Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Barrières non tarifaires'
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Espirito, Santo Lima Maria Antonina Do. "Les enjeux du néo-protectionnisme : les barrières non tarifaires." Paris 10, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA100104.
Full textLeduc, Daniel. "Les barrières non-tarifaires américaines et le déclin commercial et industriel des États-Unis." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5330.
Full textKammoun, Samia. "Normalisation, coopération et incitation." Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10018.
Full textIn this thesis, we analyse standardization strategies of competing firms and the interactions between public agency or private organization with private agents that decide to standardize their products. In the first part, we are interested with the process by which standards are established. In the first chapter, a classification of norms based on their economic function and on their impact on market structure is made. In the second chapter, we focus on the role of standards in international trade. We discuss the legal and institutional treatment of norms as a technical barrier to trade. In chapter 3, we show market failures in standardization process. Then we describe firm's strategies and objectives when they participate in the creation of norms. Since private and social benefits are not perfectly correlated, we propose in the second part of this work a collective regulation of standardization activities, either by a public agency or by private organizations inducing some cooperation between firms. In chapter 4, we study professional control when standardization strategies, characterized by spillover effect on the demand side, are decided cooperatively or not. In chapter 5, we analyse public regulation of standardization activities, including consumer's interests. The characteristics of the optimal incentive scheme under asymmetric information between the regulator and the firms are determined
Ewango, Bolia. "Les obstacles non tarifaires dans les relations commerciales entre pays en developpement." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05S008.
Full textThe protectionism remains an bostacle to the expansion of international commercial exchanges. Even it uruguay round recent negociations have been the most important ones in the history of international trade, it could be a mistake to think they blocked the process. The countries fertile imagination is always on the look out for new and intricate means of protection. These appear in the shape of tariff and non tariff measures. The commercial barriers of this last category are well known for their multiform and accuit characters. Broadly speaking, the exchanges restricting measures find their origine in various texts of countries internal legislations. But they could also follow from voluntary restraint agreements of regional agreements whose restrictive effects are directed against the trade of third countries. The south-south exchanges, often occulted by the north-south stream of exchange, are not exempt of protectionism. So, despite many agreements settled between developing countires, their mutual trade remains the weakest link in the chain of international exchanges (its share is about 7%). Development necessities, economical restraints and even political reasons pushed them to apply massively restrictive measures
Mkimer-Bengeloune, Laïla. "Modélisation des barrières non tarifaires et leur impact sur les échanges internationaux : une application aux pays méditerranéens." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01004671.
Full textMkimer-Bengeloune, Laïla. "Modélisation des barrières non tarifaires et leur impact sur les échanges internationaux : une application aux pays méditerranéens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUL2004.
Full textThe doctrine of free trade has promoted the creation of a multilateral framework in 1947 with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and then with the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. Multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT and the WTO have resulted in a considerable reduction of tariffs worldwide. However, before the gradual reduction of tariffs, a strong increase in non-tariff barriers (NTBs) appeared.Indeed, the expansion of international trade and the expansion of multilateral trade rules to new areas previously protected, such as agriculture, services and intellectual property have led many countries to make more intensive use of non-tariff barriers, a way to overcome the " free-market " rule.These non-tariff barriers thus complement or replace tariffs and may reduce or cancel the value of tariff bindings. In addition, NTBs are twice as restrictive tariffs and imply a much more limited market access than tariffs. In addition, NTBs can take different forms, they do not have the same degree of restrictiveness and do not apply the same method. They vary across countries and products, and correspond to different objectives.This thesis aims to quantify non-tariff barriers and to assess their degree of restrictiveness on imports of Southern Mediterranean countries (MED) from the European Union (EU) in the framework of the Euro- Mediterranean integration. This research introduces two econometric models: the first model is an equation of "imports". It assesses the magnitude of non-tariff barriers applied by MED countries to the EU and other partners through the calculation of ad valorem tariff equivalents. The second model is a gravity equation. It considers the role of NTBs and trade costs in the EU -MED trade to achieve a more detailed analysis of the impact of NTBs and other barriers to trade, such as tariffs, transport costs, logistics performance as well as cultural proximity and institutional factors on the Euro- Mediterranean trade
Bonroy, Olivier. "Standards de qualité minimale et labels : une analyse de leur caractère protectionniste." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU2008.
