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Journal articles on the topic 'Baroclinic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Donohoe, Aaron, and David S. Battisti. "Causes of Reduced North Atlantic Storm Activity in a CAM3 Simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum." Journal of Climate 22, no. 18 (2009): 4793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2776.1.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine how an atmosphere with enhanced mean-state baroclinity can support weaker baroclinic wave activity than an atmosphere with weak mean-state baroclinity. As a case study, a Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) model simulation previously documented to have reduced baroclinic storm activity, relative to the modern-day climate (simulated by the same model), despite having an enhanced midlatitude temperature gradient, is considered. Several candidate mechanisms are evaluated to explain this apparent paradox. A linear stability analysis is first performed on the

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2

SALVEKAR, PS. "Use of linearised quasi-geostrophic numerical model for evaluation of truncation errors." MAUSAM 37, no. 1 (1986): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i1.2150.

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A linear, quasi-geostrophic, multilayer, numerical model which has been developed in an earlier study (Mishra & Salvekar 1980) for investigating baroclinlc instability mechanism of mean monsoon zonal flow, is used here to obtain vertical and time truncation errors in gowth rate and phase velocity of a baroclinic unstable wave that arise due to finite difference approximations.

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3

Pierrehumbert, R. T., and K. L. Swanson. "Baroclinic Instability." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 27, no. 1 (1995): 419–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.27.010195.002223.

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4

Zhang, Zheen, Xueen Chen, and Thomas Pohlmann. "The Impact of Fortnightly Stratification Variability on the Generation of Baroclinic Tides in the Luzon Strait." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (2021): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070703.

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The impact of fortnightly stratification variability induced by tide–topography interaction on the generation of baroclinic tides in the Luzon Strait is numerically investigated using the MIT general circulation model. The simulation shows that advection of buoyancy by baroclinic flows results in daily oscillations and a fortnightly variability in the stratification at the main generation site of internal tides. As the stratification for the whole Luzon Strait is periodically redistributed by these flows, the energy analysis indicates that the fortnightly stratification variability can signifi

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5

Ji, Xuan, J. David Neelin, and C. Roberto Mechoso. "Baroclinic-to-Barotropic Pathway in El Niño–Southern Oscillation Teleconnections from the Viewpoint of a Barotropic Rossby Wave Source." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 12 (2016): 4989–5002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0053.1.

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Abstract The baroclinic-to-barotropic pathway in ENSO teleconnections is examined from the viewpoint of a barotropic Rossby wave source that results from decomposition into barotropic and baroclinic components. Diagnoses using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis are supplemented by analysis of the response of a tropical atmospheric model of intermediate complexity to the NCEP–NCAR barotropic Rossby wave source. Among the three barotropic Rossby wave source contributions (shear advection, vertical advection, and surface drag), the leading contribution is from shear advection and, more specifically, the me

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6

Cehelsky, Priscilla, and Ka Kit Tung. "Nonlinear Baroclinic Adjustment." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 48, no. 17 (1991): 1930–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1930:nba>2.0.co;2.

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7

Fleming, Rex J. "Explosive Baroclinic Instability." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 6 (2014): 2155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0323.1.

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Abstract A low-order general circulation model contains all the elements of baroclinic instability, including differential heating to drive the mean zonal shear flow against dissipation. Simulations exhibit vacillation ending in fixed-point solutions and chaotic solutions with significant amplifications of the baroclinic cycles compared to those of vacillation. The chaos sensitivity to initial conditions, covering a broad landscape of initial values, demands analysis of why the chaos occurs and its impact on subsequent storm intensity. Three attractors found in the dynamic system are important

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8

Kantha, Lakshmi H., and Craig C. Tierney. "Global baroclinic tides." Progress in Oceanography 40, no. 1-4 (1997): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(97)00028-1.

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9

REZNIK, GREGORY M., and GEORGI G. SUTYRIN. "Baroclinic topographic modons." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 437 (June 22, 2001): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001004062.

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The theory of solitary topographic Rossby waves (modons) in a uniformly rotating two-layer ocean over a constant slope is developed. The modon is described by an exact, form-preserving, uniformly translating, horizontally localized, nonlinear solution to the inviscid quasi-geostrophic equations. Baroclinic topographic modons are found to translate steadily along contours of constant depth in both directions: either with negative speed (within the range of the phase velocities of linear topographic waves) or with positive speed (outside the range of the phase velocities of linear topographic wa

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10

Williams, Paul D., and Christopher W. Kelsall. "The Dynamics of Baroclinic Zonal Jets*." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 3 (2015): 1137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0027.1.

