and ought to receive, and that this experience opens the door to receiving the gifts of the Spirit. What were its roots in Nineteenth Century North American Evangelical Christianity? My purpose is to join in the discussion of how this particular doctrine of the Spirit baptism developed.1 I shall briefly describe a variety of understandings of the Spirit's outpouring found among these Evangelicals and then deal carefully with that complex of interpretations which prepared for the Pentecostal perspective.
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Ciutacu, Sorin. "Francis Bacon, Jan Baptist Van Helmont and Demetrius Cantemir. Family resemblances of auctoritas in Early Modern Europe." Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 3, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v3i1.21465.
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The present paper stakes out the destiny of certain ideas on scientific methods and epistemic and ontological representations that spread in 17th century Europe like a cultural epidemiology of representations against a deist, theosophical, empiricist and occult maze-like background. Our intellectual history study evaluates the family resemblances of auctoritas of three polymaths: Francis Bacon, Jan Baptist Van Helmont and Demetrius Cantemir along the cultural corridors of knowledge. If Francis Bacon was a theoretical founder of doctrines and Jan Baptist Van Helmont was a complex experimenting spirit, Demetrius Cantemir was an able disseminator of philosophy in South Eastern Europe and a creative synthetic spirit bridging the Divan ideas of Western and Eastern minds caught up in the busy exchange of ideas of the Republic of Letters.
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Murillo, Luis E. "Tamales on the Fourth of July: The Transnational Parish of Coeneo, Michoacán." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 19, no. 2 (2009): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2009.19.2.137.
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AbstractThis article traces the significant yet largely unexplored experience of transnationalism in the lived religious experiences of Mexican and Mexican American Catholics by focusing on the parish as a central unit of analysis. Within this analysis, the parish unit is rethought as an analytical unit in two important regards. First, the way in which parish life in rural Mexico has been predominately conceptualized as one whose rhythm revolves around a traditional ritual calendar centered on community celebrations of particular religious holidays and localized votive devotions needs to be replaced. Based on research from an ongoing historical case study (1890-present) of a central Mexican parish, Nuestra Señora del Rosario in Coeneo, Michoacán, and on other parishes, the rhythm of parish life has clearly shifted to celebrations of marriages and baptisms. These religious celebrations of marriages and baptisms in Mexico have become the focal point of identity and community in this transnational Mexican and Mexican American experience. These sacraments of baptism and marriage have multiple meanings that not only include universal Catholic doctrines but also notions of family, community, and a particular appreciation for the sacralized landscape of their Mexican parish. Second, notions of parish boundaries as fixed and parish affiliation as singular must be reconsidered because many Mexicans and Mexican Americans living in the United States consider themselves to be active members in at least two parishes: one in Mexico and one or more in the United States.
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Jenson, Robert. "A Lutheran Among Friendly Pentecostals." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 20, no. 1 (2011): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552511x554636.
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AbstractJenson offers an appreciative response to the overtures of Jeffrey Lamp (Scripture), Chris Green (sacraments), Michael Chan (Judaism), and Rick Bliese (the charismatic Spirit). In explicating his theological stance, Jenson calls for a deeper appreciation of the sacramental unity of the Church and of the church's Spirit-shaped history. In regard to Judaism, he calls for Jewish and Christian theologians to think together on shared problems. Jenson accepts the genuineness of charismatic gifts, but he cannot agree with Pentecostalism's doctrine of a Spirit baptism subsequent to water baptism. Finally, he affirms the Church's pursuit of one eucharistic community.
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Gregersen, Niels Henrik. "Guds frie nåde, troens frie gensvar: Frelsens betingelser hos N. F. S. Grundtvig og John Wesley." Grundtvig-Studier 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v55i1.16458.
