Relevant bibliographies by topics / Barriers and incentives

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Barriers and incentives'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Barriers and incentives"

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Tenopir, Carol, Carole L. Palmer, Lisa Metzer, Jeffrey van der Hoeven, and Jim Malone. "Sharing data: Practices, barriers, and incentives." Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 48, no. 1 (2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/meet.2011.14504801026.

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Beamish, Julia O., and Rosemary Carucci Goss. "Introduction Rural Housing: Barriers and Incentives." Housing and Society 21, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08882746.1994.11430179.

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Schneckenberg, Dirk. "Strategic Incentive Systems For Open Innovation." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i1.8283.

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<p class="AbsKeyBibli">Our paper presents a cross-sectional study of incentive systems for open innovation practices. Organisations face the challenge to design and implement strategic incentive systems which reward active contributions of individuals to open innovation practices. We refer to contributions from psychology and economics to develop a framework for organisational incentive systems. We have conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 experts in Germany and the Netherlands. The experts work in firms which are both international top players and open innovation pioneers in their respective industries. The results show that all organisations in the sample develop incentives for open innovation. The key strategic function of incentive systems is to open mind-sets of the workforce and to overcome mental barriers of the 'not invented here' syndrome. Immaterial and in particular task content incentives have been judged to have a more efficient long-term impact than material incentives. While experts have emphasised the importance of aligning incentives systems to open innovation strategies, in practice many incentive approaches still remain patchwork and lack a clear strategic focus.</p>
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Lobo, Félix, and Isabel Río-Álvarez. "Barriers to Biosimilar Prescribing Incentives in the Context of Clinical Governance in Spain." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14030283.

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Incentives contribute to the proper functioning of the broader contracts that regulate the relationships between health systems and professionals. Likewise, incentives are an important element of clinical governance understood as health services’ management at the micro-level, aimed at achieving better health outcomes for patients. In Spain, monetary and non-monetary incentives are sometimes used in the health services, but not as frequently as in other countries. There are already several examples in European countries of initiatives searching the promotion of biosimilars through different sorts of incentives, but not in Spain. Hence, this paper is aimed at identifying the barriers that incentives to prescribe biosimilars might encounter in Spain, with particular interest in incentives in the framework of clinical governance. Both questions are intertwined. Barriers are presented from two perspectives. Firstly, based on the nature of the barrier: (i) the payment system for health professionals, (ii) budget rigidity and excessive bureaucracy, (iii) little autonomy in the management of human resources (iv) lack of clinical integration, (v) absence of a legal framework for clinical governance, and (vi) other governance-related barriers. The second perspective is based on the stakeholders involved: (i) gaps in knowledge among physicians, (ii) misinformation and distrust among patients, (iii) trade unions opposition to productivity-related payments, (iv) lack of a clear position by professional associations, and (v) misalignment of the goals pursued by some healthcare professionals and the goals of the public system. Finally, the authors advance several recommendations to overcome these barriers at the national level.
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Brubacher, J. R., C. Renschler, A. M. Gomez, B. Huang, W. C. Lee, S. Erdelyi, H. Chan, and R. Purssell. "P022: Physician reporting of medically unfit drivers: barriers and incentives." CJEM 19, S1 (May 2017): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.224.

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Introduction: Most medically unfit drivers are not reported to licensing authorities. In BC, physicians are only obligated to report unfit drivers who continue to drive after being warned to stop. This study investigates barriers to and incentives for physician reporting of medically unfit drivers. Methods: We used an online survey to study physician-reported barriers to reporting medically unfit drivers and their idea of incentives that would improve reporting. Email invitations to participate in the survey were sent to all physicians in BC through DoctorsofBC and to all emergency physicians (EPs) in the UBC Department of Emergency Medicine. Results: We received responses from 242 physicians (47% EPs, 40% GPs, 13% others). The most common barrier to reporting was not knowing which unfit drivers continue to drive (79% of respondents). Other barriers included lack of time (51%), lack of knowledge of the process, guidelines, or legal requirement for reporting (51%, 50%, 45% respectively), fearing loss of rapport with patients (48%), pressure from patients not to report (34%), lack of remuneration (27%), and pressure from family members not to report (25%).EPs were significantly less likely than other physicians to cite loss of rapport, pressure from patients, or pressure from family as barriers, but more likely to cite not being aware of drivers who continue to drive after being warned, lack of knowledge (regarding legal requirements to report, guidelines for determining fitness, and the reporting process), and lack of time. Factors that would increase reporting unfit drivers included better understanding of criteria for fitness to drive (70%), more information regarding how to report (67%), more information on when to report (65%), and compensation (43%).Free text comments from respondents identified other barriers/incentives. Reporting might be simplified by telephone hotlines or allowing physician designates to report. Physicians feared legal liability and suggested the need for better medico-legal protection. Loss of patient rapport might be minimized by public education. Failure of response from licensing authorities to a report (long wait times, lack of feedback to physician) was seen as a barrier to reporting. Conclusion: We identified barriers to physician reporting of medically unfit drivers and incentives that might increase reporting. This information could inform programs aiming to improve reporting of unfit drivers.
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Skokova, Liudmyla. "Cultural participation in Ukraine: barriers and incentives." Ukrainian society 2018, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2018.02.066.

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Duffy, Marie T., Mary Ann Friesen, Karen Gabel Speroni, Diane Swengros, Laura A. Shanks, Pamela A. Waiter, and Michael J. Sheridan. "BSN Completion Barriers, Challenges, Incentives, and Strategies." JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration 44, no. 4 (April 2014): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nna.0000000000000054.

