Academic literature on the topic 'Barrier to imitate'
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Journal articles on the topic "Barrier to imitate"
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Zotov, V. V., and A. I. Alekseenko. "Identification of Social Barriers in the EthnoConfessional Space of Public Communication of Border Regions." Communicology 9, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21453/2311-3065-2021-9-1-139-150.
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The relevance of the study is substantiated by to the need to develop effective measures for localization and overcoming possible negative consequences of ethnoconfessional processes in the border regions of the Russian Federation, which is achieved with a developed level of the ethno-confessional space of public communication. The methodology for organizing such a space is based on the concept of public values management, which considers social development through the prism of active involvement of stakeholders in the discussion of socially significant tasks and participation in the implementation of the decisions made. The aim of the work is to determine the social barriers of this space that impede the interaction of its stakeholders. Based on systematization of relevant publications, the authors reveal the essence of the concept of “social barrier of communication” and classify them; based on the expert survey conducted by the authors in 2020 among representatives of the main stakeholders, level of manifestation of the identified social barriers is determined.Scientific novelty of the paper consists in the introduction of the definition of social barriers in the ethno-confessional space of public communications, the author’s classification of these barriers based on the structure of two-way symmetric communication, within which communicators, message, channels, efficiency / result and situation can be distinguished. This classification made it possible to single out the following social barriers to communication: for communicators, these barriers are manifested as low activity and initiative, differences in the thesauri of communicators and their low communicative and communication competence; for messages – falsification of messages and imitation of the communication process; for communication channels – their mismatch and a feedback barrier; for the expected result – its mismatch; for a communication situation – the displacement of the actualization of events. According to the expert survey, among these barriers, the key ones are low activity and initiative of representatives of stakeholders, the desire to imitate the communication process instead of real dialogue and partnership, and the lack of feedback (lack of reaction of some stakeholders to the actions of others).
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Xiao, Zhiping, Lujie Liu, Wenjing Tao, Xun Pei, Geng Wang, and Minqi Wang. "Clostridium Tyrobutyricum Protect Intestinal Barrier Function from LPS-Induced Apoptosis via P38/JNK Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 46, no. 5 (2018): 1779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000489364.
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Background/Aims: The intestinal mucosa forms a physical and metabolic barrier against the diffusion of pathogens, toxins, and allergens from the lumen into the circulatory system. Early weaning, a critical phase in swine production, can compromise intestinal barrier function through mucosal damage and alteration of tight junction integrity Maintenance of intestinal barrier function plays a pivotal role in optimum gastrointestinal health. In this study, we investigated the effects of Clostridium tyrobutyricum (C.t) on intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the underlying mechanisms involved in intestinal barrier protection. Methods: A Transwell model of IPEC-J2 cells was used to imitate the intestinal barrier. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to evaluate apoptosis. Real-time PCR was used to detect apoptosis-related genes and the downstream genes of the p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. Western blotting was used to measure the expressions of tight junction proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Results: C.t efficiently maintained trans-epithelium electrical resistance values and intestinal permeability after LPS-induced intestinal barrier disruption. The expressions of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin) were promoted when IPEC-J2 cells were treated with C.t. Fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry revealed that C.t qualitatively and quantitatively inhibited LPS-induced cell apoptosis. C.t also increased the relative expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and decreased that of the apoptotic genes Bax and caspase-3/-8. Moreover, the protective effect of C.t on damaged intestinal cell models was associated with suppression of p38 and JNK phosphorylation, negative regulation of the relative expressions of downstream genes including AP-1, ATF-2, ELK-1, and p53, and activation of Stat3 expression. Conclusions: These findings indicate that C.t may promote intestinal integrity, suggesting a novel probiotic effect on intestinal barrier function.
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Sun, Y., H. Zhang, X. Xing, Z. Zhao, J. He, J. Li, J. Chen, M. Wang, and Y. He. "Lead promotes abnormal angiogenesis induced by CCM3 gene defects via mitochondrial pathway." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 9, no. 2 (November 7, 2017): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174417000782.