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Abstract Multiple alternating zonal jets are a ubiquitous feature of planetary atmospheres and oceans. However, most studies to date have focused on the special case of barotropic jets. Here, the dynamics of freely evolving baroclinic jets are investigated using a two-layer quasigeostrophic annulus model with sloping topography. In a suite of 15 numerical simulations, the baroclinic Rossby radius and baroclinic Rhines scale are sampled by varying the stratification and root-mean-square eddy velocity, respectively. Small-scale eddies in the initial state evolve through geostrophic turbulence an

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11

Boljka, Lina, Theodore G. Shepherd, and Michael Blackburn. "On the Coupling between Barotropic and Baroclinic Modes of Extratropical Atmospheric Variability." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 6 (2018): 1853–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0370.1.

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Abstract The baroclinic and barotropic components of atmospheric dynamics are usually viewed as interlinked through the baroclinic life cycle, with baroclinic growth of eddies connected to heat fluxes, barotropic decay connected to momentum fluxes, and the two eddy fluxes connected through the Eliassen–Palm wave activity. However, recent observational studies have suggested that these two components of the dynamics are largely decoupled in their variability, with variations in the zonal mean flow associated mainly with the momentum fluxes, variations in the baroclinic wave activity associated

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12

Li, Xinyu, Riyu Lu, Richard J. Greatbatch, Gen Li, and Xiaowei Hong. "Maintenance Mechanism for the Teleconnection Pattern over the High Latitudes of the Eurasian Continent in Summer." Journal of Climate 33, no. 3 (2020): 1017–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0362.1.

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AbstractThere is a zonally oriented teleconnection pattern over the high-latitude Eurasian continent, which is maintained through baroclinic energy conversion. In this study, we investigate the unique features of the maintenance mechanism of this teleconnection. It is found that the baroclinic energy conversion is most efficient in both the midtroposphere and the lower troposphere, and that the baroclinic energy conversion in the lower troposphere is comparable to that in the midtroposphere. Further results indicate that the basic state plays a crucial role in the baroclinic energy conversion.

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13

Musgrave, R. C. "Energy Fluxes in Coastal Trapped Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 12 (2019): 3061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0172.1.

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AbstractThe calculation of energy flux in coastal trapped wave modes is reviewed in the context of tidal energy pathways near the coast. The significant barotropic pressures and currents associated with coastal trapped wave modes mean that large errors in estimating the wave flux are incurred if only the baroclinic component is considered. A specific example is given showing that baroclinic flux constitutes only 10% of the flux in a mode-1 wave for a reasonable choice of stratification and bathymetry. The interpretation of baroclinic energy flux and barotropic-to-baroclinic conversion at the c

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14

Swaters, Gordon E. "Modal Interpretation for the Ekman Destabilization of Inviscidly Stable Baroclinic Flow in the Phillips Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 4 (2010): 830–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4311.1.

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Abstract Ekman boundary layers can lead to the destabilization of baroclinic flow in the Phillips model that, in the absence of dissipation, is nonlinearly stable in the sense of Liapunov. It is shown that the Ekman-induced instability of inviscidly stable baroclinic flow in the Phillips model occurs if and only if the kinematic phase velocity associated with the dissipation lies outside the interval bounded by the greatest and least neutrally stable Rossby wave phase velocities. Thus, Ekman-induced destabilization does not correspond to a coalescence of the barotropic and baroclinic Rossby mo

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15

Wu, Li Dan, and Chun Bao Miao. "The Mechanism of Internal Tide Generation over Weak Topography." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1972.

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Here the process of internal tide generation over idealized (sinusoidal) topography was investigated using numerical techniques, in which the barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion was discussed. The result shows that when the wavenumber of the sinusoidal topography, ktopo, is equal to the horizontal wavenumber of the m-th baroclinic mode km, the conversion from the barotropic tide to the m-th baroclinic mode is enhanced with the increase of topography length; When the wavenumber of the sinusoidal topography is not equal to horizontal wavenumbers of any baroclinic modes, ktopo≠km(m=1,2,...

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16

Skyllingstad, Eric D., and R. M. Samelson. "Baroclinic Frontal Instabilities and Turbulent Mixing in the Surface Boundary Layer. Part I: Unforced Simulations." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 10 (2012): 1701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-10-05016.1.