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Buchanan, Robert A. "Library Assistant Training: Perceptions, Incentives, and Barriers." Journal of Academic Librarianship 31, no. 5 (September 2005): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2005.05.003.

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Wymer, Scott, and Elizabeth A. Regan. "Influential Factors in the Adoption and Use of E-Business and E-Commerce Information Technology (EEIT) by Small & Medium Businesses." Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations 9, no. 1 (January 2011): 56–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2011010104.

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This study addresses factors commonly examined in the research concerning adoption and use of e-business and e-commerce information technology (EEIT) by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The primary objectives are to determine: 1) what barriers and incentives SMEs perceive in adopting EEIT; 2) how the level of adoption of EEIT influences perceptions of incentives and barriers; and 3) whether results vary depending on demographic characteristics of size, geographic market scope, or industry sector. This paper also examines how homogenous SMEs’ perceptions are in their consideration of EEIT adoption factors. Data were collected from 290 U.S. SMEs. The findings revealed that among 25 factors identified in the research literature as incentives or barriers to adoption of EEIT by SMEs, only 16 factors were significant in the population studied, 12 as incentives and four as barriers. Factors were perceived differently as incentives or barriers by adopters, intended adopters, and non-adopters of EEIT. A number of differences were found among SMEs based on demographic characteristics, particularly size and industry-sector.
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Årdal, Christine, Yohann Lacotte, Suzanne Edwards, and Marie-Cécile Ploy. "National Facilitators and Barriers to the Implementation of Incentives for Antibiotic Access and Innovation." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060749.

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Prominent reports have assessed the challenges to antibiotic innovation and recommended implementing “pull” incentives, i.e., mechanisms that give increased and predictable revenues for important, marketed antibiotics. We set out to understand countries’ perceptions of these recommendations, through frank and anonymous dialogue. In 2019 and 2020, we performed in-depth interviews with national policymakers and antibiotic resistance experts in 13 countries (ten European countries and three non-European) for a total of 73 individuals in 27 separate interviews. Interviewees expressed high-level support for antibiotic incentives in 11 of 13 countries. There is recognition that new economic incentives are needed to maintain a reliable supply to essential antibiotics. However, most countries are uncertain which incentives may be appropriate for their country, which antibiotics should be included, how to implement incentives, and how much it will cost. There is a preference for a multinational incentive, so long as it is independent of national pricing, procurement, and reimbursement processes. Nine countries indicated a preference for a model that ensures access to both existing and new antibiotics, with the highest priority for existing antibiotics. Twelve of thirteen countries indicated that shortages of existing antibiotics is a serious problem. Since countries are skeptical about the public health value of many recently approved antibiotics, there is a mismatch regarding revenue expectations between policymakers and antibiotic innovators. This paper presents important considerations for the design and implementation of antibiotic pull mechanisms. We also propose a multinational model that appears to match the needs of both countries and innovators.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Barriers and incentives"

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Zackrisson, Mats. "Product orientation of environmental work - barriers & incentives." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för industriell teknik och management, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10585.

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Beatty, Kate, Jeffrey Mayer, Michael Elliott, Ross C. Brownson, Safina Abdulloeva, and Kathleen Wojciehowski. "Barriers and Incentives to Rural Health Department Accreditation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6826.

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Context: Accreditation of local health departments has been identified as a crucial strategy for strengthening the public health infrastructure. Rural local health departments (RLHDs) face many challenges including lower levels of staffing and funding than local health departments serving metropolitan or urban areas; simultaneously their populations experience health disparities related to risky health behaviors, health outcomes, and access to medical care. Through accreditation, rural local health departments can become better equipped to meet the needs of their communities. Objective: To better understand the needs of communities by assessing barriers and incentives to state-level accreditation in Missouri from the RLHD perspective. Design: Qualitative analysis of semistructured key informant interviews with Missouri local health departments serving rural communities. Participants: Eleven administrators of RLHDs, 7 from accredited and 4 from unaccredited departments, were interviewed. Population size served ranged from 6400 to 52 000 for accredited RLHDs and from 7200 to 73 000 for unaccredited RLHDs. Results: Unaccredited RLHDs identified more barriers to accreditation than accredited RLHDs. Time was a major barrier to seeking accreditation. Unaccredited RLHDs overall did not see accreditation as a priority for their agency and failed to the see value of accreditation. Accredited RLHDs listed more incentives than their unaccredited counterparts. Unaccredited RLHDs identified accountability, becoming more effective and efficient, staff development, and eventual funding as incentives to accreditation. Conclusions: There is a need for better documentation of measurable benefits in order for an RLHD to pursue voluntary accreditation. Those who pursue accreditation are likely to see benefits after the fact, but those who do not pursue do not see the immediate and direct benefits of voluntary accreditation. The finding from this study of state-level accreditation in Missouri provides insight that can be translated to national accreditation.
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Darcy, Joseph. "Short sea shipping : barriers, incentives and feasibility of truck ferry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4310.