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Lead is one of the environmental pollutants with cardiovascular toxicity. The embryos are particularly sensitive to lead exposure, because it can move through the blood-placental barrier and the blood-brain barrier easily during embryonic development. Cerebral cavernous malformations 3 (CCM3) gene plays an important role in cardiovascular development, mainly affecting cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In this study, we established a blood vessel development model of mouse embryos in order to imitate human people with CCM3 genes defects and exposing to environment toxin Pb in utero. We would like to determine the interaction of Pb and CCM3 gene on vascular development, and to explore the mechanisms. We found that the yolk sac of CCM3 heterozygous mice embryo showed abnormal morphology at E11.5 after lead treatment comparing with wild type (WT) mice without lead exposure, meanwhile it showed more angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in the hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the CCM3+/− yolk sac with lead exposure. We also found that the similar effect of Pb and CCM3 gene on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in vivo and in vitro. Mitochondrial morphology and function also changed in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells after lead exposure. Besides, it was found that the HIF-1α and TFAM which have close relationship with mtDNA biogenesis showed similarly increasing messenger RNA expression in both human and mouse-derived primary cells with lead treated and CCM3 gene knockout. All of the above results indicated that lead and CCM3 might damage endothelial cells through mitochondria pathway and eventually both affected angiogenesis.
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Al-Mazroui, Mohammed Said, Rashid Al-Yahyai, Said Al-Ismaily, Anvar Kacimov, and Hamed Al-Busaidi. "Use of Soil-Structured Capillary Barrier can Mitigate the Impact of Saline-Irrigation Water on Marigold Grown Under Field Condition." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 25 (April 10, 2020): 09. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol25iss0pp09-19.
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Capillary barriers (CBs) as engineered porous composites is novel and promising technology for mitigating salinity and drought stress of plants. This study aimed to imitate a naturally formed CB structure recently discovered in the reservoir bed of Al-Khoud dam at the Governorate of Muscat in northern Oman and to test the impact of this unique CB on mitigating the salinity stress of marigold plants grown under an open field condition. A plot was constructed and divided into “structured” (engineered cascade CB design) and “unstructured” soils and planted with marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants that were subjected to four salinity treatments (control with ECi ≈ 0.6 dS m-1 ; 3 dS m-1; 6 dS m-1; and 9 dS m-1). Plant physiological, vegetative, and reproductive growth parameters were measured in each treatment. The results showed that the structured soil significantly saved irrigation water and reduce salts accumulation. Structured soil improved all vegetative and reproductive plant parameters measured and helped in reducing the effects of salinity stress on the growth and production of the marigold under arid-climate field conditions. The results also showed the capability of structured soil in water saving and improving water use efficiency. This study substantiates a novel method in mitigating salinity problem and in water saving in arid and semi-arid regions, in particular in Oman. Further studies are required to test the use of the engineered cascade CB design with different crops and with alternative (e.g. subsurface) irrigation methods.
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Zakaria, Nor Farhani, Shahrir Rizal Kasjoo, Muammar Mohamad Isa, Zarimawaty Zailan, Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad, and Aimin Song. "Improved Rectification Performance and Terahertz Detection in Hybrid Structure of Self-Switching Device (SSD) and Planar Barrier Diode (PBD) Using Two-Dimensional Device Simulation." Solid State Phenomena 301 (March 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.301.111.
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Recently, simulations of In0.48Ga0.52As-based Planar Barrier Diode (PBD) and Self-Switching Device (SSD) as millimeter-wave rectifiers were reported. Both PBD and SSD have a planar structure, but with different insulating shapes and working principles. In this work, a hybrid structure of the reported PBD and SSD in a parallel configuration is proposed, to exploit the advantages of each device. The advantages of high rectifying properties in the SSD and fast switching rate of the PBD are combined in this hybrid structure in order to obtain an improved rectification performance at zero-bias in the near terahertz frequency region. Analysis of the curvature co-efficient, γ, which is defined as the ratio of the second order to the first order derivative of the device’s I-V function was performed to evaluate the rectification performance. AC transient analyses were then executed in various frequencies to imitate the high-frequency signal inputs. By using this hybrid structure, the highest value of γ achieved has been improved to ~19 V-1 at 70 mV, and ~6 V-1 at zero-bias (compared to the previous results on PBDs). The estimated cut-off frequency obtained was ~360 GHz (0.36 THz), operating at zero-bias.
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Norvaišiene, Rosita, and Arūnas Burlingis. "DURABILITY OF THE PAINTED RENDERED FACADES, WHEN INTRODUCING ARTIFICIAL ACIDIC RAIN SOLUTION." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2004.9636322.
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The essential function of exterior walls is to provide a continuous barrier to the exterior environmental conditions. The decay of the building facades is accelerated by atmospheric pollution and acidic precipitation. For determining of the impact of atmospheric pollution on the building facade face materials, the tests examining the impact of the cyclic moisturing‐drying have been carried out with the use of acidic water solution to imitate acidic rain. The results of the experiments demonstrated that water solutions have greater destructive effects on the paint film by penetrating through it into the plaster base, thus forming new derivatives in it, which increase water absorption in the plaster base. In order to improve the standard testing on weather resistance of facing building materials, which does not ignore the impact of the atmospheric pollution, for localities where acidic precipitations are frequent, the climatic tests should also include the deteriorating effect of acidic water solutions on facing materials. The results of the experiments will be used for a creation of the prognostic method which will lead to the establishment of a new accelerated climatic ageing test cycle meant for determining a more reliable prognosis of the durability of materials.
