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Journal articles on the topic 'Barrier to reverse engineer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Wildum, Steffen, Daniela Paulsen, Kai Thede, Helga Ruebsamen-Schaeff, and Holger Zimmermann. "In VitroandIn VivoActivities of AIC292, a Novel HIV-1 Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 11 (August 19, 2013): 5320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01377-13.

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ABSTRACTNonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are important and frequently used elements of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, the development of drug resistance, as well as the side effects of existing drugs, defines a medical need for novel NNRTIs with excellent tolerability, improved activity against NNRTI-resistant viruses, and a low barrier to resistance. Within the chemical class of diarylpyrazole-[imidazolidinone]-carboxamides, AIC292 was identified as a promising novel HIV-1 NNRTI and has successfully completed single-dose clinical phase I studies. Here, we report on the antiviral activity of AIC292, evaluatedin vitroagainst wild-type and NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 isolates andin vivousing an engineered mouse xenograft model. AIC292 inhibited wild-type HIV-1 laboratory strains at low nanomolar concentrations, was well tolerated in different cell lines, and showed excellent selectivity in a lead profiling screen. In addition, activity of AIC292 could be demonstrated against a broad panel of wild-type HIV-1 group M and group O clinical isolates. AIC292 also retained activity against viruses harboring NNRTI resistance-associated mutations (RAMs), including the most prevalent variants, K103N, Y181C, and G190A. Interestingly, viruses bearing the L100I RAM were hypersusceptible to AIC292. Two-drug combination assays showed no antagonistic interactions between AIC292 and representative marketed HIV drugs with regard to antiviral activity. Furthermore, AIC292 displayed potent antiviralin vivoefficacy in a mouse xenograft model when applied once daily. Taken together, these data show that AIC292 represents a molecule with the antiviral properties of a novel NNRTI for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

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Roberts, C. J., David John Edwards, M. Reza Hosseini, Monica Mateo-Garcia, and De-Graft Owusu-Manu. "Post-occupancy evaluation: a review of literature." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 9 (October 21, 2019): 2084–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-09-2018-0390.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse extant literature on POE of a building’s operations and performance as a means of holistically mapping the existing body of knowledge (BOK); identify impediments preventing its wide-scale adoption throughout practice; and develop new theory that seeks to integrate digital technologies (such as building information modelling (BIM)) within facilities management (FM) via a POE feedback mechanism. Design/methodology/approach An inductive and interpretivist methodological approach is adopted that utilises a mixed methods systematic review to map bibliometric data on the POE, associated underpinning processes and benchmarking facilities. Publication and citation metrics are produced via the software VOSviewer to determine the extent to which POE interrelates with other fields of study (namely, digital technologies and FM). Findings The BOK accrued illustrates that whilst POE has received comparatively scant academic attention in comparison to other fields of study, interest in the area is growing. The work also identifies that a stronger community of practice (CoP) is needed (that comprises of academics and practitioners) to ensure that a consistent approach to POE implementation is developed and that the barriers to POE implementation are addressed. Originality/value Findings presented accentuate the need for design practitioners to reverse engineer POE implementation to inform future design vis-à-vis simply reporting upon an existing building’s performance post construction. Other new theories are also introduced as a means of engendering wider academic discourse in this field of science.

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Sampath, Rahul, Nathan W. Cummins, and Andrew D. Badley. "Casp8p41: The Protean Mediator of Death in CD4 T-cells that Replicate HIV." Journal of Cell Death 9 (January 2016): JCD.S39872. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/jcd.s39872.

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HIV cure is now the focus of intense research after Timothy Ray Brown (the Berlin patient) set the precedent of being the first and only person cured. A major barrier to achieving this goal on a meaningful scale is an elimination of the latent reservoir, which is thought to comprise CD4-positive cells that harbor integrated, replication-competent HIV provirus. These cells do not express viral proteins, are indistinguishable from uninfected CD4 cells, and are thought to be responsible for HIV viral rebound–-that occurs within weeks of combination anti retroviral therapy (cART) interruption. Modalities to engineer transcriptional stimulation (reactivation) of this dormant integrated HIV provirus, leading to expression of cytotoxic viral proteins, are thought to be a specific way to eradicate the latently infected CD4 pool and are becoming increasingly relevant in the era of HIV cure. HIV protease is one such protein produced after HIV reactivation that cleaves procaspase-8 to generate a novel protein Casp8p41. Casp8p41 then binds to the BH3 domain of BAK, leading to BAK oligomerization, mitochondrial depolarization, and apoptosis. In central memory T cells (TCMs) from HIV-infected patients, an elevated Bcl-2/procaspase-8 ratio was observed, and Casp8p41 binding to Bcl-2 was associated with a lack of reactivation-induced cell death. This was reversed by priming cells with a specific Bcl-2 antagonist prior to reactivation, resulting in increased cell death and decreased HIV DNA in a Casp8p41-dependent pathway. This review describes the biology, clinical relevance, and implications of Casp8p41 for a potential cure.

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Chang, Allison, Cynthia Rudin, Michael Cavaretta, Robert Thomas, and Gloria Chou. "How to reverse-engineer quality rankings." Machine Learning 88, no. 3 (June 3, 2012): 369–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10994-012-5295-6.

