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1

Odoulov, S., and O. Oleinik. "Photorefractive barium sodium niobate." Ferroelectrics 92, no. 1 (1989): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150198908211330.

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2

Scott, J. F., A. Shawabkeh, W. F. Oliver, A. C. Larson, and P. J. Vergamini. "Studies of incommensurate barium sodium niobate." Ferroelectrics 104, no. 1 (1990): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199008223814.

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3

Manolikas, C., G. Van Tendeloo, and S. Amelinckx. "Incommensurate phases in lead potassium niobate and lead sodium niobate, homologues of barium sodium niobate." Solid State Communications 58, no. 12 (1986): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(86)90244-9.

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4

TSUKIOKA, MASAYUKI, SHINICHIRO KUROIWA, YASUO TANOKURA, MICHIKO KOBAYASHI, MASAZI SHIMAZU, and SADAO TSUTSUMI. "GROWTH OF UNCRACKED BARIUM-SODIUM NIOBATE CRYSTALS." Modern Physics Letters B 04, no. 16 (1990): 1017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984990001288.

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It is known that cracking occurs in Barium-Sodium Niobate, Ba 4 Na 2 Nb 10O30 (BNN), during Czochralski (cz) growth. This is due mainly to lattice distortions associated with the ferroelectric phase transition. We have studied the cz crystal growth condition for BNN without cracking, and found that high quality single crystals of BNN without cracking can be grown by using Gd-doped starting melt, i.e., Ba 4 Na 2 Nb 10O30-Ba3NaGdNb10O30 solid solution. In order to confirm the effect of Gd doping on the crystalline quality, Gd concentrations were measured by ICP for both the cz single crystal sam
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5

Toledano, J. C., J. Schneck, G. Errandonea, J. Sapriel, and J. Burgeat. "Lefkowitz precursor investigations of barium sodium niobate." Ferroelectrics 73, no. 1 (1987): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150198708227920.

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6

Odulov, S. G., and O. I. Oleĭnik. "Wavefront reversal in barium sodium niobate crystals." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 17, no. 4 (1987): 562–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1987v017n04abeh008718.

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7

Beena, P. "A Review on Lead free piezoelectric perovskites and their composites." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH 3, no. 4 (2018): 336–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13341261.

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This study is on  brief description of polymer-perovskite ceramic composites and reviews of lead-free composites with special focus on sodium potassium niobate, barium titanate and sodium niobate material systems. Composites are a better choice for various applications like energy storage devices, sensors etc,. rather than  pure polymers. Modification of composites can improve the electrical properties of the composites. The aim of  studying about composites is to link scientific studies and technical applications of polymer composites.
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8

Filipic, C., Z. Kutnjak, R. Lortz, A. Torres-Pardo, M. Dawber, and J. F. Scott. "Low-temperature phase transitions in barium sodium niobate." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, no. 23 (2007): 236206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/23/236206.

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9

Ivanova, S. V. "Optical instability in incommensurate barium sodium niobate crystal." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 52, a1 (1996): C431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767396082281.

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10

Oliver, William F., and James F. Scott. "Low temperature properties of incommensurate barium sodium niobate." Ferroelectrics 117, no. 1 (1991): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199108222404.

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11

Lin, P. J., and L. A. Bursill. "Superlattice structure of ferroelectric barium sodium niobate (BNN)." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 43, no. 6 (1987): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768187097416.

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12

Zhang, L., P. J. Chandler, and P. D. Townsend. "Ion‐implanted planar waveguides in barium sodium niobate." Applied Physics Letters 53, no. 7 (1988): 544–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.100629.

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13

Zhu, Shining, Niaben Ming, and Qingping Dai. "Incommensurate phase in barium sodium niobate: Thermal-analysis study." Physical Review B 47, no. 22 (1993): 15280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.47.15280.

