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1
Dodig, Dejan, Vesna Kandić, Miroslav Zorić, Emilija Nikolić-Đorić, Ana Nikolić, Beba Mutavdžić, Dragan Perović, and Gordana Šurlan-Momirović. "Comparative kernel growth and yield components of two- and six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare) under terminal drought simulated by defoliation." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 12 (2018): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18336.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is often grown in sites with low rainfall and high temperature during grain filling. Because spike architecture is one of basic footprints of barley domestication, the importance of spikes in adaptation to different environments or abiotic stresses can be hypothesised. In order to compare different barley spike types in terms of kernel growth and yield components, we tested 15 two-row and 10 six-row winter genotypes in eight environments where terminal drought was simulated by defoliation at 7 days after heading (7 DAH). Control plants were grown intact. On average, two-row genotypes outyielded six-row genotypes by 17% under control conditions and 33% under simulated late drought. Observations of kernel dry weights from 7 DAH through to harvest maturity at 5-day intervals were regressed onto a measure of thermal time. After preliminary evaluation of four nonlinear (S-shaped) models for kernel dry-weight accumulation, the ordinary logistic model was deemed the most appropriate in most cases and was finally applied to all plant-growth curves. Four parameters were estimated from the logistic model. Whereas two earliness estimators (inflection point and thermal time needed to reach maximum kernel weight) were similar for the two barley types, maximum kernel weight (Ymax) and mean rate of kernel growth (RG) were higher (P<0.05) in two-row than in six-row barleys. Differences in Ymax and RG among six-row barley genotypes were greater between control and defoliation treatments than between years, whereas among two-row barley genotypes, differences between years were greater, suggesting better stability of six-row types and better drought tolerance of two-row types in the tested barley set.
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ЗАХАРОВА, О. А., Е. И. МАШКОВА, К. Н. ЕВСЕНКИН, Д. Е. КУЧЕР, and Ф. А. МУСАЕВ. "DIGITALIZATION OF BARLEY GROWTH MANAGEMENT." VESTNIK RIAZANSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO AGROTEHNOLOGICHESKOGO UNIVERSITETA IM P A KOSTYCHEVA, no. 2(50) (June 30, 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36508/rsatu.2021.50.2.003.
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Проблема и цель. В настоящее время все больше внедряются в сельскохозяйственное производство информационные технологии, позволяющие в режиме он-лайн воспользоваться необходимой информацией по конкретной теме, прогнозировать процессы и снизить риски последствий предлагаемых мероприятий. В стране уже действует ведомственный проект «Цифровое сельское хозяйство», информационно-коммуникационная платформа «Цифровая мелиорация» и др. Авторами предложен алгоритм управления ростовыми процессами ячменя, возделываемого на торфяных почвах длительного осушения при внесении нового удобрительного мелиоранта на основе козьего навоза. Методология. Исследования включали лизиметрический трехлетний опыт по изучению эффективности нового удобрительного мелиоранта в п. Полково Рязанского района Рязанской области и установлении оптимального варианта. В работе применялись цифровые технологии в виде платформенных решений, доступные его резидентам в интернет-пространстве, Единая федеральная информационная система, содержащая информацию о землях сельскохозяйственного назначения (ЕФИС ЗСН), технология промышленного интернета вещей, автоматизированная метеостанция. Результаты. Для расчета водного баланса территории, величины транспирации и эвапотранспирации, аккумуляции азота растениями и его выноса в грунтовые воды использовалась имитационная модель фитоценоза "АМПРА" разработанная во ВНИИГиМе. Для решения поставленной цели нами были собраны данные о мелиоративном объекте, качестве почвы, урожаям за многолетний период, погодным условиям, эффекту от каждого нового приема в технологии возделывания культур. Пполучен непрерывный доступ к информации о погоде через автоматическую метеостанцию; интегрирована система управления данными с применением модели “АМПРА” (Авторегуляторная Модель Почва-Растение-Атмосфера); внедрена система бизнес-аналитики для обработки полученных данных и разработки алгоритмов для подготовки инструкции; использована компьютерная программа Statistica 10 для обработки данных, управления и прогноза процессов. Модель позволила спрогнозировать снижение урожайности зерна ячменя при повышении дозы удобрительного мелиоранта более чем 15 т/га. Заключение. Решать проблемы сельского хозяйства в настоящее время целесообразно с использованием цифровых технологий. Так, использованная в исследованиях модель роста растений "АМПРА" позволила отследить процессы накопления основных питательных веществ при внесении в почву удобрительного мелиоранта в условиях полива, изменение тургорного давления в разные часы суток; определить влагообеспеченность растений и водный потенциал листьев; получить рассчитанный листовой индекс, высоту растений и площадь корней. Problem and purpose. At present, more and more information technologies are being introduced into agricultural production, which make it possible to use the necessary information on a specific topic on-line, predict processes and reduce the risks of the consequences of the proposed measures. The country has departmental project “Digital Agriculture”, information and communication platform “Digital Melioration”, etc. The authors have proposed an algorithm for managing the growth processes of barley cultivated on peat soils for long-term drainage with the introduction of a new fertilizing ameliorant based on goat manure. Methodology. Investigations included a lysimetric three-year experiment to study the effectiveness of a new fertilizer ameliorant in the settlement of Polkovo, Ryazan district, Ryazan region, and to determine the optimal option. The work used digital technologies in the form of platform solutions available to its residents in the Internet, the Unified Federal Information System containing information on agricultural land (UFIS AL), the technology of the Industrial Internet of Things, an automated weather station. Results. To calculate the water balance of the territory, the amount of transpiration and evapotranspiration, the accumulation of nitrogen by plants and its removal into the groundwater, a simulation model of the phytocenosis "AMPRA" developed at VNIIGiM was used. To achieve this purpose, we collected data on the reclamation facility, soil quality, yields over a long period, weather conditions, the effect of each new technique in the technology of crop cultivation. The continuous access to weather information through an automatic weather station was obtained. A data management system was integrated using the AMPRA model (Autoregulatory Model Soil-Plant-Atmosphere), a business intelligence system was introduced to process the data obtained and develop algorithms for preparing instructions. Computer program Statistica 10 was used for data processing, control and forecasting of processes. The model made it possible to predict a decrease in the yield of barley grain with an increase in the dose of a fertilizer ameliorant of more than 15 t/ha. Conclusion. It is now advisable to solve agricultural problems using digital technologies. Thus, the AMPRA plant growth model used in the research made it possible to track the processes of accumulation of the main nutrients when a fertilizing ameliorant was introduced into the soil under irrigation conditions, the change in turgor pressure at different time of the day, to determine the moisture supply of plants and the water potential of leaves, to obtain the calculated leaf index, height plants and root area.
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Ogorodnikova, S. Yu. "EFFECTS OF LIGNOHUMATE ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS (MODEL EXPERIMENTS)." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-1/10.
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In conditions of chemical pollution, it is relevant to enhance the resistance of plants with substances that have a protective action. The effect of humic substance Lignohumate on the phytotoxic properties of phosphorus-containing compounds methylphosphonic acid (MPA) and sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) was studied in model experiments. Lignohumate was tested at three concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1 g/L) on Hordeum distichum L. of the Novichok variety. The test functions were such indicators as the germinating and sprouting ability of seeds, the growth and biomass accumulation of seedlings, and the inhibition effect. Lignohumate in the studied concentrations did not affect germination of the barley seeds, but it stimulated growth of the barley seedlings. In the conditions of MPA pollution (0.01 mol/L), Lignohumate exerted a protective effect on the plants, and the highest concentration of humic preparation (1 g/L) was the most effective. In the experiments with SPP (0.01 mol/L), Lignohumate stimulated germination the barley seeds but it did not reduce the growth inhibitory effect of SPP. The combined exposure to the studied pollutants negatively affected growth and accumulation of biomass by the barley roots. The introduction of Lignohumate weakened the combined effect but could not completely countervail it. The calculation of inhibition effect showed that the phytotoxicity of phosphorus-containing substances reduced in the order MPA (without buffer) - SPP - MPA (with buffer) - MPA+SPP . The introduction of Lignohumate to the growth medium was the most effective in experiments with low-toxic substances.
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Shawon, Ashifur Rahman, Jonghan Ko, Seungtaek Jeong, Taehwan Shin, Kyung Do Lee, and Sang In Shim. "Two-Dimensional Simulation of Barley Growth and Yield Using a Model Integrated with Remote-Controlled Aerial Imagery." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 3766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223766.
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It is important to be able to predict the yield and monitor the growth conditions of crops in the field to increase productivity. One way to assess field-based geospatial crop productivity is by integrating a crop model with a remote-controlled aerial system (RAS). The objective of this study was to simulate spatiotemporal barley growth and yield based on the development of a crop-modeling system integrated with RAS-based remote sensing images. We performed field experiments to obtain ground truth data and RAS images of crop growth conditions and yields at Chonnam National University (CNU), Gwangju, South Korea in 2018, and at Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, South Gyeongsang, South Korea in 2018 and 2019. In model calibration, there was no significant difference (p = 0.12) between the simulated barley yields and measured yields, based on a two-sample t-test at CNU in 2018. In model validation, there was no significant difference between simulated yields and measured yields at p = 0.98 and 0.76, according to two-sample t-tests at GNU in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The remote sensing-integrated crop model accurately reproduced geospatial variations in barley yield and growth variables. The results demonstrate that the crop modeling approach is useful for monitoring at-field barley conditions.