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Many problems plague the United States' transportation infrastructure: congestion, poor roadway conditions, obsolescence, and maintenance cost not the least among these. In recent years, the Department of Transportation, through its Maritime Administration (MARAD), has begun a program for partial solution to this complex transportation issue. MARAD, acting on tasks assigned to it in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, has established the Marine Highways Initiative to spur development of alternative and supplemental transportation modes that utilize inland waterways and coastlines of the United States. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Defense is investigating ways to fulfill its sealift requirements, while at the same time reducing its inventory of government owned vessels that do not trade. This paper explores the issues surrounding the current state of transportation and transportation infrastructure. It also seeks to determine the feasibility of a truck ferry that would accomplish both MARAD's Marine Highway as well as the Department of Defense's sealift goals. The feasibility study examines the hypothetical business' profitability through different funding and operating scenarios. The analysis also sets a framework for other studies by using open-source data to determine freight flows, potential costs and market share.
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Gibson, Marcia. "Social exclusion and ICT : barriers and incentives to digital inclusion." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4908/.

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In light of survey evidence suggesting that non-use of leT and indicators of social exclusion are strongly correlated, and a widespread belief that use of leT is essential to living in the 'Information Society', the emergence of 'digital exclusion' has been identified as a potentially serious problem by policy-makers and academics. However, few analyses to date have employed any statistical techniques more sophisticated than bivariate descriptives to explore the relationships between indicators of social exclusion, or any other demographic factors, and leT use. Many surveys have indicated that factors such as lack of interest are often cited as a reason for non-use, but little qualitative research has been conducted to explore motivations for leT use and reasons for non-use in more depth from the perspective of the groups in question. This research aimed to investigate the links between digital and social exclusion in Scotland using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In the first phase of the research, logistic regression analysis was conducted on the dataset generated by the 200 1 wave of the Scottish Household Survey both in order to establish how closely related the two forms of exclusion are and to investigate which factors are most strongly related to leT use. The statistical analysis informed the development of a sampling frame for the second phase of the research, in which 29 qualitative interviews were conducted with socially excluded users and non-users of leT, with a view to investigating the barriers and incentives to leT use among such groups. The research found that, although factors which indicate social exclusion are related to non-use of leT, collectively they do not explain a high proportion of the variance in leT use. The qualitative interviews suggested that definitions of leT use based on a user/non-user model do not reflect the manner in which people use leT. They also indicated that more socially excluded people than surveys would suggest use leT. However, many do not self-defme as leT users. In tandem with the findings of the statistical analysis, this called into question the existence of a straightforward causal link between social and digital exclusion.
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MacDonagh-Dumler, Jeffrey 1976. "Industrial ecology of metals : barriers and incentives to closing loops." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9040.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-107).
This thesis examines the end-of-life markets for NiCd batteries and Aluminum Intensive Vehicles (AIVs) through an industrial ecology framework. Case studies were chosen to examine the general characteristics of the industrial ecology of metals, barriers and incentives to closing material loops, and policy interventions associated with loop closing. The NiCd case shows how industry policy and public policy converge towards creation of an environmentally beneficial end-of-life market. The industry coordinated take back program was motivated by public health concern for cadmium landfill contamination. The main barriers to taking back batteries are low consumer participation, insufficient economic incentive for cadmium recovery, and ambiguous industry motivations. Public policy makers should consider subsidizing recycled cadmium prices and adding serious accountability measures to the take back system (such as a tax per unit under a recycle rate goal). The AIV case demonstrates the effectiveness of material value economic incentives for creating and maintaining a self-sufficient recycling system. However, the current recycling system built for steel automobiles will not most efficiently recycle AIVs. Barriers to efficient recycling include inadequate aluminum alloy sorting technology and lack of coordination between firms. Public policy options are limited because recycling efficiency regulation is outside the enabling legislation of agencies, but government should assist industry coordination as much as possible. The case studies also speak generally to loop closing policies that affect either the supply or demand for recycled material. Demand increasing policies (procurement, minimum recycled content, etc.) are more appropriate for recycling systems where a functional system is in place and the last user has sufficient incentive to return the product. On the other hand, supply increasing policies (take back, landfill ban, etc.) may be necessary for products where the last user does not have sufficient incentive to deliver the used product to the recycling system. Industry policy is useful for developing mutually beneficial technology, setting product standards, and coordinating behavior through merger and acquisition.
by Jeffrey MacDonagh-Dumler.
S.M.
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Ball, Trever J. "Selected Barriers and Incentives to Participation in a University Wellness Program." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/515.

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Evidence supporting the benefits of worksite health promotion (WHP) programs is extensive. Research shows these programs can improve the health of participants, lower health care costs, and improve the bottom line of employers. Although the evidence of these benefits is vast, reported participation in WHP is not optimal. Little published data exists on employees' perceived incentives and barriers for participation in WHP. The purpose of this study was to determine perceived barriers and incentives for participation in an existing WHP program at a large land-grant university. Opinions of eligible WHP participants were collected using a web-based questionnaire (n = 321). The questionnaire was adapted from questions used in the 2004 HealthStyles survey. Overall percentages and odds ratios of responses were calculated and stratified by demographics. Respondents were 68.5% female, 76.6% were college graduates, 47% were active, and 32.7% had a BMI ≥ 30. The most common reported barrier to using employee wellness services was no time during work day (60.2%). Women were more likely than men to report lack of energy (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7-11.9) and no time during work day (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-4.8) as barriers to participation. Respondents who were underweight and overweight were less likely to report lack of energy than respondents who were obese (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6; OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9). The most common reported incentive was having programs at a convenient time (66.6%). Younger respondents were much more likely to report paid time off work to attend as incentive to participate than respondents 60 or more years (18-29 years OR, 10.8; 95% CI, 2.9-40.1; 30-34 years OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.5-11.7; 35-44 years OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.4). Most preferred wellness service or policies were available fitness center (75.9%), health screening tests (75.6%), and paid time to exercise at work (69.6%). The results of this study, combined with an employer's own employee needs assessment, may help universities, and other employers with similar characteristics, design more attractive employee wellness programs. Making employee wellness programs attractive to their potential participants may improve program participation.
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Ejnarsson, Ellen, and Ekström Sofia Bengtsson. "Food waste reduction in Swedish food retail : Understanding barriers and incentives." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279535.

