Academic literature on the topic 'Bare adjective'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bare adjective"
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Blom, Elma, Daniela Polišenská, and Fred Weerman. "Articles, adjectives and age of onset: the acquisition of Dutch grammatical gender." Second Language Research 24, no. 3 (2008): 297–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658308090183.
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A comparison of the error profiles of monolingual (child L1) learners of Dutch, Moroccan children (child L2) and Moroccan adults (adult L2) learning Dutch as their L2 shows that participants in all groups massively overgeneralize [—neuter] articles to [+neuter] contexts. In all groups, the reverse gender mistake infrequently occurs. Gender expressed by Dutch attributive adjectives reveals an age-related asymmetry between the three groups, however. Whereas participants in the child groups overgeneralize one particular suffix (namely the schwa), adult participants use both adjectival forms, the schwa-adjective and the bare adjective, incorrectly. It is argued that the asymmetry observed in adjectives reflects that adult learners exploit an input-based, lexical learning route, whereas children rely on grammar-based representations. The similarity in article selection between all groups follows from the assumption that adults, like children, make use of lexical frames. Crucially, lexical frames can successfully describe the distribution of gender-marked articles, but they cannot account for gender in adjectives.
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Bidese, Ermenegildo, Andrea Padovan, and Claudia Turolla. "Adjective orders in Cimbrian DPs." Linguistics 57, no. 2 (2019): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0004.
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AbstractIn this work we aim to give a first description of the morphosyntactic behavior of some adjectives in the Cimbrian of Luserna. This Germanic variety allows a subclass of adjectives to appear in post-nominal position. This aspect seems to be relevant, since neither colloquial Standard German nor any other German substandard variety spoken in German-speaking areas display a similar pattern. Along the lines of Cinque (2010, 2014), we argue that Cimbrian, with respect to the adnominal adjectival order, has maintained the Germanic pattern of Merge, but permits in some cases NP-Movement above the (“bare” AP reduced) relative clause projection. The fact that adjectives following the head noun are predicative rather than attributive is supported by the fact that post-nominal modifiers never show up with inflection.
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Talić, Aida. "Adverb extraction, specificity, and structural parallelism." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 60, no. 3 (2015): 417–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310002627x.
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AbstractThis paper investigates adverb extraction out of traditional adjective phrases (TAPs) like “extremely expensive”, in a number of Slavic, Romance, and Germanic languages, and establishes two novel generalizations regarding such extraction out of predicative and attributive TAPs, also showing what the (un)availability of such extraction reveals about the structure of TAPs cross-linguistically and in different constructions in a single language. I argue that attributive TAPs are never bare APs in languages that use only one adjectival form attributively. Languages that use two adjectival forms in the attributive position allow adverb extraction out of predicative and attributive TAPs, which indicates that adverb extraction is possible only if a bare AP is used in this position. More generally, I argue that extended projections of different lexical categories tend to be uniform within a language with respect to how much structure they project.
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Suñer, Avel·lina, and Angela Di Tullio. "Bare adjectives as syncretic forms." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2014): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.3.1.2751.
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'ＭＳ 明朝'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB">The goal of this paper is to discuss the categorical <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">status</em> and semantic properties of the so-called <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adjective adverbs</em> (<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ngrale</span></em> 2009: 2295-2301). As these forms are actually real adjectives lacking productive gender and number agreement, we will call them here<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> bare adjectives</em>. We will argue that the default agreement (masculine, singular) which characterize such forms naturally follows from the fact that they cannot check their agreement features against the gender and number features of their respective subjects before spellout. Therefore we propose that these words are the syncretic correlate of standard agreeing adjectives in certain contexts. In this sense, the alleged adverbial behaviour that such predicative elements display can be seen as an epiphenomenon instead of a basic syntactic feature. Likewise</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'ＭＳ 明朝'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB">,</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'ＭＳ 明朝'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB"> we will explain the syntactic and interpretive properties of these adjectives according to the different levels of the VP and CP areas they are associated with.</span>
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Gałecki, Zygmunt. "Polski gwarowy przysłówek przyboś, na przyboś i nazwisko Przyboś." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 27, no. 1 (2020): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2020.27.1.4.
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The author proves that the etymology of the surname Przyboś came from the lexicalised adverb przyboś, na przyboś (walk), “to wear shoes on bare feet, with a bare foot, (walk) slightly barefoot”, that came from the adjective przybosy. The surname did not stem from either compound names such as Przybysław, Przybywój or from the verb przybyć, contrary to what has been stated in the historical and etymological dictionary Nazwiska Polaków by Kazimierz Rymut.