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Koesmarno, H. K., and J. R. Sedcole. "A method for the analysis of barley kernel growth data from designed experiments." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067733.
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SummaryThe growth of kernels at selected positions along the spike of barley was studied using three models: segmented, logistic and Gompertz. The segmented model divides the growth period into three segments: an initial constant stage, a middle period of ‘linear growth’, and a final constant stage. The identification of a period during which growth is approximately linear - the ‘linear phase’ - was estimated from the curvilinear functions by imposing some criterion to determine the period of ‘linear growth’ in order that the results were similar to those from the segmented model. From this a model of final growth, growth rate and duration of growth as a function of kernel position was developed and fitted to data from four different thinning treatments at five sowing dates. The model of final growth and growth rate was shown to have a family of gamma functions. The analysis of these models showed that there were marked interactions between sowing and thinning treatments for growth rate, less so for grain yield, but there was no substantial interaction for duration.
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Lenk, Miriam, Marion Wenig, Felicitas Mengel, Finni Häußler, and A. Vlot. "Arabidopsis thaliana Immunity-Related Compounds Modulate Disease Susceptibility in Barley." Agronomy 8, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8080142.
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Plants are exposed to numerous pathogens and fend off many of these with different phytohormone signalling pathways. Much is known about defence signalling in the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsisthaliana, but it is unclear to which extent knowledge from model systems can be transferred to monocotyledonous plants, including cereal crops. Here, we investigated the defence-inducing potential of Arabidopsis resistance-inducing compounds in the cereal crop barley. Salicylic acid (SA), folic acid (Fol), and azelaic acid (AzA), each inducing defence against (hemi-)biotrophic pathogens in Arabidopsis, were applied to barley leaves and the treated and systemic leaves were subsequently inoculated with Xanthomonastranslucens pv. cerealis (Xtc), Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (powdery mildew, Bgh), or Pyrenophora teres. Fol and SA reduced Bgh propagation locally and/or systemically, whereas Fol enhanced Xtc growth in barley. AzA reduced Bgh propagation systemically and enhanced Xtc growth locally. Neither SA, Fol, nor AzA influenced lesion sizes caused by the necrotrophic fungus P. teres, suggesting that the tested compounds exclusively affected growth of (hemi-)biotrophic pathogens in barley. In addition to SA, Fol and AzA might thus act as resistance-inducing compounds in barley against Bgh, although adverse effects on the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Xtc, are possible.
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Jokinen, Kari. "Competition and yield advantage in barley-barley and barley-oats mixtures." Agricultural and Food Science 63, no. 4 (September 1, 1991): 255–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72403.
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Competition and yield advantage in barley varietal mixtures and in barley-oats mixtures were investigated. The trials were based on replacement series, but in a few cases the overall density of the stand was varied on the basis of an addition series. Both models of competition, one based on the de Wit model and the other upon a linear regression model, agreed as to which component was the dominant and which was the subordinate in the mixture. The competition coefficients from regression analyses depicted competition between components better in a dense than in a sparse stand. The competitive ability of a genotype did not depend directly upon individual characters of the genotype, such as rate of initial development, earliness, culm height, tillering capacity or grain yield in monoculture (adaptation), A good combination of characters from the viewpoint of competition was provided by the barley cv. Arra with its rapid initial development and rapid culm growth (earliness), the variety being dominant irrespective of number of components in the mixture, stand density, level of nitrogen fertilization or growing season. This suggests that competitive relations and distribution of resources within a mixture are determined at an early stage in the growing period. In other cases the competitive ability of a genotype varied from one environment to another with the competitive relations between components being inconsistent. The dominance of an aggressor usually increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization especially when the total density of the stand was high. As a rule, competition affected all the components of yield with the kernel weight being least affected. The grain yield of varietal mixtures did not differ from the yield of the highest yielding component grown alone, i.e., mixtures did not over yield. The relative yield total of varietal mixtures was higher at low (RYT > 1) than at optimal densities (RYT =1). Also the relative yield total was higher under conditions where the nitrogen fertilization was not optimal. The results of a varietal trial repeated during three successive years indicated that the relative yield total of a given mixture varied from one growing season to another, fluctuating around unity. Thus highly adapted barley varieties appear to compete for the same resources, and the grain yield advantage of such mixtures is marginal. The results of the barley-oats mixture trials revealed that the mixture may over yield. The relative yield totals of barley-oats mixtures were usually equal to or greater than unity the latter suggesting that the mixtures of barley and oats may use resources more efficiently than monocultures, and some grain yield advantage could be achieved with such mixtures. The protein yield of the barley-oats mixtures did not differ from the yield of the highest yielding component grown alone. The ratio of actual and expected protein yield and the relative protein yield total were usually slightly greater than one. The grain yields of mixtures were not consistently more stable than monocultures as determined by the coefficient of variation.
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Cousens, RD. "Comparative growth of wheat, barley, and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in monoculture and mixture." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960449.
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The growth and development of wheat, barley, and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) were studied in monoculture and in additive mixtures at two sites of contrasting climate and soil type in New South Wales. Although smaller, annual ryegrass paralleled the behaviour of the two cereals in monoculture in all respects. The phenological development of all three species was more rapid at the wheatbelt site (Forbes) than on the coastal plain (Camden); yield loss was also greater at Forbes. The early growth rate of barley was greater than that of wheat or ryegrass at both sites. As a result, barley was more able to suppress ryegrass in mixtures and to maintain its yield than wheat. Sensitivity analysis of a growth simulation model suggested that the early rate of leaf production was likely to be influential in determining the magnitude of biomass reduction at anthesis; relative phenological development and height growth dynamics appeared to have little effect.
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Adiku, S. G. K., M. Reichstein, A. Lohila, N. Q. Dinh, M. Aurela, T. Laurila, J. Lueers, and J. D. Tenhunen. "PIXGRO: A model for simulating the ecosystem CO2 exchange and growth of spring barley." Ecological Modelling 190, no. 3-4 (January 2006): 260–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.04.024.
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Gökkuş, Zeynep, and Mevlüt Akçura. "An alternative statistical model for the assessment of dry matter accumulation in cool season cereals: Cox Regression." Genetika 51, no. 1 (2019): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1901313g.
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In this study, the growing behaviors of some cool season cereals (bread wheat, rye, durum wheat and barley) cereals were modeled simultaneously during the two growing seasons. For this purpose, Cox Regression was proposed as an alternative to the preferred regression methods in previous studies. In the study, based on the seasonal data of two different season growing seasons (2012-2013, 2013-2014 and both), each of which has 5 replicates 27 samples, growth rates of these cereals via dry matter accumulation quantities were explained in three different models. For this purpose, the dry matter accumulation amounts were fitted to the survival data and Cox Regression method, which uses the hazard function, the rate of occurrence of a particular event, was preferred. As a result, each model was found to be very important (p <0.000). It was determined that i) the fastest growing species was barley, ii) dry matter accumulation decreased as temperature increased, and iii) dry matter accumulation in crops changed during each growth season.
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Kalantar, Majid, and Akbar Yaghobfar. "Animal Model Show Physiological Characteristics Can Alter by Feeding of Different Cereal Type and Exogenous Multi-Enzyme." International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine 2 (May 2016): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijppe.2.13.
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Physiological characteristics of meat-type chicken such as growth traits, serum biochemical metabolites and mineral concentrations, serum enzyme activity, and gut flora were studied by means of 625 day-old chicks which randomly assigned to five treatments with five replicates in a completely randomized design. Four different types of cereal-based diets (wheat, and barley with or without exogenous multi-enzyme supplement) were used as experimental groups and a corn-based diet was also considered to serve as control group. All diets had similar contents of crude protein, energy, and total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Results indicated that enzyme supplemented diets improved daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio than barley and wheat diets without enzyme significantly (P<0.01). Feeding wheat and barley diets decreased the serum cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose concentrations than control group significantly (P<0.01). Also using of these two type of cereals without enzyme supplementation resulted in reduced serum mineral concentration and undesirable effect on gut flora (P<0.01). Total gram negative bacteria of the ileum was decreased, however lactic acid and bifida bacteria population were increased by supplementation of wheat and barley diets with exogenous multi-enzyme significantly (P<0.01). The serum activities of α-amylase and lipase were increased in chicks fed wheat and barley diets when compared to the control group fed on corn diet, but enzyme supplementation significantly reduced the serum activities of α-amylase and lipase (P<0.01).
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Goyne, PJ, H. Meinke, SP Milroy, GL Hammer, and JM Hare. "Development and use of a barley crop simulation model to evaluate production management strategies in north-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 7 (1996): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960997.