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In Sweden, the retail sector is responsible for 8% of the total supply chain waste. Although the number is relatively small, the retail sector is of key importance for food waste minimization since retail stores collect large amounts of food and connect with consumers and producers in a limited, clearly defined number of places. Therefore, initiatives or policies implemented in retail may have major implications. The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA) concludes that prevention of food waste and redistribution to humans are the only actions that contribute to Target 12.3, aiming to halve food waste per capita from both retail and consumer levels as well as reduce food losses in the production and supply sectors by 2030. Also, research concludes that the median benefit-cost ratio for reducing waste in the supply chain is 14:1, and that unawareness of this business case is a reason for insufficient implementation of food waste reduction. In the latest years, authorities and researchers have increased focus and emphasized importance of industry collaboration to reduce supply chain food waste; however, there are more scarce findings in literature on incentives for food waste reduction from a retailer perspective. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to understand barriers and incentives for prevention of food waste and price reduction, conversion and donation of surplus food from a retailer perspective, and thereby identify opportunities to increase incentives. A multiple case study of nine retailers from the three major Swedish retail corporations was chosen as methodology, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers working in each store. The results show internal and external barriers for reduction, the major ones being the business objective to always ensure consumer satisfaction and variability in demand (prevention); inefficient label creation due to health and safety regulations (conversion) and lack of available partnerships (donation). In terms of initiative prioritization, financial benefits are found to be the major driving force for waste reduction, why food waste prevention is the most favourable option and reduction initiatives prioritize expensive products. Also, the incentive for food waste reduction depends strongly on business case awareness and integration efficiency, where the study identifies opportunities to increase incentives when: i) retailers are aware of the business case of reducing food waste, but discouraged by certain constraints; ii) retailers are unaware of the business case; and iii) there is no existing business case
8% av Sveriges totala matavfall uppkommer i livsmedelsbutiker. Trots denna relativt låga siffra är butikerna avgörande för minimering av matavfall: de samlar stora mängder mat på ett begränsat antal platser och implementerade initiativ och policy får därmed stor verkan. Kungl. vetenskapsakademin (IVA) har konstaterat att förebyggande av matavfall och omfördelning av överskott till människor är de enda initiativ som signifikant bidrar till att nå Förenta Nationernas hållbarhetsmål 12.3, att halvera matsvinnet per person i butik- och konsumentled, och minska matsvinnet längs hela livsmedelskedjan. Studier visar att det finns ett tydligt business case för reducering av matsvinn, att initiativ i genomsnitt genererar 14 gånger så stor finansiell vinning som kostnad för aktörer i livsmedelskedjan, men att många aktörer saknar vetskap om detta. Myndigheter och forskare har de senaste åren i en allt större utsträckning ägnat fokus åt, och betonat vikten av, samarbete i livsmedelskedjan för att reducera matavfallet. Mindre fokus har ägnat åts livsmedelsbutikernas incitament att genomföra de initiativ som anses nödvändiga för att matavfallet i Sverige ska reduceras. Syftet med studien var därför att, från ett butiksperspektiv, förstå rådande hinder och incitament för förebyggande matavfall samt prisreduktion, förädling och donering av överskottsmat, och därigenom identifiera möjligheter att öka dessa incitament. Studien genomfördes i form av en fallstudie av nio livsmedelsbutiker från de tre största livsmedelskedjorna i Sverige, där semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls med ansvariga från varje butik. Resultaten visar interna och externa barriärer för reduktion av matavfall, av vilka de signifikanta är att ständigt tillfredsställande av konsumenters önskemål och variation i efterfrågan (förebyggande av matavfall), ineffektivitet i tillverkning av innehållsförteckningar (förädling), samt avsaknad av fungerande partnerskap (donering). Finansiell vinning är den största drivkraften för reduktion av matavfall, varför matavfall helst förebyggs och dyra produkter prioriteras. Det råder en generell osäkerhet kring den optimala strategin för att reducera matavfall, samt bristande tid att ägna initiativ. Incitament för reduktion av matavfall beror därför i stor utsträckning på vetskap om ett initiativs business case, samt hur effektivt det kan integreras i butikens verksamhet. Möjlighet att öka incitament finns därmed där: i) livsmedelsbutiker har vetskap om ett business case, men förhinder att agera; ii) livsmedelsbutiker saknar vetskap om ett business case); och iii) det saknas ett business case.
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Tan, Bryant. "New housing in old Chinatown : barriers and incentives to affordable housing development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44346.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-112).
In the 1970s and 80s, the rapid development of San Francisco's Financial District encroached upon Chinatown's intimately-scaled neighborhood. Developers took whole city blocks that housed low-income immigrants to build the glass and steel office towers that define the city's current skyline. In response, the Chinatown community organized to downzone the neighborhood, which effectively froze the neighborhood from any further development. Today, the continual influx of immigrants who are dependent on Chinatown's services demand greater affordable housing in the neighborhood. As affordable housing becomes scarcer citywide and as Chinatown's building stock ages, neighborhood leaders want to know how to meet the high need for well-maintained affordable housing within the neighborhood. This thesis will examine the barriers that prevent affordable housing development in San Francisco's Chinatown. While affordable housing is a citywide issue not limited to Chinatown, the city's efforts have been targeted at redevelopment of outlying and industrial parts of the city rather than within existing neighborhoods. Special neighborhood zoning, cultural values of residents and property owners, intra-community politics, and its particular history make the development a highly contested issue. I will argue that the neighborhood's zoning (including bulk limits and inclusionary requirements) has been too restrictive to develop viable affordable housing in Chinatown and will propose rezoning as one mechanism for affordable housing development.
(cont) I will further illustrate the impacts of zoning changes in height and density on the neighborhood's urban form. The thesis will also provide insight into incentives and partnerships with public and financial institutions that can motivate long-time property owners to rehabilitate or redevelop their properties. My conclusions and proposals will be informed by key informant interviews with current property owners, residents, community organizers, and city officials in Chinatown and San Francisco. My hope is that by examining Chinatown as a case study and developing regulatory and economic strategies to encourage affordable housing development, it will also serve as a resource for other low-income built-out urban neighborhoods.
by Bryant Tan.
M.C.P.
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Beall, Andrew Jonathan. "Internationalization of South Carolina enterprises| A mixed-methods study of barriers and economic incentives." Thesis, University of Phoenix, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3583278.