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Auer, Peter, and Vanessa Siegel. "Grammatical Gender in the German Multiethnolect." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 33, no. 1 (2021): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542720000082.
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While major restructurings and simplifications have been reported for gender systems of other Germanic languages in multiethnolectal speech, this article demonstrates that the three-way gender distinction of German is relatively stable among young speakers from an immigrant background. We investigate gender in a German multiethnolect based on a corpus of approximately 17 hours of spontaneous speech produced by 28 young speakers in Stuttgart (mainly from Turkish and Balkan background). German is not their second language, but (one of) their first language(s), which they have fully acquired from childhood. We show that the gender system does not show signs of reduction in the direction of a two-gender system, nor of wholesale loss. We also argue that the position of gender in the grammar is weakened by independent innovations, such as the frequent use of bare nouns in grammatical contexts where German requires a determiner. Another phenomenon that weakens the position of gender is the simplification of adjective-noun agreement and the emergence of a generalized gender-neutral suffix for prenominal adjectives (that is, schwa). The disappearance of gender and case marking in the adjective means that the grammatical category of gender is lost in Adj + N phrases (without a determiner).
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Wilhelm, Csilla-Anna. "Between Simplification and Complexification. German, Hungarian, Romanian Noun and Adjective Morphologies in Contact." Journal of Language Contact 10, no. 1 (2017): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01001004.
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This paper explores patterns in the integration of Hungarian and Romanian nouns as well as adjectives in the German dialect of the speech community of Palota, a German Sprachinsel in North-West-Romania. The main focus of the study is on both inflectional and derivational noun and adjective morphologies and on how they behave in the case of some more or less distantly related contact languages. Based on a select number of examples from first hand data and following standard code-mixing models such as that of Muysken (2000) and Myers-Scotton’s (1993, 2002) mlf model, it establishes a typology of code-mixing morphology ranging from more matrix language-like, i.e. German-like to more embedded language-like, i.e. Hungarian- and Romanian-like patterns and bare forms, suggesting an ongoing shifting process in the local German dialect of Palota towards a fused lect (Auer 1998). In terms of linguistic complexity, the present paper argues that this language shift process favour simplification of morphology in some domains, but also complexification in some other domains, supporting the idea that languages in long-term intensive contact settings become linguistically more complex (Trudgill, 2010, 2011; Fenyvesi, 2005; de Groot, 2005, 2008).
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Bordag, Denisa, and Thomas Pechmann. "Grammatical gender in translation." Second Language Research 24, no. 2 (2008): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658307086299.
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In three experiments native speakers of Czech translated bare nouns and gender-marked adjective + noun phrases into German, their second language (L2). In Experiments 1-3 we explored the so-called gender interference effect from first language (L1) as observed in previous picture naming studies (naming latencies were longer when the L1 noun and its L2 translation had different genders than when their genders were congruent). In Experiments 2 and 3 we investigated the influence of gender transparency in L2 (longer latencies when an L2 noun has a gender-atypical or gender-ambiguous termination than when its termination is gender-typical). Although both effects were observed in L2 picture naming, only the gender transparency effect could be demonstrated in L1 to L2 translation tasks. The resulting constraints on L2 gender processing during translation are discussed in the framework of bilingual speech production models.
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Said, Nadya Khairy Muhamed. "A Morpho-Syntactic Study of Contemporary Science Fiction Short Stories." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 3 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n3p117.
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The aim of the present study is to research two morphological processes: acronym and compounding (phrasal compounds/circumlocution) and one syntactic category which are &lsquo;existential sentences&rsquo; in science fiction short stories. The present paper identifies different types and rates of existential sentences. In this respect, &lsquo;bare existential and locative&rsquo; read the high percentages and may be contrasted with other classifications of English existential sentences which have a verb other than &lsquo;be&rsquo; and a definite expression. &lsquo;Phrasal compounds&rsquo; vary in rates as they constitute notable percentage for those that involve &lsquo;lexical means and lexical relations&rsquo; followed by &lsquo;prepositional compounds&rsquo;, &lsquo;conjunctional compounds&rsquo;, and those involve &lsquo;a noun, pronoun, and an adjective&rsquo;. Furthermore, &lsquo;phrasal compounds&rsquo; containing a verb&rsquo; having the value of zero. Analysis of data has acknowledged that &lsquo;atomic&rsquo; acronym constitutes the high percentage than &lsquo;molecular&rsquo; and this explains the abundance of the unpronounceable acronym in science fiction. Generally, existential sentences, existential sentences may give the entire clause a fresh status.
