Journal articles on the topic 'Barns roller'

Barn deltar i økende grad i familievernkontorenes obligatoriske foreldremekling ved samlivsbrudd.Det er i dag en fagpolitisk målsetting i Norge at dette skal bli regelen snarere enn unntaket. På dennemåten skal barns rett til å bli hørt innfris. I denne artikkelen undersøkes mekleres erfaringer frameklingsprosesser der barn har deltatt. Spørsmålet som stilles er: Hva gjør barns deltakelse medmeklingen? Oppmerksomheten er rettet mot betydningen av barns deltakelse for meklingsprosessen,aktørenes roller og meklingens tema. Artikkelen bygger på kvalitative intervju med meklere mederfaring fra bruk av Barn i mekling-modellen (BIM). Intervjuene er analysert ved hjelp av kvalitativinnholdsanalyse. Resultatene viser at meklerne tillegger barns deltakelse stor betydning for ulikesider ved foreldremeklingen, så som meklernes faglige tilnærming, tematikk i meklingen og fokuspå foreldreskap.

Abstract In recent years, for economical purposes and to improve well-being conditions of cows, several dairy producers have adopted litter made from recycled manure solids (RMS). However, its use raises several safety issues, particularly with respect to mastitis and other infections. We previously observed cases of mastitis caused by K. pneumoniae and K. variicola, and two deadly infections from C. perfringens from cows on RMS. A herd of Holstein cows, distributed in two barns of about 40 lactating cows, was used. RMS was used in one barn, and wood-chip litter (WCL), in the other. RMS was generated by roller presses separation followed by conditioning at 55°C for 24h. Clean and soiled (used) RMS and WCL samples were collected for 15 months. Similarly, material samples before conditioning were also collected, and all samples were analyzed by viability-qPCR. Milk samples from cows with mastitis and somatic cell count data (SCC) were analyzed. Total and living contents of K. pneumoniae, K. variicola, C. perfringens and Klebsiella spp. were higher in the RMS than the WCL (+1.6–4.2 log10, P < 0.05). Composting 24h at 55°C did not affect total and live levels of C. perfringens, K. pneumoniae, and even increased total and live levels of K. variicola (+0.9 log10, P < 0.05). A seasonal effect or the number of cycles recycling the RMS decreased levels of K. pneumoniae in winter. Overall, RMS had no significant effect on SCC, but increased mastitis incidence (+39%, P < 0.05), compared to WCL. Milk analysis revealed that higher levels of K. pneumoniae found in RMS could contribute to the increase in mastitis cases caused by this pathogen. Data reported from this study are not favorable to the use of an RMS conditioned for 24h at 55°C with dairy cows, apropos the microbiological aspect; however, these results must be confirmed by other studies.

Artikkelen tematiserer et sirkusprosjekt som barnehagelærerstudenter gjennomførte ved en høgskole våren 2016, knyttet til kunnskapsområdet Barns utvikling, lek og læring (BULL). I løpet av en 3-ukers periode arbeidet studentene gruppevis og tverrfaglig med tema sirkus. Faglærere fra fysisk fostring, pedagogikk og drama deltok med praktisk og teoretisk undervisning og veiledning. Arbeidet fokuserte på studentenes læringsprosesser, og ledet frem mot en sirkusforestilling som ble presentert for barnehagebarn. Studentene gjennomførte også én dag med barnehagebarna på høgskolen hvor de la til rette for ulike sirkus-øvelser med dem. Det ble gjennomført en spørreundersøkelse og et gruppebasert refleksjonsnotat med studentene som deltok, som utgjør artikkelens empirigrunnlag. Med teoretisk støtte i Gadamer, Huizinga og Csikszentmihalyi, fokuserer teksten på hvordan studentene kroppsestetisk forholdt seg til, og gikk opp i, sirkusleken med sine medstudenter og barna. Studien viser at mange av studentene ble utfordret kroppslig og ble mer bevisste og trygge på seg selv i rollen som lekende kroppsaktører i møte med barna.

The impact of strong neutron absorption on data analysis and the comparison of two different absorption corrections for neutron diffraction data implemented in the GSAS Rietveld code are the foci of this work. We investigated the effect of absorption on the texture and the thermal motion parameter for rolled elemental foils. The orientation distribution functions (ODF) of rolled foils of dysprosium and erbium metals were determined from neutron time-of-flight data patterns collected on HIPPO at LANSCE. Both Dy and Er are strong absorbers for thermal neutrons with absorption cross-sections of 994 barns for Dy and 159 barns for Er at l = 1.8 Å. Various stacks of foils of each material, along with combinations of absorbing and less-absorbing foils, were measured. The patterns were analyzed using the GSAS options for Debye-Scherrer and linear absorption models, as well as without an absorption correction. Discrepancies between refined and expected “true” values of crystallographic parameters if absorption is not taken into consideration are discussed.

The rolling force model and energy calculation equation for 20CrMnTi steel are constructed based on practically measured data and theoretical math model. In the practical production, the heating temperature of 20CrMnTi steel is lowered from 1150°C to 1050°C, and in consequence, the total energy consumption is reduced by 5.81%. Moreover, the mill and motor abilities are still met and the rolled goods’ properties and surface quality are still guaranteed. Thus, energy saving is successfully realized.

We discuss the impact of strong absorption for thermal neutrons on data analysis and compare absorption corrections in the GSAS and MAUD Rietveld codes for texture and structural parameter refinement. Diffraction data were collected on the neutron powder diffractometer HIPPO at LANSCE from dysprosium and erbium, which are moderate-to-strong absorbers for thermal neutrons with absorption cross sections of 159 barns for Er and 994 barns for Dy at λ=1.8 Å. Both elements have hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) crystal structures, and the samples were various thicknesses of rolled foils. The orientation distribution functions (ODF) were fit to the same neutron time-of-flight data sets using two very different full pattern Rietveld analysis procedures. Spherical harmonics functions were fit to the textured data using GSAS. These data were also analyzed by the modified direct method E-WIMV using MAUD. The resulting pole figures from the ODFs determined by both Rietveld analysis packages are qualitatively similar, and the textures were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Additionally, data from orthorhombic dysprosium and erbium fluoride powders show that atomic positions are not sensitive to absorption. We address inconsistencies and methodologies in data analysis when strong absorption is present.

The Baros mangrove forest in Bantul Regency is now beginning to develop. Many government and private sectors programs are rolled out to support its development. The development of the Baros mangrove forest must be in accordance with the rules of conservation so that it will not damage the mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove forest has high economical and ecological value but is very vulnerable if lack of wisdom in maintaining, preserving and managing them. The involvement of government and other stakeholders are essential in determining management policies. Unawareness of society and the government to the importance of mangrove ecosystem can cause development of it becomes uncontrolled, consequently can destroy it. Mangrove forests are an important natural resource in coastal environments, and have three main functions: physical, biological, and economic functions. To quantify the functions of mangrove forests as the basis to determine the policy is required a research instrument called economic valuation. The approach of this study is the literature review from various studies before to perceive the influence of economic valuation in determining the management strategy of Baros mangrove forest in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

I artikeln analyseras en diskussion om vargen och dess existensberättigande som pågick i Österbottens Tidning under år 2018 i samband med att vargar rörde sig i trakten. Utgående från Paul Slovic analyseras hur tankegångar om risk byggs upp i materialet. Syftet för artikeln är att undersöka hur varg som risk produceras och hanteras i ett tidningsmaterial, med ett särskilt fokus på de roller som barnen tilldelas. Jag intresserar mig i synnerhet för tiden, och för vad som händer med den i dessa processer. En sammansmältning av Slovics tankar om risk och Heta Lähdesmäkis och Outi Ratamäkis analys av den farliga vargen som en diskursiv resurs i det kulturella minnet i Finland ger ett underlag för en analys av ett material som i sin helhet handlar om en konstruktion av risk för vargangrepp på barn. Jag föreslår termen ”maskhål” som ett alternativ till det som Lähdesmäki och Ratamäki kallar för tidshopp, för att visa på den cirkulära rörelsen i den nutida ständiga återkomsten till händelser som man själv inte upplevt – dödliga vargangrepp på barn i äldre tid. Maskhålet ger tillgång till vargangreppen oberoende av tid och plats, och jag ser de känslor som berättelserna genererar som den kraft som upprätthåller existensen av maskhålet. I processen synliggörs även vad jag kallar för barnets inneboende moraliska imperativ.