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Hindy, Hanan, Robert Atkinson, Christos Tachtatzis, Ethan Bayne, Miroslav Bures, and Xavier Bellekens. "Utilising Flow Aggregation to Classify Benign Imitating Attacks." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051761.
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Cyber-attacks continue to grow, both in terms of volume and sophistication. This is aided by an increase in available computational power, expanding attack surfaces, and advancements in the human understanding of how to make attacks undetectable. Unsurprisingly, machine learning is utilised to defend against these attacks. In many applications, the choice of features is more important than the choice of model. A range of studies have, with varying degrees of success, attempted to discriminate between benign traffic and well-known cyber-attacks. The features used in these studies are broadly similar and have demonstrated their effectiveness in situations where cyber-attacks do not imitate benign behaviour. To overcome this barrier, in this manuscript, we introduce new features based on a higher level of abstraction of network traffic. Specifically, we perform flow aggregation by grouping flows with similarities. This additional level of feature abstraction benefits from cumulative information, thus qualifying the models to classify cyber-attacks that mimic benign traffic. The performance of the new features is evaluated using the benchmark CICIDS2017 dataset, and the results demonstrate their validity and effectiveness. This novel proposal will improve the detection accuracy of cyber-attacks and also build towards a new direction of feature extraction for complex ones.
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BIRK, TINA, KIM KRISTENSEN, ANNE HARBOE, TINA BECK HANSEN, HANNE INGMER, ROB de JONGE, KATSUHISA TAKUMI, and SØREN AABO. "Dietary Proteins Extend the Survival of Salmonella Dublin in a Gastric Acid Environment." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-132.
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The pH of the human stomach is dynamic and changes over time, depending on the composition of the food ingested and a number of host-related factors such as age. To evaluate the number of bacteria surviving the gastric acid barrier, we have developed a simple gastric acid model, in which we mimicked the dynamic pH changes in the human stomach. In the present study, model gastric fluid was set up to imitate pH dynamics in the stomachs of young and elderly people after ingestion of a standard meal. To model a serious foodborne pathogen, we followed the survival of Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin, and found that the addition of proteins such as pepsin, ovalbumin, and blended turkey meat to the simple gastric acid model significantly delayed pathogen inactivation compared with the control, for which no proteins were added. In contrast, no delay in inactivation was observed in the presence of bovine serum albumin, indicating that protection could be protein specific. The simple gastric acid model was validated against a more laborious and complex fermenter model, and similar survival of Salmonella Dublin was observed in both models. Our gastric acid model allowed us to evaluate the influence of food components on survival of pathogens under gastric conditions, and the model could contribute to a broader understanding of the impact of specific food components on the inactivation of pathogens during gastric passage.
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Anthony, Kenneth V., and Melissa Baneck. "Preservice Teachers’ Perceptions of the Pedagogical Function of Heroes and Hero Stories." International Education Studies 13, no. 12 (November 23, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n12p1.
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Teachers serve as gatekeepers to the implementation of curriculum in their classroom (Thornton, 2005). Their beliefs about a topic and the wider political environment can influence what they teach. To this end, our goal was to investigate whom preservice teachers identify as heroes and why, which heroes should be included in the curriculum, and how this might influence instruction of the NCSS theme Individual Development and Identity. This study was an exploratory study using the qualitative methods of an open-ended survey and focus group. We were guided by the research question: How do preservice elementary teachers conceptualize heroes? The participants were elementary preservice teachers in their final semester prior to teacher internship. We surveyed participants to determine their perceptions of heroes. We conducted a follow up focus group with five participants. The participants conceptualized heroes as serving a pedagogical function. We learned that these preservice teachers had a balanced concept of heroes and considered heroes valuable to the school curriculum. They saw heroes as role models for students to imitate. Of interest to the study of heroes in the social studies curriculum, these preservice teachers were able to overcome the barrier of the flawed hero. Rather than shifting away from teaching heroes and focusing on heroic actions as Barton and Levstik (2004) recommend, they were able to keep the curricular gate open (Thornton, 2005) to teaching heroes by developing the concept of the gray hero.