Full textDupont, Hubert. "Fiscalite et construction européenne : le cas de la tva et des accises : une étude de scenarios." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL12009.
Full textTo the date "31 december 1992" is a associated the aim of the european domestic market achievement. Among the numerous problems which aiming at this objective encounters. The fiscal problem and especially the indirect fiscal problem (vat, eccises) have a great importance. To seek about the nature and the solutions of the latter problem is the purpose of our work. The research method is based on the analyse of the comparative economic consequences of three alternative scenarios: the first in accordance with the present situation is carachterized by the existence of the european fiscal disparities and the intervention of the fiscal frontier mechanism; the second one supposing the fiscal frontier abolition and a steady legislative context; and finally the last one still supposing the fiscal frantier abolition, but this time with a fiscal harmonization process
Gouaux, Denis. "Restrictions volontaires aux exportations : l'apport de l'économie politique du protectionnisme." Pau, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PAUU2005.
Full textVincent, Michel. "Impacts de l'extension de la protection des indications géographiques dans l'Union européenne et en Amérique du Nord." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0032.
Full textThis thesis examines the issues regarding the debate at the WTO on extension of the protection for geographical indications, i. E. Market access and generic products, for European Union producers and producers and consumers from other WTO members, such as the United States and Canada. Results show that tariff and non tariff barriers have more impacts on market access than usurpation of names and use of generic products. Besides, bilateral agreements could be more efficient than the WTO for the protection of geographical indications. Regarding consumers, it is more difficult to clearly estimate the benefits that they would get from the extension of the protection of geographical indications other than wines and spirits. However, the analysis of the North American retail prices market for cheeses and hams with geographical indications, imported from France and Italy, show that these prices are high compared with export prices, retail prices of comparable local products and also compared with retail prices of the same products sold in the EU. These price gaps between the EU and North America are partly explained by costs of transportation between these two regions and tariff barriers. These high retail prices could facilitate the distinction by the consumer between imported products with geographical indication from the EU and local products or products coming from other origins
Jouanjean, Marie-Agnès. "Market access and food standards : insights from the implementation of US sanitary and phytosanitary regulation." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/7o52iohb7k6srk09n20k7c4r6.
Full textThis PhD thesis contributes to this debate over standards as barriers or catalysts to trade and provides evidence of the impact of standards on developing countries’ capacity to gain and sustain markets access in food produce. Because of the complex and very much heterogeneous nature of NTMs, various methodologies have been developed. The analysis in this PhD adopts a direct approach to the measurement of food related standards using two unique data sets. By disentangling productivity from quality sorting in horticultural exports, the first paper investigates the impact of food safety standards and consumers’ preference for quality on developing countries’ capacity to export high care and differentiated agricultural products (HCAs). Using an extended version of the previous dataset, the second paper shows that reputation is an important factor in the enforcement of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. The third paper analyzes the ins and outs of U. S. Phytosanitary regulation. The empirical analysis shows that the regulatory framework of phytosanitary regulation is captured by interest groups. Moreover, controlling for other factors, the analysis shows that lower-middle income and low income countries are respectively less likely to have access to U. S. Domestic market and less likely to take advantage of open trade lines
Bouhier, Vincent. "La défense commerciale de la Communauté européenne : du bien-fondé d'un instrument identitaire." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT4008.