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A study was undertaken to identify improved management strategies for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), particularly in relation to time of planting, location, and frost risk in the variable climate of north-eastern Australia. To achieve this objective, a crop growth simulation model (QBAR) was constructed to integrate the understanding, gained from field experiments, of the dynamics of crop growth as influenced by soil moisture and environmental variables. QBAR simulates the growth and yield potential of barley grown under optimal nutrient supply, in the absence of pests, diseases, and weeds. Genotypic variables have been determined for 4 cultivars commonly grown in the northern cereal production areas. Simulations were conducted using long-term weather data to generate the probabilistic yield outcome of cv. Grimmet for a range of times of planting at 10 locations in the north-eastern Australian grain belt. The study indicated that the common planting times used by growers could be too late under certain circumstances to gain full yield potential. Further applications of QBAR to generating information suitable for crop management decision support packages and crop yield forecasting are discussed.
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Kiss, T., K. Balla, O. Veisz, and I. Karsai. "Elaboration of a non-destructive methodology for establishing plant developmental patterns in cereals." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.59.2011.4.1.
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The transitions between various developmental phases are critical in determining the ecological adaptation and yield of cereals. In order to elaborate a methodology for establishing the timing of the consecutive plant developmental phases from germination to the fully developed plant, regular measurements of changes in developmental components were carried out on one winter (Kompolti Korai) and one spring (Morex) barley cultivar in a model experiment. Under the controlled environmental conditions linear regression was characteristic of the associations between the chronological time and all or most of the time course data of plant height, tiller and leaf numbers. The initial growth of the spring barley was twice as intensive as that of the winter barley. The length of the stem elongation phases was similar for the two varieties, but the winter barley cultivar showed significantly more intensive stem growth compared to the spring barley. The spring barley reached all the plant developmental phases significantly earlier than the winter barley. For both cultivars, tillering continued till after first node appearance and there was a definite delay between first node appearance and the beginning of the stem elongation phase. The determination of the full series of phenophases, together with the evaluation of various yield components on the same plant, provide an excellent way of establishing plant developmental patterns and may make a significant contribution to achieving a better understanding of the associations between plant developmental patterns and the adaptation and yielding ability of cereals.
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Hammami, Zied, Asad S. Qureshi, Ali Sahli, Arnaud Gauffreteau, Zoubeir Chamekh, Fatma Ezzahra Ben Azaiez, Sawsen Ayadi, and Youssef Trifa. "Modeling the Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Growth, Yield and Water Productivity of Barley in Three Contrasted Environments." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101459.
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Freshwater scarcity and other abiotic factors, such as climate and soil salinity in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region, are affecting crop production. Therefore, farmers are looking for salt-tolerant crops that can successfully be grown in these harsh environments using poor-quality groundwater. Barley is the main staple food crop for most of the countries of this region, including Tunisia. In this study, the AquaCrop model with a salinity module was used to evaluate the performance of two barley varieties contrasted for their resistance to salinity in three contrasted agro-climatic areas in Tunisia. These zones represent sub-humid, semi-arid, and arid climates. The model was calibrated and evaluated using field data collected from two cropping seasons (2012–14), then the calibrated model was used to develop different scenarios under irrigation with saline water from 5, 10 to 15 dS m−1. The scenario results indicate that biomass and yield were reduced by 40% and 27% in the semi-arid region (KAI) by increasing the irrigation water salinity from 5 to 15 dS m−1, respectively. For the salt-sensitive variety, the reductions in biomass and grain yield were about 70%, respectively, although overall biomass and yield in the arid region (MED) were lower than in the KAI area, mainly with increasing salinity levels. Under the same environmental conditions, biomass and yield reductions for the salt-tolerant barley variety were only 16% and 8%. For the salt-sensitive variety, the biomass and grain yield reductions in the MED area were about 12% and 43%, respectively, with a similar increase in the salinity levels. Similar trends were visible in water productivities. Interestingly, biomass, grain yield, and water productivity values for both barley varieties were comparable in the sub-humid region (BEJ) that does not suffer from salt stress. However, the results confirm the interest of cultivating a variety tolerant to salinity in environments subjected to salt stress. Therefore, farmers can grow both varieties in the rainfed of BEJ; however, in KAI and MED areas where irrigation is necessary for crop growth, the salt-tolerant barley variety should be preferred. Indeed, the water cost will be reduced by 49% through growing a tolerant variety irrigated with saline water of 15 dS m−1.
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Kleemola, Jouko, and Tuomo Karvonen. "Modelling growth and nitrogen balance of barley under ambient and future conditions." Agricultural and Food Science 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72748.
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According to current scenarios, atmospheric CO2 -concentration ([CO2]) and average air temperature will rise in the future. The predicted longer growing season in Finland would imply that more productive cultivars and even new crop species could be grown. Moreover, higher [CO2] is also likely to increase dry matter production of crops. This study analyzed the growth of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under ambient and suggested future conditions, and its response to N fertilization. Model simulations of soil temperature and of snow accumulation and melting were also studied. The calibration and validation results showed that the model performed well in simulating snow dynamics, soil temperature, the growth of barley, and the response of crop growth to N fertilization under present conditions. According to the simulation runs, if a cultivar was adapted to the length of the growing period, the increase in dry matter production was 23% in a low estimate scenario of climate change, and 56% in a high estimate scenario under a high level of nitrogen fertilization. The simulation study showed that the shoot dry weight increased by 43%, on average, under high N fertilization (150-200 kg N/ha), but by less (20%) under a low level of N (25-50 kg N/ha) when the conditions under a central scenario for the year 2050 were compared with the present ones.
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Ilola, Ari, Esko Elomaa, and Seppo Pulli. "Testing of a Danish growth model for barley, turnip rape and timothy in Finnish conditions." Agricultural and Food Science 60, no. 7 (December 1, 1988): 631–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72334.
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The biological and meteorological data were collected at Jokioinen in 1982—87. Potential and actual (water limited) production of dry matter were simulated using a Danish WATCROS model for spring barley, spring turnip rape and timothy grass. The most important data of the biological programme comprised weekly measurements of the crop surface (GAI), dry matter yield, root growth, soil water content and yield analyses of the harvest. All these measurements were performed for both irrigated and non-irrigated plots. The needed meteorological parameters for the daily simulation of the dry matter yield were global radiation, air temperature and precipitation. The simulated dry matter production results with the WATCROS model were generally higher than those measured. In order to obtain a better fit into the Finnish climatic and soil conditions, the Finnish model should take soil water conditions and efficient use of photosynthetically active radiation into consideration.
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Ozdemir, Bahar Sogutmaz, Pilar Hernandez, Ertugrul Filiz, and Hikmet Budak. "Brachypodium Genomics." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2008 (February 6, 2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/536104.
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Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv. is a temperate wild grass species; its morphological and genomic characteristics make it a model system when compared to many other grass species. It has a small genome, short growth cycle, self-fertility, many diploid accessions, and simple growth requirements. In addition, it is phylogenetically close to economically important crops, like wheat and barley, and several potential biofuel grasses. It exhibits agricultural traits similar to those of these target crops. For cereal genomes, it is a better model than Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice), the former used as a model for all flowering plants and the latter hitherto used as model for genomes of all temperate grass species including major cereals like barley and wheat. Increasing interest in this species has resulted in the development of a series of genomics resources, including nuclear sequences and BAC/EST libraries, together with the collection and characterization of other genetic resources. It is expected that the use of this model will allow rapid advances in generation of genomics information for the improvement of all temperate crops, particularly the cereals.
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Pohanková, Eva, Petr Hlavinka, Jozef Takáč, Zdeněk Žalud, and Miroslav Trnka. "Calibration and Validation of the Crop Growth Model DAISY for Spring Barley in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 4 (2015): 1177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041177.
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In this paper, the crop growth model DAISY for spring barley (cultivar “Tolar“) was calibrated and subsequently validated in three different soil-climate locations in the Czech Republic – Lednice (48°48'51'' N, 16°48'46'' E, altitude 180 m), Věrovany (49°27'39'' N, 17°17'42'' E, altitude 210 m) and Domanínek (49°31'42'' N, 16°14'13'' E, altitude 560 m). The calibration and validation were based on data from a multi-year field experiment from the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture and from a two-year field experiment in Domanínek (2011 and 2012) that was conducted by the Institute of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology in cooperation with the Global Change Research Centre AS CR. The calibration for Lednice, Věrovany and Domanínek was performed using 4 growth seasons from each station, the subsequent validation for Lednice and Věrovany was performed based on 3 growth seasons from each station, and that for Domanínek was based on 6 growth seasons. The value of the RMSE (root mean square error) statistic for flowering was 2 days for calibration and 4 days for validation on average; for maturity, the RMSE was 11 days for both calibration and validation. The average RMSE for the yields was 0.9 t·ha−1 for calibration and 1.6 t·ha−1 for validation. According to the statistical index MBE (mean bias error) for the flowering phenological phase, the crop growth model DAISY showed a delay of 2 days in both calibration and validation. There was also delay of 6 days in calibration and of 8 days in validation for maturity. According to the MBE, the crop growth model DAISY underestimates the yield by 0.2 t·ha−1 for calibration and underestimates the yield by 0.4 t·ha−1 for validation.
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Liu, Yu, Kenji Hatou, Takanori Aihara, Sakuya Kurose, Tsutomu Akiyama, Yasushi Kohno, Shan Lu, and Kenji Omasa. "A Robust Vegetation Index Based on Different UAV RGB Images to Estimate SPAD Values of Naked Barley Leaves." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040686.