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Sun, Hong, Dhohyung Kim, Xiaodong Li, Maja Kiselinova, Zhengyu Ouyang, Linos Vandekerckhove, Hong Shang, Eric S. Rosenberg, Xu G. Yu, and Mathias Lichterfeld. "Th1/17 Polarization of CD4 T Cells Supports HIV-1 Persistence during Antiretroviral Therapy." Journal of Virology 89, no. 22 (September 2, 2015): 11284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01595-15.
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ABSTRACTThe ability to persist long term in latently infected CD4 T cells represents a characteristic feature of HIV-1 infection and the predominant barrier to efforts aiming at viral eradication and cure. Yet, increasing evidence suggests that only small subsets of CD4 T cells with specific developmental and maturational profiles are able to effectively support HIV-1 long-term persistence. Here, we analyzed how the functional polarization of CD4 T cells shapes and structures the reservoirs of HIV-1-infected cells. We found that CD4 T cells enriched for a Th1/17 polarization had elevated susceptibilities to HIV-1 infection inex vivoassays, harbored high levels of HIV-1 DNA in persons treated with antiretroviral therapy, and made a disproportionately increased contribution to the viral reservoir relative to their contribution to the CD4 T memory cell pool. Moreover, HIV-1 DNA levels in Th1/17 cells remained stable over many years of antiretroviral therapy, resulting in a progressively increasing contribution of these cells to the viral reservoir, and phylogenetic studies suggested preferential long-term persistence of identical viral sequences during prolonged antiretroviral treatment in this cell compartment. Together, these data suggest that Th1/17 CD4 T cells represent a preferred site for HIV-1 DNA long-term persistence in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.IMPORTANCECurrent antiretroviral therapy is very effective in suppressing active HIV-1 replication but does not fully eliminate virally infected cells. The ability of HIV-1 to persist long term despite suppressive antiretroviral combination therapy represents a perplexing aspect of HIV-1 disease pathogenesis, since most HIV-1 target cells are activated, short-lived CD4 T cells. This study suggests that CD4 T helper cells with Th1/17 polarization have a preferential role as a long-term reservoir for HIV-1 infection during antiretroviral therapy, possibly because these cells may imitate some of the functional properties traditionally attributed to stem cells, such as the ability to persist for extremely long periods of time and to repopulate their own pool size through homeostatic self-renewal. These observations support the hypothesis that HIV-1 persistence is driven by small subsets of long-lasting stem cell-like CD4 T cells that may represent particularly promising targets for clinical strategies aiming at HIV-1 eradication and cure.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Barrier to imitate"
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Knight, Darren C. "Return on Investment Analysis for Implementing Barriers to Reverse Engineering and Imitation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2633.
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Reverse engineering (extracting information about a product from the product itself) is a competitive strategy for many firms and is often costly to innovators. Recent research has proven metrics for estimating the reverse engineering time and barrier and has shown that products can strategically be made more difficult to reverse engineer, thus protecting the innovator. Reverse engineering, however, is only the first phase of attempting to duplicate a product. Imitating – the process of discovering how to physically reproduce the performance of the reverse engineered product in one or more of its performance areas – is the second and final phase. This thesis presents metrics for the time and barrier to imitating and shows how they can be joined with reverse engineering metrics to estimate a total time and total barrier to duplicate a product. As there is a cost associated with the design of barriers to reverse engineering and in imitating it is important that a return on investment analysis be performed to ensure a profitable endeavor. Details of such an analysis are presented here. To illustrate the methodology, two case studies are presented. The first is an analysis of KithcenAid's Stand Mixer. The second is an analysis of a cantilevered "L-beam" that has been structurally optimized under four conditions to achieve a specified mechanical performance. Additionally, anecdotal solutions to creating barriers to reverse engineering and imitating are discussed throughout.
Book chapters on the topic "Barrier to imitate"
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Ghili, Soheil, Hengameh Shams, and Madjid Tavana. "Innovation or Imitation." In Digital Rights Management, 1617–36. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2136-7.ch082.
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This paper develops a mathematical model of innovation in technology with two main characteristics. First, it discusses the endogenously made decision on not only how much to innovate, but also, how much to imitate. Second, it demonstrates that the decision to innovate or imitate are not mutually exclusive and a firm can innovate and imitate simultaneously. A mathematical model is presented, and the authors explain the barriers to innovation development and diffusion. The model is further used to investigate the effectiveness of two technology innovation and imitation policies. It is shown that an intellectual property right (IPR) policy will better function if the price of innovation is set to a level lower than the cost of innovation. The concept “superfluous innovation” (innovations whose costs are higher than their benefits) is also proposed and developed through investigating the policy of levying subsidies on innovation.