Full textFollowing the various cycles of negotiations within the GATT and the WTO, commercial defence has become the only relevant way for the European Community (E. C. ) to protect itself against trade distortions, as a consequence of the international trade liberalization. Commercial defence is currently being questioned by numerous members of the WTO, some of them belonging to the E. C. As well. For the latter, commercial defence can be related to a protectionist tool and an obstacle to liberalization, thus justifying either its development, either its dismantling. This approach represents a true danger for the Community regarding the specific nature of its integration, which is based on the establishment of a common market and the adoption of common policies, meant to lead to a harmonious development. This also enhances the risk of dilution of its domestic market into a free trade zone or a wide international market, which would keep the E. C. From reaching its original goals. Therefore, to maintain the balance, the E. C. Must be able to neutralize unfair or illegal practices of third countries. Yet without commercial defence, the E. C. Cannot succeed. Commercial defence is indeed the only way to preserve the specificities of common construction and interests, in a context of trade liberalization, thus legitimating its very maintenance. However, the efficiency of commercial defence is directly linked to the conditions of its application and the definitions of its material field. Commercial defence must then be reinforced inside the E. C. Itself, but also within the WTO, in order to preserve the identity of the E. C
Milgram, Baleix Juliette. "Régionalisme versus multilatéralisme : le cas du Maghreb." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010046.
Full textFaye, Ibra. "L'union européenne et les obtacles non tarifaires : analyse de la pratique conventionnelle européenne à l'aune du droit de l'OMC." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD014.
Full textThe generalized decline of tariffs, combined to the dazzling development of liberalism around theworld, led to an extraordinary expansion of non-tariff barriers. This trend is explained by the desire ofsovereign States to restrict the hold of free trade on their internal policies. By using non-tariff barriers,they implement protectionism which is of two kinds. On the one hand, this protectionism is economic. Itaims to protect national economic operators from foreign competition, assuring them market shares atthe expense of other international operators. This protectionism is unlawful. In another hand, theprotectionism must be licit because non-tariff barriers are erected in order to avoid the negation oflegitimate non-economic objectives. Despite the fact that it promotes liberalism, the European Union, inaccordance with constituent treaties, protects non-market values which are hardly defended in WTO.Achieving this double objective is sought through european conventional practice. The latter isdominated by the conclusion of bilateral agreements with different regions through the world. The coreobjective is to « manage globalization ». In this context, three legal orders interact in the explanation ofthe european conventional practice of non-tariff barriers : the « order of bilateral agreements », the oneof « European Union » and the last of « WTO »
Abou, Shady Nora. "Liberalization of trade in services and impact on welfare : the case of the telecommunications sector in Egypt." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0013.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to provide an estimation for the impact of the liberalization of trade in telecommunications services on consumer welfare in the Egyptian economy. The modelling fits in the theoretical framework of the classic international trade theory, where a small economy is facing a world price for a given service, and imposes barriers on its imports. To estimate the impact of liberalization on welfare, the direct approach developed by the Australian productivity commission and the OECD will be used to transform qualitative trade and regulatory policy measures into a quantitative index of restrictiveness. This work also provides a full database on all policy measures affecting trade and provision of telecommunications in Egypt and transforms these into an index and, in a next step, into a tarif-equivalent. The removal of this tarif equivalent is simulated using an input/output model and isassumed to positively affect consumer's welfare. The study suggests that increased liberalization of the sector, accompanied by enhanced regulation and increased transparency is likley to increase consumer's welfare by 3. 75%, equivalent to 2. 97% of Egypt's GDP in 2011
Traore, Ousmane Z. "Three essays on technical non-tariff measures in developed countries and African countries' international trade in agricultural products." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68840.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to analysis the economic implications of technical non-tariff measures (TNTMs) in force in developed countries on the international trade of agricultural and agri-food products of African countries. More specifically, we focus on three main issues. The first more general question is: what is and what determines the net effect of the set of TNTMs in OECD countries on African exports of plant products ? The second, more specific, question is: what are the effects of compliance with maximum residue limit (MRL) for pesticide on production, export supply and import demand ? Finally, the third question is to determine: what is the direct impact of product rejections at the border of European countries of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) on African exports of plant products ? We address these different questions through three essays. In the first essay, we theoretically analyze the net effect of technical non-tariff measures (TNTMs) on bilateral trade and suggest a robust empirical approach to evaluate this effect. We assess the impediment, enhancement and net effects of the TNTMs in force in OECD countries on African exports of plant products. Our theoretical findings highlight that the net effect of the TNTMs on aggregate bilateral trade depends not only on the elasticity of substitution and the elasticity of marginal cost with respect to the TNTMs but also the shape parameter of the distribution of marginal costs which depends on the technology. In addition, we find that for a given elasticity of substitution, only firms or countries characterized by a lower