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Guds frie nåde, troens frie gensvar: Frelsens betingelser hos N. F. S. Grundtvig og John Wesley[Free Divine Grace andfree Response o f Faith: Conditionalist Motives in N. F. S. Grundtvig and John Wesley]By Niels Henrik GregersenThe essay aims to point out common theological grounds between John Wesley (1703-1791) and N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783-1872). It is argued, first, that Wesley and Grundtvig share the same problem of how to reformulate the Reformation insight in God’s unconditional justification in a context of modernity, in which human freedom is seen as essential also in spiritual matters. It is furthermore argued that Wesley and Grundtvig concur in criticizing the Augustinian-Reformed doctrine of double predestination. Both argue that grace is for all humankind, but grace is not an irresistible force that captivates the human mind. Grace, rather, is a divine self-offering that stimulates the sinner to give a positive response to God’s free offer. Due to his Arminian allegiance, Wesley was an outspoken conditionalist, who explicitly criticized Augustine, Luther, and Calvin. Grundtvig’s critique of Augustine and Luther, by contrast, was mostly of a more indirect nature and couched in his independent use of the Augustinian motifs of grace. The most important difference between Wesley and Grundtvig, however, is that whereas Wesley develops an expanded notion of prevenient grace, Grundtvig expands the traditional notion of creation and imago dei. According to Grundtvig’s doctrine of baptism (central to his so-called Church View), the invitation by Christ to become baptized puts the requirement on the old human being (who is not yet baptized by the Holy Spirit) that he or she must renounce the Devil and embrace the truth of God. Grundtvig’s rich doctrine of imago dei and divine providence can thus be seen as a functional equivalent to Wesley’s doctrine of prevenient grace. Grundtvig, however, never shared Wesley’s view of the possibility of a Christian perfection. Instead, Grundtvig developed a theory of the possibility of a post-mortal conversion (cf. 1 Pet 3). This eschatological vision has the same universal scope as Wesley’s doctrine of prevenient grace, but involves a temporal relaxation as compared with Wesley’s evangelicalism.The common ground between Grundtvig and Wesley casts a new light on the very structure of Grundtvig’s theology. Grundtvig’s “Church View” should not be understood as a precursor to 20th century dialectical theology. Divine action, according to Grundtvig, is certainly primary to human activity, but it is not unilateral. The baptismal covenant between God and the human person involves an “agreement”, or contract, between two parties, God and humanity. God offers His divine grace, but human beings should themselves accept grace in order to be part of salvation. This important motif is reflected in Grundtvig’s doctrinal writings, especially in his doctrine of baptism; however, conditionalist motifs can also be found in his hymns and sermons.
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Reynolds, Noel B. "The Gospel according to Mormon." Scottish Journal of Theology 68, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003693061500006x.
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AbstractAlthough scholarly investigation of the Book of Mormon has increased significantly over the last three decades, only a tiny portion of that effort has been focused on the theological or doctrinal content of this central volume of Latter-day Saints (LDS) scripture. This article identifies three inclusios which promise definitions of the doctrine or gospel of Jesus Christ and proposes a cumulative methodology to explain how these definitions work. This approach reveals a consistently presented, six-part formula defining ‘the way’ by which mankind can qualify for eternal life. In this way the article provides a starting point for scholarly examinations of the theological content of this increasingly influential religious text.While the names of the six elements featured in Mormon's gospel will sound familiar to students of the New Testament, the meanings he assigns to these may differ substantially from traditional Christian discourse in ways which make Mormon's characterisation of the gospel or doctrine of Christ unique. (1) Faith is understood primarily as action displaying complete trust or reliance on Christ and the power of his atonement. (2) Repentance requires turning away from one's own way and humbly submitting – by covenant – to the way of the Lord. (3) Water baptism is then the prescribed sign of that covenant a repentant person gives in witnessing both to God and to the world that she has repented and undertaken to follow Christ in all things. (4) The baptism of fire and of the Holy Ghost brings the remission of sins in a spiritual rebirth to the repentant individual at such time as God judges her repentance to be true. It also provides converts with a direct witness of the Father and of the Son and of the promises of salvation for those who follow this gospel – as they may be led by the continuing guidance of the Holy Ghost. (5) But only those who endure to the end in this way will (6) receive salvation in the kingdom of God.The overall pattern suggested is a dialogue between man and God, who initially invites all people to trust in Christ and repent. Those who respond by repenting and seeking baptism will be visited by fire and by the Holy Ghost, which initiates a lifelong interaction, leading the convert day by day in preparation for the judgement, at which she may finally be invited to enter the kingdom of God.