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Chlorophyll content in plant leaves is an essential indicator of the growth condition and the fertilization management effect of naked barley crops. The soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values strongly correlate with leaf chlorophyll contents. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) can provide an efficient way to retrieve SPAD values on a relatively large scale with a high temporal resolution. But the UAV mounted with high-cost multispectral or hyperspectral sensors may be a tremendous economic burden for smallholder farmers. To overcome this shortcoming, we investigated the potential of UAV mounted with a commercial digital camera for estimating the SPAD values of naked barley leaves. We related 21 color-based vegetation indices (VIs) calculated from UAV images acquired from two flight heights (6.0 m and 50.0 m above ground level) in four different growth stages with SPAD values. Our results indicated that vegetation extraction and naked barley ears mask could improve the correlation between image-calculated vegetation indices and SPAD values. The VIs of ‘L*,’ ‘b*,’ ‘G − B’ and ‘2G − R − B’ showed significant correlations with SPAD values of naked barley leaves at both flight heights. The validation of the regression model showed that the index of ‘G-B’ could be regarded as the most robust vegetation index for predicting the SPAD values of naked barley leaves for different images and different flight heights. Our study demonstrated that the UAV mounted with a commercial camera has great potentiality in retrieving SPAD values of naked barley leaves under unstable photography conditions. It is significant for farmers to take advantage of the cheap measurement system to monitor crops.
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Wawrzyniak, Jolanta. "Model of Fungal Development in Stored Barley Ecosystems as a Prognostic Auxiliary Tool for Postharvest Preservation Systems." Food and Bioprocess Technology 14, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-020-02575-x.
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AbstractPostharvest preservation and storage have a crucial impact on the technological quality and safety of grain. The important threat to stored grain quality and nutritional safety of cereal products is mould development and their toxic metabolites, mycotoxins. Models based on predictive microbiology, which are able to estimate the kinetics of fungal growth, and thus, the risks of mycotoxin accumulation in a mass of grain are promising prognostic tools that can be applied in postharvest management systems. The study developed a modelling approach to describe total fungal growth in barley ecosystems stored at different temperatures (T = 12–30 °C) and water activity in grain (aw = 0.78–0.96). As the pattern of fungal growth curves was sigmoidal, the experimental data were modelled using the modified Gompertz equation, in which constant coefficients reflecting biological parameters of mould development (i.e. lag phase duration (τlag), maximum growth rate (μmax) and the maximum increase in fungal population level (Δmaxlog(CFU)) were expressed as functions of storage conditions, i.e. aw and T. The criteria used to evaluate the overall model performance indicated its good precision (R2 = 0.95; RMSE = 0.23) and high prediction accuracy (bias factor and accuracy factor Bf = 1.004, Af = 1.035). The formulated model is able to estimate the extension of fungal contamination in a bulk of grain versus time by monitoring temperature and intergranular relative humidity that are readily measurable in practice parameters; therefore, it may be used as a prognostic support tool in modern postharvest management systems.
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Kumar, Uttam, Julien Morel, Göran Bergkvist, Taru Palosuo, Anne-Maj Gustavsson, Allan Peake, Hamish Brown, Mukhtar Ahmed, and David Parsons. "Comparative Analysis of Phenology Algorithms of the Spring Barley Model in APSIM 7.9 and APSIM Next Generation: A Case Study for High Latitudes." Plants 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030443.
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Phenology algorithms in crop growth models have inevitable systematic errors and uncertainties. In this study, the phenology simulation algorithms in APSIM classical (APSIM 7.9) and APSIM next generation (APSIM-NG) were compared for spring barley models at high latitudes. Phenological data of twelve spring barley varieties were used for the 2014–2018 cropping seasons from northern Sweden and Finland. A factorial-based calibration approach provided within APSIM-NG was performed to calibrate both models. The models have different mechanisms to simulate days to anthesis. The calibration was performed separately for days to anthesis and physiological maturity, and evaluations for the calibrations were done with independent datasets. The calibration performance for both growth stages of APSIM-NG was better compared to APSIM 7.9. However, in the evaluation, APSIM-NG showed an inclination to overestimate days to physiological maturity. The differences between the models are possibly due to slower thermal time accumulation mechanism, with higher cardinal temperatures in APSIM-NG. For a robust phenology prediction at high latitudes with APSIM-NG, more research on the conception of thermal time computation and implementation is suggested.
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Fetch, T. G., Jr ,. B. J. Steffenson, and V. D. Pederson. "Predicting agronomic performance of barley using canopy reflectance data." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-195.
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The ability to accurately and rapidly predetermine agronomic performance would be desirable in most plant breeding programs. Remote sensing of canopy reflectance is a quick and nondestructive method that may be useful in the estimation of agronomic performance. Studies were conducted at Fargo and Langdon, North Dakota, to determine the effectiveness of a multispectral radiometer in estimating yield, kernel plumpness (KP), and 1000-kernel weight (TKW) in barley. Canopy reflectance was measured in eight (500–850 nm) discrete narrow-wavelength bands. Three types of reflectance models were evaluated: simple models using one to four wavelengths, simple ratio and normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) using green, red, and near-infrared wavelengths, and soil-adjusted vegetation indices (SAVI). The relationship between canopy reflectance and agronomic performance was significantly influenced by environment, growth stage, and plant genotype. Grain yield was best estimated near GS73 (0.84 < R2 < 0.92) at Fargo and at GS83 (0.55 < R2 < 0.81) at Langdon. In contrast, KP and TKW could be estimated at both late (GS83; 0.68 < R2 < 0.93) and early (GS24–GS47; 0.72 < R2 < 0.91) growth stages. The 550-nm and 800-nm wavelengths are critical for development of predictive models. A simple model using 550-nm, 600-nm, and 800-nm from GS47-GS73 gave significant (0.45 < R2 < 0.64) estimation of agronomic performance across all environments. In contrast, simple ratio, NDVI, and SAVI were less effective (0.05 < R2 < 0.77) in predicting agronomic performance. Remote sensing using canopy reflectance is a potential tool to estimate agronomic performance of barley, but genotypic and crop stage factors affect this method. Further studies are needed to improve the usefulness of multispectral radiometry in predicting agronomic performance. Key words: Crop yield, Hordeum vulgare, kernel plumpness, remote sensing
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Müller, Johannes, Henning Braune, and Wulf Diepenbrock. "Photosynthesis - stomatal conductance model LEAFC3-N: specification for barley, generalised nitrogen relations, and aspects of model application." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 10 (2008): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08088.
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We discuss a generalised formulation of the nitrogen-sensitive photosynthesis−stomatal conductance model LEAFC3-N to be used as a submodel of functional–structural plant models (FSPMs) or traditional crop growth models for C3-crops. Based on a parameterisation study for barley, we demonstrate that the large variation of characteristics related to potential leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, along with different factors, can be accounted for by introducing functions that relate parameter values to nitrogen contents. These relationships follow the same pattern for different C3 crops, and their parameters are in close range. The accuracy of the parameters and the minimum simulation time step required for reliable predictions of the integrated diurnal carbon gain (IDC) is assessed. For IDC predictions with an accuracy of about ±5%, the accuracy of the slope of the relationship between maximum carboxylation rate and leaf nitrogen content should be of similar order. For other key model parameters, an error of ±20% or even greater may be tolerated. A time step of 1–2 h will be sufficient to predict IDC with an accuracy of about ±5%.
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Safin, Radik, Lilia Karimova, Lubov Nizhegorodtseva, Daria Stepankova, Gulnaz Shaimullina, and Ruslan Nazarov. "Effect of various biological control agents (BCAs) on drought resistance and spring barley productivity." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700063.
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The aim of the article is to study the effect of various biological agents of biofungicides on plant resistance to drought and formation of spring barley crops. Endophytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), rhizospheric bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens), actinomycetes (Streptomyces sp.), and micromycetes (Trichoderma viride) were used as bioagents of biofungicides. Preparations based on biological agents were used to treat spring barley seeds. The studies were carried out in laboratory and field conditions. In the conditions of the model artificial acute drought, it was found that seed treatment with Streptomyces sp. Stimulates the leaf and root growth, as well as increases peroxidase activity in the leaves. The maximum content of proline was during seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens. An increase in the content of chlorophyll was observed when treating with Trichoderma viride seeds. In the field conditions, Pseudomonas putida and Streptomyces were more efficient by the content of proline in seedlings. In terms of the spring barley yield, seed treatment with Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis was more efficient. Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis are promising for increasing barley resistance to drought.
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Corre-Hellou, Guénaëlle, Marieline Faure, Marie Launay, Nadine Brisson, and Yves Crozat. "Adaptation of the STICS intercrop model to simulate crop growth and N accumulation in pea–barley intercrops." Field Crops Research 113, no. 1 (July 2009): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.04.007.