marginal cost than a cutoff marginal cost and higher productivity than a threshold productivity level will experience a positive net effect of trade to a given destination. For our empirical investigation, we estimate a sectoral gravity equation using the non-tariff measures (NTMs) database released by UNCTAD and WITS combined with cross-sectional trade data for 2017 from the UN COMTRADE/WITS database. The data cover 53 African countries exporting 40 Harmonized System (HS) 4-digit plant products to 35 OECD member countries. Our empirical results show both impediment (decrease of 3.099%) and enhancement (increase of 2.056%) effects of the TNTMs in force in OECD countries on African exports of plant products. Together, these effects yield a negative and significant net effect, which indicates that the TNTMs in force in OECD member countries are obstacles for African exporters of plant products. In the second essay, we disentangle theoretically and empirically the effects of the MRLs for pesticides on the production, export supply and import demand. We adopt a modelling approach based on the costs and benefits associated with food safety standards and use our theoretical framework to assess the empirical net effects of the MRLs for pesticides on African mango production and trade with OECD member countries. Theoretically, we show that the production effects of MRLs are negative while their net effects on bilateral trade can be positive, zero or negative depending on whether the consumers' perceived quality effect on import demand is greater than, equal to or less than the compliance cost effect on export supply through the unconditional expected standard-compliant production. We use a cross-sectional data set for 12 African countries that produced and exported MRL-compliant mangoes to 31 OECD countries in 2016, and find that, on the one hand, the net effects of MRLs on the production of safe mangoes are negative. On the other hand, they are positive on mango trade between African and OECD member countries. Our results highlight that the tightening or imposition of strict MRLs for pesticides in developed countries may be trade promoting while they severely impede production in African countries. In the last essay, we assess the effects of European countries' import refusals on African exports of edible vegetables and fruits from 2008 to 2018. We specifically estimate the average effects of the RASFF countries' border rejections on the extensive and intensive margins of African countries exports of edible vegetables and fruits. We use the border rejections data from the RASFF online database and export data on 45 African countries from the UN WITS database. We estimate the canonical version of the sectoral gravity equation of Anderson and al. (2004) using the Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator of Silva and al. (2006) in association with the robust twostage residual inclusion (2SRI) approach of Terza and al. (2008). We find that a single increase in the number of import refusals by a RASFF country in the current year leads to a decrease in the number of trade partners in Europe for African countries by 0.018 percent for edible vegetables and 0.143 percent for edible fruits. In addition, our results show that one additional import refusal decreases the export value of African countries' edible vegetables by 0.045 percent. However, we find that RASFF countries' refusal to import once in the current year leads to an increase in the export value of African countries' edible fruit by 0.126 percent. Furthermore, our results explicitly validate the hypothesis of the endogeneity of the number of import refusals and highlight both the direct and spillover effects of border rejections. The latter result means that an increase in the number of border rejections for a given product (for instance, a fresh fruit) in a given year leads to an increase in the number of border rejections for a product and its neighboring products (for instance, a fresh vegetable) in the next year.
Olatoundé, Kayodé Daniel Julius. "Comparaison des tarifs Ad Valorem et spécifique dans un contexte d'aversion aux pertes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24548.
Full textDogan, Dilek. "Les enjeux du concept d'origine en droit international et communautaire." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911672.
Full textPeltier, Céline. "Théorie du dumping et système communautaire antidumping." Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10016.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is to review the economic explanations of the dumping phenomenon and to analyse the implementation of the antidumping community procedure. The chapter I presents an original typology of dumping. Two principal types of dumping are considered. The discriminatory dumping is practised by a firm of which the national market is less competitive than the domestic market where it exports. The non discriminatory dumping is practised by a firm of which the national market isn't necessary less competitive than the domestic market where it exports. All different motivations which can lead a firm to dump constitute a rational behaviour. However, these doesn't exclude that the firms, victims of these practises, be defended since they suffer an injury. In the chapter II, the two major systems of antidumping defence are described: the United States and the European community procedures. The progress, the necessary conditions for an antidumping defence are described and analyse of their principal results is realised. The chapter III's objective is to appreciate if the European community antidumping decisions are biased. An empirical study is realised with the community antidumping cases during the period 1980-1992. The results are more moderate than the conclusions of previous studies. But, it seems that European firms try to influence the decisions of the commission. Then, the claims of a discretionary implementation of the European community antidumping system, leading this system from defence to protection, don't seem demonstrated. Antitrust policies applied on the national market of the firm which exports can't replace, in any type of dumping, a direct defence against the dumping. But, a parallel implementation in the importing country, in the case where the strengthening of dominant positions in the European community is evident, must be considered
Baudran, Anne-Sophie. "La notion de mesure d'effet équivalent à une restriction quantitative à l'importation : étude de droit communautaire." Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020017.
