Dissertations / Theses: 'Barriers and incentives'

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Zackrisson, Mats. "Product orientation of environmental work - barriers & incentives." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för industriell teknik och management, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10585.

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Beatty, Kate, Jeffrey Mayer, Michael Elliott, Ross C. Brownson, Safina Abdulloeva, and Kathleen Wojciehowski. "Barriers and Incentives to Rural Health Department Accreditation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6826.

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Context: Accreditation of local health departments has been identified as a crucial strategy for strengthening the public health infrastructure. Rural local health departments (RLHDs) face many challenges including lower levels of staffing and funding than local health departments serving metropolitan or urban areas; simultaneously their populations experience health disparities related to risky health behaviors, health outcomes, and access to medical care. Through accreditation, rural local health departments can become better equipped to meet the needs of their communities. Objective: To better understand the needs of communities by assessing barriers and incentives to state-level accreditation in Missouri from the RLHD perspective. Design: Qualitative analysis of semistructured key informant interviews with Missouri local health departments serving rural communities. Participants: Eleven administrators of RLHDs, 7 from accredited and 4 from unaccredited departments, were interviewed. Population size served ranged from 6400 to 52 000 for accredited RLHDs and from 7200 to 73 000 for unaccredited RLHDs. Results: Unaccredited RLHDs identified more barriers to accreditation than accredited RLHDs. Time was a major barrier to seeking accreditation. Unaccredited RLHDs overall did not see accreditation as a priority for their agency and failed to the see value of accreditation. Accredited RLHDs listed more incentives than their unaccredited counterparts. Unaccredited RLHDs identified accountability, becoming more effective and efficient, staff development, and eventual funding as incentives to accreditation. Conclusions: There is a need for better documentation of measurable benefits in order for an RLHD to pursue voluntary accreditation. Those who pursue accreditation are likely to see benefits after the fact, but those who do not pursue do not see the immediate and direct benefits of voluntary accreditation. The finding from this study of state-level accreditation in Missouri provides insight that can be translated to national accreditation.

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Darcy, Joseph. "Short sea shipping : barriers, incentives and feasibility of truck ferry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4310.

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CIVINS
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Many problems plague the United States' transportation infrastructure: congestion, poor roadway conditions, obsolescence, and maintenance cost not the least among these. In recent years, the Department of Transportation, through its Maritime Administration (MARAD), has begun a program for partial solution to this complex transportation issue. MARAD, acting on tasks assigned to it in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, has established the Marine Highways Initiative to spur development of alternative and supplemental transportation modes that utilize inland waterways and coastlines of the United States. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Defense is investigating ways to fulfill its sealift requirements, while at the same time reducing its inventory of government owned vessels that do not trade. This paper explores the issues surrounding the current state of transportation and transportation infrastructure. It also seeks to determine the feasibility of a truck ferry that would accomplish both MARAD's Marine Highway as well as the Department of Defense's sealift goals. The feasibility study examines the hypothetical business' profitability through different funding and operating scenarios. The analysis also sets a framework for other studies by using open-source data to determine freight flows, potential costs and market share.

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Gibson, Marcia. "Social exclusion and ICT : barriers and incentives to digital inclusion." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4908/.

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In light of survey evidence suggesting that non-use of leT and indicators of social exclusion are strongly correlated, and a widespread belief that use of leT is essential to living in the 'Information Society', the emergence of 'digital exclusion' has been identified as a potentially serious problem by policy-makers and academics. However, few analyses to date have employed any statistical techniques more sophisticated than bivariate descriptives to explore the relationships between indicators of social exclusion, or any other demographic factors, and leT use. Many surveys have indicated that factors such as lack of interest are often cited as a reason for non-use, but little qualitative research has been conducted to explore motivations for leT use and reasons for non-use in more depth from the perspective of the groups in question. This research aimed to investigate the links between digital and social exclusion in Scotland using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In the first phase of the research, logistic regression analysis was conducted on the dataset generated by the 200 1 wave of the Scottish Household Survey both in order to establish how closely related the two forms of exclusion are and to investigate which factors are most strongly related to leT use. The statistical analysis informed the development of a sampling frame for the second phase of the research, in which 29 qualitative interviews were conducted with socially excluded users and non-users of leT, with a view to investigating the barriers and incentives to leT use among such groups. The research found that, although factors which indicate social exclusion are related to non-use of leT, collectively they do not explain a high proportion of the variance in leT use. The qualitative interviews suggested that definitions of leT use based on a user/non-user model do not reflect the manner in which people use leT. They also indicated that more socially excluded people than surveys would suggest use leT. However, many do not self-defme as leT users. In tandem with the findings of the statistical analysis, this called into question the existence of a straightforward causal link between social and digital exclusion.

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MacDonagh-Dumler, Jeffrey 1976. "Industrial ecology of metals : barriers and incentives to closing loops." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9040.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-107).
This thesis examines the end-of-life markets for NiCd batteries and Aluminum Intensive Vehicles (AIVs) through an industrial ecology framework. Case studies were chosen to examine the general characteristics of the industrial ecology of metals, barriers and incentives to closing material loops, and policy interventions associated with loop closing. The NiCd case shows how industry policy and public policy converge towards creation of an environmentally beneficial end-of-life market. The industry coordinated take back program was motivated by public health concern for cadmium landfill contamination. The main barriers to taking back batteries are low consumer participation, insufficient economic incentive for cadmium recovery, and ambiguous industry motivations. Public policy makers should consider subsidizing recycled cadmium prices and adding serious accountability measures to the take back system (such as a tax per unit under a recycle rate goal). The AIV case demonstrates the effectiveness of material value economic incentives for creating and maintaining a self-sufficient recycling system. However, the current recycling system built for steel automobiles will not most efficiently recycle AIVs. Barriers to efficient recycling include inadequate aluminum alloy sorting technology and lack of coordination between firms. Public policy options are limited because recycling efficiency regulation is outside the enabling legislation of agencies, but government should assist industry coordination as much as possible. The case studies also speak generally to loop closing policies that affect either the supply or demand for recycled material. Demand increasing policies (procurement, minimum recycled content, etc.) are more appropriate for recycling systems where a functional system is in place and the last user has sufficient incentive to return the product. On the other hand, supply increasing policies (take back, landfill ban, etc.) may be necessary for products where the last user does not have sufficient incentive to deliver the used product to the recycling system. Industry policy is useful for developing mutually beneficial technology, setting product standards, and coordinating behavior through merger and acquisition.
by Jeffrey MacDonagh-Dumler.
S.M.

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Ball, Trever J. "Selected Barriers and Incentives to Participation in a University Wellness Program." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/515.