The surface of hot rolled ribbed steel bar after remained-heat-treatment process readily corrodes and rusts on store and transportation process due to falling off of the surface of its oxide layer in the steel production. By studying different cooling intensity having what effect on rebar structure, mechanical property and the thickness and component of surface oxide layer, this paper analyses the influence factor of strengthening mechanism and anti-corrosion on the surface oxide layer of hot rolled ribbed steel bars (HRB). The result indicates that there is a certain extent improvement on the bar’s yield strength and strength of extension after remained heat treatment, and that this change in large size bar is more distinct than which in small size’s. The most distinct strengthening effect happens in a temperature on cooling table about 720°C. Above 820°C —the temperature on cooling table, all metallographic structure consist of ferrite and pearlite (F+P); under 725°C, the sclerotic structure like bainite appears. With the temperature on cooling table arising, surface oxide layer thickens. In low temperature on cooling table, the sample integrates with matrix comparatively closely and has relatively better anti-corrode property.

AbstractNest-site reduction has played a significant role in the decline of Barn Owl Tyto alba populations throughout Europe and North America. Techniques of nest-site augmentation, involving the provision of nest-boxes, have been widely used in a range of species of conservation concern, including falcons, eagles, parrots, owls and cavity-nesting ducks. A common method of Barn Owl conservation is the placement of nest-boxes on church towers. Despite the usefulness of nest-boxes, several studies have shown that there may be associated disadvantages and that nest-boxes may even act as ‘ecological traps’. The purpose of this research was to compare the survival rate of owlets hatched in nest-boxes with those hatched in the more “natural” environment of church towers. Survival time analysis elucidated that owlets developing in nest-boxes had significantly lower survival than those hatched in church towers. This difference was most obvious after the parent-dependent period of the life history. Surprisingly, the length of time from hatching to the onset of winter had no effect on the survival of the owlets, even though the accumulation of sufficient body reserves and acquisition of hunting experience are thought to be important in determining survival during the critical first winter of life. We propose possible causes for the negative effects of nest-boxes and recommend some modifications to the priorities of Barn Owl Action Plans, e.g. partial reopening of buildings instead of nest-box installation. This paper emphasizes the importance of considering revision of Species Action Plans in the case of other endangered species where conservation is based on nest-site supplement (e.g. hornbills, cavity-nesting seabirds, European Roller Coracias garrulus, Little Owl Athene noctua, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, White Stork Ciconia ciconia).

In 2014, 162 bird species were recorded during the bird ringing activities in Slovenia. Of 155 species, 62,275 birds were ringed, and 107 recoveries of birds ringed in Slovenia and found abroad, 148 foreign recoveries in Slovenia and 1395 local recoveries were recorded. The most frequently ringed species were Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla and Great Tit Parus major. As far as ringed nestlings are concerned, Great Tits and Barn Swalllows Hirundo rustica predominated. Considering the recoveries ringed of found birds abroad, the commonest were Black-headed Gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Mute Swans Cygnus olor. The farthest recovery was a Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica found in the Democratic Republic of Congo (5171 km away). Among the more interesting finds was also the so far southernmost recovery of a Sand Martin Riparia riparia found in Israel. Let us also mention the first recovery of a Corncrake Crex crex, which bred and was ringed in 2013 at Planinsko polje (central Slovenia) and was found in the 2014 breeding season in the Czech Republic. Among rare species, two Little Buntings Emberiza pusilla were caught and ringed. After nine years, the Roller Coracias garrulus bred again in Slovenia in 2014 and its nestlings were ringed. The paper also brings the description of the migration route of the first African migrant, the Black Stork Ciconia nigra, marked with a GPS/GSM telemetric device, which migrated across the Adriatic Sea, Sicily and Sahara to Nigeria.

AbstractIn January 2006, the Spanish government enacted a tobacco control law that banned smoking in bars and restaurants, with exceptions depending on the floor space of the premises. In January 2011, further legislation in this area was adopted, removing these exceptions. We analyse the effect produced on cigarette sales by these two bans. We approach this problem using an interrupted time series analysis while accounting for the potential effects of autocorrelation and seasonality. The data source used was the official data on legal sales of tobacco in Spain, from January 2000 to December 2015 (excluding the Canary Islands and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla). As confounder variables, we use the log-transformed average prices for manufactured and hand-rolled cigarettes (or the average minimum excise tax as a proxy), and log-transformed real-household disposable income. The implementation of a total smoke-free ban in Spain was associated with an immediate reduction in cigarette sales between 9% to 11%. In contrast, in the period immediately following the partial ban, no such reduction was detected, beyond the trend already present. Our results indicate that, in Spain, partial bans on smoking in public places failed, and that only a total tobacco ban worked.

The art world changed forever when Jackson Pollock picked up a can and poured paint onto a vast canvas rolled across the floor of his windswept barn. Fifty years on, art theorists recognize his patterns as being a revolutionary approach to aesthetics. A significant step forward in understanding Pollock's aesthetics occurred in 1999 when my scientific analysis showed that his paintings are fractal. Fractals consist of patterns that recur at finer and finer magnifications, building up shapes of immense complexity. Significantly, many natural patterns (for example, lightning, clouds, mountains, and trees) are also fractal. In this essay, I will present some personal reflections on this relationship between the fractal patterns of Pollock and those of nature, and also on the interactions between art and science as the project evolved.

Continental crossbred beef heifers were used in a randomized complete block design experiment to evaluate the effects of replacement of dry-rolled corn with unprocessed rye on the finishing-phase growth performance and efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) use. Fifty-six heifers (433 ± 34.0 kg) were transported 241 km from a sale barn in North Central South Dakota to the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Heifers were blocked by weight grouping and allotted to treatment pens (n = 7 heifers/pen and 4 pens/treatment). Treatments included a finishing diet that contained 60% grain (diet dry matter basis) as dry-rolled corn (DRC) or unprocessed rye grain (RYE). On study day 14, all heifers were consuming the final diet and were implanted with 200 mg of trenbolone acetate and 28 mg of estradiol benzoate (Synovex-Plus, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ, USA). The RYE heifers had decreased (p ≤ 0.01) final body weight, average daily gain, and gain efficiency; however, they tended (p = 0.08) to have a greater dry matter intake compared to DRC heifers. RYE heifers had decreased (p ≤ 0.01) observed dietary NE and decreased (p ≤ 0.01) observed-to-expected dietary NE ratio for maintenance and gain compared to DRC heifers. The dressing percentage, 12th rib fat thickness, ribeye area, and the distribution of yield and quality grades were not altered (p ≥ 0.12) by dietary treatment. The hot carcass weight, calculated yield grade, estimated empty body fat (EBF), and body weight at 28% EBF decreased (p ≤ 0.02) and retail yield increased (p = 0.01) in RYE compared to DRC heifers. These data indicate that unprocessed rye is a palatable feed ingredient for inclusion in finishing diets for beef cattle and that rye inclusion only minimally influences the carcass quality grade. The feeding value of unprocessed rye is considerably less (21.4%) than that of dry-rolled corn using current standards and approximately 91% of the NE value of processed rye (processing index = 78.8%). Rye grain fed as processed or unprocessed grain has an NE value that is less than 90% of that of dry-rolled corn.