Full textGraziani, Serge. "La contribution au fonctionnement du marché intérieur des dispositifs d'aide au transport maritime." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020020.
Full textInitially excluded from areas covered by the Treaty of Rome, maritime transport has been in 1992 the subject of measures allowing shipowners to access to the freedom to provide services on domestic routes in the Member States. Nevertheless, the European maritime area has no legal consistency: it is only composed of the juxtaposition of areas recognised by international law as the territorial sea of each Member State. Beyond this limit, the sea is international. Over the course of enlargements, the Union has lost its continental configuration to integrate a growing number of islands, which highlights the importance of maritime transport for the free movement of people and goods within the internal market. In addition, the geographic, economic and demographic situation of these islands is heterogeneous: some people are living in Orkney, millions of others are living in Sicily... Despite the diversity of island territories from the North Sea to the Aegean Sea, the conditions for the implementation of the freedom to provide maritime transport service by Council Regulation No 3577/92 (cabotage) are identical, despite the multifaceted reality of the concerned markets. However, the measures adopted by the Union, based on the conditions for the allocation of the aid in connection with public service missions to the islands, particularly in the context of an SGEI, have restrictive effects both on the conditions for competition between shipowners, and on trade exchange between the Member States. Despite the inconsistency of State aid with companies, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) allows derogations on which the Commission can play. In the maritime sector, the aid compatible with the TFEU is about shipbuilding, safety, crew training, amongst others. A distinction must be made between these sectoral aid and individual aid as regards transport line. When correlated with service contracts or with public service obligations established on predetermined paths, the aid system acts as a non-tariff barriers to trade, which structure maritime traffic and impact the functioning of the market by influencing national origin of goods for consumers living in island regions. The Commission, under the control of the Court, analyses the markets and the compatibility of aid by anticipating their effects. However, the predictive activity leads the Commission to influence maritime markets. An analysis of the decisions taken by the Commission on aid to maritime transport shows that it uses a line by line analysis which brings a restriction on the geographic market. Having established in 2005 and renewed in 2011 the exemption from notification of public service compensation, and having practiced insufficient analysis of the maritime market, the Commission denies controlling the real conditions of maritime traffic goods. However, if the Commission exempts from notification the main part of aid in favor of SGEI shipping, and if its market analyses are insufficient, it is ultimately the ability of the EU Courts to arbitrate between the public interest of the Member States and the common interests of the Union, which, based on the principle of limited control applicable to the complex economic facts, is questioned
Tidjani, Serpos Abdelaziz. "Specific Tariff versus Ad valorem Tariff : choice of a Policy Instrument In Agricultural Trade Negotiations." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29818/29818.pdf.
Full textThe conversion of specific tariff into its ad valorem equivalent is one of the key issues for current World Trade Organization (WTO) discussions. An important question this thesis addresses is whether we are able to anticipate and understand the choice between specific and ad valorem tariffs by a country in trade negotiations. We use a two-stage model to find the solutions for trade negotiations between two countries. In the first stage, countries choose between specific and ad valorem tariffs. In the second stage, they negotiate over tariff rates. The model includes two countries and two goods, Cobb Douglas utility functions and endowments as production functions as in Kennan and Riezman (1988). To find the negotiation solutions, we use the Nash bargaining solution (Nash, 1950). This thesis is the first to investigate the choice of policy instrument in trade negotiations. We find that a large country is indifferent between specific and ad valorem tariffs when negotiating with a small country. We also find that a small country prefers ad valorem tariff. Finally, when two countries are equal in size, the negotiation equilibrium is free trade.