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Evidence supporting the benefits of worksite health promotion (WHP) programs is extensive. Research shows these programs can improve the health of participants, lower health care costs, and improve the bottom line of employers. Although the evidence of these benefits is vast, reported participation in WHP is not optimal. Little published data exists on employees' perceived incentives and barriers for participation in WHP. The purpose of this study was to determine perceived barriers and incentives for participation in an existing WHP program at a large land-grant university. Opinions of eligible WHP participants were collected using a web-based questionnaire (n = 321). The questionnaire was adapted from questions used in the 2004 HealthStyles survey. Overall percentages and odds ratios of responses were calculated and stratified by demographics. Respondents were 68.5% female, 76.6% were college graduates, 47% were active, and 32.7% had a BMI ≥ 30. The most common reported barrier to using employee wellness services was no time during work day (60.2%). Women were more likely than men to report lack of energy (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7-11.9) and no time during work day (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-4.8) as barriers to participation. Respondents who were underweight and overweight were less likely to report lack of energy than respondents who were obese (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6; OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9). The most common reported incentive was having programs at a convenient time (66.6%). Younger respondents were much more likely to report paid time off work to attend as incentive to participate than respondents 60 or more years (18-29 years OR, 10.8; 95% CI, 2.9-40.1; 30-34 years OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.5-11.7; 35-44 years OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.4). Most preferred wellness service or policies were available fitness center (75.9%), health screening tests (75.6%), and paid time to exercise at work (69.6%). The results of this study, combined with an employer's own employee needs assessment, may help universities, and other employers with similar characteristics, design more attractive employee wellness programs. Making employee wellness programs attractive to their potential participants may improve program participation.

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Ejnarsson, Ellen, and Ekström Sofia Bengtsson. "Food waste reduction in Swedish food retail : Understanding barriers and incentives." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279535.

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In Sweden, the retail sector is responsible for 8% of the total supply chain waste. Although the number is relatively small, the retail sector is of key importance for food waste minimization since retail stores collect large amounts of food and connect with consumers and producers in a limited, clearly defined number of places. Therefore, initiatives or policies implemented in retail may have major implications. The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA) concludes that prevention of food waste and redistribution to humans are the only actions that contribute to Target 12.3, aiming to halve food waste per capita from both retail and consumer levels as well as reduce food losses in the production and supply sectors by 2030. Also, research concludes that the median benefit-cost ratio for reducing waste in the supply chain is 14:1, and that unawareness of this business case is a reason for insufficient implementation of food waste reduction. In the latest years, authorities and researchers have increased focus and emphasized importance of industry collaboration to reduce supply chain food waste; however, there are more scarce findings in literature on incentives for food waste reduction from a retailer perspective. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to understand barriers and incentives for prevention of food waste and price reduction, conversion and donation of surplus food from a retailer perspective, and thereby identify opportunities to increase incentives. A multiple case study of nine retailers from the three major Swedish retail corporations was chosen as methodology, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers working in each store. The results show internal and external barriers for reduction, the major ones being the business objective to always ensure consumer satisfaction and variability in demand (prevention); inefficient label creation due to health and safety regulations (conversion) and lack of available partnerships (donation). In terms of initiative prioritization, financial benefits are found to be the major driving force for waste reduction, why food waste prevention is the most favourable option and reduction initiatives prioritize expensive products. Also, the incentive for food waste reduction depends strongly on business case awareness and integration efficiency, where the study identifies opportunities to increase incentives when: i) retailers are aware of the business case of reducing food waste, but discouraged by certain constraints; ii) retailers are unaware of the business case; and iii) there is no existing business case
8% av Sveriges totala matavfall uppkommer i livsmedelsbutiker. Trots denna relativt låga siffra är butikerna avgörande för minimering av matavfall: de samlar stora mängder mat på ett begränsat antal platser och implementerade initiativ och policy får därmed stor verkan. Kungl. vetenskapsakademin (IVA) har konstaterat att förebyggande av matavfall och omfördelning av överskott till människor är de enda initiativ som signifikant bidrar till att nå Förenta Nationernas hållbarhetsmål 12.3, att halvera matsvinnet per person i butik- och konsumentled, och minska matsvinnet längs hela livsmedelskedjan. Studier visar att det finns ett tydligt business case för reducering av matsvinn, att initiativ i genomsnitt genererar 14 gånger så stor finansiell vinning som kostnad för aktörer i livsmedelskedjan, men att många aktörer saknar vetskap om detta. Myndigheter och forskare har de senaste åren i en allt större utsträckning ägnat fokus åt, och betonat vikten av, samarbete i livsmedelskedjan för att reducera matavfallet. Mindre fokus har ägnat åts livsmedelsbutikernas incitament att genomföra de initiativ som anses nödvändiga för att matavfallet i Sverige ska reduceras. Syftet med studien var därför att, från ett butiksperspektiv, förstå rådande hinder och incitament för förebyggande matavfall samt prisreduktion, förädling och donering av överskottsmat, och därigenom identifiera möjligheter att öka dessa incitament. Studien genomfördes i form av en fallstudie av nio livsmedelsbutiker från de tre största livsmedelskedjorna i Sverige, där semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls med ansvariga från varje butik. Resultaten visar interna och externa barriärer för reduktion av matavfall, av vilka de signifikanta är att ständigt tillfredsställande av konsumenters önskemål och variation i efterfrågan (förebyggande av matavfall), ineffektivitet i tillverkning av innehållsförteckningar (förädling), samt avsaknad av fungerande partnerskap (donering). Finansiell vinning är den största drivkraften för reduktion av matavfall, varför matavfall helst förebyggs och dyra produkter prioriteras. Det råder en generell osäkerhet kring den optimala strategin för att reducera matavfall, samt bristande tid att ägna initiativ. Incitament för reduktion av matavfall beror därför i stor utsträckning på vetskap om ett initiativs business case, samt hur effektivt det kan integreras i butikens verksamhet. Möjlighet att öka incitament finns därmed där: i) livsmedelsbutiker har vetskap om ett business case, men förhinder att agera; ii) livsmedelsbutiker saknar vetskap om ett business case); och iii) det saknas ett business case.

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Tan, Bryant. "New housing in old Chinatown : barriers and incentives to affordable housing development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44346.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-112).
In the 1970s and 80s, the rapid development of San Francisco's Financial District encroached upon Chinatown's intimately-scaled neighborhood. Developers took whole city blocks that housed low-income immigrants to build the glass and steel office towers that define the city's current skyline. In response, the Chinatown community organized to downzone the neighborhood, which effectively froze the neighborhood from any further development. Today, the continual influx of immigrants who are dependent on Chinatown's services demand greater affordable housing in the neighborhood. As affordable housing becomes scarcer citywide and as Chinatown's building stock ages, neighborhood leaders want to know how to meet the high need for well-maintained affordable housing within the neighborhood. This thesis will examine the barriers that prevent affordable housing development in San Francisco's Chinatown. While affordable housing is a citywide issue not limited to Chinatown, the city's efforts have been targeted at redevelopment of outlying and industrial parts of the city rather than within existing neighborhoods. Special neighborhood zoning, cultural values of residents and property owners, intra-community politics, and its particular history make the development a highly contested issue. I will argue that the neighborhood's zoning (including bulk limits and inclusionary requirements) has been too restrictive to develop viable affordable housing in Chinatown and will propose rezoning as one mechanism for affordable housing development.
(cont) I will further illustrate the impacts of zoning changes in height and density on the neighborhood's urban form. The thesis will also provide insight into incentives and partnerships with public and financial institutions that can motivate long-time property owners to rehabilitate or redevelop their properties. My conclusions and proposals will be informed by key informant interviews with current property owners, residents, community organizers, and city officials in Chinatown and San Francisco. My hope is that by examining Chinatown as a case study and developing regulatory and economic strategies to encourage affordable housing development, it will also serve as a resource for other low-income built-out urban neighborhoods.
by Bryant Tan.
M.C.P.