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Abstract Interaction between mixed layer baroclinic eddies and small-scale turbulence is studied using a nonhydrostatic large-eddy simulation (LES) model. Free, unforced flow evolution is considered, for a standard initialization consisting of an 80-m-deep mixed layer with a superposed warm filament and two frontal interfaces in geostrophic balance, on a model domain roughly 5 km × 10 km × 120 m, with an isotropic 3-m computational grid. Results from these unforced experiments suggest that shear generated in narrow frontal zones can support weak three-dimensional turbulence that is directly li

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17

LaCasce, J. H. "Surface Quasigeostrophic Solutions and Baroclinic Modes with Exponential Stratification." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 4 (2012): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0111.1.

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Abstract The author derives baroclinic modes and surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) solutions with exponential stratification and compares the results to those obtained with constant stratification. The SQG solutions with exponential stratification decay more rapidly in the vertical and have weaker near-surface velocities. This then compounds the previously noted problem that SQG underpredicts the velocities associated with a given surface density anomaly. The author also examines how the SQG solutions project onto the baroclinic modes. With constant stratification, SQG waves larger than deformati

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18

Garrett, Chris, and Theo Gerkema. "On the Body-Force Term in Internal-Tide Generation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 8 (2007): 2172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3165.1.

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Abstract The generation of internal tides can be ascribed to the action of a buoyancy force caused by the flow of the barotropic tide over topographic features. It is commonly assumed that the barotropic flow can be taken as hydrostatic, but it is shown here that this leads to a linearized governing equation for the baroclinic tide that is only valid if the baroclinic tide is also hydrostatic. A governing equation for the baroclinic tide, valid for any situation, is derived here and is shown to be exactly equivalent to a simple transformation of the governing equation for the combined barotrop

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19

Teubler, Franziska, and Michael Riemer. "Potential-vorticity dynamics of troughs and ridges within Rossby wave packets during a 40-year reanalysis period." Weather and Climate Dynamics 2, no. 3 (2021): 535–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-535-2021.

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Abstract. Rossby wave packets (RWPs) are fundamental to midlatitude dynamics and govern weather systems from their individual life cycles to their climatological distributions. Renewed interest in RWPs as precursors to high-impact weather events and in the context of atmospheric predictability motivates this study to revisit the dynamics of RWPs. A quantitative potential-vorticity (PV) framework is employed. Based on the well-established PV thinking of midlatitude dynamics, the processes governing RWP amplitude evolution comprise group propagation of Rossby waves, baroclinic interaction, the i

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20

Hoffman, Eric G. "Surface Potential Temperature as an Analysis and Forecasting Tool." Meteorological Monographs 55 (November 1, 2008): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/0065-9401-33.55.163.

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Abstract In the last decade, Fred Sanders was often critical of current surface analysis techniques. This led to his promoting the use of surface potential temperatures to distinguish between fronts, baroclinic troughs, and non-frontal baroclinic zones, and to the development of a climatology of surface baroclinic zones. In this paper, criticisms of current surface analysis techniques and the usefulness of surface potential temperature analyses are discussed. Case examples are used to compare potential temperature analyses and current National Centers for Environmental Prediction analyses. The

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21

Kazbekov, Askar, Keishi Kumashiro, and Adam M. Steinberg. "Enstrophy transport in swirl combustion." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 876 (August 6, 2019): 715–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.551.

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The contributions of vortex stretching, dilatation, baroclinic torque and viscous diffusion to Reynolds-averaged enstrophy transport in turbulent swirl flames were experimentally measured using tomographic particle image velocimetry and $\text{CH}_{2}\text{O}$ planar laser induced fluorescence at jet Reynolds numbers of 26 000–51 000. The mean baroclinic torque was determined by subtracting the other terms in the enstrophy transport equation from the mean Lagrangian derivative. Enstrophy production from baroclinic torque was found to be significant relative to the other transport terms across

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22

Szuts, Z. B., J. R. Blundell, M. P. Chidichimo, and J. Marotzke. "A vertical-mode decomposition to investigate low-frequency internal motion across the Atlantic at 26° N." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 5 (2011): 2047–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-2047-2011.

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Abstract. Hydrographic data from full-depth moorings maintained by the RAPID/MOCHA project that span the Atlantic at 26° N are decomposed into vertical modes, in order to give a dynamical framework for interpreting the observed fluctuations. Vertical modes at each mooring are fit to pressure perturbations using a Gauss-Markov inversion. Away from boundaries, the vertical structure is almost entirely described by the first baroclinic mode, as confirmed by high correlation between the original signal and reconstructions using only the first baroclinic mode. These first baroclinic motions are als

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23

Castrejón-Pita, A. A., and P. L. Read. "Synchronization in baroclinic systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 137 (November 1, 2008): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/137/1/012016.