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5

Kinsbourne, Marcel. "How to Reverse Engineer Visual Cognition." Contemporary Psychology 48, no. 4 (August 2003): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/000852.

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6

Kalantari, John, Heidi Nelson, and Nicholas Chia. "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Inverse Reinforcement Learning in Advancing Cancer Research." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 01 (April 3, 2020): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i01.5380.

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The “No Free Lunch” theorem states that for any algorithm, elevated performance over one class of problems is offset by its performance over another. Stated differently, no algorithm works for everything. Instead, designing effective algorithms often means exploiting prior knowledge of data relationships specific to a given problem. This “unreasonable efficacy” is especially desirable for complex and seemingly intractable problems in the natural sciences. One such area that is rife with the need for better algorithms is cancer biology—a field where relatively few insights are being generated from relatively large amounts of data. In part, this is due to the inability of mere statistics to reflect cancer as a genetic evolutionary process—one that involves cells actively mutating in order to navigate host barriers, outcompete neighboring cells, and expand spatially.Our work is built upon the central proposition that the Markov Decision Process (MDP) can better represent the process by which cancer arises and progresses. More specifically, by encoding a cancer cell's complex behavior as a MDP, we seek to model the series of genetic changes, or evolutionary trajectory, that leads to cancer as an optimal decision process. We posit that using an Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) approach will enable us to reverse engineer an optimal policy and reward function based on a set of “expert demonstrations” extracted from the DNA of patient tumors. The inferred reward function and optimal policy can subsequently be used to extrapolate the evolutionary trajectory of any tumor. Here, we introduce a Bayesian nonparametric IRL model (PUR-IRL) where the number of reward functions is a priori unbounded in order to account for uncertainty in cancer data, i.e., the existence of latent trajectories and non-uniform sampling. We show that PUR-IRL is “unreasonably effective” in gaining interpretable and intuitive insights about cancer progression from high-dimensional genome data.

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7

Zanni, Mariangela, Tim Sharpe, Philipp Lammers, Leo Arnold, and James Pickard. "Developing a Methodology for Integration of Whole Life Costs into BIM Processes to Assist Design Decision Making." Buildings 9, no. 5 (May 5, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9050114.

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A common barrier to achieving design intent is the absence of comprehensive information about operational performance during design development. This results in uninformed decision-making which impacts on actual building performance, in particular Whole Life Costs (WLC). It is proposed that Building Information Modelling (BIM) has the potential to facilitate a more comprehensive and accurate design approach from the initial stages if the model can utilize reliable and robust cost and performance data from buildings in use. This paper describes the initial findings of a research project that has investigated the integration of WLC estimation into BIM processes. The study focusses specifically on the rapidly emerging Private Rental Sector (PRS) as the build-to-rent market has repeatable tasks and similar workflow patterns, roles and responsibilities, but impacts of WLC can significantly influence the business model. The study adopted a mixed method approach for the development and validation of a structured standardized process for timely WLC estimation through BIM. The research identified a number of barriers. These included varying definitions of WLC calculation methodologies; the availability and standards of data sources, in particular, the misalignment of coding systems for identification and classification of components at various levels of development, proprietary ownership of data, lack of knowledge and skills in team members to produce and/or utilize data sources, and limitations of software. However, the research proposes that these may be addressed by a reverse-engineered systematic process that uses the Integrated DEFinition (IDEF) 3 structured diagramming modelling technique that can be incorporated into a software model and has developed a model for a systematic approach for BIM-enabled WLC assessment based on CE principles which would include access to live data streams from completed buildings. The paper describes this model development which has the potential to enhance BIM lifecycle management through an augmented decision-making approach that is integral to the natural design development process.

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8

DEMAGALHAES, J., and O. TOUSSAINT. "How bioinformatics can help reverse engineer human aging." Ageing Research Reviews 3, no. 2 (April 2004): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2003.08.006.

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9

Michael, Iacovos P., Sadegh Saghafinia, and Douglas Hanahan. "A set of microRNAs coordinately controls tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 48 (November 8, 2019): 24184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913307116.

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MicroRNA-mediated gene regulation has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. This study examined the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) during tumorigenesis and malignant progression of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) in a genetically engineered mouse model. Previously, a set of miRNAs was observed to be specifically up-regulated in a highly invasive and metastatic subtype of mouse and human PanNET. Using functional assays, we now implicate different miRNAs in distinct phenotypes: miR-137 stimulates tumor growth and local invasion, whereas the miR-23b cluster enables metastasis. An algorithm, Bio-miRTa, has been developed to facilitate the identification of biologically relevant miRNA target genes and applied to these miRNAs. We show that a top-ranked miR-137 candidate gene, Sorl1, has a tumor suppressor function in primary PanNETs. Among the top targets for the miR-23b cluster, Acvr1c/ALK7 has recently been described to be a metastasis suppressor, and we establish herein that it is down-regulated by the miR-23b cluster, which is crucial for its prometastatic activity. Two other miR-23b targets, Robo2 and P2ry1, also have demonstrable antimetastatic effects. Finally, we have used the Bio-miRTa algorithm in reverse to identify candidate miRNAs that might regulate activin B, the principal ligand for ALK7, identifying thereby a third family of miRNAs—miRNA-130/301—that is congruently up-regulated concomitant with down-regulation of activin B during tumorigenesis, suggestive of functional involvement in evasion of the proapoptotic barrier. Thus, dynamic up-regulation of miRNAs during multistep tumorigenesis and malignant progression serves to down-regulate distinctive suppressor mechanisms of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis.