Non-iridescent structural colour in avian feathers is produced by coherent light scattering through quasi-ordered nanocavities in the keratin cortex of the barbs. To absorb unscattered light, melanosomes form a basal layer underneath the nanocavities. It has been shown that throughout Aves, melanosome morphology reflects broad categories of melanin-based coloration, as well as iridescence, allowing identification of palaeocolours in exceptionally preserved fossils. However, no studies have yet investigated the morphology of melanosomes in non-iridescent structural colour. Here, we analyse a wide sample of melanosomes from feathers that express non-iridescent structural colour from a phylogenetically broad range of extant avians to describe their morphology and compare them with other avian melanosome categories. We find that investigated melanosomes are typically wide (approx. 300 nm) and long (approx. 1400 nm), distinct from melanosomes found in black, brown and iridescent feathers, but overlapping significantly with melanosomes from grey feathers. This may suggest a developmental, and perhaps evolutionary, relationship between grey coloration and non-iridescent structural colours. We show that through analyses of fossil melanosomes, melanosomes indicative of non-iridescent structural colour can be predicted in an Eocene stem group roller ( Eocoracias : Coraciiformes) and with phylogenetic comparative methods the likely hue can be surmised. The overlap between melanosomes from grey and non-iridescent structurally coloured feathers complicates their distinction in fossil samples where keratin does not preserve. However, the abundance of grey coloration relative to non-iridescent structural coloration makes the former a more likely occurrence except in phylogenetically bracketed specimens like the specimen of Eocoracias studied here.

abstractDoes the way we talk about events correspond to how we conceptualize them? Three experiments (N= 135) examined how Spanish and Swedish native speakers judge event similarity in the domain of caused motion (‘He rolled the tyre into the barn’). Spanish and Swedish motion descriptions regularly encode path (‘into’), but differ in how systematically they include manner information (‘roll’). We designed a similarity arrangement task which allowed participants to give varying weights to different dimensions when gauging event similarity. The three experiments progressively reduced the likelihood that speakers were using language to solve the task. We found that, as long as the use of language was possible (Experiments 1 and 2), Swedish speakers were more likely than Spanish speakers to base their similarity arrangements on object manner (rolling/sliding). However, when recruitment of language was hindered through verbal interference, cross-linguistic differences disappeared (Experiment 3). A compound analysis of all experiments further showed that (i) cross-linguistic differences were played out against a backdrop of commonly represented event components, and (ii) describing vs. not describing the events did not augment cross-linguistic differences, but instead had similar effects across languages. We interpret these findings as suggesting a dynamic role of language in event conceptualization.

Høsten 2020 innføres nye læreplaner (LK20) i norsk skole. Noe av det nye i disse læreplanene er innføringen av tverrfaglige temaer og kjerneelementer i alle fag. I denne artikkelen retter jeg oppmerksomheten mot det tverrfaglige temaet bærekraftig utvikling for å diskutere hvordan dette kan integreres i norskfaget med vekt på kjerneelementene tekst i kontekst, kritisk tilnærming til tekst og muntlig kommunikasjon. Diskusjonen tar utgangspunkt i teoretiske perspektiver på økokritikk, littera-tursamtaler og skalert lesing, og gjennom et forslag til hvordan lærere kan legge til rette for økokritiske litteratursamtaler om representasjoner av forholdet mellom barn og trær i to barnelitterære klassikere. Artikkelen argumenterer for at denne koblingen mellom oppmerksom lesing av og samtaler om barnelitteratur kan utvikle kritiske perspektiver på verbal-språklige framstillinger av flersanselige naturerfaringer og dermed være et bidrag til økt bevissthet om økologisk samspill. Dette er kunnskap som kan ha betydning for hvordan barn og unge blir språklig rustet til å orientere seg i den overordnete klimadiskursen og for hvordan de vil forstå seg selv i rollen som økoborgere.Nøkkelord: økokritikk, plantestudier, litteratursamtaler, barnelitteratur, Johanna Spyri, L. M. MontgomeryEcocritical literature conversations – An arena for increased awareness of ecological interplay?AbstractBy autumn 2020 a new national school curriculum (LK20) will be introduced in Norway. Some of what is new in LK20 is the introduction of cross-curricular themes and core elements in all school subjects. In this article I turn the attention to the cross-curricular theme sustainable development to discuss how this may be integrated into the school subject Norwegian and with a special emphasis on the core elements text in context, critical approach to text and oral communication. The discussion is based on theoretical perspectives on ecocriticism, literature conversations and scaled reading, and on a specific proposal for how teachers may prepare for ecocritical literature conversations on representations of the relationship between children and trees in two literary classics for children. The article argues that this bridging between careful reading of and conversation about children’s literature may evolve a critical approach to verbal depictions of multisensory nature experiences and hence contribute to increased awareness of ecological interplay. Such knowledge may prove significant to children’s linguistic skills needed to orientate in the overall climate discourse and to how they understand themselves as ecocitizens.Keywords: ecocriticism, plant studies, literature conversations, children’s literature, Johanna Spyri, L. M. Montgomery

Abstract A feedlot study was conducted comparing the effects of a direct-fed microbial feed additive (DFM) to no feed additive (CON) on performance and liver abscess rates in finishing beef cattle. The study utilized 60 crossbred steers (initial BW 274 kg ± 2.23) individually fed using a Calan gate system. Steers were housed in separate pens by treatment to avoid DFM cross-contamination, with pen (barn of 30 steers) assigned randomly to each treatment. Cattle were fed a diet consisting of 15% corn silage, 36.5% high moisture corn, 24.5% dry rolled corn, 20% modified distillers grains, and 4% supplement for 189 days. The DFM counts were estimated using cell cytometry and was top dressed at a concentration of approximately 81 billion bacterial cells/head/day. The DFM additive used in this study was developed to reduce the abundance of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Streptococcus bovis in the rumen. No effect of treatment on hot carcass weight (HCW), average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (G:F), or carcass traits (Table 1) were observed. No significant difference in the occurrence of liver abscesses between treatment groups were observed with 4 steers having abscessed livers in the CON group and 3 steers in the DFM group. Additionally, there were no differences in the severity of liver abscesses; all observed liver abscesses received the score of A. The DFM utilized in this study did not significantly affect performance, liver abscess rate, or the severity of liver abscesses in finishing beef cattle.