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The objective of the mixed-methods research project was to expand understanding of economic incentives and barriers to international expansion for small and medium sized enterprises located in the coastal counties of South Carolina. Growing global markets are linked to increased opportunities for smaller enterprises to participate in international commerce. Limited understanding of incentives that enable success and techniques effective for overcoming barriers that restrict South Carolina firms from rewarding participation in international markets was the research problem addressed in the study. The purpose of the study was to explore the international expansion experience of leaders for South Carolina small and medium-sized enterprises and examine differences in leader-perceived levels of success for Lowcountry firms because of international status. The project was a mixed methods study using an exploratory, sequential design with an initial stream employing qualitative techniques followed by a subsequent stream using quantitative tools to analyze survey data. Qualitative interview techniques were used to engage a limited number of firms to acquire data on common internationalization experiences among participants. Three internationalization incentives and three barriers were identified. Hypotheses developed from the initial strand of the project were then answered using analysis of survey data collected via a census of the available population. Triangulation of data from two phases of the mixed-methods study revealed foreign market opportunity and supply chain resources as incentives, and ample domestic-market opportunity as a significant barrier to international commerce. Leaders of internationally active firms reported larger customer bases, larger numbers of employees, higher levels of competition, and higher five-year average rates of revenue growth.

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Thorstensson, Lisa. "Design för ett hållbart samhälle : En undersökning om hållbar design samt dess drivkrafter och hinder." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-62240.

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Sustainable design - a study on sustainable design and its incentives and barriers The purpose of this study was to investigate the incentives and barriers existing within companies focusing on eco-design. The aim was also to examine the consumers’ thoughts on eco-design and sustainable products. A further aim was to try to concretize important lessons for future work on sustainable production and consumption. Two methods were used for completing this study; a literature study and a practical study consisting of interviews with companies focusing on eco-design and a survey among students. The result shows that durable goods over the last decades have had a varied revenue growth, showing an increasing trend over recent years. The result also shows a slightly increasing trend on sustainable consumption and production. The main incentives presented in the result were based on some form of recognition of the unsustainable attitude in our society. Among existing barriers the most prominent was associated to economic issues, ignorance and material problems. The result of the survey showed that consumers ranked factors related to eco-design among those who are least considered. For the work towards a sustainable future, people with a similar attitude as the ones involved in the interviewed companies are of great importance. There also seems to be a need for altered market conditions, but this would require a dramatic behavioral change.
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Books on the topic "Barriers and incentives"

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Klemmer, Paul. Environmental innovation: Incentives and barriers. Berlin: Analytica, 1999.

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Lost in translation: Barriers to incentives for translational research in medical sciences. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2014.

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Srivastava, Garima. Farmer's perceptions about membership to irrigation cooperatives in Gujarat: Motivation, barriers, incentives and policy implications. Hyderabad: Centre for Innovations in Public Systems, 2009.

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California. Legislature. Assembly. Committee on Local Government. Summary of proceedings: "toward a drought-proof California : eliminating barriers to the use of recycled water". Sacramento, CA (State Capitol, Box 942849, Sacramento 94249-0001): Assembly Publications Office, 1995.

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New York (State). Legislature. Joint Legislative Commission on Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes., ed. The voluntary cleanup of New York's contaminated property: Barriers & incentives : staff report to the Chairman, New York State Joint Legislative Commission on Toxic Substances & Hazardous Wastes. Albany, N.Y: The Commission, 1994.

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Li, Shuhe. Incentive asymmetry between early and late comers in adopting flexible mass production: A spatial model. Kowloon, Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, Department of Economics and Finance, 1995.

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Institutional barriers and incentives for ecosystem management: A problem analysis. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996.

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H, Cortner, and Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), eds. Institutional barriers and incentives for ecosystem management: A problem analysis. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996.

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Institutional barriers and incentives for ecosystem management: A problem analysis. Portland, Or. (333 S.W. First Ave., P.O. Box 3890, Portland 97208-3890): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996.