Iodice, Irene. "Three essays on firms in international markets." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E015.
Full textThe thesis contains three essays on international firms. The first essay extends Iodice and Tomasi and studies the evolution of the labor and wage structure of Italian manufactures in the early 2000s. We decompose the skilled-wage bill ratio into labor and wage movements, occurred between and within industries and firms. We find that workers moved mostly towards unskilled intensive sectors, consistently with the comparative advantage of Italy in traditional industries. Most of the changes occurred within industries and mostly within firms, while wages did not adjust proportionally. The second essay is a joint work with Fontagné and Secchi. We describe the aggregate diversification, the products exported towards a destination, as the output of choices of heterogeneous firms. We propose an index of firms product similarity and interpret it as a measure of fundamental rather than firm-specific forces in diversification. We compute the Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA) for France and we find that industries with high firms' product similarity are more resilient to loose the RCA when removing individual firms. The third essay studies the protective nature of non transparent technical regulations. I build a database on the history of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) that have been contested to the WTO and I match it with a panel of French exporters. I find that in more than 1/3 of the cases, countries have not disclosed the TBT before the enforcement. In these cases, TBTs cause a temporary halt of the exporting activity. This suggests that countries can hinder foreign competition by rising the uncertainty in the market and firms' incentives to delay their export investment
Jeanne, Aimée. "L'intégration négative des marchés aux Etats-Unis et dans l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010288/document.
Full textThe establishment of an internal market results, in legal terms, from a dual mechanism: a mechanism of negative integration and a mechanism of positive integration. Negative integration refers to the prohibition addressed to the States and their local authorities, ta impede interstate movement of goods, persons, service and capital. The U.S. Constitution and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union contain provision allowing the integration of state markets. The Supreme Court and the Court of Justice of the European Union have played, in this context, a major role in specifying the meaning ta be given ta these provisions. They have in this regard, developed a similar framework to identify measures that are likely to restrict freedom of movement and ta examine whether such measures could be justified by a legitimate interest of the States. They way left to the States differs, however, substantially since the goals of negative integration are only partially identical. American case law is, indeed, essentially based on the anti-protectionist doctrine while F.U case law is based on a more dynamic principle of market liberalization. This difference is indicative of different approaches regarding the purposes of each Union and the roIe of the judge. The U .S. judge ensures, above all, that the division of competences, as provided by the Constitution, is enforced whereas the role of the ECJ is essentially to guarantee market integration
Aswad, Tina. "L'élimination des barrières non tarifaires au commerce interprovincial et l'Accord sur le commerce intérieur du Canada." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3989.
Full textThe Agreement on Internal Trade of Canada is a free trade agreement to reduce internal non-tariff barriers to trade. The concept of barriers to internal trade itself is controversial. There exists no consensus as to what are barriers to trade, what are their costs, and more importantly, whether they should be eliminated. The vast majority of experts are of the view that many of these nontariff barriers to trade are in the food processing industry. For many decades, this industry has been traditionally protectionist and is therefore a more difficult market to integrate. This situation may be observed at both the international and the internal level. In Canada, the tool of choice after years of failed constitutional negotiations was the Agreement on Internal Trade. This agreement, which bears a resemblance to international treaties, aims toward the gradual integration of the internal market in Canada. The desire to become an integrated and more competitive player in the global market conflicts with the provinces' intense desire to protect their legislative sovereignty. Thus, the tool chosen to open the Canadian market, the Agreement on Internal Trade, was drafted in a rather complex and inaccessible manner in order to strike a balance between those conflicting positions. The constitutional and political context in which the negotiations of this agreement took place coloured the text of the agreement itself and its drafting. In addition to its simplification, there exist several solutions involving various facets of the Agreement on Internal Trade, which should increase the effectiveness of the latter with respect to the integration of the Canadian interprovincial market, in addition to increasing its notoriety and its credibility and facilitating its implementation.
Couvreur, Angéline. "Le potentiel synergique de l’intégration économique et de la protection environnementale." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19143.
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