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14

SAMBASIVA RAO, K., N. VALLISNATH, T. N. V. K. V. PRASAD, K. CH. VARADA RAJULU, B. TILAK, and JOON HYUNG LEE. "LEAD BARIUM POTASSIUM SODIUM NIOBATE CERAMICS FOR PIEZOELECTRIC APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 12 (2008): 1961–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208039125.

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This paper reports a systematic study of tungsten bronze morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) system Pb 2-2X-3Y/2 Ba 2x RE y K 1-x Na x Nb 5 O 15, where, x = 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, RE = Pr and Bi and y = 0.05 and their structure, microstructure, hysteresis, dielectric, piezoelectric, and Pyroelectric properties. Enhanced piezoelectric constants kp, kt, k31, d31, d33, g31, g33, [Formula: see text] as 30.8%, 47.6%, 18.9%, 57 × 10-12 C/N , 159 × 10-12 C/N , 6.89 × 10-3 mV/N , 19.23 × 10-3 mV/N , and 13.88 × 10-12 m 2/ N respectively are observed in the composition for which y = 0, and x = 0.30, which is
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15

Mori, S., Y. Koyama, and Y. Uesu. "Features of the incommensurate structure in Barium-Sodium-Niobate." Ferroelectrics 155, no. 1 (1994): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199408007522.

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16

Baryshev, S. A., I. F. Goncharova, P. G. Konvisar, and V. A. Kuznetsov. "Thermally induced optical damage to barium–sodium niobate crystals." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 20, no. 6 (1990): 672–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1990v020n06abeh006678.

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17

Gao Cheng-Yong, Xia Hai-Rui, Xu Jian-Qiang, et al. "Photorefractive properties of Ca2+doped sodium barium niobate crystals." Acta Physica Sinica 56, no. 8 (2007): 4648. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.56.4648.

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18

Schneck, J., J. C. Toledano, G. Errandonea, et al. "Coexistence of two phases in incommensurate barium sodium niobate." Phase Transitions 9, no. 4 (1987): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411598708241813.

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19

Zhang, M. S., Z. Yin, P. Zhang, and J. M. Liu. "Studies of optical waveguide barium sodium niobate thin films." Microelectronic Engineering 29, no. 1-4 (1995): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(95)00169-7.

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20

Abraham, Rosalin, K. T. Varughese, Jayakumari Isac, and Sabu Thomas. "Wetting Properties of Barium Sodium Niobate Filled Polystyrene Nanocomposite." Macromolecular Symposia 315, no. 1 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201250501.

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21

SARKAR, S. K. "CALCULATED DIELECTRIC PARAMETERS OF BARIUM TITANATE-SODIUM NIOBATE COMPOSITES AS FUNCTION OF COMPOSITION AND FREQUENCY." Modern Physics Letters B 03, no. 11 (1989): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984989001321.

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Some dielectric parameters e.g. dielectric constant, resistivity, dielectric strength, loss tangent, coercive field and saturation polarization of barium titanate-sodium niobate composites have been calculated as a function of composition and frequency. assuming a very simplified model and a 3–0 connectivity pattern. Most of the parameters have been found to vary linearly with composition at a given frequency.
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22

Xia, H. R., L. J. Hu, C. J. Wang, et al. "Energy state of Nd3+ doped in barium sodium niobate crystals." Journal of Applied Physics 83, no. 5 (1998): 2560–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367016.

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23

Choo, W. K., H. J. Kim, and J. Y. Lee. "Electron microscopy study of incommensurate modulation in barium sodium niobate." Ferroelectrics 107, no. 1 (1990): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199008221538.

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24

Barre, S., H. Mutka, and C. Roucau. "Incommensurate phases in barium sodium niobate: Transmission-electron-microscopy study." Physical Review B 38, no. 13 (1988): 9113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.38.9113.

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25

Martin, S., and W. Martienssen. "Spatio-temporal electrical instabilities in barium-sodium-niobate single crystals." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 23, no. 1-3 (1986): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(86)90128-4.

