Academic literature on the topic 'Barcelona 19th century'

The article concerns the problems of implementation of the modern urban planning methods and principles in the context of historical process of urbanization. Network and polycentric urban planning actively developed in 19th century and implied the equal distribution of public facilities and communications, the unification of the urban space with the connecting axes, the integration of transport and engineering infrastructure. The purpose of the article is to consider the urban planning strategies of Barcelona’s renovation of 19th centuries and to define it’s correspondence to the tasks of modern urban development. The relevance of the topic is determined by it’s connection with problems of modern growth-oriented urban structures. The article is based on complex and system theoretical approach. Theoretical analysis of urban planning strategies and urban space development is implemented to reveal the most perspective and progressive tendencies of urban planning, which anticipated the modern principles of urban space formation. The results of the work include the characteristic of polycentric Urban structures on the example of Barcelona, the determination of it’s key features. The review of researches, dedicated to the history of urban planning and the problems of modern urban planning allows to make the conclusions about the advantages of polycentric urban planing and it’s perspectives in future development of the cities.

This study intends to examine leather craft, an applied art that has not well studied in the context of Catalan Modernisme as well as raise awareness about its use for production and design of Modernista furniture and interior decoration. This handicraft, that had been in decline in the Catalan sphere since the 18th century, reappeared in Barcelona in the last quarter of the 19th century, due to the Modernista movement and the renaissance of medieval crafts. Thus, new workshops were created and their processes were modernized according to industrial progress.
 We will highlight the Miguel Fargas and Vilaseca Factory, which will manage to industrialize this handricraft, becoming one of the few internationally known manufacturers. We will try to illustrate the history of this office by analyzing this case study, since it reveals an interesting part of the panorama of decorative arts in Modernista Barcelona.

Two of the largest architecture libraries in Spain are in institutions in Catalonia. One of these is the UPC (the Technical University of Catalonia), the home of the library of the ETSAB (the School of Architecture of Barcelona), which is one of the oldest architecture schools in Spain. The other is COAC (the Architects’ Association of Catalonia), which boasts one of the biggest architecture libraries in a professional association in the country. While these two libraries were built up in the 19th century, other architecture libraries have been created in Catalonia in the 20th century, both in schools of architecture and in the branches of COAC.

The town of Barcelona in Venezuela, with a present population of nearly half a million inhabitants, is – by far – the most important New World settlement bearing the name of Catalonia’s capital. It owes its name to its founder, Joan Orpí i del Pou, also known as Juan de Orpín or Urpín (Piera, 1593 – Barcelona, Venezuela, 1645), who managed to distinguish himself as one of the last conquistadors within the territory of present-day Venezuela. This was no easy task since a Catalan was, technically, not allowed to reside or even to travel to lands under the exclusive control of the Crown of Castille and León. However, since its foundation in 1638, Nueva Barcelona del Cerro Santo was soon to become a sort of Catalan enclave in eastern Venezuela, particularly due to the influence of the Catalan Capuchin missionaries who, since the end of the 17th century on, used it as a base for inland penetration. Similarly, Venezuela’s Barcelona was one of the important trading posts for the Compañía de Comercio de Barcelona, following the latter’s foundation in 1755. A sizeable community of Catalan merchants ensured the town’s growth and prosperity at the turn of the 19th century. This community also fuelled a strong resistance against the independence movement from 1810 onwards, as Barcelona was to become a savagely disputed prey between royalist and patriot armies: the episode of the Casa Fuerte massacre in 1817 is still today remembered as a landmark of royalist cruelty, even though the revenge later exerted by the patriot troops in no way fell behind in terms of mercilessness. The Catalans were particularly singled out and, with few exceptions, were all either killed or forced to leave.