Abstract Objectives of this study were: 1) validate on-farm dry matter (DM) testing methods, and 2) determine how as-fed dietary composition adjustment to respond to DM content changes affected performance. One-hundred fifty-one crossbred steers (n = 85; 404 kg initial BW) and heifers (n = 66; 384 kg initial BW) were allocated randomly (4 to 6 hd/pen), within truck load and sex, to one of two 15-pen rows in a deep-bedded confinement barn. Treatments included control (n = 15 pens), where diets were only modified to account for changes in ingredient DM every 28 d or adjusted (ADJ; n = 15 pens), in which diets were modified daily to account for changes in ingredient DM. Target composition of diets was (DM basis) hay (3.73%), corn silage (CS; 8.28%), high moisture corn (HMC; 50.86%), dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 11.83%), dry rolled corn (DRC; 20.07%), and a liquid supplement (5.23%). Cattle were fed for 84 d. Dry matter content of hay was determined daily using a microwave oven and that of CS and HMC were determined using a forced-air dryer every other day upon removal from bunker silos; these methods were validated against DM determination using a forced-air oven set at 105 °C. Hay or corn silage DM measured indirectly was similar (P > 0.10) to that measured using a forced-air oven at 105 °C. Adjusting as-fed dietary composition daily to compensate for changes in ingredient DM had no effect on DMI, ADG, feed conversion or final BW. Within-pen feed delivery residual variance tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for pens managed under ADJ. Within-pen and between-treatment residual DMI variance was not different (P > 0.10). Under the conditions of this study, exposure to the elements did not precipitate in large changes in diet DM composition or content. This resulted in similar performance response whether dietary as-fed composition was adjusted or not.

Dette dobbeltnummer af Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift indeholder fem artikler inden for fem forskellige forskningsfelter. Mellem dem løberder linjer på kryds og tværs, der tegner interessante sammenhænge. I den første artikel, som er første halvdel af en dobbeltartikel undersøger Nils Arne Pedersen, dåbsritualets led og rækkefølge hos N.F.S. Grundtvig med særligt fokus på placeringen af Fadervor og betydning af begrebet “Guds børn”. Dermed bidrager han med væsentlig historisk baggrundsviden til den aktuelle liturgidiskussion i folkekirken, som også er undersøgelsens direkte anledning. Især Christian Thodbergs forståelse af Grundtvigs dåbssyn udfordres. Ifølge Pedersen spiller spørgsmålet om historisk ælde en afgørende rolle i Grundtvigs vurdering af mulige ændringer i dåbsritualet. Hvor Thodberg på baggrund af Grundtvigs salmer og samtidens teologiske strømninger mente, at Fadervor efter Grundtvigs opfattelse placeredes bedst før dåben, fremhæver Pedersen med støtte i en lang række supplerende materiale, at placeringen efter dåben for Grundtvig var at foretrække, og at han i det hele taget havde et andet blik for betydningen af dåbsritualets forskellige led, end det Thodberg lader ane, når ham argumenterer for, at alle dele af dåben rummer hele dåbens betydning. Hvor Thodberg vil placere Fadervor før dåben som en forbøn ud af menneskelig fortvivlelse, ser Grundtvig Fadervor som en følge af, at den døbte nu er kristen og har Gud som fader. Bernt Torvild Oftestad taget fat i en anden rituel virkelighed, nemlig sjælesorgen for dødsdømte i Danmarks og Norges Kirke-Ritual. MedBalthasar Münters sjælesørgeriske omsorg for den dødsdømte Struense får Oftestad vist, hvordan oplysningstraditioner, Struenses radikalefranske og Münters neologistiske, skaber nye referencerammer for Kirkeritualets formuleringer, som ikke er uden spændinger. Måletfor sjælesorgen i Kirkeritualet er identifikationen med Kristus i hans lidelse, så lidelsen derved bliver indgangen til nyt liv. Denne procesunderstøttes af bibelske eksempler, men sker ikke kun ved ord, også materielle ting, som fx den vin, den dødsdømte får lov at smage, kanblive Kristusforkyndelse. Münters mål med Struense er ikke på samme måde conformitas Christi, men omvendelse gennem intellektueloverbevisning, så Struense kan blive beviset på den mulige forening af oplysningstanke og fromhed, fornuft og åbenbaring. Dermed ændressjælesorgens profil, mens dens affektive dimension bibeholdes og forstærkes gennem oplysningstiden. Nummerets tredje artikel er skrevet af Kenneth Berg og belyser den hævdede modsætning mellem selviskhed og uselviskhed med udgangspunkti K.E. Løgstrups interesse for Max Scheler. Også her spiller oplysningstiden en rolle, nemlig som årsag til det, som forfatteren ser som en problematisk dikotomi mellem selviskhed og uselviskhed. Denne dikotomi kendes ikke i før-reformatorisk kristendom, men må forstås som et barn af moderniteten. Berg undersøger, i hvor høj grad Løgstrup gennem inspiration fra Scheler, som Løgstrup introducerede i Danmark, kan siges at overskride modernitetens opfattelse af moral som principielt uselvisk. Diskussionen om Løgstrups mulige inspiration fra Scheler fører forfatteren til den konklusion, at en hævdelsen af uselviskhed som indbegrebet af det moralske valg i virkeligheden er nihilistisk og derfor både teologisk og fænomenologisk problematisk. I 2019 udgav Jürgen Habermas et nyt opus magnum med titlen Auch eine Geschichte der Philosophie. Troels Nørager, der var blandt de førsteder introducerede Habermas’ tænkning i Danmark, gennemgår i en udvidet review-anmeldelse de filosofiske, religionsvidenskabelige ogteologiske linjer i dette storværk. Også Habermas er optaget af riten eller ritualet, og ser myten som første forsøg på sprogliggørelse af denaf riten indkapslede sakralitet. Dermed bevæger myten sig tættere på fornuften, idet også myten indeholder rationalitet. I Habermas øjnehar metafysik og monoteisme derfor fælles udspring, hvilket muliggør samtale. Nørager gør en del ud af Habermas’ brug af begrebet“rettende Gerechtigkeit” som det “mere”, som religion til forskel fra filosofi kan indeholde, og som sikrer en liturgisk levende kristendomfortsat relevans – også for den sekulære tænkning, som Habermas fortsat ser sig som eksponent for. Nummerets sidste artikel er ligeledes en bogomtale. Daniel Henschens Da danskerne ville omvende verden giver Hans Raun Iversen lejlighed til at give en forskningshistorisk oversigt over det missionshistoriske felt. Henschens bog udmærker sig i den forbindelse ved at anskue missionsbevægelsen som en del af dansk kulturhistorie og bidrager på den måde med mange tiltrængte nuancer i synet på dendanske missionsbevægelse. Bogen kan derfor efter hensigten fungere som introduktion til missionsbevægelsen som globaliseringsbevægelse,før globaliseringen for alvor slog igennem i verden.

SammendragI forbindelse med stortingsvalget 2017 organiserte Redd Barna i Norge et valg for barn i form av ennettbasert stemmeavgivning. Barnas valg var inspirert av artikkel 12 i FNs Barnekonvensjon, og etav de uttalte målene var å synliggjøre «hvordan Norge ville sett ut om barna fikk bestemme». Denneartikkelen presenterer empiri fra et prosjekt hvor 25 femteklassinger (9–10 år) i en offentlig barneskolei Trondheim deltok i intervju om Barnas valg. Målet med artikkelen er todelt: For det første åutforske barns opplevelse av hvordan de posisjoneres som medborgere. For det andre å kartleggebarns oppfatning av sine kapasiteter og muligheter for å delta i politiske og demokratiske prosesser.Artikkelen viser at tiltak som Barnas valg kan bidra til en styrket følelse av tilhørighet i samfunnetfor barn, samtidig som det opprettholdes en tendens til at barns deltakelse foregår på separatearenaer, uten reelle politiske konsekvenser. Barna i undersøkelsen argumenterer for barns retttil å bli hørt og anerkjent, men beskriver også det å gi barn for mye politisk ansvar som potensieltuheldig. Barnas refleksjoner rundt eget medborgerskap gjenspeiler dermed en ambivalens rundtbarnemedborgerens rolle, som også preger barnekonvensjonen og samfunnet for øvrig.Nøkkelord: rettigheter, deltakelsesrettigheter, valg, demokrati, politikk, medborgerskap.Children’s Election – when children head to the pollsAbstractIn connection with the Norwegian Parliament election 2017, Save the Children Norway organizedan election for children consisting of web-based voting. Children’s Election was inspiredby Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and one of the stated goalswas to highlight “what Norway would look like if children were to decide”. This article presentsempirical data from a research project where 25 fifth graders (9–10 years) in a public primaryschool in Trondheim participated in interviews about Children’s Election. The aim of the articleis twofold: First, to explore children’s experience of how they are positioned as citizens.Second, to map children’s perceptions of their capacities and opportunities to participate inpolitical and democratic processes. The article shows that elections for children may strengthentheir sense of belonging to society, while also furthering a tendency that children’s participationunfolds in separate arenas, without political consequences. The children in the studyargue for children’s rights to be heard and acknowledged, while also describing too much politicalresponsibility for children as potentially problematic. Thus, children’s sense-making reflectsambivalence about children’s citizenship that is also found in the UNCRC and society at large.Keywords: rights, participatory rights, election, democracy, politics, citizenship.