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Beall, Andrew Jonathan. "Internationalization of South Carolina enterprises| A mixed-methods study of barriers and economic incentives." Thesis, University of Phoenix, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3583278.

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The objective of the mixed-methods research project was to expand understanding of economic incentives and barriers to international expansion for small and medium sized enterprises located in the coastal counties of South Carolina. Growing global markets are linked to increased opportunities for smaller enterprises to participate in international commerce. Limited understanding of incentives that enable success and techniques effective for overcoming barriers that restrict South Carolina firms from rewarding participation in international markets was the research problem addressed in the study. The purpose of the study was to explore the international expansion experience of leaders for South Carolina small and medium-sized enterprises and examine differences in leader-perceived levels of success for Lowcountry firms because of international status. The project was a mixed methods study using an exploratory, sequential design with an initial stream employing qualitative techniques followed by a subsequent stream using quantitative tools to analyze survey data. Qualitative interview techniques were used to engage a limited number of firms to acquire data on common internationalization experiences among participants. Three internationalization incentives and three barriers were identified. Hypotheses developed from the initial strand of the project were then answered using analysis of survey data collected via a census of the available population. Triangulation of data from two phases of the mixed-methods study revealed foreign market opportunity and supply chain resources as incentives, and ample domestic-market opportunity as a significant barrier to international commerce. Leaders of internationally active firms reported larger customer bases, larger numbers of employees, higher levels of competition, and higher five-year average rates of revenue growth.

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Thorstensson, Lisa. "Design för ett hållbart samhälle : En undersökning om hållbar design samt dess drivkrafter och hinder." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-62240.

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Sustainable design - a study on sustainable design and its incentives and barriers The purpose of this study was to investigate the incentives and barriers existing within companies focusing on eco-design. The aim was also to examine the consumers’ thoughts on eco-design and sustainable products. A further aim was to try to concretize important lessons for future work on sustainable production and consumption. Two methods were used for completing this study; a literature study and a practical study consisting of interviews with companies focusing on eco-design and a survey among students. The result shows that durable goods over the last decades have had a varied revenue growth, showing an increasing trend over recent years. The result also shows a slightly increasing trend on sustainable consumption and production. The main incentives presented in the result were based on some form of recognition of the unsustainable attitude in our society. Among existing barriers the most prominent was associated to economic issues, ignorance and material problems. The result of the survey showed that consumers ranked factors related to eco-design among those who are least considered. For the work towards a sustainable future, people with a similar attitude as the ones involved in the interviewed companies are of great importance. There also seems to be a need for altered market conditions, but this would require a dramatic behavioral change.

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SÎRB, SORANA ELENA. "Barriers and incentives to green entrepreneurship in transition economies – case study of SMEs in Romania." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232478.

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Sîrb, Sorana Elena. "Barriers and incentives to green entrepreneurship in transition economies – case study of SMEs in Romania." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-221660.

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This master thesis investigates the possible factors that can influence green entrepreneurship in a transition economy. For this purpose, the case of SMEs in Romania was analyzed. This study uses qualitative methods for data collection. These data were collected through questionnaires and interviews in order to discover society's view on the current entrepreneurial environment for green business and to understand the motives, challenges, and obstacles of green entrepreneurs. A policy analysis was also undertaken using the latest data published from Small Business Act for Europe to present Romania's performance between 2008-2016. The main results reveal that in Romania green entrepreneurship is not policy driven and the society needs more information about the concept of green entrepreneurship. In order to identify similarities or differences in green orientated businesses in a transition economy, a comparison between the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Romania was conducted. It can be concluded that there are resemblances between the countries which have a transition economy but in the same time entrepreneurial culture, the economic and political frame are different in each country and can lead to different performances.

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Sediqi, Mujtaba. "4D BIM ADOPTION : THE INCENTIVES FOR AND BARRIERS TO 4D BIM ADOPTION WITHIN SWEDISH CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231760.

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Sweden is perceived to be one of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) leaders in the world. However, studies have shown that 4D BIM, which is a combination of a 3D model and an associated time schedule, is not widely deployed in construction planning practices among contractors. In Sweden many studies focused on BIM adoption in general, but since contractors are the main users of 4D BIM, there is a lack of studies exploring this specific dimension of BIM. This study considers 4D BIM as an innovation; the aim is to find the incentives for and barriers to adopt 4D BIM within the Swedish construction industry. A literature review was conducted and the most common variables were derived; in addition to this, an online questionnaire and a series of interviews targeting Swedish construction companies were conducted. The findings were that 4D BIM is a new start within the Swedish construction industry, where a series of both technical (software, standards, complexity) and non-technical barrier (organizational, lack of client demand, unclear benefits, investment) has an impact on the adoption process. Large companies are the early adopters and use it to maintain their strategic position in the industry, whereas smaller contractors are prone to more barriers and mostly rely on clients´ demand.

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Fu, Jiabin. "Challenges to increased use of coal combustion products in China." Thesis, Linköping University, Environmental Technique and Management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57248.

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Electricity accounts for much of the primary energy used in China, and more thanthree-quarter of the total electricity is generated by coal combustion. Coal burningcombined with flue gas cleaning system generates large quantity of coal combustionproducts (CCPs), which has caused significant environmental and economic burden tothe economy, ecology and society. Of great importance are thus different applicationswhich contribute to the increased use of CCPs. This thesis looks at an overview ofCCPs production and utilization all around the world and investigates current CCPsapplications as well as potential technically sound and economically justifiedtechnologies. Results of this thesis show that CCPs utilization rate in differentcountries varies widely from 13% to 97%. Worldwide, a significant proportion ofCCPs from the main producers, e.g. China, the United States and India, is still beingdisposed off, resulting in a low-level of overall utilization of these products. It isevident that the amount of CCPs produced substantially exceeds consumptionsbecause of various existing obstacles and limitations. In order to formulate effectiveapproaches, identifying challenges to increased use of CCPs is of great weight. The aimof this thesis is to analyze current and potential utilizations of CCPs and morespecifically address factors that inhibit or promote the use of CCPs from coal-firedpower plants in China.