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26

Mori, S., N. Yamamoto, Y. Koyama, and Y. Uesu. "Memory effect in an incommensurate phase of barium sodium niobate." Ferroelectrics 169, no. 1 (1995): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199508217320.

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27

Jiang, S. S., M. Surowiec, and B. K. Tanner. "Ferroelastic domain structures and phase transitions in barium sodium niobate." Journal of Applied Crystallography 21, no. 2 (1988): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889887010471.

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28

Zel'dovich, Boris Ya, N. D. Kundikova, and I. I. Naumova. "Nondegenerate two-wave interaction in a barium sodium niobate crystal." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 22, no. 8 (1992): 725–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1992v022n08abeh003583.

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29

Pan, Xiacqing, and Duan Feng. "Direct observation of nucleation of discommensurations in barium sodium niobate." Physica Status Solidi (a) 106, no. 2 (1988): K117—K121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211060241.

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30

Kojima, S. "Broadband Brillouin scattering study of ferroelectric instability of barium sodium niobate." Condensed Matter Physics 25, no. 4 (2022): 43702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5488/cmp.25.43702.

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The barium sodium niobate (BNN) with tungsten-bronze structure is one of well-known optical crystals for electro-optic and nonlinear optic applications. This paper reviews the ferroelectric instability of BNN crystals. BNN is a uniaxial ferroelectric with a spontaneous polarization along the tetragonal c-axis. There is no report on the observation of an optical soft mode responsible for a ferroelectric phase transition. In the vicinity of the Curie temperature, TC = 560°C, an intense central peak (CP) related to the polarization fluctuations along the c-axis was observed by the broadband Brill
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31

Whittle, Thomas A., Christopher J. Howard, and Siegbert Schmid. "Structures and phase transitions in barium sodium niobate tungsten bronze (BNN)." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 77, no. 6 (2021): 981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520621010301.

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The room-temperature structure of the filled tetragonal tungsten bronze, Ba2NaNb5O15 (BNN), has been the subject of a number of studies, and these studies have given an almost corresponding number of different results. From a group theoretical examination of the different possibilities and a review of the published experimental results we conclude that the room-temperature structure is that proposed by Labbé et al. [J. Phys. Condens. Matter (1989), 2, 25–43] in the space group Bbm2 (Ama2 in standard setting) on a 2\sqrt{2}a × \sqrt{2}a × 2c cell. Upon heating, the structure remains ferroelectr
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32

Tolédano, J. C., G. Errandonéa, J. Schneck, et al. "Optical Birefringence Investigation of the Memory Effect in Barium Sodium Niobate." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 24, S2 (1985): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.24s2.290.

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33

Xu, Hui‐ping, Guo‐zhong Jiang, Lun Mao, et al. "High‐frequency resonance in acoustic superlattice of barium sodium niobate crystals." Journal of Applied Physics 71, no. 5 (1992): 2480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351062.

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34

Oliver, W. F., J. F. Scott, R. Nowak, and E. R. Bernstein. "Low temperature elastic and dielectric properties of incommensurate barium sodium niobate." Ferroelectrics 112, no. 1 (1990): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199008012782.

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35

Subba Rao, P. S. V., and K. Sambasiva Rao. "Structural and electrical properties of Dy-doped barium sodium niobate ceramics." Ferroelectrics 102, no. 1 (1990): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199008221477.

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36

Norcross, James A., David C. Ailion, R. Blinc, J. Dolinsek, T. Apih, and J. Slak. "Nb93NMR in the incommensurate and quasicommensurate phases of barium sodium niobate." Physical Review B 50, no. 6 (1994): 3625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.3625.

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37

Aamlid, Solveig Stubmo, Sverre Magnus Selbach, and Tor Grande. "Structural Evolution of Ferroelectric and Ferroelastic Barium Sodium Niobate Tungsten Bronze." Inorganic Chemistry 59, no. 12 (2020): 8514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00958.