När inskolning av barn i förskolan på betydande sätt förändras, uppstår behov av nya förhållningssätt till barn och föräldrar. Nya professionella roller för förskolepedagoger (förskollärare och barnskötare) skapas. Dessa roller skiljer sig betydligt från de roller som intogs tidigare. Denna artikel fokuserar dessa nya pedagogroller och deras betydelse mot bakgrund av tidigare former av inskolningsmodell (er).

Formålet med mitt feltarbeid var å undersøke små barns lek i ulike pedagogiske miljøer, hvordan lekenkom til uttrykk og hvilke oppfordringer til lek, som fantes i de ulike miljøene. Alle tretten barnegruppene(1–3 år) i feltarbeidet hadde gode vilkår for den sosialt kroppslige leken, med store lekeelementer tilgjengelig. Men kun to barnegrupper hadde lekemateriell som oppfordret til å kle seg ut og forestilleseg i en annen rolle og identitet. Jeg vil argumentere for større oppmerksomhet på små barns spontaneforestillinger og lek i barnehagen, med hovedvekt på lekens egenverdi. Videre diskuterer jeg på hvilkemåter personalet, omgivelsene og organiseringen av hverdagslivet i barnehagen kan fremme ellerhemme små barns lekende samspill.

I en kommentar til Barnekonvensjonens artikkel 31 advarer FN (2013) mot et økende læringstrykk. Enkonsekvens av dette er at vilkårene for den frie, spontane leken forringes og at barns frie lek settesunder press. Med dette som bakteppe vil vi gjennom en inn- og utlesning undersøke hvordan lekensrolle i skolefritidsordningen/fritidshjem kan forstås i styringsdokumentene i Danmark, Norge ogSverige. Vår innlesning viser at det finnes tolkningsrom som åpner for å forstå styringsdokumenteneut fra et dominerende perspektiv på lek som noe instrumentelt. Utlesningen viser at tvetydigheten ogsåinviterer til en perspektivforskyvning der lek kan betraktes som noe som har egen verdi.

Artikkelen demonstrerer hvordan den senmoderne bildeboka uttrykker tendenser i det senmodernesamfunnet slik blant andre sosiologene Anthony Giddens, Jon Arne Vetlesen og Finn Hjardemaal beskriver det, med vekt på barn og barndom. Den viser hvordan bøkene ikke bare speiler dissetendensene, men også konstruerer et barn/en barndom. Videre kontekstualiserer artikkelen densenmoderne bildeboka i barnehagen som samfunnsinstitusjon, og diskuterer hvilken rolle den kanspille som allalderlitteratur, for barn og ansatte.

Formålet med artikkelen er å bidra med ny empirisk kunnskap om de kulturelle og sosiale aspekteneved mat og måltider i barnehagen. Forskningsspørsmålene er: Hvordan fungerer lunsjmåltidet ibarnehagen som en sosialiserings- og medlæringssituasjon, og hvordan oppfatter de ansatte sine oppgaverog roller i måltidssituasjonen? Det teoretiske perspektivet er hentet fra teorier om sosialisering og omobservasjonslæring. Kasusstudien er gjort i to barnehager der det ble gjennomført individuelle intervju,gruppeintervju og observasjoner av måltidssituasjoner. Resultatene viser at de ansatte var opptatt avansvaret sitt som rollemodeller for barna under måltidet, men løste det forskjellig. Voksenrollenevarierte fra å ha tilsyn med barna og sørge for at de fikk i seg maten, til større sosial involvering i måltidssituasjonen. Det kan tyde på manglende fokus på betydning av måltidssosialisering både i utdanningen og hos barnehageeierne og lederne.

Artikkelen handler om vilkårene for og reguleringer knyttet til utforskning, lek og læring inne og ute i barnehagen med særlig vekt på personalets rolle. Dette ses i lys av forskning om barns trivsel eller stressfaktorer i det fysiske miljøet. Temaet i artikkelen er hvordan personalet kan etablere eller gjøre tilgjengelig større variasjon av arealer for improvisasjon, lek, læring og utforskning. Problemstillingen som det søkes svar på er; Hvordan kan fokus på ubenyttede eller regulerte arealer i barnehagen bidra til ny kunnskap om og ny etablering av varierte rom for utforskning, improvisasjon, lek og læring? Gjennom henvisninger til en kvalitativ undersøkelse i fem barnehager i Osloområdet, drøftes dette temaet.

Abstract: A review of research on children’s development of spatial reasoning in a preschool setting 1995-2010. This study reviews 16 journal articles, books and theses on spatial reasoning in early childhood mathematics education. The data was collected by way of systematical search in several major databases and relevant digital and non-digital journals. The article gives a brief presentation of the main findings and the different methods used and, if applicable, the authors’ focus on didactics in both method and analysis. When it comes to children’s mathematical learning processes, a main focus for a majority of studies is children’s use of constructional play material. When it comes to preschool teachers’ work with spatial reasoning, most studies focus on the teachers’ planned and spontaneous communication with the children. The article then goes on to discuss these findings in relation to the Norwegian Framework Plan for Kindergartens. It seems like future research on the teachers’ use of material, on their work with visualization and orientation, and on their general focus on spatial reasoning could gain curriculum practise. Sammendrag: Denne oversiktsartikkelen gir en presentasjon av 16 internasjonale forskningsarbeider som ser på barns romforståelse i en barnehagekontekst. Arbeidene består av 14 vitenskapelige artikler, en bok og en doktorgrad, og disse ble funnet gjennom systematiske søk i flere større databaser og relevante digitale og analoge tidsskrift. Artikkelen gir en kort presentasjon av de ulike arbeidenes metode, hovedfunn og didaktiske vinkling. Når det gjelder barns utvikling av romforståelse har en majoritet av studiene fokus på hvordan dette kan belyses ved å studere og stimulere barns konstruksjonslek. For de studiene som ser på pedagogens rolle i arbeid med romforståelse legges det mest vekt på kommunikasjon, både planlagt og spontan kommunikasjon. Oversiktsartikkelen drøfter deretter hvilken betydning disse arbeidene kan ha for arbeidet med romforståelse i norske barnehager. Det kan se ut som at videre forskning bør vektlegge barnehagelærerens bruk av materiell, hvordan man planlegger arbeid med visualisering og orientering, og hvordan et økt fokus på romforståelse kan støtte barnehagelærerens arbeid med å iverksette den norske rammeplanens intensjoner på området.