The Trèmols herbarium, preserved at the Botanical Institute of Barcelona, is one of the oldest herbaria in Catalonia, largely made up of European plants collected in 19th century. The digitization of this historical collection, currently in progress, has made possible to locate nomenclatural types of various authors, acquired through exchange. In this article, we indicate two syntypes (for Fumaria caespitosa Loscos and Carex loscosii Lange), and one isolectotype (Polygala vayredae Costa) in Trèmols herbarium. Additionally, we designate the lectotype of Polygala vayredae in the Costa herbarium and its isolectotype in the Vayreda herbarium.

The main purpose of this article is to examine how a new medical technology – the operating room- resulted in the establishment of a model of private clinics in late 19th – century Barcelona. This research explains that this kind of private medical care happened in an open medical market and successfully met a growing demand. Since its origins in the 1880s, private surgery clinics rose to more than 50 in just half-a-century. Here, several business strategies put at work by those surgeons-entrepreneurs are considered, especially those related to publicity and the search of patients/customers. Several aspects played a paramount role in that success: medical technology, domestic comfort, and surgical efficacy. In a context where medical care delivered at hospital was provided by the city-state or the local bourgeoisie as a part of the medieval model of charity, a potential customer for the private surgery clinics was formed by the urban, popular and working classes through the model of mutual aid societies and health insurance companies. Moreover, private clinics also showed how the process of medical specialization was configured and what kind of relationships surgeons-entrepreneurs established with general practitioners to attract their patients. Here, medical directories and medical journals reveal as a useful source of information.

Barcelona, as well as a large number of cities in the Mediterranean basin, has a housing stock composed of a large number of unreinforced brick masonry buildings. Motivated by different factors, the enlargement of the city (Eixample in Catalan) was held from the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, a period in which a large number of buildings of this type were built, many of which are still used as dwellings. Although the buildings were built individually, some of them are linked to adjacent buildings by the side walls. This feature leads to the analysis of the buildings as isolated structures and also as an aggregate. Barcelona is located in a seismic region of low to moderate hazard, with macroseismic intensity between the grades VI and VII of the European macroseismic scale EMS'98. Based on the deterministic and probabilistic response spectra for the different types of soils present in Barcelona obtained in the work of Irizarry (2004), the seismic risk of four individual buildings and an aggregate is evaluated. The buildings are modeled and analyzed using the TREMURI program and MATLAB routines under the guidance of RISK-UE project.

Long-term drought variability and trends were assessed in Barcelona at annual and seasonal scale for the period 1787-2014 and sub-periods 1851-2014, 1901-2014 and 1951-2014 to identify changes in drought patterns across time. High quality and adjusted monthly temperature and precipitation series were required for this purpose. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), based on precipitation, and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), based on the difference between precipitation and reference evapotranspiration (ET0), were calculated to describe temporal drought fluctuations. Therefore, major droughts and wet events were identified and an accurate analysis of drought severity, magnitude and duration were also carried out.Both drought indices provided similar results related to drought variability and trends in Barcelona across time, although the SPEI showed larger drought severity than SPI especially during the second half of the 20th century. Trends analysis revealed a significant drying trend at annual scale according to the SPEI since mid-19th century while the SPI did not show changes in drought patterns. At seasonal scale, both the SPI and SPEI found a clear drying trend only for summer (JJA) during the current period (1951-2014), although the SPEI was indicating the trend towards drier conditions for the whole period (1787-2014). Drought severity in SPEI series increased 13% during the second half of the 20th century compared with the whole period under study while drought magnitude and duration did not present significant changes in both the SPI and SPEI series. The increasing atmospheric evaporative demand associated to the large temperature rising experienced in Barcelona during the last decades could have played a substantial role in explaining the increase of drought severity and trends found in the SPEI series.