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10

Duchscherer, Samantha, Robert Stewart, and Marie Urban. "revengc: An R package to Reverse Engineer Summarized Data." R Journal 10, no. 2 (2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32614/rj-2018-044.

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11

Okazaki, Arimichi, Jun-Ichiro Jo, and Yasuhiko Tabata. "A Reverse Transfection Technology to Genetically Engineer Adult Stem Cells." Tissue Engineering 13, no. 2 (February 2007): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.2006.0185.

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12

Thilmany, Jean. "Working Backward." Mechanical Engineering 130, no. 07 (July 1, 2008): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-jul-2.

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This paper discusses role of reverse engineering in biomedical and other bioscience applications. Reverse engineering is one of the most relevant examples of methods that have moved from engineering to find a role in biomedical and other bioscience applications. For an early introduction to the method's use in both biomedical and engineering fields, reverse engineering is commonly taught to biomedical undergraduates. Scientists in the biomedical hybrid fields of systems and synthetic biology call upon reverse engineering in ways that may look foreign to the practicing mechanical or electrical engineer—or even to the practicing biomedical engineer. The paper also highlights that synthetic biology, a new area of research, focuses solely on designing and building new biological systems. Synthetic biology often focuses on ways of taking parts of natural biological systems, characterizing and simplifying them, and using them as components of an engineered, biological system. According to critics, biological circuits can be integrated into organisms to change their interactions or products or, ultimately, to synthesize fundamentally new and possibly hazardous organisms. The new field of study—like all other fields encompassed by biomedical engineering—has seen fit to use reverse engineering as an everyday tool.

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13

Viswanath, Pavithra, Georgios Batsios, Anne Marie Gillespie, Hema Artee Luchman, Joseph Costello, Russell Pieper, and Sabrina Ronen. "TAMI-08. A TALE OF TWO TELOMERE MAINTENANCE MECHANISMS: TERT EXPRESSION AND THE ALT PATHWAY INDUCE UNIQUE MRS-DETECTABLE METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IN LOW-GRADE GLIOMAS." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (November 2020): ii214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.897.

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Abstract Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures at chromosomal ends that shorten with cell division and constitute a natural barrier to proliferation. In order to proliferate indefinitely, all tumors require a telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression is the TMM in most tumors, including low-grade oligodendrogliomas (LGOGs). In contrast, low-grade astrocytomas (LGAs) use the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway as their TMM. As molecular hallmarks of tumor proliferation, TMMs are attractive tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Non-invasive imaging of TMM status will, therefore, allow assessment of tumor proliferation and treatment response. However, translational methods of imaging TMM status are lacking. Here, we show that TERT expression and the ALT pathway are associated with unique magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-detectable metabolic reprogramming in LGOGs and LGAs respectively. In genetically-engineered and patient-derived LGOG models, TERT expression is linked to elevated 1H-MRS-detectable NAD(P)/H, glutathione, aspartate and AXP. In contrast, the ALT pathway in LGAs is associated with higher α-ketoglutarate, glutamate, alanine and AXP. Importantly, elevated flux of hyperpolarized [1-13C]-alanine to pyruvate, which depends on α-ketoglutarate, is a non-invasive in vivo imaging biomarker of the ALT pathway in LGAs while elevated flux of hyperpolarized [1-13C]-alanine to lactate, which depends on NADH, is an imaging biomarker of TERT expression in LGOGs. Mechanistically, the ALT pathway in LGAs is linked to higher glutaminase (GLS), a key enzyme for α-ketoglutarate biosynthesis while TERT expression in LGOGs is associated with elevated nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a key enzyme for NADH biosynthesis. Notably, TERT expression and the ALT pathway are linked to MRS-detectable metabolic reprogramming in LGOG and LGA patient biopsies, emphasizing the clinical validity of our observations. Collectively, we have identified unique metabolic signatures of TMM status that integrate critical oncogenic information with noninvasive imaging modalities that can improve diagnosis and treatment response monitoring for LGOG and LGA patients.

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Samaha, Heba, Antonella Pignata, Kristen Fousek, Tiara Byrd, Fong Lam, Fabio Stossi, Sean Marelli, et al. "A cellular platform to enable targeted brain delivery of T cells to glioblastoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.2053.