Savings of natural resources, energy, emissions of pollutants, GHG emissions anduseful land were found as the major incentives for CCPs utilization. In China, a ban ofsolid clay bricks was also found to be a very powerful measure to stimulate thedevelopment of other by-product based wall materials while saving useful land andprotecting the environment. However, this strong support from the government hasnot been fully implemented, which seriously hampered CCPs uses. Results presentedin this thesis also show that high transportation cost of low unit-value CCPs,competition from available natural materials and spatial variation in supply-demandposes three of the most important barriers to the increased use of CCPs in China.Industrial organizations with assistances from the government have shown to be offundamental importance for formulating approaches to take in overcoming thebarriers.

This thesis emphasized that transforming laboratory- and pilot-scale technologies intocommercial productivity is of the highest priority for increased use of CCPs. Aconceptual model of CCPs Eco-Industry Park (EIP) as a potential effective solutionwas proposed. Mutual economic and environmental benefits can be achieved throughthe collaboration between different industries in the CCPs EIP. And other feasiblerecommendations of initiatives from both the government and industries were alsodiscussed.

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Jacobson, Lisa. "Transforming air travel behavior in the face of climate change : Incentives and barriers in a Swedish setting." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157489.

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Air travel accounts for a major share of individual greenhouse gas emissions in high-income countries. Technical development alone will not be sufficient to meet international climate goals if air travel continues to increase as predicted. Behavioral change is thus essential. Earlier research has shown that the gap between environmental attitudes and behavior is large when it comes to air travel; few reduce flying because of climate concerns. However, some people do, and there is a rising debate about individual responsibility and travel habits. This study, based on semi-structured interviews with Swedish residents who quit, reduce or continue flying, describes how such behavioral change comes about. Important incentives and barriers for this process are highlighted. A framework of societal transformation is applied to show where these incentives and barriers are located – in personal and political spheres. This thesis suggests that internalized knowledge about the impacts of global warming is crucial to spark the process of reducing air travel. This awareness evokes negative emotions, often anxiety, guilt or frustration, which may lead to a personal tipping point where a decision to reduce flying is made. For many, such behavioral change is counteracted by both personal values and societal structures promoting air travel. Also individuals with a strong personal drive to reduce flying may feel trapped in social and professional practices, and even counteracted and ridiculed by society. The study shows a lack of incentives from societal levels, pointing to the need for political action aiming to create economic incentives and more attractive alternatives to air travel, as well as deepened climate knowledge and change of social norms. The findings are valuable for policy makers who want to contribute to a transformation towards a more sustainable travel system.

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Kursun, Engin. "An Investigation Of Incentives, Barriers And Values About The Oer Movement In Turkish Universities: Implications For Policy Framework." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613822/index.pdf.

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The main purpose of this dissertation study is to provide policymakers, administrators, decision makers and key stakeholders in higher education with a research-based guidance about the Open Educational Resources (OER) movement in Turkey. More specifically, this study aims at determining main incentives and barriers for freely publishing course materials in Turkish Universities from faculty members

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Conway, Rochelle. "Barriers and incentives to the adoption of innovative, energy- efficient housing: passive and active solar and earth sheltered." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53681.

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The purpose of this study was to determine intermediaries’ perceptions of barriers and incentives to innovative, energy efficient housing in Iowa. Data was collected by two surveys. The questionnaire for the first survey collected data from 102 communities in Iowa. Respondents were asked to determine the number of building permits issued for all new single family dwellings between 1975 and 1985 as well as the number of permits issued that were for passive solar, active solar, or earth sheltered housing. A rate of adoption was calculated for each community. The second questionnaire surveyed housing intermediaries drawn from the 102 communities included in the first survey. The sample consisted of 481 builders, building inspectors, realtors, lenders, and solar suppliers. Intermediary groups differed in their perceptions of barriers and incentives to innovative, energy-efficient housing. Significant differences were found among the intermediaries for whether state mandated solar standards would reduce the risk of inspection of solar energy houses and whether risky resale potential acts as a barrier to building solar energy housing. The major barriers were the "first costs" associated with building active solar and earth sheltered housing and the lack of skills among subcontractors to build active solar and earth sheltered housing. There was no significant relationship between rate of adoption among communities and their location in the state. There was, however, a significant relationship between category of building official and rate of adoption among communities. Communities with a high rate of adoption did not cluster in any one quadrant of the state. Additional differences among intermediaries occurred between lenders who had financed innovative energy efficient housing and lenders who had not. Lenders who had not financed solar or earth sheltered housing perceived the barriers to be greater than those who had. There were fewer differences in perceptions among solar/earth sheltered builders and nonsolar/earth sheltered builders. In conclusion, variability in perceptions among intermediaries on the barriers and incentives to innovative, energy efficient housing impact on the rate of adoption in communities in Iowa.
Ph. D.

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Ceita, Eugénio Joaquim d´Araújo Ribeiro de. "As pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) em São Tomé e Príncipe: perfil, problemas e desafios." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/30144.

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As pequenas e médias empresas têm normalmente uma rápida capacidade de adaptação a alterações de cenário económico e, por isso, podem constituir um importante pilar para a sustentabilidade económica, fundamentalmente em países em desenvolvimento, onde os mercados são normalmente dominados pela informalidade. Novas empresas conduzem a investimentos e à diversificação da economia, criação de emprego e melhoria do rendimento e bem-estar da população. Para São Tomé e Príncipe o cenário empresarial é fustigado por várias incertezas: a dependência da ajuda financeira internacional, a instabilidade governativa; políticas pouco atrativas e que incentivem o emprego e a capacidade produtiva, entre outras. Torna-se, assim, urgente que as empresas e os empresários estejam abertos à economia global e as suas sucessivas adaptações. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objectivo identificar o perfil, os problemas e os desafios das pequenas e médias empresas (PME) em de São Tomé e Príncipe (STP), em particular, na actual situação de pandemia por Covid-19. A metodologia adoptada para atingir os objectivos definidos, incluiu duas etapas de recolha de informação. A primeira etapa compreendeu uma ampla revisão da literatura, envolvendo a componente teórica e os estudos empíricos, visando entender melhor a conjuntura das PME. Numa segunda etapa, foi delineada uma recolha de dados primários, através da aplicação de um questionário aos responsáveis das PME localizadas em STP. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem identificar e definir as PME, reconhecer os seus principais problemas, os desafios enfrentados, os factores essenciais ao sucesso ou fracasso, as oportunidades que o país apresenta e a forma como as PME poderão contribuir para o desenvolvimento económico de STP, assim como sugerir pistas para trabalhos futuros; SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES (SME's) IN SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE: PROFILE, PROBLEMS ANDA CHALLEN - Abstract: Small and medium-sized companies usually have a rapid capacity to adapt to changes in the economic scenario and, for this reason, they can constitute an important pillar for economic sustainability, mainly in developing countries, where markets are normally dominated by informality. New companies leading to investments and the diversification of the economy, job creation and improvement of the population's income and well-being. For São Tomé and Príncipe, the business scenario is plagued by several uncertainties: the dependence on international financial aid, government instability; unattractive policies that encourage employment and productive capacity, etc. It is therefore urgent that companies and entrepreneurs are open to the global economy and its successive adaptations. In this sense, the present work aimed to study and identify the profile, problems and challenges of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in São Tomé and Príncipe (STP), particularly in the current pandemic situation by Covid-19. The methodology adopted to achieve the defined objectives, includes two stages of information collection. The first stage comprised a broad literature review, involving the theoretical component and empirical studies, in order to better understand the situation of SMEs. In a second step, a collection of primary data was outlined, through the application of a questionnaire to the representatives of SMEs located in the STP. The results of the research allow us to identify and defining SMEs, recognizing their main problems, the challenges faced, the essential factors of success or failure, the opportunities that the country presents and how SMEs can contribute to the economic development of STP, as well as suggest clues for future work.