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Johnson, Jordan A., Brittney D. Sutherland, John J. McKinnon, Tim A. McAllister, and Gregory B. Penner. "Use of barley or corn silage when fed with barley, corn, or a blend of barley and corn on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz168.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the source of silage, cereal grain, and their interaction on growth performance, digestibility, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Using a completely randomized design within an 89-d finishing study, 288 steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 24 pens (12 steers/pen) with average steer body weight (BW) within a pen of 464 kg ± 1.7 kg (mean ± SD). Diets were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn silage (CS) or barley silage (BS) included at 8% (dry matter [DM] basis). Within each silage source, diets contained dry-rolled barley grain (BG; 86% of DM), dry-rolled corn grain (CG; 85% of DM), or an equal blend of BG and CG (BCG; 85% of DM). Total tract digestibility of nutrients was estimated from fecal samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit using the Mixed Model of SAS with the fixed effects of silage, grain, and the two-way interaction. Carcass and fecal kernel data were analyzed using GLIMMIX utilizing the same model. There were no interactions detected between silage and grain source. Feeding CG increased (P < 0.01) DM intake by 0.8 and 0.6 kg/d relative to BG and BCG, respectively. Gain-to-feed ratio was greater (P = 0.04) for BG (0.172 kg/kg) than CG (0.162 kg/kg) but did not differ from BCG (0.165 kg/kg). Furthermore, average daily gain (2.07 kg/d) and final body weight did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.25). Hot carcass weight (HCW) was 6.2 kg greater (372.2 vs. 366.0 kg; P < 0.01) and dressing percentage was 0.57 percentage units greater (59.53 vs. 58.96 %; P = 0.04) for steers fed CS than BS, respectively. There was no effect of dietary treatment on the severity of liver abscesses (P ≥ 0.20) with 72.0% of carcasses having clear livers, 24.4% with minor liver abscesses, and 3.6% with severe liver abscesses. Digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and starch were greater for BG (P < 0.01) than CG or BCG. As expected, grain source affected the appearance of grain kernels in the feces (P ≤ 0.04). Feeding CS silage increased the appearance of fractured corn kernels (P = 0.04), while feeding BS increased fiber appearance in the feces (P = 0.02). Current results indicate that when dry rolled, feeding BG resulted in improved performance and digestibility compared with CG and BCG. Even at low inclusion levels (8% of DM), CS resulted in improved carcass characteristics relative to BS.
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Agostinetto, Lenita, Ricardo Trezzi Casa, Amauri Bogo, Cristiano Sachs, Erlei Melo Reis, and Paulo Roberto Kuhnem. "Critical yield-point model to estimate damage caused by brown spot and powdery mildew in barley." Ciência Rural 44, no. 6 (April 15, 2014): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782014005000005.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) is the second most important winter crop in Southern Brazil. The excessive rainfall in this region during the crop-growing season increases the frequency and intensity of foliar fungal diseases. The research aimed to determine the damage function equations (DFE) for the multiple pathosystem of barley brown spot and powdery mildew based on the relationship between grain yield and diseases intensity at different 'BRS Cauê' cultivar growth stages (GS) during 2009 and 2010 growing seasons in Southern Brazil. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and four replicates. The disease gradients were generated by strobilurins and triazols fungicides rates and number of applications on barley cv. Cauê. The fungicide applications and disease incidence and severity assessments were performed at the 22, 31, 39, 45 and 56 plant GS. The DFE were obtained by variance analysis and linear regression between grain yield and diseases intensity. Significant and negative DFE were obtained and the damage coefficients (DC) varied from 29.48 to 100.08 (2009) and from 36.08 to 113.57kg ha-1 (2010) for incidence, and from 219.5 to 6,276.6 (2009) and 102.3 to 5,292.5kg ha-1 (2010) for severity. The largest damage coefficients were obtained when diseases assessments were made on GS 22 and 31 on both growing seasons evaluated. DFE were used to calculate the economic damage threshold (EDT) as a criterion to indicate the fungicide application moment to control the diseases in cultivars similar to 'BRS Cauê' in Southern Brazil.
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Zhiyu, Zuo, Li Xiangnan, Xu Chao, Yang Junjie, Zhu Xiancan, Liu Shengqun, Song Fengbin, Liu Fulai, and Mao Hanping. "Responses of barley Albina and Xantha mutants deficient in magnesium chelatase to soil salinity." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 8 (September 4, 2017): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/329/2017-pse.
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Soil salinity reduces the plant growth and grain yield in barley. The barley mutants Albina and Xantha, deficient in magnesium chelatase, represent a suitable model object for analysis of the roles of chloroplast in salt stress response. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Svalofs Bonus) and four nonallelic Albina (alb-e<sup>16</sup> and alb-f<sup>17</sup>) and Xantha (xan-s<sup>46</sup> and xan-b<sup>12</sup>) mutants were used to investigate the effects of soil salinity on physiological traits of plants. Under salt stress, larger reduction in stomatal conductance and higher Na concentration was found in Albina and Xantha mutants compared with wild type (WT). In addition, the Albina and Xantha mutants had lower capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging while higher ROS generation rate compared with WT, exposed to soil salinity. Therefore, the limitations in chloroplast development affected Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> homeostasis and decreased the oxygen scavenging capacity, hence affecting the salt tolerance in barley.
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SIMOJOKI, A. "Responses of soil respiration and barley growth to modified supply of oxygen in the soil." Agricultural and Food Science 9, no. 4 (January 4, 2000): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5671.
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Roots of dry-land plants are supplied with oxygen mainly by molecular diffusion from soil air. Roots may suffer from hypoxia if soil aeration is reduced by compaction and wetting. Although the mechanisms involved are well known, more research is needed to relate soil aeration status to plant growth. The effects of reduced oxygen supply on soil respiration and the growth of barley seedlings were studied in pot experiments with fine sand soil, where the soil air composition was varied by flushing the soil with gas streams containing 0%, 2%, 6%, 10% or 20% O2 independently of compactness (bulk density 1.4, 1.6 Mg m-3) and wetness (air space 0-5%, >5%). Plant growth decreased only at 0-2% O2 in the loose moist soil but as early as 20% O2 in the wet soil. Soil compaction impaired plant growth regardless of wetting and aeration. In the loose moist soil cropped with barley, the respiration rate (emission of CO2) did not decrease at 6% O2 but decreased clearly at 0-2% O2. The results compared fairly well with the critical oxygen concentrations calculated by a simple multicylindrical model, in which the water-film thickness around the roots was estimated using soil water retention data.
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Bauske, Ellen M., Suzanne M. Bissonnette, and Adrianna D. Hewings. "Yield Loss Assessment of Barley Yellow Dwarf Disease on Spring Oat in Illinois." Plant Disease 81, no. 5 (May 1997): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.5.485.
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The quantitative relationship between yield of spring oat cvs. Ogle and Noble and incidence of barley yellow dwarf (BYD) disease caused by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV-IL) was studied. Field plots were infested with Rhopalosiphum padi vectoring BYDV-PAV-IL. A linear critical point regression model was developed that related percentage of maximum yield to BYD incidence, assessed by estimating the percentage of plants with BYD symptoms at Feekes growth stage 10.5 in each plot. The model y = 96.9 - 0.45x (r2 = 0.53) best explained the relationship. Test weight was unaffected by BYD. Although Noble consistently sustained higher disease incidence than Ogle, covariate analysis indicated that the effect of BYD on yield was similar for both cultivars. Studies of random versus focus inoculation of Noble oat, designed to determine the importance of compensation in reducing yield loss associated with BYD, indicated that compensation did not play an important role.
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Kim, Myeong-Jin, Hye-Won Kawk, Sang-Hyeon Kim, Hyo-Jae Lee, Ji-Won Seo, Jong-Tae Kim, Seung-Hee Jang, Min-Jeong Kim, and Young-Min Kim. "Anti-Obesity Effect of Hot Water Extract of Barley Sprout through the Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation and Growth." Metabolites 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11090610.
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Barley sprouts are known to have several effective physiological activities. In this study, the anti-obesity effect of a barley sprout hot water extract (BSE) was confirmed. Saponarin was quantitatively analyzed in BSE using HPLC, and the inhibitory effect on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation into adipocytes was confirmed by Oil Red O staining, TG assay, and Western blotting. In addition, the inhibitory effect of BSE on adipocyte growth was confirmed through glucose uptake and lipolysis of adipocytes. C57/BL/6N mice were induced to obesity with a high-fat diet, and BSE was administered to confirm the effect on an animal model. Weight gain, morphological changes in adipose tissue, changes in the food efficiency ratio, and blood biochemical changes were observed, and an improvement effect on fatty liver was confirmed. As a result, the anti-obesity effect of BSE was confirmed in vitro, and it was confirmed that this effect was also effective in vivo and that it could be helpful in the treatment of obesity-related diseases.
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Hall, Jeremy A., David Peirson, Sibdas Ghosh, and Bernard Glick R. "ROOT ELONGATION IN VARIOUS AGRONOMIC CROPS BY THE PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIUM PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA GR12–2." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 44, no. 1 (May 13, 1996): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1996.10676631.
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Seeds of canola, lettuce, tomato, barley, wheat, and oats were inoculated with either the wild-type plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR),Pseudomonas putidaGR12–2, or the mutantP. putidaGR 12–2lacd68 (deficient in the activity of the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase) alone and in conjunction with either an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, L-α-(aminoethoxyvinyl)-glycine (AVG), or the chemical ethylene generator, (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethophon). For the different treatments, variations in root length under gnotobiotic conditions were compared. Canola, lettuce, tomato, and wheat responded to all of the treatments in a similar manner: The root lengths increased when seeds were treated withP. putidaGR 12–2 and/or AVG but not with the mutant strain, in comparison with a MgSO4control treatment, while the ethophon treatment inhibited root elongation. With barley and oat, none of the treatments had any effect on root lengths; however, when the ethophon concentration was increased, root elongation of these two plants was also inhibited. These observations are consistent with a model in which promotion of root growth byP. putidaGR 12–2 is a consequence of inhibition of ethylene production within the developing seedling.