I denna studie analyserar vi hur erfarna förskollärare i rollen som handledare introducerar förskollärarstudenter i professionen. Studien genomförs mot bakgrund av ett delvis nytt uppdrag som förskolan fått under senare år, som bland annat yttrar sig i att förskolan nu är en del av utbildningssystemet. Med utgångspunkt i det teoretiska begreppet argumentationstraditioner och genom att analysera metaforiken i deltagarnas resonerande, studeras hur erfarna och blivande förskollärare navigerar spänningar centrala för professionen. Deltagarnas betoning av vissa argumentationstraditioner och användningen av viss metaforik diskuteras i termer av vad de implicerar för utvecklingen av de barn som deltar i en förskoleverksamhet som formas av dessa.

I det digitaliserte samfunnet i dag skjer ei betydeleg endring i læringa sine materielle føresetnader, frå konkrete og analoge læringsmiljø til digitale og virtuelle. Parallelt med den massive digitale satsinga i nordiske utdanningssystem har det vekse fram ei global rørsle kalla the maker movement. Denne artikkelen undersøker korleis rørsla kan bidra til ei breiare og fleirfasettert tilnærming til digital kompetanse i Kunst og handverk (KogH), enn den skjerm­tunge praksisen som til no har dominert. Gjennom studie av læreplanar, læringsteoriar, eigen praksis i feltet, praktiske døme og den stadig veksande ‘makerrørsla’, vert det undersøkt om utdanningssystemet i større grad burde støtte seg til den faglege og forskingsmessige kunn­skapen om kropp og materialet si rolle i barn si læring når viktige avgjersler om skuleutvikling og digitalisering av KogH-faget skal takast. Nøkkelord: Digitale ferdigheiter, handverk, kroppsleg erkjenning, maker movement, demokrati.