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Nunez, Lopez Lidia. "Electoral system stability and change: an analysis of the barriers and incentives to reform in European democracies since 1945." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209101.

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Electoral systems have an enormous importance on how political power is distributed, on governability and the dynamics of representation of any given democratic society. Political science has traditionally considered electoral systems to be stable institutions and has paid more attention to understand how political parties adapt to the electoral rules than to how “electoral institutions themselves are adapted by political parties” (Benoit 2004). However, given their importance, unveiling the factors that influence the change and the choice of electoral rules is crucial and an increasing number of studies has addressed the issue since the 1990s.

This dissertation lies at the crossroads between traditional explanations of the stability of electoral systems and the more recent interpretations of electoral system change. Through three empirical parts, this thesis shows how these literatures are reconcilable and complementary. This study encompasses a comprehensive set of explicative factors at the micro, meso and macro levels that shed light on the incentives and barriers to reform electoral systems. Methodologically, the large-N approach of this thesis goes beyond the usual case studies and small-N analyses that characterize the field of electoral system change. Besides, the consideration of cases of reforms and cases of stability contributes to a better understanding of the determinants of electoral system change. While traditional accounts of electoral system change are predominantly based on political parties’ self-interest, this study demonstrates that the context matters. In this regard, this dissertation has three main findings.

Firstly, this study calls into question the body of literature addressing the change of electoral institutions by analyzing the impact of different barriers in the success of reform debates. At the party level, it shows how intraparty division can constitute an important factor to explain institutional inertia. The analysis is based on the responses of Irish Members of Parliament (Teachtaí Dala, or TDs) to a number of survey items designed to measure their evaluations of the current electoral system. The study discusses how the heterogeneity of preferences within parties over this issue may act as a barrier for reform. Besides, at the micro level, it sheds light on the determinants of individuals’ incentives to support reform. Beyond the classical power-seeking motivations, individual legislators also appear to be driven by values and attitudes about the quality of democracy.

Secondly, this thesis focuses on institutional contexts. This study analyzes the capacity of institutions to deter reforms using empirical evidence of the occurrence of reforms and the duration of electoral systems in 17 European countries. Drawing on Lijphart’s framework of the patterns of democracy, this research analyzes the extent to which the elements that differentiate between majoritarian and consensus democracies can hinder electoral reforms. On the one hand, it shows the impact of individual institutions on the occurrence of reform and the duration of electoral systems. It demonstrates that higher numbers of veto players, more proportional electoral systems, limited vested interests of the incumbent parties, constitutional rigidity and the existence of judicial review can reduce the likelihood of reform. On the other hand, this study demonstrates that the different combinations of institutional elements provide important explanatory leverage on the duration of electoral systems. In this regard, contrary to what is often assumed, it is shown that the occurrence of electoral reforms is linked to the incumbents’ capacity to develop their preferred policies. Those systems in which power is more concentrated, that is majoritarian systems, appear to be those in which electoral systems reforms are more frequent.

Finally, the thesis explores the impact of external shocks on the likelihood of reform. On the basis of an analysis of a dataset of electoral reforms that have been enacted in Europe since 1945, this study demonstrates that economic crises and citizens’ dissatisfaction with democracy are related to the introduction of electoral reforms. However, the mechanism is mediated by the existence of new parties that capitalize on this dissatisfaction and that can threaten the established parties. In these circumstances, restrictive reforms – those that aim at hindering the entry of new parties - are more likely to be introduced, though too late to prevent the entry of these newcomers.

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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JOHANNESSON, STINA. "Public procurement of cellulose-based and locally produced textiles - incentives and barriers for sustainable purchasing in the Swedish healthcare sector." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21820.

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Background: This study describes the incentives and barriers of public procurement ofcellulose-based and locally produced textiles in the Swedish healthcaresector governed by the county councils and regions. The size of the publicprocurement market is substantial which makes it imperative to analyse theprocurement decisions taken by this large customer from asustainability perspective. To understand these decisions better the publicprocurement is also analysed from an organisational perspective discussingpressures from global, regional and local stakeholders and governingauthorities.Methods: Empirical and primary data was collected from three semi-structuredinterviews with procurement officers, strategic buyers and heads ofprocurement departments in three county councils and regions in Sweden.The qualitative data was supplemented with quantitative data from a surveytargeting the additional 18 county councils and regions in Sweden. All 21county councils and regions in Sweden participated in or responded to theinterview and survey study. Six (33 %) complete responses were submitted,while five (28 %) surveys were partially responded to. Seven (39 %) countycouncils and regions did not participate in the study. The quantitative surveydata was analysed through the Fisher’s exact test and a thematic analysis wasapplied jointly on the interview and survey data due to the identicalinterview and survey questions.Results: The four themes found in the empirical data were concluded to be thedecision-making in these procurement processes being affected by manystakeholders, a high trust on suppliers for information updates andsustainable responsibility, an existing knowledge gap on cellulose-based andlocally produced textiles and the challenges and opportunities surroundingthe regulation of sustainability in the contract terms in the publicprocurement of textiles. The procurement officials being in a leading or nonleadingposition did not show any statistically significant effect on theperception of the clarity in the relevant political directives and how thisinfluences the possibility to take sustainable action in the procurementprocess, nor on whether the short-term (lowest) price has a higher prioritythan the long-term (e.g. long-term societal and environmental costs) in theprocurement of textiles.Conclusion: The sustainable public procurement of textiles within the Swedish healthcaresector governed by the county councils and regions is characterized by ahigh level of organisational complexity including many global, regional andlocal stakeholders. The governing authorities as well as the procuringorganizations and suppliers show interest in implementing sustainableprocurement processes which is however aggravated by static contract terms,limited knowledge on novel textile materials and the perceived costs relatedto the procurement.