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Møller, B., and L. Munck. "A New Two Dimensional Germinative Classification of Malting Barley Quality Based on Separate Estimates of Vigour and Viability." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 3 (November 23, 2011): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3706-cjgpb.
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It is surprising that not even today do germination data seem fully integrated with malting data in barley quality evaluation. In order to implement such an integration, pattern recognition multivariate data analysis (chemometrics) is essential. Inspired by the results from chemometric analyses of whole germination curves we tested a two-dimensional classification plot of barley samples based on separate estimates for “vigour” (g%1) germination energy (GE) as abscissa with limits at 70% and 30% and “viability” (g%3) as ordinate with limits at 98% and 92%. The seven barley classes obtained visualise the quality differences in a consistent and instructive way clearly differencing and ordering malting barleys with falling extract% and increasing wort β-glucan (mg/l) according to a subsequent validation analysis. “Vigour” g%1 could surprisingly be predicted by Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) correlation by Near Infrared Transmission (NIT) and by a separate set of ten physical-chemical analyses. Samples with “viability” g%3 lower than 92% were outliers. It was concluded that germination speed is connected with the structure of the seed, which regulates the availability of substrate for germ growth near connected to the speed of malt modification. It is suggested that a NIT PLSR prediction model for “vigour” can be used directly “on-line” for quality control in the grain industry and by plant breeders. A fast germinative classification plot can be established with NIT spectroscopy for “vigour” and the Tetrazolium germ-staining test for “viability” within two hours.
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Yunusa, I. A. M., W. D. Bellotti, A. D. Moore, M. E. Probert, J. A. Baldock, and S. M. Miyan. "An exploratory evaluation of APSIM to simulate growth and yield processes for winter cereals in rotation systems in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 8 (2004): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03121.
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The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) suite of models was used to predict dynamics in water and nitrogen in soil, as well as the growth and yield of sequential crops of wheat and barley in pasture–wheat–barley rotations, between 1995 and 1997 at Roseworthy, South Australia. The NWHEAT model satisfactorily predicted above-ground dry matter, leaf area index and grain yields for both crops in rotations with either grassy (Grass) or medic (Medic) pastures, including the lack of significant response of yield to nitrogen fertiliser applied to wheat at sowing. Simulation data for soil water, from SOILWAT2, was consistent with measured data. Simulation with SOILN2, however, largely underestimated soil nitrogen, due to excessive uptake by the simulated wheat during the season when nitrogen was abundant and water supply readily available. Thus, the soil nitrate had to be reset at sowing for the following barley crop; simulated soil nitrate agreed with the measured data in this season when this nutrient was low. For most variables of crop growth and soil water, the simulated data were mostly within 2 standard errors of the measured means. Prediction of grain protein was underestimated in all cases, including where nitrogen in the shoot was overestimated. This was possibly due to inadequate remobilisation of nitrogen from the straw and roots to the grain by the simulated crop. A satisfactory prediction of dry matter, grain yield and grain weight was obtained for wheat when the models were extended to other trials at Roseworthy (Lower North), Minnipa (Upper Eyre Peninsula) and Wunkar (Murray Mallee), based on limited soil data. Long-term simulations of wheat yields showed that, with early sowing in the Lower North, median wheat yield increased by 50 kg/ha for every kilogram of nitrogen applied at sowing, up to a maximum nitrogen rate of 50 kg/ha. In the drier districts of the Upper Eyre Peninsula and the Murray Mallee, nitrogen fertiliser of no more than 25 kg/ha, applied at sowing, was enough to achieve yield benefits in any given season. At these drier sites, crop failures occurred in 5% (Upper Eyre Peninsula) and 10% (Murray Mallee) of the seasons simulated. Median sowing dates from these simulations were 15 May for the Lower North, 30 May for the Upper Eyre Peninsula and 24 May for Murray Mallee. This suggested that sowing could be conducted at least a week earlier than currently practised in the 3 environments. This study demonstrated the capability of APSIM to predict growth and grain yield of wheat and barley, as well as the associated dynamics of soil water in the main cereal belts of South Australia.
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ANGERS, D. A., and G. R. MEHUYS. "EFFECTS OF CROPPING ON MACRO-AGGREGATION OF A MARINE CLAY SOIL." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-070.
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Field and growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the short-term effects of selected crops on macro-aggregation of a Kamouraska clay soil. Under field conditions, the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for up to 2 yr resulted in increased macro-aggregate size and stability compared to a fallow control and to initial conditions. Under these two crops, the proportion of water-stable aggregates of the 2- to 6-mm fraction increased from 25% in May 1986 to 40% in September 1987 at the expense of the 0.25- to 1.0-mm fraction which decreased from 37% to 19% over the same period. Macro-aggregation after 2 yr was not different in corn (Zea mays L.) and fallow control. Seasonal variations in aggregate stability were significant but small and less important than the effects of cropping treatments. Results of the growth chamber experiment agreed with those obtained under field conditions suggesting that controlled environment experiments can be used to model cropping effects on the aggregation of this soil. Key words: Aggregation, soil structure, clay soil, corn, barley, alfalfa
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H, Ghanem. "Potential Climate Change Impacts On Imen Barley BYDV Resistant Variety Yields In Tunisia." Agronomy & Agricultural Science 3, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/aas-8292/100025.
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Generally, Barley yields vary less under changing weather conditions than those of wheat and most other small grains. A field trials in National Institute of Agricultural Research of Tunisia (INRAT) experimental station in Kef region (Tunisia) during twelve cropping seasons (2008-2019) was conducted to study the relationships between agroclimatic indices and average yields of Imen barley BYDV resistant variety compared to the most important spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties (Manel and Rihane). In this paper, results are used as a control to estimate potential impacts of climate change scenarios and pedological conditions on anticipated average yields and total production of these commodities in Kef region by the 2058 period. The agronomic crop model Cropsyst was used to assess the impacts of increased temperature on growth and development varieties shown below in Tunisia, and to examine possible adaptation strategies. The analysis was based on multi-year crop model simulations run with daily weather series 2020-2058 that allowed two average yield levels: grain and biomass. The impacts of 0.2 °C temperature rise obtained by weather generator ClimGen included in Cropsyst on potential yields are positive and induced an increase of 14.4 %/ha for Imen in comparison with Manel 13.7 % and Rihane 10.1 %. Based on a range of available heat units projected by multiple General Circulation Model experiments, a climate change scenario representing +1 °C temperature rise was also applied for the same period and using the same generator. With 1°C temperature rise, average yieldsachievable in field trials could decrease in long term by about 0,16 q/ha (Rihane) and 0.46 t/ha (Manel) (4.7 % and 14 %). Cropsyst yield data, however, indicate an increase of 0.5 % with +1°C temperature rise suggesting the resilience of Imen barley grain production, compared to the two varieties Manel and Rihane.
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Munns, R., DP Schachtman, and AG Condon. "The Significance of a Two-Phase Growth Response to Salinity in Wheat and Barley." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 4 (1995): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950561.
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Wheat and barley genotypes that differed in salt tolerance were used to test a hypothesis that the growth response to salinity has two phases. In the first phase there would be a large decrease in growth rate caused by the salt outside the roots, i.e. an 'osmotic' response. In the second phase there would be an additional decline in growth caused by salt having built up to toxic levels within plants, i.e. a 'salt-specific' response. If this two-phase model is correct, genotypes that differ in their ability to exclude salt or tolerate high internal salt concentrations would not differ in growth rate for some period of time in saline conditions. This hypothesis was tested using many genotypes that had previously been found to differ greatly in salt tolerance, as defined by differences in percent reduction in yield or biomass after prolonged exposure to NaCl. Leaf extension of 15 wheat and barley genotypes was measured daily while the NaCl in the nutrient solution was increased over 10 days to 250 mM. All 15 genotypes showed a similar percentage reduction in leaf extension rate. Dry matter production of four selected wheat genotypes that again differed greatly in salt tolerance was measured for up to 6 weeks in 150 mM NaCl. All genotypes showed the same growth reduction for 4 weeks. After this initial period the more salt- sensitive genotype showed a greater decline in growth. This occurred after 60% of the leaves were dead. These data strongly support the hypothesis that the growth response to salinity has two phases, and indicate that most changes in metabolism or gene expression leading to growth reductions during the first phase relate to the osmotic effect of salinity, not to any salt-specific effect. They also indicate that the salt within the plant reduces growth by causing premature senescence of old leaves and hence a reduced supply of assimilates to the growing regions.
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Schmidthoffer, Ildiko, Lászlo Szilák, Péter Molnár, Peter Csontos, and Anna Skribanek. "Drought Tolerance of European Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Varieties." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 64, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2018-0014.