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Craig, Kathleen D. Environmental regulations reconsidered: Identifying incentives and barriers to environmental performance. 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Barriers and incentives"

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Nogueira, Luiz Augusto Horta, and Rafael Silva Capaz. "Incentives and Barriers for Liquid Biofuels in Brazil." In Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy: Volume II, 65–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6906-7_4.

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Niranjan, Frank, and Glen Croy. "Planning agritourism development in Sri Lanka: farmers' incentives and barriers." In Tourism planning and development in South Asia, 23–41. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789246698.0002.

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Abstract This chapter aims to understand farmers' perceptions of agritourism in emerging economies of South Asia, using Sri Lanka as a focus case. In achieving the aim, the chapter contributes to understanding agritourism within emerging economies in three ways. First, it proposes to identify farmers' propensity for agritourism as an option. Second, it identifies the most prominent factors motivating farmers to engage in agritourism. Finally, it highlights priority agritourism themes for planning and development officials in an emerging economy context.
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Yeung, May T., William A. Kerr, Blair Coomber, Matthew Lantz, and Alyse McConnell. "Incentives, or Not, for Governments to Remove Asynchronous MRLs as Trade Barriers." In Declining International Cooperation on Pesticide Regulation, 19–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60552-4_3.

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Kashmanian, Richard M., Daniel Kluchinski, Tom L. Richard, and John M. Walker. "Quantities, Characteristics, Barriers, and Incentives for Use of Organic Municipal By-products." In Land Application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal By-Products, 127–67. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser6.c4.

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Bitzenis, Aristidis, Valentina Nushkova, and Vasileios A. Vlachos. "Foreign Direct Investment in the FYR Macedonia: An Overview of Motives, Incentives, and Barriers." In Mergers and Acquisitions as the Pillar of Foreign Direct Investment, 209–31. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137031556_12.

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Marin Tabares, Estefanya, Carlos Andrés Rodríguez Toro, Sebastian Mazo García, and Saúl Emilio Rivero-Mejía. "Analysis of Barriers and Incentives for the Introduction of Electric Vehicles in the Colombia Market." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 366–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23525-3_49.

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Zhang, Guomin, Xiao-hua Jin, and Malik Khalfan. "Application of Energy Performance Contracting in the Greener Government Buildings Program in Victoria: Incentives, Barriers and Strategies." In Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, 341–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46994-1_29.

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Kim, Serena Y., William L. Swann, and Richard C. Feiock. "Collective Learning and Institutional Collective Action in Fragmented Governance." In Knowledge for Governance, 351–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_15.

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AbstractInstitutional collective action (ICA) dilemmas, or situations where authorities’ particularistic incentives are misaligned with collective interests, are ubiquitous where authority is fragmented among multiple or overlapping governments. Extant researchers have examined how policymakers overcome ICA dilemmas and promote collective action through institutions and relationships that lower collaboration uncertainty and risk. Yet, one factor conspicuously overlooked in this process is the role of collective learning or the degree to which institutions acquire, assimilate, and apply shared knowledge to achieve collaborative aims. In this chapter, we inquire how collective learning relates to governments’ ability to overcome ICA dilemmas and improve collaborative governance through three pathways, and put forward propositions as to how such learning can reduce ICA barriers and enhance future collaboration.
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Rawlins, Jonty, and Felix Kanungwe Kalaba. "Adaptation to Climate Change: Opportunities and Challenges from Zambia." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2025–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_167.

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AbstractContext appropriate adaptation interventions and strategies that respond directly to localized climate change stressors, hazards, and vulnerabilities are critical for the sustainable development of countries like Zambia. This chapter examines both localized and systemic climate change risk pathways and barriers to adaptation action in Zambia.A three-staged methodology was applied, combining content analysis, focus group discussions, and expert interviews. Livelihood diversification was identified as the central adaptation option across Zambia, despite little empirical research detailing possible risks of diversification. The dominant adaptation discourse is focused specifically on diversifying within agriculture-based livelihoods. However, as all agricultural activities are impacted by climate change, diversification also needs to be explored in value-added or alternative sectors. With this, a weak policy framework and enabling environment are exacerbating cycles of poverty that underpin climate change vulnerability in Zambia. Moreover, maladaptation risks of existing diversification interventions are high as generic approaches often do not provide suitable options to complex and localized risk profiles.To implement a sustainable transition toward climate resilient and compatible development in Zambia, the authors recommend that a systematic livelihood diversification strategy should be rolled out and future research programs designed to support this. Specifically, this necessitates a system-wide analysis of pre-identified livelihood diversification pathways that can be adapted to different scenarios given the current and future climate uncertainties at local scales. The approach should focus on harnessing the positive feedback loops for systematic change to build resilience, while minimizing the dominant risk pathways and eliminating persistent barriers that enable positive feedback loops driving vulnerability to climate change. Thorough stakeholder engagement and incremental development of diversification options, incentives, penalties, and other governance and/or policy mechanisms will be needed to support these processes.
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"Incentives and Barriers." In Sustainable Industrial Water Use: Perspectives, Incentives, and Tools, 175–80. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789060676_0175.

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Conference papers on the topic "Barriers and incentives"

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Cuellar, Amanda D., and Michael E. Webber. "Policy Incentives, Barriers and Recommendations for Biogas Production." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90272.