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24

Canals, Miguel, Geno Pawlak, and Parker MacCready. "Tilted Baroclinic Tidal Vortices." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 2 (2009): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3954.1.

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Abstract The structure of baroclinic vortices generated by horizontal flow separation past a sloping headland in deep, stably stratified waters is investigated. The most distinctive feature of these eddies is that their cores are strongly tilted with respect to the stratification, yet their velocity field remains quasi-horizontal. Field observations and numerical simulations are used to explore the consequences of the strong tilt on the eddy baroclinic structure. It is found that the background density field is altered in such a way as to maintain a pressure minimum in the tilted vortex cores.

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25

TIPPETT, MICHAEL K. "Transient moist baroclinic instability." Tellus A 51, no. 2 (1999): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.1999.t01-2-00008.x.

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26

Meachem, Stephen. "Non-modal baroclinic instability." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 12, no. 1 (1988): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0265(88)90013-9.

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27

Zhang, Xuehong, Qingcun Zeng, and Ning Bao. "Nonlinear baroclinic haurwitz waves." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 3, no. 3 (1986): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02678653.

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28

Tippett, Michael K. "Transient moist baroclinic instability." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 51, no. 2 (1999): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v51i2.12321.

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29

McTaggart-Cowan, Ron, John R. Gyakum, and Richard W. Moore. "The Baroclinic Moisture Flux." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 1 (2016): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0153.1.

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Abstract As subsaturated air ascends sloping isentropic surfaces, adiabatic expansion results in cooling and relative moistening. This process is an effective way to precondition the atmosphere for efficient moist processes while bringing parcels to saturation, and thereafter acts to maintain saturation during condensation. The goal of this study is to develop a diagnostic quantity that highlights circulations and regions in which the process of parcel moistening by isentropic ascent is active. Among the many features that rely on this process for the generation of an important fraction of the

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30

Pedlosky, J., and R. M. Samelson. "Radiation-induced baroclinic instability." Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 58, no. 1-4 (1991): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091929108227341.

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31

Miller, Timothy L., and Basil N. Antar. "Viscous Nongeostrophic Baroclinic Instability." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 43, no. 4 (1986): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0329:vnbi>2.0.co;2.

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32

Snyder, Christopher M., and Richard S. Lindzen. "Upper-Level Baroclinic Instability." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 45, no. 17 (1988): 2445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2445:ulbi>2.0.co;2.

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33

Thompson, A., L. Stefanova, and T. N. Krishnamurti. "Baroclinic splitting of jets." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 100, no. 1-4 (2008): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00703-008-0308-5.

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34

Appleby, J. C. "Selection of baroclinic waves." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 114, no. 482 (1988): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711448214.

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35

von Larcher, Th, W. Beyer, and C. Egbers. "Experiments on baroclinic instabilities." PAMM 4, no. 1 (2004): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200410233.

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36

Brink, K. H., and J. Pedlosky. "The Structure of Baroclinic Modes in the Presence of Baroclinic Mean Flow." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 1 (2020): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0123.1.

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AbstractThis contribution seeks to understand the vertical structure of linearized quasigeostrophic baroclinic modes when they are modified by the presence of a baroclinic mean flow and associated potential vorticity gradients. It is found that even modest, O(0.05 m s−1), mean flows can give rise to very substantial changes in modal structures, often in the sense of increased surface intensification. The extent to which stable modes are modified depends strongly on the direction of Rossby wave propagation. Further, baroclinically unstable solutions can appear, and a meaningful inviscid critica

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37

Thomas, Jim, and R. Vishnu. "Turbulent Transition of a Flow from Small to O(1) Rossby Numbers." Journal of Physical Oceanography 52, no. 11 (2022): 2609–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0270.1.

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Abstract Oceanic flows are energetically dominated by low vertical modes. However, disturbances in the form of atmospheric storms, eddy interactions with various forms of boundaries, or spontaneous emission by coherent structures can generate weak high-baroclinic modes. The feedback of the low-energy high-baroclinic modes on large-scale energetically dominant low modes may be weak or strong depending on the flow Rossby number. In this paper we study this interaction using an idealized setup by constraining the flow dynamics to a high-energy barotropic mode and a single low-energy high-baroclin

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38

Ji, Xuan, J. David Neelin, and C. Roberto Mechoso. "El Niño–Southern Oscillation Sea Level Pressure Anomalies in the Western Pacific: Why Are They There?*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 22 (2015): 8860–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00716.1.