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Abstract Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that frequently causes severe loss in crop yield worldwide. Laboratory predictors of field drought tolerance could significantly increase the effectiveness of existing plant breeding programs. In earlier field experiments, drought tolerance of 22 cultivated barley varieties has already been quantified. In order to develop laboratory markers of drought sensitivity, field drought tolerance data were correlated with parameters obtained in laboratory tests. Root and shoot length and weight were measured on control and PEG-treated (a simple laboratory drought model) seedlings. Significant correlations were found among root growth, shoot weight in laboratory stress conditions and field drought tolerance. Interestingly, a negative correlation was found between root length of the untreated seedlings and drought tolerance. Laboratory Drought Tolerance Index (DTI) was introduced as the linear combination of those laboratory parameters which were correlated with field drought tolerance. DTI showed good predictive value (r = 0.57, p < 0.05) for drought tolerance in field experiments and we suggest it for preselection of drought tolerant barley breeding lines and for the characterization of drought tolerance in general.
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Jamali, Seyed H., Seyed A. Mohammadi, and Behzad Sadeghzadeh. "Association mapping for morphological traits relevant to registration of barley varieties." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 4 (February 7, 2018): e0704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017154-10494.
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Elucidating marker-trait associations would have fruitful implications in distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) tests of new varieties required for both variety registration and granting plant breeders’ rights. As the number of new varieties with narrow genetic bases increases, the necessity for deployment of molecular markers to complement morphological DUS traits gets particular attention. We used simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and sequence related amplification polymorphisms (SRAPs) markers in association mapping of morphological traits in a collection of 143 barley landraces and advanced breeding lines. This panel represented a diverse and uniform sample in terms of both quantitative and categorical traits whilst it was structurally partitioned by number of ear rows (six- and two-rowed) and seasonal growth habit (winter and spring types) characteristics. SSRs were more powerful compared with SRAPs in separating six- and two-rowed genotypes based on both model-based Bayesian and neighbor joining clustering methods. A number of associated SSR and SRAP markers were found for 15 out of 36 DUS traits after considering Bonferroni correction through linear models (GLM and MLM) and chi-square-based tests (SA and AAT). This is also the first report of association of awn roughness and grain color with molecular markers in barley. Moreover, SSR marker BMAC0113 appeared associated with time of ear emergence (TEE), confirming previous findings. These markers could be beneficial to complement and speed up DUS testing of new varieties, as well as for improving management of barley reference collections.
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Richards, BG, and EL Greacen. "Mechanical stresses on an expanding cylindrical root analog in antigranulocytes media." Soil Research 24, no. 3 (1986): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860393.
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Previously published studies of the mechanical impedance of granular media to root growth have shown that the rate of elongation of barley roots was halved by a lateral cell pressure of 0.02 MPa, applied externally to the growing media. It was incorrectly assumed that this lateral pressure was always the pressure on the growing root. In this paper, the stress distribution around a growing root was modelled both theoretically and experimentally by a thin cylindrical rubber tube, which was expanded radially in two granular materials in a modified triaxial cell. The theoretical model which simulated the deformation of the granular material around the expanding rubber root analogue was controlled by the elastic stiffness parameters, bulk and shear modulus in the early stages and later, at larger diameters, by the plastic yield parameters, cohesion and friction angle. This theoretical stress-strain model was validated experimentally by the good agreement with the results obtained using the thin rubber tube in the two granular materials. Using the theoretical model with root diameters similar to those for barley roots, it predicted soil pressures on the 'root' surface of 0.2-0.3 MPa for lateral triaxial pressures of the order of 0.02 MPa. This result was similar to the predictions made using earlier analytical models. The model also predicts lower mechanical impedance for finer roots, and strongly suggests that cylindrical expansion of the root behind the tip is effective in relieving soil pressure ahead of the elongating root.
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S⊘nderskov, Mette, Per Kudsk, Solvejg K. Mathiassen, Ole M. B⊘jer, and Per Rydahl. "Decision Support System for Optimized Herbicide Dose in Spring Barley." Weed Technology 28, no. 1 (March 2014): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00085.1.
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Crop Protection Online (CPO) is a decision support system, which integrates decision algorithms quantifying the requirement for weed control and a herbicide dose model. CPO was designed to be used by advisors and farmers to optimize the choice of herbicide and dose. The recommendations from CPO for herbicide application in spring barley in Denmark were validated through field experiments targeting three levels of weed control requirement. Satisfactory weed control levels at harvest were achieved by a medium control level requirement generating substantial herbicide reductions (∼ 60% measured as the Treatment Frequency Index (TFI)) compared to a high level of required weed control. The observations indicated that the current level of weed control required is robust for a range of weed scenarios. Weed plant numbers 3 wk after spraying indicated that the growth of the weed species were inhibited by the applied doses, but not necessarily killed, and that an adequate level of control was reached later in the season through crop competition.
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Tong, Cen, Camilla Beate Hill, Gaofeng Zhou, Xiao-Qi Zhang, Yong Jia, and Chengdao Li. "Opportunities for Improving Waterlogging Tolerance in Cereal Crops—Physiological Traits and Genetic Mechanisms." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081560.
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Waterlogging occurs when soil is saturated with water, leading to anaerobic conditions in the root zone of plants. Climate change is increasing the frequency of waterlogging events, resulting in considerable crop losses. Plants respond to waterlogging stress by adventitious root growth, aerenchyma formation, energy metabolism, and phytohormone signalling. Genotypes differ in biomass reduction, photosynthesis rate, adventitious roots development, and aerenchyma formation in response to waterlogging. We reviewed the detrimental effects of waterlogging on physiological and genetic mechanisms in four major cereal crops (rice, maize, wheat, and barley). The review covers current knowledge on waterlogging tolerance mechanism, genes, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with waterlogging tolerance-related traits, the conventional and modern breeding methods used in developing waterlogging tolerant germplasm. Lastly, we describe candidate genes controlling waterlogging tolerance identified in model plants Arabidopsis and rice to identify homologous genes in the less waterlogging-tolerant maize, wheat, and barley.
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Khan, TN, and MF D'Antuono. "Relationship between scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) and losses in grain yield of barley in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 5 (1985): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850655.
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The three commonly used techniques, viz. critical point model, area under the curve and multiple linear regression, were applied to study the relationship between scald infection and grain yield in field experiments conducted during 1979-1983 in Western Australia. In the preliminary analysis leaf three from the top and the mean of the top three leaves were found to be best correlated with yield. The three models did not dilfer greatly, presumably owing to the high correlations between scald at the milky ripe stage and at the earlier growth stages. The critical point model was chosen because of its simplicity. Percentage yield loss in combined data from all experiments showed a significant correlation (P < 0.001) with scald at the milky ripe stage and defined percentage yield loss in cultivars Clipper and Stirling to be about one-third of the mean scald damage on leaves 1 (flag), 2 and 3 at g.s. 75. Due to the range of trials in this analysis, it was suggested that this relationship may be applied to estimate yield loss from survey data in other parts of southern Australia, where scald is endemic.
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Lazim, Samir K., and Marwan N. Ramadhan. "Effect of Microwave and UV-C Radiation on Some Germination Parameters of Barley Seed Using Mathematical Models of Gompertz and Logistic." Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 33, no. 2 (August 22, 2020): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2020.33.2.03.
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Two separated sets of laboratory experiments were studied for barley seeds treating using a microwave and ultraviolet irradiation. In the microwave set, seeds have been exposed to the microwave radiations (2450 MHz) for 0 sec (control, MW0), 5 sec (MW1), 10 sec (MW2), and 20 sec (MW3), while in the ultraviolet set, seeds have exposed to UV-C radiation (254 nm) for 0 min (control, UV0), 30 min (UV1), 60 min (UV2), and 120 min (UV3). The aim is to study the influences of different exposure time from MW and UV-C radiation on some barley seed germination parameters and to choose the fitting model Logistic (Log) or Gompertz (Gom) suited to cumulative germination curves under the influence of these factors. The results of this study showed higher seed germination percentage (93.33%) at the exposure time MW2 and UV3 (88.33%), whereas the lowest value (66.67%) recorded in MW3 treatment. The results also appeared the best values at MW2 in SG, 6.24 seed day-1; in GRI, 31.19% day-1, and in GI, 87.67, as well as at UV2 in MGT, 3.32 day. The higher value of asymptotic germination barley seeds was found with Gom function (97.24%, and 88.71%) at MW2 and UV3, respectively. Besides, Gom functions at MW1 and UV2 give the highest maximum germination rates at 2,08 and 2.51% h-1, respectively. The results of the Log equation illustrated the highest value of germination percentage of the inflection point has recorded in 43.85 and 47.37 % on UV3 and MW2 treatments, respectively. For the fitting growth curve, the results have proven that the Gom function was shown the lowest values in MSE in all MW and UV exposure times, as compared with the Log function. So, the results of the Gom function were more fit for the growth curve for MW and UV treatments, as compared with the Log function.
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Nefissi Ouertani, Rim, Dhivya Arasappan, Ghassen Abid, Mariem Ben Chikha, Rahma Jardak, Henda Mahmoudi, Samiha Mejri, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, Tracey A. Ruhlman, and Robert K. Jansen. "Transcriptomic Analysis of Salt-Stress-Responsive Genes in Barley Roots and Leaves." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 8155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158155.