El tema central d'aquesta tesi és la transformació experimentada a les primeres dècades de segle XIX per alguns gabinets de curiositats a l'obrir-se a la contemplació de públics més amplis i variats, dins d'un nou marc d'inquietuds culturals de grups socials que transitaven des de l'Antic Règim a les noves coordenades del règim liberal burgès, fruit, entre altres coses, dels canvis portats pels processos d'industrialització i de la revolució burgesa. Fins al segle XVIII els col·leccionistes privats van acumular objectes, espècimens naturals, artefactes o curiositats en habitacions, cases o gabinets, als quals accedia un públic restringit, controlat i guiat generalment pel propietari de la col·lecció. A la fi del segle XIX i principis del XX, la majoria d'aquelles col·leccions es trobaven, en canvi, en grans edificis, generalment sota la denominació de museu, classificades i ordenades de manera que els visitants poguessin explorar-les sense companyia. Al llarg d'aquest recorregut es van esdevenir grans canvis, molts d'ells al llarg de la primera meitat de segle XIX, que és el marc cronològic en què se situa aquesta tesi. Aquestes transformacions es van plasmar, entre altres coses, en la separació per categories segons els seus propòsits i les seves col·leccions i en la consolidació progressiva (el canvi no va ser ni brusc ni uniforme) de l'ús de la paraula ""museu"" per a aquests gabinets privats ara oberts a nous públics i anunciats fins i tot en les flamants guies urbanes per forasters, viatgers i comerciants. Exemplifiquem aquestes transformacions prenent el cas de Barcelona i, en concret, el de la col·lecció del gabinet de la família Salvador, en el qual podem documentar aspectes determinants del nou règim d'exhibició i dels nous públics en aquest espai, així com l'aparició de noves connexions amb les institucions i organismes culturals, socials i polítics del moment. Una de les peces clau d'aquest estudi és José Salvador i Soler (1804-1855), principal responsable dels canvis que van portar a un gabinet de curiositats, exemple típic de col·leccions privades de naturalia i artificialia, reservades principalment a l'estudi i sotmeses a un règim d'exhibició típic dels gabinets privats, a transformar-se en el Museu Salvador, convertint-lo en un instrument de legitimació de les activitats econòmiques del propietari i renovat mitjançant la incorporació, principalment, d'una col·lecció de làmines, catàlegs i models de fruites (plasmades, entre altres coses, en el projecte de la Pomona Española), d'una xiloteca i d'eines i objectes vinculats a l'agricultura i l'horticultura. D'altra banda, José Salvador va sumar nous espais expositius i nous públics als tradicionals del gabinet, espais vinculats a les seves finques d'agricultura i horticultura experimental. El gabinet s'inscrivia en un marc empresarial amb nous objectius comercials i educatius, que s'afegirien als ""vells"" objectius d'acumulació de coneixement científic i de prestigi.<br>El tema central de esta tesis es la transformación experimentada en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX por algunos gabinetes de curiosidades al abrirse a la contemplación de públicos más amplios y variados, dentro de un nuevo marco de inquietudes culturales de grupos sociales que transitaban desde el Antiguo Régimen a las nuevas coordenadas del régimen liberal burgués, fruto, entre otras cosas, de los cambios traídos por los procesos de industrialización y de la revolución burguesa. Hasta el siglo XVIII los coleccionistas privados acumularon objetos, especímenes naturales, artefactos o curiosidades en habitaciones, casas o gabinetes, a los que accedía un público restringido, controlado y guiado generalmente por el propietario de la colección. A finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, la mayoría de aquellas colecciones se encontraban, en cambio, en grandes edificios, generalmente bajo la denominación de museo, clasificadas y ordenadas de forma que los visitantes pudieran explorarlas sin compañía. En este recorrido acaecieron grandes cambios, muchos de ellos a lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XIX, que es el marco cronológico en el que se sitúa nuestro trabajo. Estas transformaciones se plasmaron, entre otras cosas, en la separación por categorías según sus propósitos y sus colecciones y en la consolidación progresiva (el cambio no fue ni brusco ni uniforme) del uso de la palabra "museo" para estos gabinetes privados ahora abiertos a nuevos públicos y anunciados incluso en las flamantes guías urbanas para forasteros, viajeros y comerciantes. Ejemplificamos esas transformaciones tomando el caso de Barcelona y, en concreto, el de la colección del gabinete de la familia Salvador, en la que podemos documentar aspectos determinantes del nuevo régimen de exhibición y de los nuevos públicos en este espacio, así como la aparición de nuevas conexiones con las instituciones y organismos culturales, sociales y políticos del momento. Una de las piezas clave de este estudio es José Salvador y Soler (1804-1855), principal responsable de los cambios que llevaron a un gabinete de curiosidades, ejemplo típico de colecciones privadas de naturalia y artificialia, reservadas principalmente al estudio y sometidas a un régimen de exhibición típico de los gabinetes privados, a transformarse en el Museo Salvador, convirtiéndolo en un instrumento de legitimación de las actividades económicas del propietario y renovado mediante la incorporación, principalmente, de una colección de láminas, catálogos y modelos de frutas (plasmadas, entre otras cosas, en el proyecto de la Pomona Española), de una xiloteca y de herramientas y objetos vinculados a la agricultura y la horticultura. Por otro lado, José Salvador sumó nuevos espacios expositivos y nuevos públicos a los tradicionales del gabinete, espacios vinculados a sus fincas de agricultura y horticultura experimental. El gabinete se inscribía en un marco empresarial con nuevos objetivos comerciales y educativos, que se añadirían a los "viejos" objetivos de acumulación de conocimiento científico y de prestigio.<br>The central theme of this thesis is the transformation experienced in the first decades of the 19th century by some cabinets of curiosities, opened up to the contemplation of broader and more varied audiences, within a new framework of cultural concerns of social groups that transited from the Ancient Regime to the new coordinates of the bourgeois liberal regime, being a consequence, among other things, of the changes brought about by the processes of industrialization and the bourgeois revolution. Until the 18th century, private collectors accumulated objects, natural specimens, artifacts or "curious things" in rooms, houses or cabinets, which were accessed by a restricted public, generally controlled and guided by the owner of the collection. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most of those collections were, on the other hand, in large buildings, usually under the name of museum, classified and arranged so that visitors could explore them without company. Great changes occurred on this journey, many of them throughout the first half of the 19th century, which is the chronological framework in which our work is situated. These transformations were reflected, among other things, in the separation by categories according to the purposes of the collections and in the progressive consolidation (the change was neither abrupt nor uniform) of the use of the word "museum" for these private cabinets now open to new audiences and announced even in the brand new city guides for outsiders, travellers and merchants. We exemplify these transformations by taking the case of Barcelona and, specifically, the collection of the Salvador family's cabinet, in which we can document determining aspects of the new exhibition regime and the new publics in this space, as well as the appearance of new connections with the cultural, social and political institutions and organisms of the moment. One of the key pieces of this study is José Salvador y Soler (1804-1855), who was responsible for the changes that led a cabinet of curiosities, a typical example of private collections of naturalia and artificialia, reserved mainly for study and subjected to a typical display regime of private cabinets, to be transformed into the Salvador Museum, turning it into an instrument of legitimization of the economic activities of the owner and renewed through the incorporation, mainly, of a collection of illustration prints, catalogues and models of fruits (embodied, among other things, in the project of the Spanish Pomona), a wood collection and a collection of tools and objects linked to agriculture and horticulture. On the other hand, José Salvador added new exhibition spaces and new audiences to the traditional cabinet, spaces linked to his experimental agricultural and horticultural farms. The cabinet was part of a business framework with new commercial and educational objectives, which were add to the "old" objectives of accumulating scientific knowledge and prestige.