Percy was a put upon pig. Everywhere he went, others pointed and stared. It was never Percy’s intention to be the focus of gossip and innuendo, but it seemed that from the moment he was born, other animals were destined to imbue him with all sorts of various—and often competing—meanings. Percy had asked for none of it. He thought of life as a rather simple affair. What made it complex and often baffling had more to do with what his farmyard friends projected onto him rather than anything that Percy would describe as pig related. As such, Percy had decided early on in life, that he would have no truck with superstition of any kind. The horses would grimace as he walked by; the cows would shake their heads and smile as if … well, Percy could never work out what the ‘as if’ stood in for. It obviously, though, had something to do with long, long ago. Recently, Percy had begun thinking about leaving the farm. This was not a decision to be taken lightly; in fact, it required a great deal of thought and careful planning: mulling over possible outcomes, unforeseen dangers and bends in the road. All clichés of course, but so many elements of any journey are. It was in the setting off, Percy reasoned, that the clichéd nature of any journey ended, and the individual narrative began. Percy’s one friend in the farmyard was Ian the carpet snake, and like Percy, he was unpopular with the other animals. Ian was something of a philosopher and Percy enjoyed their occasional conversations, particularly when things were going poorly for him with the other animals. Which was generally often and generally for reasons that had to do with ancient history rather than any particular matter at hand. “I think that it’s my body that’s the problem”, Percy sighed to Ian as he trotted into the barn. Ian was never quick to respond, reluctant as he was to withdraw from whatever band of sunlight he had managed to slither into. “And what problem is that little pig”, Ian demurred, unable to open his eyes just yet. “Oh well, the same problem as ever I expect”, Percy replied, obviously troubled by his relationships with the other animals in the farmyard. “They’ve been at it again have they?” Ian asked. “The thing is they’re never not at it”, Percy said grumpily. “And I’m sick of trying to work out why it is that everyone has such problems with me”. “Perhaps if you weren’t the only pig in the farmyard …” “But that’s just it, I am the only pig in the farmyard and it’s becoming intolerable. I have no understanding as to why, for the horses, I am an utter disgrace: to the cows, I’m something to pity; the birds see me as an object of ridicule and the chickens … are so arrogant toward me. Chickens! For goodness sake!” “And how is all this related to your body?” Ian asked. “Well,” Percy began, “I can’t help but think I’m somehow flawed. It’s as if my body is a joke of some kind. And it’s a joke that everyone else seems to understand but me. And no one, and I do mean no one, is prepared to tell me the joke to my face. If only I could understand why they feel so strongly about my very presence I might be able to argue my case, assure them that I am somehow different to the pigs they have in their minds”. “Mmm”, Ian muttered as he slithered into a coil and out of his sunlight. This was always the moment of commitment with Ian; the moment that signified a conversation was becoming interesting to the point where he might be encouraged to say something deep and wise; profound even. “Well, they do have a point, Percy”, Ian said. “You are enormously fat, your legs are very short, and your tail curls in disgrace at the size of your behind”. “But that’s just who I am”, squealed Percy in despair. “I can’t help the form my body takes”. Percy was close to tears, his frustration beginning to overwhelm him. “Do not cry or I will not talk to you”, Ian demanded, suddenly forceful. “Oh not you too. Can’t you see I’m distressed? My body”, Percy began, “is constantly hungry. It gives me no relief and my legs … can’t you see they have to be this way in order to support my frame? Being short means my legs are very powerful, they can move me about at more than a fair clip. It’s not right that the horses belittle me. It’s as if all the other animals think I’ve somehow asked to be born this way. As if … no one can see my good points”. “And tell me, Percy”, Ian asked kindly, “what are your good points?” “Well”, Percy replied, “I’m not fussy. I’m very pragmatic. I’m not a dreamer like the cows, or vain like the horses. Nor am I unable to commit like the birds. I have a great capacity to enlighten others as to the possibilities of pleasure and”, Percy continued, a little less sure, “I am loyal and kind”. “Mmm”, Ian demurred once more, “and yet the others are still unkind to you”. “The grasshoppers say that it’s a hangover from the dark ages; that no one actually remembers why it is they should hate me … it’s just that everyone’s sure that is what they’re supposed to do”. “Perhaps,” began Ian, “If you ate a little less?” “But you don’t understand either”, Percy cried. “You’re meant to be my friend, Ian. My one and only friend and yet you criticise me just like they do. As if … as if, my very pig-ness offends you”. “Well I do know how you feel if that is any consolation, Percy. Trust me when I say that my fan club are not people you want to hang out with. Honestly, snake lovers are troubled folk. They simple don’t understand a snake’s desire to be left alone”. “Well I don’t want to be left alone. I want to belong!” shouted Percy. So loud did Percy shout, that the horses standing outside the barn overheard him. And the idea of Percy wanting to belong made them laugh and neigh so loudly that the noise threatened to bring the humans over. Which was never a good idea. Except at feeding time. “Oh, Percy”, Ian sighed, as the horses cantered off shaking their manes in the breeze. “You can’t escape your identity. You think I want to be a carpet snake? Well, I don’t. I want to be an eagle. I’d do anything to be an eagle but that’s just not going to happen. One has to accept ones fate. And unfortunately for you, what being a pig means in this particular moment, is … well”, Ian said rationally, “rather a sad thing. But I will say this, being a pig is better than being a rat. Rats are foul and nasty creatures and you will not find anyone to disagree”. “Except perhaps a rat”, Percy exclaimed. “Oh, they know what foul creatures they are alright”, Ian corrected Percy. “But only because everyone thinks poorly of them”, Percy implored. “Such reasons exist for good … reason”, Ian stated. “Well I’m sure that the reason there are so many rats is because they know they have to stick together. They know the world is against them through no fault of their own”. “For goodness sake, Percy … our identities are put upon us all. Depending upon who our parents are, what time and place we are born into. Tell me this … if you were born a hundred years ago in a different country, do you think you would be the same pig? Do you think you would even speak the same language?” “Well … I don’t know. I’m sure I would have the same pig qualities”. “Indeed. But those qualities belong to your body, to your pig-ness rather than to who Percy is”. “But who Percy is … is constantly put-upon. Constantly manufactured by the other animals. It’s as if my fate was already decided when I was born; as if, just being born a pig was somehow wrong; somehow a disgraceful, offensive thing”. “Exactly”, Ian agreed enthusiastically. “Well, it’s not logical. It’s offensive and cruel”, Percy replied, suddenly agitated. “No one … not one single other animal has ever thought to address me as Percy. They simply see me as a pig. And the absolute worst thing about that is, being a pig, is somehow a dreadful thing for each and every other animal in the farmyard. No one thinks highly of pigs. Not even the dreadful fox who despite his cruel nature would never think to eat pork”. “Well … I’m sure if you lost a little weight’, Ian suggested. “Oh, you’re no help at all”, Percy exclaimed, suddenly angry. “Well I’m not going to take it anymore. I’m going to find a place where I belong. A place where other pigs like me have opportunities and the chance …”, Percy broke off, his courage suddenly deserting him. “The chance for what?” Ian enquired rather cynically. “It doesn’t matter”, Percy replied. “Oh, I think it does” Ian added. “You do, after all, need to know the reason for setting off”. “The reason I’m setting off is because I’m tired of being the only pig; the only animal in the barn who is put-upon is such vicious ways. Why have such dreadful meanings attached themselves to my pig-ness? It’s not fair. I want the chance”, Percy continued. “I want the chance to like my pig-ness, to celebrate my short, fat body and curly tail. I want to find a place where what it means to be a pig is normal rather than something obscure or somehow something to be ridiculed”. “Mmm”, Ian muttered once more as he stretched his long body into the fading band of light. “Good luck and God speed little pig”. “And I’m not a little pig!” Percy exclaimed as he trotted away from Ian, into the reassuring squalor of his pen. Later that night, after all the other animals had fallen asleep, Percy gently opened the latch that kept the gate of his pen closed, walked to the open door of the barn, then disappeared into the bright and starry night. The next morning there was much commotion in the barnyard. The farmer, upon realising that Percy had disappeared, mounted a short though thorough search of the farm. All the other animals were surprised by the farmer’s obvious concern for Percy. It was a concern that the other animals did not share. “Good thing, too”, said the horses amongst each other. “Dreadful little animal”, said the cows. “The neighbourhood is so much cleaner already”, tweetered the birds. “And less smelly”, chimed in the chickens. “Good riddance”, agreed Ian the carpet snack, who was keen to use the occasion to ingratiate himself with the other animals. “You know …” said the oldest and wisest of the cows. “To be born a pig is a punishment from the Gods”. “Yes I know”, said the horse standing next to the cow. “That pig must have killed someone in a past life”. “Yes”, replied the cow, “I never did like the way he tried to be so friendly when he was obviously such a foul creature”. “His very pig-ness disgusted me”, agreed Ian. “Still …”, replied the old cow somewhat suspiciously to Ian. “You did talk with him from time to time”. “It wasn’t that I liked talking to the pig”, corrected Ian. “The pig would simply trot over to where I was … on those dreadful, stumpy, trotting legs and talk and talk and talk. Last time he did so I was asleep; I didn’t wake up until he’d uttered his last sentence”. “You were giggling like a couple of school children yesterday”, corrected the horse. “It wasn’t me…”, Ian replied, attempting to correct the impression that Percy and he were somehow friends. “If you really want to know what happened to the pig last night … I ate him”. The other animals were suddenly dumbfounded. “Liar”, said the old cow. “Yes, liar”, agreed the horse. “It’s not a lie. I always hated that pig and last night …. When everyone else was asleep, I ate the pig”, Ian lied. “You’re a liar, snake. I saw the pig leave early this morning. He opened the latch on the gate to his pen and walked out the barn door without so much as a backwards glance”. Ian looked around at the other animals. Then he slithered away. “That damn snake is just as bad as the pig”, snorted horse. “Worse”, suggested the wise old cow. “You know snakes are compelled to live their lives so close to the ground because the Gods cut off all their legs after one of them lied about what he was capable of”. “Sounds just like that horrible carpet snake”, sneered chicken. “And carpet snakes are called carpet snakes because they came from that dreadful country over the hill that makes the rugs that humans love so much”. “Dreadful, dreadful, slithering snake”, hissed the blackest of the horses. Percy trotted merrily in the bright morning sun, just off to the side of the dirt road. He found that constantly travelling suited him. The whole idea of living in a pen was actually not something he ever wanted to return to. In fact, despite his initial fears when he set off the night before, Percy decided there was very little he liked about his past life. Now that he had his freedom he was determined to keep it; treasure it like the most precious of things. All the animals had decided at a hastily convened meeting that Ian the carpet snake had to be disposed of. Everyone agreed that the farm would be a much friendlier place without both the pig and the snake. “This is our one chance”, horse said very slowly and seriously. “If we don’t grasp it now, we will be forever condemned to share our farm with creatures who none of us like”. “It is a rare opportunity”, mused the cow. “Well it simply has to happen”, said the chicken haughtily. “What we need”, suggested the horse. “Is a plan”. “Yes”, agreed the cow. “Well I already have a plan”, said the bird from up in the tree. “And what’s that?” asked the horse. “Well, because the snake always eats all the mice before any of us birds have a chance to indulge, our plan is to poison a mice and then … just before it dies, place it near the carpet snake so he eats it and in so doing, poisons himself”. The other animals all looked up at the two birds on the branch above their heads. “You’ve really thought about this”, horse said. “Well, of course we have”, fumed the other bird. “Why just yesterday I was swooping down on a little mouse and just as I reached out to grab it in my claws, that evil snake swooped from nowhere and swallowed it whole”. “The snake is very greedy”, mused the cow. “Yes. Nobody likes the snake. Am I right?” asked the horse. “Hear, hear”, everyone agreed. “Right. Put your plan into action then birds and let’s all meet back here in an hour”, commanded the horse. “Good luck”, called the chickens after the birds. Percy couldn’t believe his eyes. He’d heard the noise in the distance as he trotted along in the sun, and then, from out of nowhere, a truck had turned a corner on the winding dirt road and driven straight past him. On board the truck was layer upon layer of pigs; what seemed to Percy like millions of pigs. A whole high-rise city of moving pigs, all squealing and talking in a language that was unfamiliar to him. And as the truck that was filled with pigs rolled past Percy, all he could do was follow it with his eyes. Suddenly Percy was overcome with a sense that his destiny lay onboard that truck; that if only he could manage to get inside the city of moving pigs then he would finally feel that he had found somewhere he could belong. Percy set off at a furious pace, running as fast as he could after the truck. As he got closer and closer, he realised that all the pigs were calling out to him. They seemed to be cheering him on, excited … no, desperate for him to succeed. Percy thought that if he could just run up alongside the driver’s window and somehow get his attention—perhaps by squealing very, very loudly—that the driver would stop the truck and ... The city of pigs continued to squeal desperately at Percy as he raced past their many faces. And Percy squealed back as best he could, desperate to get to the front of the truck and draw the driver’s attention. The truck suddenly slowed to negotiate a bump in the dirt road and Percy found himself in front off the cab. He turned back to face the slowly rolling wheels of the truck and squealed at the top of his voice. The truck’s air brakes hissed noisily and then the whole countryside went quiet for a beat. Percy was breathing very heavily; his face was deep red as he looked desperately up at the windscreen of the cab. Both doors of the truck opened at once and the driver and his passenger hopped to the ground. “Never seen that before”, said the passenger to the driver. “No. Wonder where he came from?” asked the driver. “I think he wants to get on board”, suggested the passenger. Then both the men laughed as they whistled to Percy and slapped at their legs, encouraging the pig to join them at the back of the truck. All the other pigs suddenly squealed as one, desperate to get Percy’s attention. Percy had never heard such a noise; it was both completely familiar though unintelligible. The other pigs seemed somehow overwhelmed by his presence … as if, they’d never seen a pig quite like Percy before. And Percy, as he trotted up the ramp of the truck into the comforting squalor of a million other pigs, squealed happily back at them, finally knowing what it felt like to belong.