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Abstract Although sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the western Pacific have long been recognized as an integral part of the classic Southern Oscillation pattern associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), there is an unresolved question regarding the dynamics that maintain these anomalies. Traditional studies of the ENSO response in the tropics assume a single deep baroclinic mode associated with the tropospheric temperature anomalies. However, the SLP anomalies in the western Pacific are spatially separated from the baroclinic signal in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, CMIP5 models, an

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39

Harper, Katie L., Sergey V. Nazarenko, Sergey B. Medvedev, and Colm Connaughton. "Wave turbulence in the two-layer ocean model." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 756 (September 1, 2014): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.465.

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AbstractThis paper looks at the two-layer ocean model from a wave-turbulence (WT) perspective. A symmetric form of the two-layer kinetic equation for Rossby waves is derived using canonical variables, allowing the turbulent cascade of energy between the barotropic and baroclinic modes to be studied. It is already well known that in two-layers, energy is transferred via triad interactions from the large-scale baroclinic modes to the baroclinic and barotropic modes at the Rossby deformation scale, where barotropization takes place, and from there to the large-scale barotropic modes via an invers

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40

Grooms, Ian. "Submesoscale baroclinic instability in the balance equations." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 762 (December 2, 2014): 256–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.657.

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AbstractOcean submesoscale baroclinic instability is studied in the framework of the balance equations. These equations are an intermediate model that includes balanced ageostrophic effects with higher accuracy than the quasigeostrophic approximation, but rules out unbalanced wave motions. As such, the balance equations are particularly suited to the study of baroclinic instability in submesoscale ocean dynamics. The linear baroclinic instability problem is developed in generality and then specialized to the case of constant vertical shear. It is found that non-quasigeostrophic effects appear

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41

SAMELSON, R. M. "Note on a baroclinic analogue of vorticity defects in shear." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 382 (March 10, 1999): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098004005.

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An approach developed recently to study the dynamics of vorticity defects in homogeneous shear flow extends naturally to the case of baroclinic, quasi-geostrophic flow. It is shown that an inviscid geostrophic flow with uniform vertical shear may be destabilized by introducing a ‘potential vorticity defect’, an arbitrarily small but sufficiently sharp and horizontally uniform change in stratification or vertical shear. The linear baroclinic problem is nearly identical to the linear homogeneous problem, with differences arising only from the boundary conditions. The nonlinear baroclinic problem

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42

Soomere, T. "Coupling coefficients and kinetic equation for Rossby waves in multi-layer ocean." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 10, no. 4/5 (2003): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-10-385-2003.

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Abstract. The kinetic description of baroclinic Rossby waves in multi-layer model ocean is analysed. Explicit analytical expressions for the coupling coefficients describing energy exchange intensity between different modes are obtained and their main properties are established for the three-layer model. It is demonstrated that several types of interactions vanish in the case of simple vertical structures of the ocean, e.g. when all layers have equal depth. These cases correspond to a zero component of the eigenvectors of the potential vorticity equations. The kinetic equation always possesses

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43

Callies, Jörn, and Raffaele Ferrari. "Baroclinic Instability in the Presence of Convection." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 1 (2018): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0028.1.

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AbstractBaroclinic mixed-layer instabilities have recently been recognized as an important source of submesoscale energy in deep winter mixed layers. While the focus has so far been on the balanced dynamics of these instabilities, they occur in and depend on an environment shaped by atmospherically forced small-scale turbulence. In this study, idealized numerical simulations are presented that allow the development of both baroclinic instability and convective small-scale turbulence, with simple control over the relative strength. If the convection is only weakly forced, baroclinic instability

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44

Szuts, Z. B., J. R. Blundell, M. P. Chidichimo, and J. Marotzke. "A vertical-mode decomposition to investigate low-frequency internal motion across the Atlantic at 26° N." Ocean Science 8, no. 3 (2012): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-8-345-2012.