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2053 Background: Poor T cell homing hinders the development of effective cell therapy for central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. Lessons learnt from inflammatory brain diseases can give insight into how to overcome the blood brain barrier (BBB) blockade created by cancer. Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM; CD166) is a pathological adhesion molecule upregulated in the endothelium of a number of inflammatory/infiltrative CNS diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Antibodies blocking ALCAM decrease leukocyte access to the brain and are currently being tested in a clinical trial for MS. Methods: We studied the difference in the dynamic signature of adhesion molecules in the “anergic” brain tumor endothelium and that of infiltrative brain conditions. Consequently, we mapped the ALCAM minimal binding region to domain 3 (D3) of CD6 and created an artificial molecule with the intent of creating a novel cellular platform to reverse endothelial anergy, through ALCAM specific binding. Results: GBM endothelium fails to launch the second wave of adhesion molecules necessary for firm T leukocyte capture and effective BBB transmigration. Engineered D3 on the T cell crosslinked to ALCAM on endothelial cells in proximity ligation assays (PLA; < 40nm) during TEM. Under shear stress, D3 T cells showed a global improved ALCAM specific trafficking kinetics: higher capture on ALCAM+ endothelium, rolling with slower velocity, and better TEM. In an ex vivo model of BBB, D3 T cells exhibited higher transmigratory ability. We discovered that signaling through the D3 endodomain phosphorylated pZAp70 recruiting Talin that enables LFA-1 (ICAM-ligand) open confirmation, mediating effective TEM. Lastly, in an orthotopic model of GBM, D3 T cells homed more and accumulated at the tumor site compared to NT controls. And, testing Her2 CAR T cells on D3 platform showed an advantageous homing after IV administration which was reflected in tumor control and better survival. Conclusions: We created a cellular platform that enables targeted brain delivery of T cells. This platform serves as a gateway to the effective cellular therapeutics for brain malignancies but potentially as a delivery system for complex biologics for other pathological conditions.

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Batsios, Georgios, Pavithra Viswanath, Celine Taglang, Robert Flavell, Joseph Costello, Russell O. Pieper, Peder Larson, and Sabrina Ronen. "TBMT-01. HYPERPOLARIZED δ-[1-13C]GLUCONOLACTONE MONITORS TERT-INDUCED ELEVATION IN PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY FLUX IN BRAIN TUMORS IN VIVO." Neuro-Oncology Advances 3, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): i20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdab024.083.

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Abstract Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression is essential for tumor proliferation and is an attractive therapeutic target for gliomas. TERT expression has previously been shown to enhance glucose flux via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in low grade gliomas expressing TERT. Hyperpolarized δ-[1-13C]gluconolactone has been used to detect flux via the PPP by monitoring its conversion to 6-phospho-[1-13C]gluconate (6PG) in isolated perfused liver. The goal of our study was to evaluate whether hyperpolarized δ-[1-13C]gluconolactone can be used to monitor elevated PPP flux induced by TERT expression in low grade gliomas, thereby providing a non-invasive method of assessing TERT expression in vivo. Immortalized normal human astrocytes without (NHApre) and with TERT expression (NHApost) were used in cell bioreactor experiments. In vivo experiment with rats bearing orthotopic NHApost or patient-derived low-grade oligodendroglioma (SF10417) tumors were contacted. Dynamic 13C MR spectra were acquired at 14T (cells) or 3T (rats) following injection of hyperpolarized δ-[1-13C]gluconolactone. NHApost cells showed significantly higher flux through the PPP compared to NHApre. This finding was in agreement with previous results indicating that TERT expression elevates PPP flux. In all rats δ-[1-13C]gluconolactone and 6PG were observed indicating that δ-[1-13C]gluconolactone crosses the blood-brain barrier and is rapidly metabolized. Furthermore, both models presented homogeneous distribution of δ-[1-13C]gluconolactone in the brain and higher ratio of 6PG-to-δ-[1-13C]gluconolactone in the tumor area. In summary we show in vivo that hyperpolarized δ-[1-13C]gluconolactone metabolism to 6-phospho-[1-13C]gluconate is significantly higher in tumor compared to contralateral normal brain in TERT-expressing genetically-engineered and patient-derived low-grade oligodendrogliomas. Due to its fundamental role in tumor proliferation, TERT is both a tumor biomarker and a therapeutic target. Monitoring HP δ-[1-13C]gluconolactone metabolism, therefore, has the potential to inform on tumor burden and response to therapy in the clinic.

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16

Kliebenstein, Daniel J. "Synthetic biology of metabolism: using natural variation to reverse engineer systems." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 19 (June 2014): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2014.03.008.

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17

邬, 文. "Application Study of 3D Reverse Engineer Technology for Train Wheel Wear." Mechanical Engineering and Technology 06, no. 05 (2017): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/met.2017.65042.

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18

Jiang, Shan, Ning Xu, Xue-Yan Wang, and Qiang Zhou. "An Efficient Technique to Reverse Engineer Minterm Protection Based Camouflaged Circuit." Journal of Computer Science and Technology 33, no. 5 (September 2018): 998–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11390-018-1870-z.

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19

Hou, Lei, Dan Wang, Di Chen, Yi Liu, Yue Zhang, Hao Cheng, Chi Xu, et al. "A Systems Approach to Reverse Engineer Lifespan Extension by Dietary Restriction." Cell Metabolism 23, no. 3 (March 2016): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.002.

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Fernández, Ariel. "Artificial Intelligence Set to Reverse Engineer Drug Targeting in the Cell." ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science 4, no. 3 (April 28, 2021): 1256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00107.