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Biogas is a mixture of predominantly carbon dioxide and methane that is formed from the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials. It is also a high-quality fuel that can be used in most natural gas applications such as home heating or electricity generation or scrubbed and sold into the gas grid. In the United States the production of biogas from animal manure alone represents an enormous potential energy resource, on the order of 0.9 quadrillion BTU (quad) annually, or nearly 1% of total US energy consumption. Biogas from the wastewater treatment sector in the US could provide another 1.5 billion kWh (or 5 trillion BTU). Despite the promise of this resource as a renewable, low-carbon source of energy, as of 2007 only 125 functioning biogas operations using manure exist in the US. These facilities produced 290 GWh (0.001 quad) of energy in 2007, which accounts for 0.001% of annual energy consumption in the United States and one thousandth of the nation’s biogas potential. In addition, only 15% of the wastewater treatment flow in the US produces biogas that is used as a source of energy; the rest of the wastewater flows either do not produce biogas at all, or produce biogas that is wastefully flared instead of captured for heat or power. In contrast, Sweden currently produces 0.3% of their annual energy usage from biogas, primarily from the wastewater treatment sector. This report analyzes the policy incentives and barriers that exist for the production and utilization of biogas as well as the policy and institutional factors that have contributed to Sweden’s relative biogas success. Based on this analysis, the authors make recommendations for policy measures that would increase biogas production in the United States. These recommendations include R&D to promote technological advancement with digesters, state and national environmental objectives, state and national renewable energy quotas, financial support for biogas operations, state biogas education and support programs, and infrastructure improvements that facilitate biogas use. Such policy incentives would promote both biogas production and use, and thereby help increase the market penetration of a domestically-produced, renewable, low-carbon fuel.
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Chovancova, Jana. "ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS � INCENTIVES AND BARRIERS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN SLOVAK ENTERPRISES." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b52/s20.027.

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Benhaddadi, M., and G. Olivier. "Barriers and incentives policies to high-efficiency motors and drives market penetration." In 2008 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/speedham.2008.4581200.

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Pritchett, CSA, H. King, S. Nash, A. Rajasri, Z. Nelson, A. Cripps, S. Harris, and R. Langford. "6 Barriers and incentives to in-situ simulation on the delivery suite." In Abstracts of the Association for Simulation Practice in Healthcare (ASPiH) Annual Conference. 15th to 17th November 2016, Bristol, UK. The Association for Simulated Practice in Healthcare, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2016-000158.43.

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Kim, Moon-Koo, and Jong-Hyun Park. "The role of switching incentives and barriers affecting customer behavior in Korean mobile communications service." In 2008 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icact.2008.4493985.

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Khramova, M. N. "Incentives and barriers to attracting Vietnam migrants to the regions of the Russian Far East." In Online conference devoted to the study of demographic and migration processes in the Russian Federation. Federation, countries of the Asia-Pacific region, and the relationship between migration processes and sustainable development. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-84-3.2020.161.173.

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В работе исследуются вопросы, связанные с особенностями привлечения вьетнамских мигрантов в регионы Дальнего Востока России. Показывается, что при наличии значительного демографического потенциала и заинтересованности вьетнамского бизнеса в развитии связей с российским Дальним Востоком, существуют значимые барьеры как институционального, так и инфраструктурного характера, которые не дают в полной мере реализовать потенциал вьетнамской миграции для развития дальневосточных территорий. Приводятся некоторые результаты экспертного опроса, проведенного автором статьи среди ученых, исследователей, а также представителей органов власти и бизнес-структур в регионах Дальневосточного федерального округа и ряде регионов Вьетнама.
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Ikau, Roseline, Rudy Tawie, and Corina Joseph. "Initial findings on perspectives of local contractors on waste minimization barriers and incentives on construction sites." In 2013 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/beiac.2013.6560179.

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Wang, Lili, Hailiang Wang, and Keyi Wang. "The Investigation Analysis on Knowledge-Sharing Barriers and Incentives of University Scientific Research and Innovation Teams." In 2010 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2010.5577008.

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McIntosh, Mark W., and Bert Bras. "Determining the Value of Remanufacture in an Integrated Manufacturing-Remanufacturing Organization." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/dfm-5750.

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Abstract In recent years, the concept of reusing products has received significant attention in academia as a means for reducing society’s negative impact on the environment. In fact, due to a number of both economic and environmental advantages to product reuse, some authors have proposed a larger role for reuse within society. In order to achieve an expanded role for product reuse, it will first be necessary to integrate remanufacturing capabilities into original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such that reuse can be carefully planned by both product and process design. However, the implementation of OEM reuse is currently limited to the few examples that exist today by several barriers. These barriers include the problem of incomplete incentives due to the product disposal externality, the trends in production towards rapid innovation and mass customization, and the fact that remanufacture presents a fundamentally new set of challenges that producers are not prepared to deal with. It is our belief that reuse will not play a larger role in society until producers have both the incentives and ability to implement remanufacture given their business conditions. Providing this capability and these incentives will require a better understanding of how different factors impact remanufacturing operations within an OEM. This understanding can be provided through the improved modeling of remanufacture. In this work, a motivation and an algorithm for modeling how product design characteristics, product development strategies, and different business conditions impact remanufacturing viability is presented. The authors’ implementation of this model is described and the model is used to study a family of single use camera products over an eleven-year period in order to gain insight from a successful OEM remanufacturer.
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Alkalabi, Waleed, Leonie Simpson, and Hasmukh Morarji. "Barriers and Incentives to Cybersecurity Threat Information Sharing in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Saudi Arabia." In ACSW '21: 2021 Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3437378.3437391.