Les fièvres, le climat et l'environnement ont interagi les uns avec les autres au cours des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, générant des effets délétères sur la société, qui a dû non seulement s'adapter, mais aussi adapter ses politiques sanitaires aux épidémies, aux situations de disette et de pénuries en eau potable. Entre 1780 et 1821, l’impact de la phase finale du Petit Âge Glaciaire (PAG) et du "deuxième hyper PAG" (1815-1860) est fort dans la péninsule Ibérique. Les effets de ces phénomènes se répercutent sur l'environnement du fait de la succession rapide des altérations climatiques (sécheresses, inondations, tempêtes, grêles) qui caractérisent la phase finale de l’Oscillation Maldà (1760-1800). Leurs conséquences se combinent avec celles du minimum solaire de Dalton (1790-1830). Ces facteurs viennent aggraver le paludisme qui constitue un problème sanitaire persistant en Méditerranée et à l'échelle européenne. Cette thèse explore ce que ces différentes variables font à la ville de Barcelone et à sa région entre 1780 et 1821. Inscrite dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, elle a pour objectif d’analyser comment les sociétés méditerranéennes, du point de vue de la santé et de la démographie historique, ont pu réagir aux fluctuations climatiques et aux perturbations environnementales qu’elles engendrent. Notre principal questionnement prend en compte la vulnérabilité du milieu méditerranéen afin d’analyser comment la combinaison de la variable climatique, sanitaire et environnementale introduit une rupture dans une configuration instable faisant basculer une société dans la crise<br>Fevers, climate and environment interacted with each other during the 18th and 19th centuries, generating deleterious effects on society, which had to adjust its health policies to epidemics, food shortages and shortages of drinking water. Between 1780 and 1821, the impact of the final phase of the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the "second hyperLIA" (1815-1860) was strong in the Iberian Peninsula. The effects of these phenomena have repercussions on the environment due to the rapid succession of climatic alterations (droughts, floods, storms, hail) that characterize the final phase of the Maldà Oscillation (1760-1800). Their consequences are combined with those of Dalton Minimum (1790-1830). These factors aggravate malaria, which is a persistent health problem in the Mediterranean and at European level. As an endemic epidemic, malaria would only be eradicated through the implementation of systematic public health policies to control the vectors of the disease. This thesis explores what these different variables do to the city of Barcelona and its region between 1780 and 1821. From an interdisciplinary perspective, its objective is to analyse how Mediterranean societies, from the point of view of health and historical demographics, have been able to react to climate fluctuations and the environmental disturbances they cause. Our main questioning takes into account the vulnerability of the Mediterranean environment in order to analyse how the combination of the climate, health and environmental variable introduces a break in an unstable configuration that pushes a society into crisis