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Abstract. Hydrographic data from full-depth moorings maintained by the Rapid/\\-MOCHA project and spanning the Atlantic at 26° N are decomposed into vertical modes in order to give a dynamical framework for interpreting the observed fluctuations. Vertical modes at each mooring are fit to pressure perturbations using a Gauss-Markov inversion. Away from boundaries, the vertical structure is almost entirely described by the first baroclinic mode, as confirmed by high correlation between the original signal and reconstructions using only the first baroclinic mode. These first baroclinic motions ar

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Kavulich, Michael J., Istvan Szunyogh, Gyorgyi Gyarmati, and R. John Wilson. "Local Dynamics of Baroclinic Waves in the Martian Atmosphere." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 11 (2013): 3415–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0262.1.

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Abstract The paper investigates the processes that drive the spatiotemporal evolution of baroclinic transient waves in the Martian atmosphere by a simulation experiment with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Mars general circulation model (GCM). The main diagnostic tool of the study is the (local) eddy kinetic energy equation. Results are shown for a prewinter season of the Northern Hemisphere, in which a deep baroclinic wave of zonal wavenumber 2 circles the planet at an eastward phase speed of about 70° Sol−1 (Sol is a Martian day). The regular structure of the wave gives the

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Zurita-Gotor, Pablo, Javier Blanco-Fuentes, and Edwin P. Gerber. "The Impact of Baroclinic Eddy Feedback on the Persistence of Jet Variability in the Two-Layer Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 1 (2013): 410–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0102.1.

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Abstract Although it is well known that the persistence of extratropical jet shifts is enhanced by a positive eddy feedback, the dynamics of this feedback is still debated. Two types of mechanisms have been proposed: barotropic mechanisms rely on changes in upper-level propagation and baroclinic mechanisms rely on the coupling between barotropic and baroclinic flow. Recent studies have suggested that barotropic models can capture key aspects of the observed jet variability but the role of baroclinic dynamics has been less explored. This study investigates the temporal relations between barotro

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Scott, Robert B., and Brian K. Arbic. "Spectral Energy Fluxes in Geostrophic Turbulence: Implications for Ocean Energetics." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 3 (2007): 673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3027.1.

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Abstract The energy pathways in geostrophic turbulence are explored using a two-layer, flat-bottom, f-plane, quasigeostrophic model forced by an imposed, horizontally homogenous, baroclinically unstable mean flow and damped by bottom Ekman friction. A systematic presentation of the spectral energy fluxes, the mean flow forcing, and dissipation terms allows for a comprehensive understanding of the sources and sinks for baroclinic and barotropic energy as a function of length scale. The key new result is a robust inverse cascade of kinetic energy for both the baroclinic mode and the upper layer.

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van Sebille, Erik, and Peter Jan van Leeuwen. "Fast Northward Energy Transfer in the Atlantic due to Agulhas Rings." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 9 (2007): 2305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3108.1.

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Abstract The adiabatic transit time of wave energy radiated by an Agulhas ring released in the South Atlantic Ocean to the North Atlantic Ocean is investigated in a two-layer ocean model. Of particular interest is the arrival time of baroclinic energy in the northern part of the Atlantic, because it is related to variations in the meridional overturning circulation. The influence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is also studied, because it allows for the conversion from barotropic to baroclinic wave energy and the generation of topographic waves. Barotropic energy from the ring is present in the nort

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Bouvier, Clément, Daan van den Broek, Madeleine Ekblom, and Victoria A. Sinclair. "Analytical and adaptable initial conditions for dry and moist baroclinic waves in the global hydrostatic model OpenIFS (CY43R3)." Geoscientific Model Development 17, no. 7 (2024): 2961–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2961-2024.

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Abstract. This article presents a description of an analytical, stable, and flexible initial background state for both dry and moist baroclinic wave simulation on an aquaplanet in order to test the dynamical core of numerical weather prediction models and study the dynamics and evolution of extratropical cyclones. The initial background state is derived from an analytical zonal wind speed field, or jet structure, and the hydrostatic primitive equations for moist adiabatic and frictionless flow in spherical coordinates. A baroclinic wave can develop if a perturbation is added to the zonal wind

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Sun, Che. "A Baroclinic Laminar State for Rotating Stratified Flows." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 8 (2008): 2740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2693.1.

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Abstract A baroclinic laminar model is developed as the late-time equilibrium state in the free decay of rotating stratified turbulence under low-Froude-number scaling. Vertical motions are suppressed by stratification and ambient rotation, and in the laminar end state the flow assumes a quasi-two-dimensional form. Geometric analyses of this nonlinear conservative model reveal an f-plane baroclinic topology characterized by vertical alignment, vanishing nonlinearity, and the complete absence of helicity. Equivalent-barotropic flow is the only nonunique baroclinic solution, and its horizontal t

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