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Reports on the topic "Barriers and incentives"

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Schofield, Janet W., and David Verban. Barriers and Incentives to Computer Usage in Teaching. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada202876.

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Cortner, H. J., M. A. Shannon, M. G. Wallace, S. Burke, and M. A. Moote. Institutional barriers and incentives for ecosystem management: a problem analysis. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-354.

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Marinshaw, Richard, Michael Gallaher, Tanzeed Alam, and Nadia Rouchdy. Technology Costs as a Barrier to Energy and Water Efficiency in the Commercial Sector of the United Arab Emirates. RTI Press, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.pb.0013.1706.

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Studies have shown that the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has some of the highest electricity and water consumption rates in the world. To understand the barriers to the adoption of energy and water efficiency, Emirates Wildlife Society in association with the World Wildlife Fund conducted 363 face-to-face interviews with representatives of companies tasked with energy and water management. The purpose was to understand the most important barriers hindering the UAE’s private sector from achieving wide-scale energy and water efficiency and to begin to identify solutions to mitigate these barriers. This paper focuses on technology costs as a barrier to energy and water efficiency in the commercial sector. Preliminary analysis indicates that, for the commercial sector, a contributing factor to the perception that efficient technologies are costly is the lack of accurate information on the full range and life cycle costs and benefits of efficient products. The most immediate solutions would be to address the financing and informational aspects of the technology cost barrier, as well as potentially provide incentives, such as rebates. In addition, attention must be given to barriers underlying many of the technology cost issues, such as subsidized tariffs and relatively few standards that would encourage adoption.
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Birch, Izzy. Financial Incentives to Reduce Female Infanticide, Child Marriage and Promote Girl’s Education: Institutional and Monitoring Mechanisms. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.005.

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The focus of this paper is on the complementary mechanisms and interventions likely to increase the effectiveness and impact of conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes in South Asia that aim to reduce female infanticide and child marriage and promote girls’ education. The literature on the institutional aspects of these particular schemes is limited, but from this and from the wider literature on CCT programmes in similar contexts, the following institutional mechanisms are likely to enhance success: a strong information and communication strategy that enhances programme reach and coverage and ensures stakeholder awareness; advance agreements with financial institutions; a simple and flexible registration process; appropriate use of technology to strengthen access, disbursement, and oversight; adequate implementation capacity to support processes of outreach, enrolment, and monitoring; monitoring and accountability mechanisms embedded in programme design; coordination mechanisms across government across social protection schemes; an effective management information system; and the provision of quality services in the sectors for which conditions are required. There is a very limited body of evidence that explores these institutional issues as they apply to the specific CCT programmes that are the focus of this report, however, there is more available evidence of the potential impact of ‘cash-plus’ programmes, which complement the transfers with other interventions designed to enhance their results or address the structural barriers to well-being
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Sumpter, Cameron. Lab-in-Field Experiments for the Reintegration of Violent Extremists: The Promise of Prosocial Evaluation. RESOLVE Network, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/rve2021.3.

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When an inmate leaves prison following a sentence for terrorism offenses, their reintegration will depend on whether they can function as a relatively social member of their community. Obstacles such as stigmatization exist for all former convicts, but among steadfast extremists these barriers will be mutual, if they continue to perceive the ingroup-outgroup dichotomy that fed their extremism in the first place. A simple but effective means for determining the likelihood that returning prisoners will act prosocially towards the ‘other’ could be the use of so-called lab-in-field games, which provide small incentives to learn how individuals behave in a given situation, rather than just eliciting their sentiment. This chapter outlines the potential for such an approach. It draws on field research conducted in Indonesia in 2018, which involved interviews with 28 former convicted terrorists, regarding their practical experiences with reintegration and interactions in the community.
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Winkler-Portmann, Simon. Umsetzung einer wirksamen Compliance in globalen Lieferketten am Beispiel der Anforderungen aus der europäischen Chemikalien-Regulierung an die Automobilindustrie. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627796.

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This publication based on a master thesis explores the challenges of the automotive industry regarding the European chemical regulations REACH and CLP, as well as potential improvements of the current compliance activities and the related incentives and barriers. It answers the research question: "To what extent should the compliance activities of actors in the automotive supply chain be extended in order to meet the requirements of European chemicals regulation; and where would it help to strengthen incentives in enforcement and the legal framework?“. The study’s structure is based on the transdisciplinary delta analysis of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the legal requirements and the requirements for corresponding compliance with the actual state of the actual compliance measures of the automotive players and attempts to identify their weak points (the delta). The main sources for the analysis are the legal texts and relevant court decisions as well as guideline-based expert interviews with automotive players based on Gläser & Laudel. As objects of the analysis, there are in addition answers to random enquiries according to Article 33 (2) REACH as well as the recommendations and guidelines of the industry associations. The analysis identifies the transmission of material information in the supply chain as a key problem. The global database system used for this purpose, the IMDS, shows gaps in the framework conditions. This results in compliance risk due to the dynamically developing regulation. In addition, the study identifies an incompliance of the investigated automobile manufacturers with regard to Art. 33 REACH. In answering the research question, the study recommends solutions to the automotive players that extend the current compliance activities. In addition, it offers tables and process flow diagrams, which structure the duties and required compliance measures and may serve as basic audit criteria. The analysis is carried out from an external perspective and looks at the entire industry. It therefore cannot cover all the individual peculiarities of each automotive player. As a result, the identified gaps serve only as indications for possible further compliance risks.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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