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21

Carlson, T. L., J. Y. Lock, and R. L. Carrier. "Engineering the Mucus Barrier." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 20, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121156.

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Mucus selectively controls the transport of molecules, particulate matter, and microorganisms to the underlying epithelial layer. It may be desirable to weaken the mucus barrier to enable effective delivery of drug carriers. Alternatively, the mucus barrier can be strengthened to prevent epithelial interaction with pathogenic microbes or other exogenous materials. The dynamic mucus layer can undergo changes in structure (e.g., pore size) and/or composition (e.g., protein concentrations, mucin glycosylation) in response to stimuli that occur naturally or are purposely administered, thus altering its barrier function. This review outlines mechanisms by which mucus provides a selective barrier and methods to engineer the mucus layer from the perspective of strengthening or weakening its barrier properties. In addition, we discuss strategic design of drug carriers and dosing formulation properties for efficient delivery across the mucus barrier.

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Parry, Jason. "Ruinology." Philosophy Today 63, no. 4 (2019): 1081–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtoday2020128312.

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Ruinology is defined here as the study of the speculative reconstruction of ruins. Its remit encompasses both the study of the mechanisms of ruination as well as attempts to reverse-engineer ruination and reconstruct architectural remains.

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23

Falkowski, Mariusz, and Michał Liberek. "Concepts of deploying engineer troops in military operations in the classified Myśl Wojskowa publications from the years 1970-1981." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 192, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2593.

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The purpose of this paper is to present the concepts of deploying engineer troops in military operations in the late 1970s and early 1980s, on the basis of the publications contained in the classified Myśl Wojskowa journal. The publications concerned the main tasks of engineer troops in basic tactical operations, including in particular those consisting in crossing water obstacles or establishing barrier minefields in that period. The article analyses also the needs of engineer troops in the discussed period and describes the basic principles of using this type of arms for performing engineering tasks. Furthermore, the attention is drawn to the wide use of engineer troops in that period, which were responsible, to a considerable extent, for providing support for the fighting elements, including in particular armoured and mechanised units.

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Okino, Hiroyuki, Norifumi Kameshiro, Kumiko Konishi, Naomi Inada, Kazuhiro Mochizuki, Akio Shima, Natsuki Yokoyama, and Renichi Yamada. "Electrical Characteristics of Large Chip-Size 3.3 kV SiC-JBS Diodes." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.881.

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The reduction of reverse leakage currents was attempted to fabricate 4H-SiC diodes with large current capacity for high voltage applications. Firstly diodes with Schottky metal of titanium (Ti) with active areas of 2.6 mm2 were fabricated to investigate the mechanisms of reverse leakage currents. The reverse current of a Ti Schottky barrier diode (SBD) is well explained by the tunneling current through the Schottky barrier. Then, the effects of Schottky barrier height and electric field on the reverse currents were investigated. The high Schottky barrier metal of nickel (Ni) effectively reduced the reverse leakage current to 2 x 10-3 times that of the Ti SBD. The suppression of the electric field at the Schottky junction by applying a junction barrier Schottky (JBS) structure reduced the reverse leakage current to 10-2 times that of the Ni SBD. JBS structure with high Schottky barrier metal of Ni was applied to fabricate large chip-size SiC diodes and we achieved 30 A- and 75 A-diodes with low leakage current and high breakdown voltage of 4 kV.

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25

Bellan, A. "It is OK to 'reverse engineer' simple trade marks, the CJEU says." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 9, no. 9 (June 27, 2014): 703–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpu108.

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26

Callaghan, Joseph H., Thomas W. Lauer, and Eileen Peacock. "A Method For Reverse Engineering Legacy Accounting Systems." Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 2, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v2i3.5471.

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The growing emphasis on information for the development of products, services, and managing activities has increased the need for the integration of data which has been collected and used for various IS applications. Problems arise from the integration of information from such a variety of sources. One approach to this problem is reverse engineer these systems. Reverse engineering derives a data model from existing sys-tems with the aim of redesigning it. The paper describes a data modeling approach that takes data from general journal and an archetypal specialized journal and translates it into an entity-relationship diagram. The article also discusses areas for future research.

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Quist, Daniel A., and Lorie M. Liebrock. "Reversing Compiled Executables for Malware Analysis via Visualization." Information Visualization 10, no. 2 (January 13, 2011): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ivs.2010.11.

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Reverse engineering-compiled executables is a task with a steep learning curve. It is complicated by the task of translating assembly into a series of abstractions that represent the overall flow of a program. Most of the steps involve finding interesting areas of an executable and determining their general functionality. This article presents a method using dynamic analysis of program execution to visually represent the general flow of a program. We use the Ether hypervisor framework to covertly monitor a program. The data are processed and presented for the reverse engineer. The VERA (Visualization of Executables for Reversing and Analysis) system specifically accelerates the location of the original entry point and understanding of overall executable functionality. Using this method, the amount of time needed to extract key features of an executable is greatly reduced, improving productivity. Two malware samples are used to demonstrate the advantages of using the VERA system to reverse engineer malware. Further, these examples exemplify a reversing process enhanced through effective use of dynamic analysis tools. Preliminary user study indicates that the tool is useful for both new and experienced users.