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Saillard, Claire. "Adjectival modification in Truku Seediq." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 20, no. 4 (2019): 602–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00050.sai.
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Abstract This paper investigates the position of adjectives in noun phrases in Truku Seediq, proposing that the two documented positions correspond to different semantics as well as a difference in syntax. While post-nominal adjectives, corresponding to basic word-order in Truku Seediq, may be either restrictive or descriptive, pre-nominal adjectives, seen as an innovation, are semantically restrictive. This paper also argues for a difference in syntactic structure for both kinds of adjectives, restrictive adjectives heading their own projection while descriptive adjectives are bare adjectives standing in a closer relationship to the modified noun. This paper further identifies a syntactic constraint for pre-nominal adjectival placement that applies regardless of restrictivity of the modifier, namely the presence of a possessive clitic to the right of the modified noun. Data collection is achieved through both a traditional elicitation method and an experimental task-based method. Data are further digitalized in order to ensure systematic searchability. The data thus collected are apt to support semantic analysis as well as an investigation of age-group-related variation. It is claimed that language contact with Mandarin Chinese may be one of the triggering factors for the development of a pre-nominal position for modifying adjectives in Truku Seediq.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bare adjective"
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Wang, Qian. "Focus Placement and Interpretations of Bare Gradable Adjective Predicates in Mandarin Chinese." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437091124.
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Graça, Evódia Gomes da. "Terminologia do direito processual civil em Cabo Verde." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5705.
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O presente trabalho tem como objectivo prioritário propor, a criação de uma base de dados
terminológica e textual trilingue – Português – Inglês – Francês no domínio do direito
processual civil em Cabo Verde. No entanto, tencionamos no futuro introduzir o
caboverdiano como uma quarta língua na base de dados. Assim, os termos e as colocações
terminológicas que iremos armazenar estarão na base da preparação dos recursos
linguísticos e terminológicos para o ensino do português jurídico nas universidades e
institutos superiores do arquipélago, além de ser uma ferramenta indispensável para os
juristas, advogados, magistrados, tradutores, entre outros. Focalizámos a nossa análise nas
colocações terminológicas nominais que na sua estrutura contemplem pelo menos um
adjectivo: apreciação do Supremo Tribunal de Justiça, ampliação da competência
territorial, intervenção do tribunal colectivo, etc<br>O presente trabalho tem como objectivo prioritário propor, a criação de uma base de dados
terminológica e textual trilingue – Português – Inglês – Francês no domínio do direito
processual civil em Cabo Verde. No entanto, tencionamos no futuro introduzir o
caboverdiano como uma quarta língua na base de dados. Assim, os termos e as colocações
terminológicas que iremos armazenar estarão na base da preparação dos recursos
linguísticos e terminológicos para o ensino do português jurídico nas universidades e
institutos superiores do arquipélago, além de ser uma ferramenta indispensável para os
juristas, advogados, magistrados, tradutores, entre outros. Focalizámos a nossa análise nas
colocações terminológicas nominais que na sua estrutura contemplem pelo menos um
adjectivo: apreciação do Supremo Tribunal de Justiça, ampliação da competência
territorial, intervenção do tribunal colectivo, etc.
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Dudáková, Petra. "Atributivní užití adjektiv available a responsible." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-406258.
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The objective of the thesis is to describe and compare the modifying uses of two adjectives which can appear both as premodifiers as well as bare postmodifiers, namely available and responsible. Both modifying positions are examined with respect to the textual environment, the complexity of noun phrases and adjective phrases in which the adjectives function, reference and other features in order to outline the patterns in which these two adjectives appear. The data for the analytical part have been extracted from the British National Corpus using the basic query and limiting the search to the written part of the corpus. After manual assessment of the initial samples of 500 concordance lines, 154 concordance lines containing the adjective available and 147 containing the adjective responsible proved to be suitable for the analysis. The final samples of the data are further categorized and analysed concerning the complexity of the noun phrase, premodification, postmodification and complementation of the adjectives, semantic preference of the head nouns, and the motivation for the pre- or postnominal placement of the modifiers. Key words: adjective, adjective phrase, premodification, postmodification, complementation, attributive function, predicative function, postpositive function, bare adjective,...
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Dolgikh, Ekaterina. "Konfrontační výzkum kategorií barev v ruském a českém jazyce. Kognitivně-kulturní přístup." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-328684.