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Agbalajobi, 'Kayode. "The Washington D.C. 2020 - 2025 Housing Initiative : reviewing the incentives and barriers to real estate developers' creation of affordable housing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129105.

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Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, September, 2020
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 57-61).
The government of the District of Columbia in 2019, unveiled a 2020 - 2050 Housing Production Goal popularly tagged "#36000by2025". The Initiative details Washington DC's goal to develop 36,000 new housing units in partnership with developers in the city, including 12,000 affordable housing units between the years 2020 and 2025. The Initiative seeks to reduce homelessness, alleviate the constrained local housing market, and preempt an anticipated housing shortage in relation to the forecasted economic and population growth in Washington DC. This thesis focuses on identifying and analyzing the types of incentives or barriers for developers to add additional affordable housing. This thesis first explores the details of this Initiative, reviewing its history and the factors that led to its creation. The thesis will also review its specific goals and proposed methods towards achieving them.
Through a literature and policy review, the thesis defines the framework within which the city and developers define affordability for housing development projects. The thesis then looks to real estate developers operating in the city who have or intend to proceed with market-rate, mixed-income, and affordable housing projects. Through interviews, an analysis of housing development trends, and a review of upcoming housing projects, the thesis seeks to understand what challenges developers face with the housing affordability requirements and how Washington DC's Initiative and Comprehensive Plan affects their developmental goals. The thesis will also review what barriers real estate developers face and explore how they can be overcome. This thesis will also pivot to Washington DC Government's planning process to review what incentives are being proposed which encourage both new affordable housing development and the preservation of endangered affordable units.
Via interviews and literature review, the thesis explores possible areas of improvement on the initiative that meet the city's goals and support real estate developers' ambitions. Keywords: Real Estate Development, Multifamily Housing, Affordable Housing, Washington DC, #36000By2025, Community Benefits.
by 'Kayode Agbalajobi.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
S.M.inRealEstateDevelopment Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate

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McFerren, Mary Margaret. "Incentives and Barriers to Participation in Community Nutrition Education Programs for Recipients of Food Stamps and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27013.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the incentives and barriers perceived by low-income women of child-bearing age related to their participation in nutrition education programs. The specific programs of concern in this study are the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and the Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE) program. This qualitative study sought to hear the voices of the women so that nutrition programs can be made more successful in reaching this population. Personal interviews were conducted with 23 women in their homes or appropriate local sites, and transcripts were analyzed to identify categories and themes. People of low socioeconomic status and those with the least education have higher rates of obesity and overweight and suffer disproportionately from poor health. Women receiving Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) also receive Medicaid. Medicaid costs have escalated due to the obesity rate, which is currently estimated at 64% of the adult population. In addition, 30% of American children are experiencing obesity or are overweight. It is important for parents to understand the causes of obesity and the effects of the chronic diseases related to obesity. Prevention programs are more cost effective than medical treatment of the diseases associated with obesity, and proper nutrition can reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Findings of this study suggest that isolation is the main impediment to participating in nutrition education programs. Missing from the interviewed women's circumstances are social capital, human capital, and economic capital. Social capital relates to the connections and relationships that are important in life. Human capital involves the knowledge and skills acquired through life experiences. Economic capital refers to individual wealth or economic resources available to an individual or community. Nutrition education programs should be refined to incorporate opportunities for socialization that will develop trust and reciprocity, as well as nutrition knowledge. Based on the results of this study, Virginia Cooperative Extension programs will be adapted to incorporate weight control and cooking classes with nutritious recipes. The learning environment will be safe, learner-centered, and fun. New marketing tools that are more appealing to the prospective clients will be developed.
Ed. D.

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Guerra, Patricia, Valentina Lugli, and Flores Mario Alberto Parra. "How to improve the knowledge sharing within a MNC : The case of PROACT GROUP." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-106343.

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This Project Research is the result of our Master Thesis, which concerns the attitude of sharing knowledge among managers and employees across countries inside a Multinational Corporation.

This thesis deals with the question of how multinationals work with knowledge embedded in people which must be transferred within the company itself and among this latter and its subsidiaries.

According to the premise that knowledge is arguably one of the most important factor in today's economy, the key challenge for companies, therefore, is to develop, apply and then transfer knowledge, in order to improve the competitive advantage. On the bases of it, we would like to analyze the overall transfer knowledge process and from a human resources management point of view, we would like to individuate the stones which block this process and then to discuss the probable implications for multinationals.

We have chosen PROACT Group, a consultancy services, support and systems firm in the fields of storage and archiving as our case study.

This study involves a survey on thirty-two participants among managers and employees from the eight international subsidiaries of the PROACT Group. We have used a multilevel analysis, including top line level and bottom line level to retrieve comprehensive data on knowledge sharing to do an in-depth analysis of the staff's knowledge sharing in the organization. At bottom line level, this research tries to identify the employee's cognitive feelings of shared knowledge. At top line level, the manager's knowledge sharing behaviours with employees and the factors affecting knowledge sharing behaviours in teams. We also test moderating factors in both levels in order to get the willingness to share their knowledge in the organization.

This study examines three keys aspects which include transfer knowledge process, culture influences and incentives to deal with the barriers.

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Ostwald, Madelene, Anna Jonsson, Victoria Wibeck, and Therese Asplund. "Mapping energy crop cultivation and identifying motivational factors among Swedish farmers." Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-86210.

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Based on a meta-study, the paper describes the existing options, areal extents, and Swedish farmers' conditions for energy crop production promoted by the governments to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The drivers of and barriers to cultivating various energy crops are described in terms of a variety of motivational factors. The approach used peer-reviewed and gray literature using three Internet sources. Questions addressed include the energy crops available to Swedish farmers and how well established they are in terms of areal extent. What drivers of and barriers to growing energy crops do farmers perceive? How do various motivational factors for these drivers and barriers correspond to the adoption of certain energy crops? The results indicate that 13 energy-related crops are available, of which straw (a residue), oil crops, and wheat are the most extensively produced in terms of cultivated area. Results confirm earlier research findings that converting from annual to perennial crops and from traditional crops or production systems to new ones are important barriers. Economic motivations for changing production systems are strong, but factors such as values (e.g., esthetic), knowledge (e.g., habits and knowledge of production methods), and legal conditions (e.g., cultivation licenses) are crucial for the change to energy crops. Finally, there are knowledge gaps in the literature as to why farmers decide to keep or change a production system. Since the Swedish government and the EU intend to encourage farmers to expand their energy crop production, this knowledge of such motivational factors should be enhanced.
Ett konkurrenskraftigt jordbruk – kommunikation kring klimatförändring och nya möjligheter (K3), Stiftelsen Lantbruksforskning

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Nehring, Wendy M., Teressa Wexler, Faye Hughes, and Audry Greenwell. "Faculty Development for the Use of High-Fidelity Patient Simulation: A Systematic Review." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/ijhse/vol1/iss1/4.