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Tarr, N. Garry. "Noninjecting, high-barrier junctions on p-type silicon." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-114.

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The fabrication of junctions with very low minority-carrier injection ratios and reasonably good diode characteristics on p-type silicon is reported. These junctions were formed by growing an ultrathin oxide layer on a monocrystalline substrate, depositing polysilicon heavily doped in situ with phosphorus over the oxide, overlaying the polysilicon with aluminum, and then annealing the resulting sandwich structure at temperatures in the range 400–450 °C. The junctions can exhibit leakage current densities below 10−6 A∙cm−2 at moderate reverse bias and reverse breakdown voltages in excess of 20 V. The absence of minority-carrier injection has been demonstrated by diode reverse recovery transient measurements and by the fabrication of bipolar transistors employing these junctions as emitters.

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Umezawa, H., N. Tatsumi, S. i. Shikata, K. Ikeda, and R. Kumaresan. "Increase in Reverse Operation Limit by Barrier Height Control of Diamond Schottky Barrier Diode." IEEE Electron Device Letters 30, no. 9 (September 2009): 960–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2009.2026439.

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Singh, Divya, and Richa Pandey. "A New Proposed Method to Reverse Engineer a Residual Limb for Prosthetic Socket - Procedure, Advantages and Challenges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.558.

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A prosthetic replaces any missing human body part visibly and also aims to resume the normal functionality of the part. Reverse engineering extracts information from a present model or available design and develops a new model using advanced CAD tools. Nowadays the reverse engineered part can be combined with rapid prototyping by various software and integration of CAD-CAM platforms. In this paper, a new method to reverse engineer the residual limb information for lower limb amputees, in order to use it for analyzing and developing a prosthetic socket by scanning and developing a CAD model is proposed. Along this are discussed, the advantages and challenges. This work falls in the emerging field of interdisciplinary engineering, combining medical and advanced mechanical engineering on a humanitarian platform

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Marena, Marina, Andrea Romeo, and Patrizia Semeraro. "Pricing multivariate barrier reverse convertibles with factor-based subordinators." Journal of Computational Finance 21, no. 5 (2018): 97–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21314/jcf.2018.344.

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Hatakeyama, Tetsuo, and Takashi Shinohe. "Reverse Characteristics of a 4H-SiC Schottky Barrier Diode." Materials Science Forum 389-393 (April 2002): 1169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.389-393.1169.

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Fu, Qinyi, Nisha Verma, Hongyang Ma, Francisco J. Medellin-Rodriguez, Ruipeng Li, Masafumi Fukuto, Christopher M. Stafford, Benjamin S. Hsiao, and Benjamin M. Ocko. "Molecular Structure of Aromatic Reverse Osmosis Polyamide Barrier Layers." ACS Macro Letters 8, no. 4 (March 14, 2019): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00077.

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34

Hollis, T. M., T. W. Gardner, G. J. Vergis, B. J. Kirbo, C. Butler, R. O. Dull, M. J. Campos, and N. A. Enea. "Antihistamines reverse blood-ocular barrier breakdown in experimental diabetes." Journal of Diabetic Complications 2, no. 1 (January 1988): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-6632(88)90029-3.

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35

Ivanov, Pavel A., Igor V. Grekhov, Alexander S. Potapov, Natalya D. Il'inskaya, Oleg I. Kon'kov, and Tatyana P. Samsonova. "Reverse Leakage Currents in High-Voltage 4H-SiC Schottky Diodes." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.877.

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High-voltage 4H-SiC Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBDs) and Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes have been fabricated and evaluated. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics were measured in a wide temperature range. All diodes fabricated showed nearly ideal forward behavior. For SBDs with Schottky Barrier Height (SBH) of 1.12 eV, the reverse I–V characteristics are described well by the thermionic emission model (at voltages varying from several mV to 2 kV and temperatures ranging from 361 to 470 K) if barrier lowering with increasing band bending is taken into account. For SBDs with SBH of 1.53 eV, no thermionic current was detected in reverse direction at temperatures below ~500 K. The leakage currents appeared only at high reverse voltages and elevated temperatures. The analysis of reverse I-V characteristics allowed to propose dislocation related mechanism of current flow due to the local injection of electrons from metal to semiconductor. It is shown that defect related leakage currents can be significantly reduced by JBS-structure.

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Sija, Baraka D., Young-Hoon Goo, Kyu-Seok Shim, Huru Hasanova, and Myung-Sup Kim. "A Survey of Automatic Protocol Reverse Engineering Approaches, Methods, and Tools on the Inputs and Outputs View." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8370341.

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A network protocol defines rules that control communications between two or more machines on the Internet, whereas Automatic Protocol Reverse Engineering (APRE) defines the way of extracting the structure of a network protocol without accessing its specifications. Enough knowledge on undocumented protocols is essential for security purposes, network policy implementation, and management of network resources. This paper reviews and analyzes a total of 39 approaches, methods, and tools towards Protocol Reverse Engineering (PRE) and classifies them into four divisions, approaches that reverse engineer protocol finite state machines, protocol formats, and both protocol finite state machines and protocol formats to approaches that focus directly on neither reverse engineering protocol formats nor protocol finite state machines. The efficiency of all approaches’ outputs based on their selected inputs is analyzed in general along with appropriate reverse engineering inputs format. Additionally, we present discussion and extended classification in terms of automated to manual approaches, known and novel categories of reverse engineered protocols, and a literature of reverse engineered protocols in relation to the seven layers’ OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model.