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E. G. Dolgikh Comparative study of color categories in Russian and Czech. Cognitive and Cultural Approach Summary The purpose of the study was to describe the contents of the selected categories of colors («Синий цвет», «Голубой цвет», «Коричневый цвет», «Серый цвет», «Розовый цвет», «Оранжевый цвет», «Фиолетовый цвет», «Modrá barva», «Hnědá barva», «Šedá barva», «Růžová barva», «Oranžová barva», «Fialová barva») using the example of their basic terms (синий, голубой, коричневый, серый, розовый, оранжевый, фиолетовый, modrý, hnědý, šedý, růžový, oranžový, fialový) in Russian and Czech, as well as to reveal the specifics of color vision of the world of Czech and Russian speakers by comparing the obtained data. In this study we chose to use the cognitive and cultural approach to the language where, for example, the lexical meaning of the word is viewed as a holistic image, a realized physical and sensual experience. The nature of the study has cultural linguistic tone, because, first of all, it examines the facts of the language and helps in making linguistic conclusions, and, secondly, - the results of the study allow us to make some conclusions about the social and cultural characteristics of Russians and Czechs. The study is based on analysis of contexts where selected color terms are used in the artistic...
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Carrière, Isabelle. "Adjectifs dérivés de noms : analyse en corpus médical et élaboration d'un modèle d'encodage terminologique." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17666.
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Strnadová, Jana. "Přídavná jména v rámci lexika: Ke gramatice denominativních adjektiv ve francouzštině." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332519.
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in English This dissertation studies su xal derivation of adjectives from nouns in French. It is based on a lexicon of about 15, 000 adjectives, 40% of which may be considered deno- minal. I rst present the data under investigation. I describe the Dénom database, which was derived from large scale lexica. In order to assess the position of denominal adjectives in the more general adjectival system, I present a classi cation of French adjectives on the basis of their morphological properties. In the process, I spot cases where the fringes of the class of denominals are unclear, and question the distributional and semantic co- hesion of the class. I nally review di erent types of formal or semantic mismatches between the adjective and its base noun. In a second step, I present a study of the formal and semantic properties of a subset of denominal adjectives where the morphological relation between base and derivative is regular. This subset is selected on the basis of the type frequency of formal patterns of alternation between base and derivative. I describe the phonological and morpholo- gical properties of base nouns, with the aim of uncovering factors that play a role in the formation of adjectives. This leads to the observation of morphological niches, that is, cases where the presence of a...
Books on the topic "Bare adjective"
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Snyder, William. Compound Word Formation. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.6.
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Compound word formation is examined from the twin perspectives of comparative grammar and child language acquisition. Points of cross-linguistic variation addressed include the availability of bare-stem endocentric compounding as a “creative” process, head modifier order, the distribution of linking elements in Swedish and German compounds, the possibility of recursion, and the availability of synthetic compounding of the -ER (English dish washer) and bare-stem (French lave-vaisselle) types. Proposals discussed at length include Beard’s Generalization (which links head modifier order in compounds to the position of attributive adjectives), Snyder’s Compounding Parameter (linking syntactic availability of verb-particle constructions and adjectival resultatives to availability of creative endocentric compounding), and Gordon’s acquisitional studies of Kiparsky’s Generalization (concerning restrictions on regular plural-marking within compounds).
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Glanville, Peter John. Reflexive marking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 examines the semantics of Arabic reflexive verbs formed in pattern VII, which produces anticausative verbs, and pattern VIII, associated with the middle voice. It argues that these patterns result from the conversion of full reflexive pronouns into reflexive affixes, and considers the difference between them in the framework of an agency continuum. It then offers an analysis of reflexive verbs that do not participate in a verb alternation. The chapter argues that once a reflexive verb pattern comes about due to affixation, it becomes a morpheme paired with a reflexive semantic structure, and is then no longer restricted to producing verbs that alternate with an unmarked base verb. The chapter shows that verbs marked with this morpheme may be derived from a variety of base nouns and adjectives, or may not be derived at all, but simply marked because they construe a reflexive action.
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Stein, Gabriele. John Palsgrave’s description of French word-formation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807377.003.0007.
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The comprehensive nature of John Palsgrave’s endeavour to analyse and describe the French language in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530) also encompasses the formation of words. Whereas Chapter 6 focused on his pioneering achievement as a grammarian and lexicographer, this chapter describes his most impressive work as a sixteenth-century lexicologist analysing the word-structures of a vernacular. The coining of words is embedded in a word class-based grammatical framework. For each word class, e.g. nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc., he discusses the formative processes (derivation and composition), specifies the formal patterns (with their changes to the base), paraphrases the meaning of each formation, and then provides a good number of examples. Exceptions are also pointed out.