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38

Jiang, Q. Z., D. L. Sun, and H. C. Chen. "Copper ion point defects in potassium sodium strontium barium niobate crystals." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 49, s1 (1993): c368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767378089680.

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39

Gaoke, Zhang, and Qin Linqing. "Study on Cu valence state in Cu-doped barium sodium niobate." Materials Chemistry and Physics 74, no. 3 (2002): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-0584(01)00489-8.

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40

Xia, H. R., C. J. Wang, H. C. Chen, and X. L. Lu. "Photorefractive properties of manganese-modified potassium sodium strontium barium niobate crystals." Physical Review B 55, no. 3 (1997): 1292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.55.1292.

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41

Dolinšek, J., R. Blinc, and J. Schneck. "NMR evidence for Na+ ion diffusion in incommensurate barium sodium niobate." Solid State Communications 70, no. 11 (1989): 1077–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(89)90195-6.

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42

Xia, H. R., J. H. Zou, H. C. Chen, and D. L. Sun. "Photorefractive Properties of Co-Doped Potassium Sodium Strontium Barium Niobate Crystals." Crystal Research and Technology 34, no. 3 (1999): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4079(199903)34:3<403::aid-crat403>3.0.co;2-9.

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43

Xia, H. R., L. X. Li, H. Yu, X. L. Meng, L. Zhu, and L. J. Hu. "Raman and Infrared Spectra of Nd-Doped Barium Sodium Niobate Crystals." Crystal Research and Technology 34, no. 7 (1999): 901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4079(199908)34:7<901::aid-crat901>3.0.co;2-f.

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44

Taghaddos, Elaheh, Mehdi Hejazi, and Ahmad Safari. "Lead-free piezoelectric materials and ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 05, no. 02 (2015): 1530002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x15300029.

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Piezoelectric materials have been vastly used in ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging. In this paper, firstly, the most promising lead-free compositions with perovskite structure for medical imaging applications have been reviewed. The electromechanical properties of various lead-free ceramics, composites, and single crystals based on barium titanate, bismuth sodium titanate, potassium sodium niobate, and lithium niobate are presented. Then, fundamental principles and design considerations of ultrasonic transducers are briefly described. Finally, recent developments in lead-free ultrason
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45

Chandra Sekhar, B., B. Dhanalakshmi, B. Srinivasa Rao, S. Ramesh, P. S. V. Subba Rao, and B. Parvatheeswara Rao. "Structural and electrical properties of Nd3+ doped ferroelectric barium sodium niobate ceramics." Ferroelectrics 572, no. 1 (2021): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2020.1869514.

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46

Malyshkina, O. V., Gr S. Shishkov, A. I. Ivanova, Y. A. Malyshkin, and Iu A. Alekhina. "Composite Magnetoelectrics Based on Ceramics of Sodium Potassium Niobate and Barium Ferrite." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 84, no. 11 (2020): 1422–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873820110167.

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47

Martin, S., and W. Martienssen. "Small-signal amplification in the electrical conductivity of barium sodium niobate crystals." Physical Review A 34, no. 5 (1986): 4523–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.34.4523.

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48

Zhang, Liangmin, Wanlin Zhang, Xiaojun Chen, et al. "Double phase conjugation in copper-doped potassium sodium strontium barium niobate crystals." Applied Optics 36, no. 18 (1997): 4105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.36.004105.

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49

Subba Rao, P. S. V., K. Sambasiva Rao, and A. Bhanumathi. "Anomalous electrical behaviour of barium sodium niobate ceramics doped with trivalent lanthanum." Journal of Materials Science Letters 6, no. 7 (1987): 809–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01729020.

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50

Mak, C. L., B. Lai, K. H. Wong, C. L. Choy, D. Mo, and Y. L. Zhang. "Spectroellipsometric study of sol–gel derived potassium sodium strontium barium niobate films." Journal of Applied Physics 89, no. 8 (2001): 4491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1355283.

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