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Barley is characterized by a rich genetic diversity, making it an important model for studies of salinity response with great potential for crop improvement. Moreover, salt stress severely affects barley growth and development, leading to substantial yield loss. Leaf and root transcriptomes of a salt-tolerant Tunisian landrace (Boulifa) exposed to 2, 8, and 24 h salt stress were compared with pre-exposure plants to identify candidate genes and pathways underlying barley’s response. Expression of 3585 genes was upregulated and 5586 downregulated in leaves, while expression of 13,200 genes was upregulated and 10,575 downregulated in roots. Regulation of gene expression was severely impacted in roots, highlighting the complexity of salt stress response mechanisms in this tissue. Functional analyses in both tissues indicated that response to salt stress is mainly achieved through sensing and signaling pathways, strong transcriptional reprograming, hormone osmolyte and ion homeostasis stabilization, increased reactive oxygen scavenging, and activation of transport and photosynthesis systems. A number of candidate genes involved in hormone and kinase signaling pathways, as well as several transcription factor families and transporters, were identified. This study provides valuable information on early salt-stress-responsive genes in roots and leaves of barley and identifies several important players in salt tolerance.
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IZTAYEV, Аuyelbek, Torebek BAIBATYROV, Tarbiye MUKASHEVA, Bayan МULDABEKOVA, and Маdina YAKIYAYEVA. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE BAISHESHEK BARLEY GRAIN PROCESSED BY THE ION-OZONE MIXTURE." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 35 (July 20, 2020): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.22_iztayev_pgs_239_258.pdf.
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The article presents the results of an experimental study of Baisheshek barley grain treated with an ion ozone mixture. This study aims to develop an innovative technology for processing barley with an ion-ozone mixture in order to increase their technological parameters, yield, quality, and grain safety. Kazakhstan has sharply increased the export of barley, and all agronomists, producers, and breeders are actively moving to the cultivation of this crop, while increasing production, productivity, improving product quality, reducing their losses and ensuring storage safety are an urgent task. Microorganisms play an important role during storage, they fall into crop production in a variety of ways, and if they fall into unfavorable storage conditions after harvesting, crop production quickly deteriorates, harmful substances such as toxins, mold, and others accumulate in it, which reduces the commodity value. To solve these problems, experimental studies were conducted on barley of the Baisheshek cultivar treated with an ion-ozone mixture with and without using excess pressure (cavitation). The calculated full-factorial design of experiments of the 23 (8 experiments) and 24 (16 experiments) degrees made it possible to obtain regression equations describing the change in the seed, physico-biochemical, and physiological properties of barley of the Baisheshek variety. The solution of a comprehensive model for optimizing programming for different barley indices made it possible to establish optimal technological processing modes and achievable levels of technological qualities of grain. The effect of the proposed technology for ion-ozone and ion-ozone cavitation treatment is the ion-ozone mixture, which produces deodorization, disinfection of grain, following chemical-physical processes, increases biological value, accelerates the processes of grain metabolism. Studies conducted to improve germination, viability, and growth strength show a reasonably clear picture in terms of their ultimate value. Phenological observations showed that the effects of ion-ozone and ion-ozone cavitation treatment is triggered after 25-30 days. It was found that the greatest tendency for superiority is observed with ion-ozone cavitation treatment, followed by ion-ozone, and the control sample is significantly behind.
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Díaz-Flórez, Germán, Jorge Mendiola-Santibañez, Luis Solís-Sánchez, Domingo Gómez-Meléndez, Ivan Terol-Villalobos, Hector Gutiérrez-Bañuelos, Ma Araiza-Esquivel, Gustavo Espinoza-García, Juan García-Escalante, and Carlos Olvera-Olvera. "Modeling and Simulation of Temperature and Relative Humidity Inside a Growth Chamber." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214056.
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Modeling and simulation of internal variables such as temperature and relative humidity are relevant for designing future climate control systems. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to predict the internal variables temperature and relative humidity (RH) of a growth chamber (GCH). Both variables are incorporated in a set of first-order differential equations, considering an energy-mass balance. The results of the model are compared and assessed in terms of the coefficients of determination (R2) and the root mean squared error (RMSE). The R2 and RMSE computed were R2 = 0.96, R2 = 0.94, RMSE = 0.98 °C, and RMSE = 1.08 °C, respectively, for the temperature during two consecutive weeks; and R2 = 0.83, R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 5.45%RH, and RMSE = 5.48%RH, respectively, for the relative humidity during the same period. Thanks to the passive systems used to control internal conditions, the growth chamber gives average differences between inside and outside of +0.34 °C for temperature, and +15.7%RH for humidity without any climate control system. Operating, the GCH proposed in this paper produces 3.5 kg of wet hydroponic green forage (HGF) for each kilogram of seed (corn or barley) harvested on average.
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Thomas, Dean T., Roger A. Lawes, Katrien Descheemaeker, and Andrew D. Moore. "Selection of crop cultivars suited to the location combined with astute management can reduce crop yield penalties in pasture cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13436.
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Pasture cropping is an emerging farming-systems practice of southern Australia, in which winter grain crops are sown into an established stand of a winter-dormant, summer-growing perennial pasture. There is a pressing need to define times, locations and climates that are suitable for pasture cropping. To evaluate effects of management interventions, agro-environment, and possible interactions on crop and pasture productivity associated with pasture cropping, an AusFarm® simulation model was built to describe a pasture-cropping system based on annual crop and subtropical grass. The model was parameterised using data from field research on pasture cropping with barley cv. Buloke and a C4 subtropical grass, Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton), conducted at Moora, Western Australia. The simulation was run over 50 years using the historical climate data of five southern Australian locations (Cunderdin, Jerdacuttup, Mingenew, and Moora in Western Australia, and Karoonda in South Australia). Two wheat cultivars and one barley crop were considered for each location, to examine the impact of crop phenology on this farming system. Jerdacuttup and Moora favoured pasture cropping, with average barley-yield penalties of 10 and 12%. These locations were characterised by colder growing seasons, more plant-available water at anthesis, and more winter–spring rain. The cereal crops did not rely on stored soil moisture, growing instead on incident rain. The winter–spring growth of the Gatton panic pasture was highest at Mingenew. This generated a high yield penalty, 38% loss under pasture cropping, compared with the other locations. Changing the efficacy of a herbicide application to the pasture when the crop was sown had a strong effect on yield. Yield penalties at Moora and Mingenew reduced to 7 and 29%, respectively, when the proportion of live biomass killed by the herbicide was doubled. Utilisation of soil moisture by the Gatton panic pasture during summer and early autumn had little effect on subsequent grain yield, whereas reduced pasture growth during the winter–spring growing period had a substantial effect on crop yield. Pasture cropping can therefore succeed in agro-climatic regions where crops can be grown on incident rain and pasture growth is suppressed through low temperature or herbicide. Perennial pasture growth should be minimised during the crop growing period through the management of crop sowing date, nitrogen fertiliser application and C4 grass suppression to minimise the effect on stored soil water at crop anthesis.
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DWYER, L. M., and D. W. STEWART. "INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD AND WATER STRESS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND DEVELOPMENT RATE OF BARLEY MEASURED IN HEAT UNITS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-003.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare ’Bruce’) was grown in a greenhouse under three photoperiods (8, 12 and 16 h) and nine watering treatments, resulting in different timing, duration and intensity of water stress. Phenological development, according to the Feekes scale, was monitored three times a week and leaf area was measured weekly from tillering to ripening. Final aboveground and root dry matter production and grain yield were obtained at harvest. Phenological observations were fit to a nonlinear photothermal model that expressed phenological development as a function of heat units modified by photoperiod. In the absence of water stress, maximum leaf area was directly proportional to photoperiod and the time of maximum leaf area was delayed at longer photoperiods. Water stress hastened leaf area senescence and, in general, the more severe the stress, the greater the reduction in leaf area. Most stress treatments also resulted in lower shoot/root ratios than found in well-watered controls, as well as significant yield reductions. Reduction in biomass and yield components appeared independent of photoperiod. In contrast, not only was phenological development rate proportional to photoperiod, but the effect of water stress on development rate was modified by photoperiod. Development was significantly delayed by several water stress treatments; no treatment significantly hastened development. A stress period from tillering to the beginning of stem extension caused the largest, and most consistent, delay and the duration of the delay was inversely proportional to the photoperiod.Key words: Barley, degree days, phenology, leaf area, biomass
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Crow, James R., Peter M. Chandler, and Lewis N. Mander. "Studies Directed Towards the Preparation of Probes for the Photoaffinity Labelling of Gibberellin Receptors." Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 4 (2011): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10441.
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Model studies for the preparation of photoaffinity probes designed to explore the nature of gibberellin receptor sites have provided a wide range of gibberellin derivatives that should afford useful scaffolds incorporating auxiliary groups attached to C-2 and C-12. Methodology features the stereocontrolled opening of 2β,3β-epoxy gibberellins by attack on the lower face at C-2, while functionalization of C-12 was effected by the rhodium acetate-catalyzed CH insertion reaction of a 17-diazo ketone. Compounds were screened for bioactivity in growth and barley endosperm-based bioassays.