Book chapters on the topic "Bare adjective"
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Adjectives." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0008.
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Most adjectives can be used attributively and predicatively. After a short introduction on these functions, it is investigated which other parts of speech can occupy the syntactic position of an attributively used adjective. The results of this lead to further explorations concerning the structure of the noun phrase. Not only bare adjectives are discussed, but also the degrees of comparison and other means of modifying the property expressed by an adjective. A particular adjectival construction is formed by adding –ki(n) to a noun case-marked for locative. In the final sections it is explained that not all adjectives are equal in Turkish; some adjectives can be used independently, that is, as a noun, but others cannot. Another type of adjective must take a complement, for it doesn't make sense without.
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Duffley, Patrick. "Sign-based semantics: meaning as linguistically-signified cognitive content." In Linguistic Meaning Meets Linguistic Form. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850700.003.0003.
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This chapter demonstrates the explanatory power of an approach that grounds the analysis of natural-language meaning on the linguistic sign itself. Cases covered include the multifarious uses of the preposition for, verbal complementation with aspectual and causative verbs, the phenomena of control and raising in adjective + to-infinitive constructions, the use of wh- words with the bare and to-infinitives, the modal and non-modal uses of the verbs dare and need, and a meaning-based account of full-verb inversion and existential-there constructions.
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Brinch, Sara. "What we talk about when we talk about beautiful data visualizations." In Data Visualization in Society. Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722902_ch16.
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‘Beautiful’ is an adjective often used in descriptions of well-designed data visualizations. How the concept is used, however, reveals that it is applied to characterize a variety of qualities. Going beyond mere descriptions, the use of the concept also lays bare a certain ambivalence among scholars and practitioners towards how beauty matters, and which means it serves in data visualization. Interrogating ‘beautiful’ as a characterizing word, combined with a study of cases of ‘best practice’ used as examples of beautiful visualizations in various discourses, this chapter presents an analysis of what is regarded as beautiful within the field of data visualization design. This, in turn, can inform the understanding of what beauty means in visualizing data, in the purpose of facilitating the viewer’s comprehension and engagement.
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Wolfsdorf, David Conan. "Adjectival Nominalization." In On Goodness. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688509.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 focuses on the semantics and metaphysical implications of the semantics of the adjectival nominalization “goodness.” Adjectival nominalizations of the form “F-ness” are almost always mass nouns. The mass noun “goodness” derives gradability of a kind from the gradable adjective that it incorporates. So “goodness” is a gradable adjectival nominalization. Mass nouns are distinguished from count nouns on the basis of two semantic properties, called “semantic cumulativity” and “semantic divisibility.” The denotations of mass nouns are then interpreted in terms of the mereological structure of a join semi-lattice. The denotation of gradable mass nouns incorporate scalar as well as mereological structure. In the case of “goodness,” the elements at the base of the lattice structure are instances of goodness. An instance of goodness is a so-called qua quantitative trope, precisely one degree of purpose serving qua exceeding a second degree of purpose serving, where the latter is a standard of comparison.
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Wellwood, Alexis. "Measuring occasions." In The Meaning of More. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804659.003.0006.
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While much of the tradition in degree semantics has focused on the distribution and interpretation of comparatives targeting adjectives, this chapter discusses a class of adjectival comparatives that appears to have gone unnoticed. That is, traditional accounts focus on the interpretation of phrases like “more patient”, while the present chapter considers how such phrases differ from minimally different targets like “patient more”. Probing the meaning of the latter sort of case, this chapter suggests an analysis in which they are interpreted rather like plural verbal comparatives—i.e., as comparisons between numbers of events. This proposal includes a novel approach to the distinction between stage-level and individual-level adjectival predications, such that the former allows for its (base) stative property to be mapped to a plurality of discrete (i.e., maximal and non-overlapping) occasions during which the relevant state(s) hold.
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Faarlund, Jan Terje. "The verb phrase." In The Syntax of Mainland Scandinavian. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817918.003.0005.