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This is a systematic review of the research data between 1995 and June 2013 concerning faculty development in the use of high-fidelity patient simulation for health professionals and students with a search of the following databases: CINAHL, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, OVID Medline, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertation/Theses Database. The primary search terms were high-fidelity patient simulation and faculty development. Reference lists from relevant articles were also reviewed. Twenty-five studies were included for this review. The majority of the studies were surveys with a few quasi-experimental designs. The themes were similar to those found in the non-research literature: strengths, incentives, barriers, use of faculty champions/simulation coordinator, and faculty development. The validity and reliability differed by study. There are numerous incentives and barriers to the use of high-fidelity patient simulation by faculty. Several examples of faculty development programs have been described in the literature but little evaluation has taken place beyond the end of the program. The goal of the use of high-fidelity patient simulation is to enhance the student’s knowledge, skills, and critical thinking in the care of patients. It is essential that the faculty are competent to provide instruction with high-fidelity patient simulation and therefore, the efficacy of these developmental programs need closer attention.

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Cheteni, Priviledge. "Barriers and incentives to potential adoption of biofuel crops by smallholder farmers in selected areas in the Chris Hani and O.R. Tambo district municipalities, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020182.

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Since the launch of the Biofuels Industrial Strategy in 2007 by the South African government, only a few smallholder farmers have adopted biofuels for production. The government hopes to stimulate economic development and alleviate poverty by targeting areas that were previously neglected for agriculture by the apartheid government. However, there still appears to be a lack of a clear and comprehensive policy framework for the development of a South African biofuel industry, because the proposed initiatives have not been implemented to date. There are also concerns among stakeholders that government policy is taking too long to formulate, compounding existing uncertainty in the industry. This study therefore aims to identify barriers and incentives that influence the potential adoption of biofuel crops in selected areas in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study utilised a semi-structured questionnaire to record responses from 129 smallholder farmers that were identified through a snowballing sampling technique. Descriptive statistical analysis and a Heckman two-step model were applied to analyse the data. Analysis was done using SPSS 21 and EViews 8. Results obtained showed that the variables: arable land, incentives offered, challenges faced, labour source and farm experience were statistical significant at 5 or 10 percent p value to awareness of farmers to biofuel crops. Adoption of biofuel crops was statistically related to gender, qualification, membership to association and household size. The study recommends that the Biofuels Industrial Strategy Policy be revisited in order to have a mechanism of including smallholder farmers that it aims to empower with employment and improvement in their livelihoods. The government can help smallholder farmers by addressing the challenges they face in improving their output. Furthermore, it recommends that a national study on barriers and incentives that influence the adoption of biofuel crops be carried out in order to identify other factors that may hinder the Biofuels Strategy Policy aims in empowering the disadvantaged farmers.

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Arnesson, Daniel. "Subsidizing Global Solar Power : A contemporary legal study of existing and potential international incentives for solar PV investments in developing countries." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-28555.

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With national cuts on solar PV subsidies and the current “oversupply” of panels, the global solar market is clearly threatened by a contraction. Yet, the need for more solar power is apparent, particularly for the world’s poor and vulnerable population. Instead of securing modern energy access for these people, trade interests have triggered a counterproductive solar trade war. This contemporary legal study addresses these issues by examining existent and potential instruments for stimulating a North-to-South solar capital flow. The research finds that recent reforms of the CDM will do little difference from previous deficiencies, as local investment barriers are not reflected in the monetary support of the clean development mechanism. Competing technologies are successfully keeping solar out of the game while baseline requirements are undermining the poor. Inspired by national renewable energy law and policy, international alternatives could address these shortcomings. While feed-in tariffs have been commonly advocated, the REC model seems far more appropriate in an international context. Its ability to be traded separately from the electricity makes it a perfect candidate as a substitute for the CDM. Entrusted with certain features it could address the geographical unbalance and provide with greater investor certainty. But the scheme(s) are under current WTO regulations required to be non-discriminatory, making it highly questionable to believe that developed countries would ever fund such incentive. It is not likely that solar capital exporters want Chinese solar PV manufacturers, who are already receiving significant production subsidies, to receive the same benefits as other producers. However, if countries adversely effected by subsidies where allowed to offset the injury by discriminating Chinese producers in international REC schemes, the Author believes that it would be easier to sell such a concept and implement it, for the benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as the world’s vulnerable and poor nations. However, this would require extensive reforms under WTO which the Author calls for.

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Lönnqvist, Tomas. "Biogas in Swedish transport – a policy-driven systemic transition." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206578.

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The thesis analyzes the conditions for biogas in the Swedish transport sector. Biogas can contribute to the achievement of Sweden’s ambitious targets of decreased emissions of greenhouse gases and an increased share of renewables in the transport sector, a sector that encompasses the major challenges in the phase-out of fossil fuels. Biogas development has stagnated during recent years and there are several factors that have contributed to this. The use of biogas in transport has developed in niches strongly affected by policy instruments and in this thesis, the progress is understood as a policy-driven systemic transition. Biogas has (started to) become established at the regime level and has begun to replace fossil fuels. The major obstacles for continued biogas development are found to be the stagnated vehicle gas demand, the low predictability of Swedish policy instruments, and electric car development. Moreover, the current prolonged period of low oil prices has also contributed to a lack of top-down pressure. A large share of the cheap and easily accessible feedstock for conventional biogas production is already utilized and an increased use of vehicle gas could enable a commercial introduction of forest-derived methane. However, the technologies to produce forest-derived methane are still not commercial, although there are industrial actors with technological know-how. Future biogas development depends on how the policy framework develops. Policy makers should consider the dynamics of biogas as a young sociotechnical system where different system fronts develop at a varying pace. Currently the demand side is lagging behind. However, it is necessary to maintain predictable policy support throughout the entire biogas value chain, since the system fronts that lag can vary over time. The low predictability of Swedish policy instruments indicates that policy makers should exercise care in their design to create a more robust policy framework moving forward.

QC 20170508

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Johansson, Ida, and Linnea Molnar. "Tillgång utan att äga : Incitament och hinder som påverkar utvecklingen och implementeringen av funktionsförsäljning inom detaljhandeln." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177894.