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és analitzar el llegat jurídic de Ramon Martí d'Eixalà, especialment els seus manuals de dret mercantil i dret civil. En aquest sentit, cal recordar que Ramon Martí d'Eixalà va viure en el segle XIX, moment en el qual s'havien iniciat una sèrie de canvis econòmics i socials profunds. El seu manual de dret mercantil, Instituciones de derecho mercantil de España fou molt més reconegut que el Tratado elementar del derecho civil romano y español. Doncs, el manual de dret mercantil fou recomanat com a llibre de text pels estudis de Jurisprudència durant varis anys, mentre que el manual de dret civil mai va formar part del llistat de manuals elaborat pel govern. A més, la filosofia britànica ocupa una part important de la investigació, ja que Ramon Martí d'Eixalà coneixia el pensament britànic i va introduir la filosofia del sentit comú a Catalunya.<br>The aim of this research is to analyse Ramon Martí d'Eixalà's civil and commercial law works. Ramón Martí de Eixalá lived in the 19th century, at a time when a series of deep economic and social changes had begun. His work in commercial law, "Instituciones de derecho mercantil de España", was much more recognized that the "Tratado elementar del derecho civil romano y español". Therefore, his work was recommended as the textbook for Studies in jurisprudence for several years. In contrast, his civil law work never formed part of the textbook list recommended by the Government. Additionally, the British philosophy has become an important part of this research because Ramon Martí d'Eixalà knew about British thought and introduced the Common Sense philosophy in Catalonia.