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The verb phrase is headed by a verb, which may be an auxiliary verb with a grammatical function, a copula, or a lexical verb. Lexical verbs are avalent, transitive, intransitive, ergative, or unaccusative. The verb may have from zero to three arguments, and in addition various adjuncts. The verb always precedes its complements in base structure (VO), and complements may belong to any phrasal category. A crucial concept is that of the small clause (SC), consisting of a predicate word (non-finite verb, adjective, preposition) with possible complements, and a DP functioning as a SC subject. With intransitive and possibly with unaccusative verbs, the SC subject is the surface subject; with transitive verbs it is the object. The verbal particle is a special type of intransitive preposition. The indirect object is generated as the specifier of a lower VP. Free adjuncts, whether predicate or adverbial, are right-adjoined to VP.
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Patterson, Rebecca Lynne, D. Cooper Patterson, and Anna-Marie Robertson. "Seeing Numbers Differently." In Emerging Tools and Applications of Virtual Reality in Education. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9837-6.ch009.
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Numbers are the most powerful adjective in the human language, being that they are descriptive and quantifiable. Humans can harness that power with our eyes and our innate ability to see shape patterns. Virtual worlds afford us this opportunity without the physical world hindrances of materials, space, time, or gravity. Explore how language, decimal-centricity, and symbols with their processes have clouded the view of numbers, their shapes, and the discovery of metapatterns: visually recognizable algebraic expressions and equations. The experiences shared in the case study within reveal the need of a working virtual world environment for educational training, prototyping, and studio image capturing. Common Core Standards for Mathematics aspire to bring the student into the understanding of the “why”. In the virtual reality of Second Life, the metaphor of seeing the forest before the trees is realized with our example and number patterns: from the earliest subitizing, to multi-digit, multi-base number recognition, to metapatterns, to deriving polynomial equations through differences.
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Wright, Laura. "On Non-integrated Vocabulary in the Mixed-language Accounts of St Paul’s Cathedral, 1315–1405." In Latin in Medieval Britain. British Academy, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266083.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Accounts of institutions and private individuals between the Norman Conquest and about 1500 were routinely written in a non-random mixture of Medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman, and Middle English. If the base language was Medieval Latin, then only nouns, stems of verbs, and certain semantic fields such as weights and measures could appear in English or French, with all the grammatical material in Latin and English and Anglo-Norman nouns, verbs, and adjectives Latinised by adding a suffix, or an abbreviation sign representing a suffix. If the base language was Anglo-Norman, then only the same restricted semantic fields and nouns and stems of verbs could appear in English. This situation changed over time, but was essentially stable for almost five hundred years. The chapter asks why, if English words could easily be assimilated into a Latin or French matrix by means of suffixes or abbreviations representing suffixes, were all English words not assimilated? Why did letter graphies such as <wr->, <-ck>, <-ght> persist in mixed-language business writing? One effect is to make the text-type of business writing very unlike any other genre—half a glance is all it takes to recognise a mixed-language business document and that may have been an advantage.
Conference papers on the topic "Bare adjective"
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Ih, Jeong-Guon, Su-Won Jang, Cheol-Ho Jeong, Youn-Young Jeung, and Kye-Sup Jun. "A Study on the Sound Quality Evaluation Model of the Air Cleaner." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41115.
Full textAbstract:
In operating the air cleaner for a long time, people in a quiet enclosed space expect calm sound at low operational levels for a routine cleaning of air; in contrast, a powerful, yet not-annoying, sound is expected at high operational levels for an immediate cleaning of pollutants. In this context, it is important to evaluate and design the air cleaner noise to satisfy such contradictory expectation from the customers. In this study, a model for evaluating the air cleaner sound quality was developed based on the objective and subjective analyses. Sound signals from various air cleaners were recorded and they were edited by increasing or decreasing the loudness at three wide specific-loudness bands: 20–400 Hz (0–3.8 Bark), 400–1250 Hz (3.8–10 Bark), 1.25k–12.5k Hz bands (10–22.8 Bark). Subjective tests using the edited sounds were conducted by the semantic differential method (SDM) and the method of successive intervals (MSI). SDM test for 7 adjective pairs was conducted to find the relation between subjective feeling and frequency bands. Two major feelings, performance and annoyance, were factored out from the principal component analysis. We found that the performance feeling was related to both low and high frequency bands; whereas the annoyance feeling was related to high frequency bands. MSI test using the 7 scales was conducted to derive the sound quality index to express the severity of each perceptive descriptor. Annoyance and performance indices of air cleaners were modeled from the subjective responses of the juries and the measured sound quality metrics: loudness, sharpness, roughness, and fluctuation strength. Multiple regression method was employed to generate sound quality evaluation models. Using the developed indices, sound quality of the measured data were evaluated and compared with the subjective data. The difference between predicted and tested scores was less than 0.5 point.