<strong><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">SAMMENDRAG</span></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">Medisinsk fødselsregister (MFR) ble opprettet i 1967 etter thalidomidekatastrofen som førte til at mer enn</p><p align="left">10.000 barn ble født med alvorlige reduksjonsdeformiteter. Formålet var spesielt å oppdage eventuelle nye</p><p align="left">hyppighetsøkninger av medfødte misdannelser så snart som mulig, og generelt å etablere et grunnlag for</p><p align="left">epidemiologiske studier av perinatale helseproblemer. Denne todeling i forvaltning og forskning har senere</p><p align="left">vært retningsgivende for MFR. Forvaltningen, den epidemiologiske overvåking av perinatale helseproblemer,</p><p align="left">har bidradd til å avklare en rekke alarmer i form av hyppighetsøkninger, og til å redusere usikkerhet knyttet til</p><p align="left">miljøproblemer og fosterskader. Den største utfordringen hittil har vært overvåkingen etter Tsjernobylkatastrofen.</p><p align="left">Et miljø som synes å innebære stadig større potensielle trusler, representerer en utfordrende arbeidsoppgave</p><p align="left">i fremtiden. Den andre viktige forvaltningsoppgaven knytter seg til tilsyn med og kvalitetssikring av</p><p align="left">helsetjenestene for gravide, fødende og nyfødte.</p><p align="left">Den epidemiologiske forskningen er rettet mot årsakene til ulike perinatale helseproblemer og mot</p><p align="left">oppfølgning av ulike tilstander ved fødselen som for eksempel lav Apgar score eller forskjellige medfødte</p><p align="left">misdannelser. Longitudinelle studier der søskenflokken er analyseenhet i stedet for den enkelte fødsel står</p><p align="left">sentralt i forskningen. Slike studier har vist at den tilsynelatende veletablerte risikogruppen «høy paritet» er</p><p align="left">dårlig begrunnet både klinisk og forskningsmessig. Den høye risikoen observert i tverrsnittstudier skyldes</p><p align="left">heterogenitet ved at høyparitetsmødre i langt større utstrekning har mistet barn i tidligere svangerskap. Høyparitetsmødre</p><p align="left">uten tidligere tap har en meget lav risiko. Søskenflokkstudier av krybbedød har avdekket en</p><p align="left">langt lavere gjentakelsesrisiko enn dem som har vært rapportert i tidligere studier der søskenflokkdata ikke</p><p align="left">har vært tilgjengelige. Søskenflokkstudier har også bidradd til å synliggjøre miljøets rolle som årsak til</p><p align="left">medfødte misdannelser; som ventet er gjentakelsesrisikoen for medfødte misdannelser lavere når mor har</p><p align="left">byttet partner, men den er enda mer redusert etter at mor har flyttet til en ny kommune.</p><p align="left">Datagrunnlaget for forskningen basert på MFR må ofte suppleres med ytterligere data både med hensyn på</p><p align="left">eksposisjon og oppfølgning. Dette er bakgrunnen for en landsomfattende kohortstudie der alle gravide i landet</p><p align="left">i en toårsperiode vil bli anmodet om å delta med å besvare tre spørreskjemaer i løpet av graviditeten og å avgi</p><p align="left">to blodprøver til en biobank. Kvinnene og deres barn vil senere bli fulgt opp over lengre tid. Dette</p><p align="left">forskningsprogrammet vil gi muligheter for tallrike perinatalepidemiologiske delstudier samtidig som det vil</p><p align="left">gi muligheter for å belyse sammenhenger mellom perinatale risikofaktorer og sykdom senere i livet. I dette</p><p align="left">perspektiv vil MFR etter hvert få relevans i det meste av norsk epidemiologisk forskning.</p><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">Irgens L.</p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></span><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">The Medical Birth Registry of Norway, a foundation stone in Norwegian epidemiological<strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><p align="left">research</p></span></span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></strong></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">. </span></span><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">Nor J Epidemiol </span></span></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1997; </span></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">7 </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1): 5-10.</span></span></p><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">ENGLISH SUMMARY</span></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">The Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) was established in 1967 in the wake of the thalidomide</p><p align="left">catastrophe which caused more than 10,000 cases of reduction deformities throughout the world. The specific</p><p align="left">objective was to detect, as soon as possible, increased rates of birth defects, and in general, to establish a basis</p><p align="left">for epidemiological research of perinatal health problems. This dual objective, related to management and</p><p align="left">research, has influenced the functions of MBRN.</p><p align="left">An important management function is the epidemiological surveillance of perinatal health problems which</p><p align="left">has contributed to the clarification of a series of clusters and to reduce the uncertainty attached to birth defects</p><p align="left">and the environment. So far the greatest challenge has been the surveillance after the Chernobyl accident in</p></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">6</p></span></span><p align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">L.M. I</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">RGENS</span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">1986. However, a complex environment, involving a magnitude of serious threats to human health, represents</p><p align="left">a future challenge. The other management function comprises quality control of health services in pregnancy,</p><p align="left">birth and infancy.</p><p align="left">The epidemiological research addresses causes of perinatal health problems as well as follow up of various</p><p align="left">perinatal conditions such as low Apgar score and the different non-lethal birth defects with respect to survival</p><p align="left">and function.</p><p align="left">Through the years, longitudinal research has been given high priority, defining the sibship rather than the</p><p align="left">single birth as the unit of analysis. In this research, the clinical high risk group «grand multi-parity» has</p><p align="left">turned out to be a misnomer. The high risk, observed in cross sectional studies, is caused by heterogeneity due</p><p align="left">to the fact that many high parity mothers have lost previous infants and thus carry a high risk. Multiparous</p><p align="left">mothers with no previous loss carry a very low risk. Sibship studies of sudden infant death syndrome have</p><p align="left">established a much lower recurrence risk than those observed in previous studies by other groups who were</p><p align="left">unable, due to lack of data, to employ the sibship method. By using the sibship method, evidence is obtained</p><p align="left">that environmental factors play an important role in the etiology of birth defects; as expected the recurrence</p><p align="left">rate is reduced if the mother has a new partner, but even more so if the same couple moves to another</p><p align="left">municipality.</p><p align="left">MBRN based research must often be supplemented with further data on both exposure and follow up. For</p><p align="left">this reason, a national cohort study is under planning in which all pregnant women will be asked to participate</p><p align="left">by answering three questionnaires and by giving two blood specimens for a biological bank. The women and</p><p align="left">their children will be followed up over a long period of time. This research programme will enable the</p><p align="left">focusing of a series of perinatal problems as well as the potential associations between perinatal risk factors</p><p align="left">and disease later in life. In this perspective, MBRN will eventually have a central role in the majority of</p><p>epidemiological research in Norway.</p></span></span></p>