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Liu, Changshi, and Feng Li. "Determination of Schottky Barrier Height independent on temperature via reverse current–reverse voltage and temperature." Computational Materials Science 107 (September 2015): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.05.012.

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Montlahuc, Jérémy, Ghazanfar Ali Shah, Arnaud Polette, and Jean-Philippe Pernot. "As-scanned Point Clouds Generation for Virtual Reverse Engineer-ing of CAD Assembly Models." Computer-Aided Design and Applications 16, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14733/cadaps.2019.1171-1182.

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Nagpal, Shakti, Svenja Braner, Harshvardhan Modh, Ada Xi Xin Tan, Marc-Phillip Mast, Karim Chichakly, Volker Albrecht, and Matthias G. Wacker. "A physiologically-based nanocarrier biopharmaceutics model to reverse-engineer the in vivo drug release." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 153 (August 2020): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.004.

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Schellhammer, L., M. Beffinger, S. Pantelyushin, T. Buch, and J. vom Berg. "P09.10 Local immunotherapy of brain cancer harnessing high-retention Fc-fusion constructs." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 8, Suppl 2 (October 2020): A57.1—A57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2020-itoc7.110.

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BackgroundGlioblastoma is a highly aggressive cancer type and despite aggressive therapy, patients’ survival remains poor. Immunotherapy of brain cancer is particularly difficult because of its location behind the blood-brain-barrier and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. In order to (re-)activate the immune system, and reverse the local immunosuppression, we employ the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 12 (IL-12). This highly potent immune-stimulatory agent is known for its anti-cancer effect. Unfortunately, IL-12 was found to induce severe toxicity when applied intravenously, impeding its way into clinics. Thus, currently the only valid therapeutic option is local application into the tumour site.Materials and MethodsEngineered proteins were expressed in HEK293T cells and purified by affinity chromatography. In vivo experiments were performed in glioma-bearing mice using intracranial injection of bioluminescent GL-261 cell line. Treatments were performed on day 21 and 28 post tumour injection through intracranial injection using a step-catheter modelling convection enhanced delivery in mice. Blood or tissue was analysed using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and ELISA.ResultsBased on an IL-12-IgG fusion protein, we engineered a molecule for exclusively local therapy of brain cancer. We showed anti-cancer efficacy and increased tissue retention of the fusion molecule in glioma in mice. However, molecular analysis of treated tissue confirmed an upregulation of the immunosuppressive molecule PD-L1 in the tumour microenvironment. This means that, despite its efficacy, IL-12 induces an adaptive resistance mechanism, counteracting the therapeutic effect. We thus hypothesised that local IL-12 therapy combined with local blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1-axis would further improve therapeutic efficacy, while exclusively local administration would avoid increased side effects, which usually accompany combination immunotherapy. We showed significantly enhanced long-term survival of glioma-bearing mice treated with IL-12 therapy in combination with PD-L1 blockade compared to single or control treatments. In a next step, we engineered a novel, bifunctional molecule. Optimized for local application and minimized leakage into the systemic circulation, it combines immune-stimulation and checkpoint blockade in one entity. We showed anti-cancer efficacy and increased tissue retention in glioma in mice.ConclusionsThe potent anti-cancer effect of the cytokine IL-12 can be used in therapy when applied locally into the brain tumour. Besides fusion to IgG, we introduced several specific modifications on the molecule, which are crucial to prevent systemic exposure and associated toxic side effects. To overcome the dampening of the immune reaction through induced PD-L1 expression, we introduced a combination therapy of IL-12 with a PD-L1-blocking antibody in a single molecule. We showed this combination superior to single treatments in the context of exclusively local brain tumour therapy.Disclosure InformationL. Schellhammer: None. M. Beffinger: None. S. Pantelyushin: None. T. Buch: None. J. vom Berg: None.

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Hajal, Cynthia, Baptiste Le Roi, Roger D. Kamm, and Ben M. Maoz. "Biology and Models of the Blood–Brain Barrier." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 23, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082120-042814.

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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most selective endothelial barriers. An understanding of its cellular, morphological, and biological properties in health and disease is necessary to develop therapeutics that can be transported from blood to brain. In vivo models have provided some insight into these features and transport mechanisms adopted at the brain, yet they have failed as a robust platform for the translation of results into clinical outcomes. In this article, we provide a general overview of major BBB features and describe various models that have been designed to replicate this barrier and neurological pathologies linked with the BBB. We propose several key parameters and design characteristics that can be employed to engineer physiologically relevant models of the blood–brain interface and highlight the need for a consensus in the measurement of fundamental properties of this barrier.

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da Silva, Adriana L., Gisele P. de Oliveira, Namho Kim, Fernanda F. Cruz, Jamil Z. Kitoko, Natalia G. Blanco, Sabrina V. Martini, et al. "Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy therapeutically reverses key pathology of experimental allergic asthma." Science Advances 6, no. 24 (June 2020): eaay7973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay7973.

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Despite long-standing efforts to enhance care for chronic asthma, symptomatic treatments remain the only option to manage this highly prevalent and debilitating disease. We demonstrate that key pathology of allergic asthma can be almost completely resolved in a therapeutic manner by inhaled gene therapy. After the disease was fully and stably established, we treated mice intratracheally with a single dose of thymulin-expressing plasmids delivered via nanoparticles engineered to have a unique ability to penetrate the airway mucus barrier. Twenty days after the treatment, we found that all key pathologic features found in the asthmatic lung, including chronic inflammation, pulmonary fibrosis, and mechanical dysregulation, were normalized. We conducted tissue- and cell-based analyses to confirm that the therapeutic intervention was mediated comprehensively by anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of the therapy. We believe that our findings open a new avenue for clinical development of therapeutically effective gene therapy for chronic asthma.

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Ning, Xiao Bo, Rui Hua Tang, and Quan Sheng Jiang. "A Reverse Design Method of Geometric Model for Fan's Impeller Based on Geomagic Studio and SolidWorks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.362.

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t is introduced that the point cloudy data of the fans impeller is analyzed systematically and the one of its blades is preprocessed in Geomagic Studio, its surface fitting with NURBS. The IGS file formed finally in Geomagic Studio is input to SolidWorks to reconstruct original impeller model, which expresses that the combination of CAD and reverse engineer (RE) software has important application value in model design of complex geometry products.

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Chidichimo, Giuseppe, Amerigo Beneduci, Vito Maltese, Sante Cospito, Antonio Tursi, Paolo Tassini, and Giuseppe Pandolfi. "2D/3D switchable displays through PDLC reverse mode parallax barrier." Liquid Crystals 45, no. 13-15 (July 22, 2018): 2132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2018.1501821.

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Thomas, Hugh. "Identifying a specific small molecule to reverse intestinal barrier loss." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 16, no. 6 (April 16, 2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0149-3.

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Pipinis, P. A., A. K. Rimeika, and V. A. Lapeika. "Temperature dependence of the reverse current in Schottky barrier diodes." Semiconductors 32, no. 7 (July 1998): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1187506.

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Dąbrowski, Władysław, and Kazimierz Korbel. "Excess generation-recombination noise in reverse biased Schottky-barrier diodes." Solid-State Electronics 31, no. 12 (December 1988): 1657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(88)90060-3.

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Jean, Thilmany. "Working Backward." Mechanical Engineering 127, no. 06 (June 1, 2005): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2005-jun-3.

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This article reviews how reverse engineering is used in detecting and preserving. Engineers across many disciplines find reverse engineering an invaluable tool to discover and learn about a product’s structure and design. A good forensic engineer will glean relevant information through meticulous investigation and by taking a reverse-engineering approach. Texas Tech University, the National Park Service, and the Historic American Buildings Survey are now creating digital architectural drawings to detail the 120-year-old statue’s every curve, cranny, and dimension. They are doing this through reverse engineering. The university is capturing the statue's unique architecture with three-dimensional laser scanning technology tied to geometry processing software, which automatically generates an accurate digital model from the scan data. To help align the scans and to fix the holes, the team turned to technology that creates surface models from scanned data. The software is Geomagic Studio, from Raindrop Geomagic of Research Triangle Park, NC.

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JAHNKE, JENS H., and ANDREW WALENSTEIN. "EVALUATING THEORIES FOR MANAGING IMPERFECT KNOWLEDGE IN HUMAN-CENTRIC DATABASE REENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTS." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 12, no. 01 (February 2002): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194002000834.

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Modernizing heavily evolved and poorly documented information systems is a central software engineering problem in our current IT industry. It is often necessary to reverse engineer the design documentation of such legacy systems. Several interactive CASE tools have been developed to support this human-intensive process. However, practical experience indicates that their applicability is limited because they do not adequately handle imperfect knowledge about legacy systems. In this paper, we investigate the applicability of several major theories of imperfect knowledge management in the area of soft computing and approximate reasoning. The theories are evaluated with respect to how well they meet requirements for generating effective human-centred reverse engineering environments. The requirements were elicited with help from practical case studies in the area of database reverse engineering. A particular theory called "possibilistic logic" was found to best meet these requirements most comprehensively. This evaluation highlights important challenges to the designers of knowledge management techniques, and should help reverse engineering tool implementers select appropriate technologies.

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50

WL Chin, Vincent, and Stephen M Newbury. "Determination of Barrier Height and Doping Density of a Schottky Diode from Infrared Photoresponse Measurements." Australian Journal of Physics 45, no. 6 (1992): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph920781.

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The impurity doping concentration of a semiconductor is commonly determined by measuring the C-V profile of a Schottky diode. In this work, an alternative method is utilised to determine the impurity doping density of a moderately acceptor-doped Schottky diode using infrared photoelectric measurements. Due to the image lowering effect, the barrier is lowered with the increasing field or reverse bias. Having determined the relationship between the reverse bias and the lowered barrier, the doping density and the zero bias barrier eight from the infrared photo response measurements can be accurately determined.

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