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Background: Functional sales has in recent years become increasingly debated among companies, as a result of increased interest in developing more sustainable strategies. Meanwhile, companies lack knowledge of what changes functional sales causes, particularly about what incentives, barriers and financial implications that affect the development and implementation of the business model. Since companies are not fully aware of what aspects to take into consideration before implementing functional sales, many companies hesitate on taking the step towards a more sustainable future. Research aim: The research aim of this study is to investigate underlying incentives and barriers that affect the development and implementation of functional sales within retail industry, but also what financial implications it causes. Moreover, this study aims to investigate how the conditions for an implementation of functional sales can be improved, by managing the incentives and barriers identified. Method: This study has been conducted with pragmatism as a scientific starting point. Moreover, an abductive approach has been used. The research design for this study is qualitative design, where a simple case study was selected through a targeted sampling of ”a typical case”. The respondents were selected through a snowball and a targeted sampling. The method used for conducting the analysis was a thematic analysis. Findings: The incentives identified in this study were environmental sustainability, meeting customer needs, closer connection to the customer and profitability. The barriers identified were increased requirements for product design, increased costs for warehousing, service and transportation, changes in cash flows, existing accounting principles and lack of profitability. In order to strengthen versus bridge these incentives and barriers, companies should take the following aspects into consideration: a well-adapted design, environmentally friendly and efficient transportation, ensure high inventory turnover rate, an adequate pricing, a well- formulated guarantee agreement and ensure financing.
Bakgrund: Funktionsförsäljning har på senare år blivit allt mer omdebatterat bland företag, till följd av att ökat intresse av att utveckla mer hållbara strategier. Samtidigt saknas forskning om vilka processer som förändras vid funktionsförsäljning, samt vilka incitament, hinder och finansiella implikationer som påverkar utveckling och implementeringen av affärsmodellen. I och med att företag inte är fullt medvetna om vilka aspekter de behöver ta i beaktning inför en implementering, tvekar företag att ta steget mot en mer hållbar framtid. Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka bakomliggande incitament och hinder som påverkar utvecklingen och implementeringen av en cirkulär affärsmodell baserad på funktionsförsäljning inom detaljhandeln, samt vilka finansiella implikationer de ger upphov till. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka hur förutsättningarna för en implementering av funktionsförsäljning kan förbättras, genom hantering av dessa incitament och hinder. Metod: Studien har genomförts med pragmatism som vetenskaplig utgångspunkt. Vidare har ett abduktivt angreppssätt använts. Studiens forskningsdesign är kvalitativ, där ett fallföretag valts ut genom ett målstyrt urval av ”ett typiskt fall”. Respondenterna valdes ut genom både ett snöbollsurval och ett målstyrt urval. Den analysmetod som studien har använts sig av är en så kallad tematisk analys. Slutsats: De incitament som identifierats i denna studie är miljömässig hållbarhet, möta kundens behov, komma närmare kund samt lönsamhet. De hinder som identifierats är ökade krav på produktdesign, ökade kostnader vid lagerhållning, service och transport, förändrade kassaflöden, befintliga redovisningsprinciper samt utebliven lönsamhet. För att förstärka respektive överbrygga dessa bör företag ta följande aspekter i beaktning: en anpassad design, miljövänliga och effektiva transporter, säkerställa hög lageromsättningshastighet, rätt prissättning, ett välformulerat garantiavtal samt säkerställa finansiering.

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Parker, Victoria Daniela. "Barriers to energy-efficiency implementation: a study of the uptake of energy-efficiency initiatives offered through incentive schemes in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23386.

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Energy efficiency has been widely recognised as a powerful tool for improving the energy situation across the globe. Whether by increasing energy security, reducing carbon emissions or alleviating grid strain, proven methods of energyefficiency management can bring about significant savings at a multitude of levels. Although energy-efficiency practices are gaining traction globally, their uptake is still less than optimal, and this is especially true of South Africa. The country is currently facing an energy crisis that brings with it a variety of complex challenges, all which can be assuaged through energy efficiency, if applied to the energy-intensive economy. It is important to understand the South Africa-specific barriers that hinder implementation of energy efficiency. While government has made strong commitments to supporting the uptake of energy-efficiency initiatives, there have been several interruptions and a lack of execution. An abundant amount of topdown research has been conducted to identify the various barriers to implementation; far less research, however, identifies barriers from within these energy-intensive economies. If these barriers could be identified from a more qualitative and participant-centred perspective, the key role-players in the sector might be able to better address energy-efficiency implementation, leading to more widespread benefits and results. To this end, the researcher performed an explanatory investigation, analysing seven energy-intensive companies that had recently participated in a fully funded local incentive scheme called the Private Sector Energy Efficiency Programme (PSEE). The PSEE performed an energy audit on each company, followed up by a report on its findings. The report clearly outlined the company's key energy-savings opportunities, in kilowatt-hours (kWh), Rand and CO2 emissions. It also estimated the costs and payback periods of the projects. Despite these reports indicating significant savings potentials and reasonable payback periods, a lack of uptake still remained. The researcher extracted and analysed the relevant quantitative data from the PSEE reports and conducted one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with the participants to identify and understand the participant-specific barriers to the recommended energy-efficient measures. The researcher also interviewed three coordinators of the PSEE programme, in the hope of identifying any PSEEspecific barriers. The other main party involved in this research was PSEE energy-efficiency ESCO which has been given an alias name ESCO E, who delivered the reports to the participants. The research found that the barriers in place in South Africa resemble those that have been identified at the global level. However, the mixed-methods approach and data sample employed in this study create a very interesting picture about the barriers that exist at the company level. The research found that there were significant saving opportunities available to companies but that, mainly due to a lack of financial support, human-resource capacity and time, there has been little to no implementation of the recommended projects. The available literature and provided global experience, coupled with participants' responses and suggestions, allow the researcher to make relevant recommendations that pertain to the study: • Lower payback periods through further incentives • Accessible funding and subsidies • Ensured continuation, longevity and growth of incentive programmes • Client-specific cost alternatives • Extensive and supported detail around each recommendation • Human resource capacity support to ensure energy management • Required energy seminars and skills training to programme participants • Increased government support and energy efficiency resources; namely an Energy Hub, which will provide a stable platform for energy efficiency • Participant-specific report alignment to encourage uptake and increased trust between incentive host and participant • More stringent government regulated technological standards.

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Rico, Flor Jesús. "Analysis of the relationship between implementers participation in strategy formulation and resistance in strategy implementation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392606.

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Practitioners participation in strategy formulation has a significant influence in strategy implementation. Formulation and implementation are interdependent processes. Although historically formulation has received more attention, any devised strategy without execution is useless. Execution also means adaptation to the reality of business and frequently it creates new strategy, more feasible and realistic. The whole process from formulation to results, from vision to change effectiveness, pass by execution, a difficult part of the process that includes change, adaptation, challenge ... resistance. Resistance -implementation barriers- may be envisaged, forecasted in some extent. This work intends to add to the existing knowledge some insight about a mechanism to facilitate implementation, a mechanism within the reach of any company: managers participation in formulation, but not any managers, those that have to execute the strategy or be in charge of strategy execution. Participation is not always something optional, sometimes there is not room for implementers involvement in formulation; it depends on the project and each company particular situation. That is not the field of this research, only focused in the linkage between participation and resistance. Once said that, this research reveals that limited participation is better than wide range, unrestricted participation. A limited participation with boundaries, clear agenda and goals reduces managers –subjective- perception of uncertainty about the project. On the other hand, when participation is not possible the top management must be aware of (and forecast and quantify as much as possible) the risk of certain resistance that may produce delay, extra cost, difficulties in the process. As a practical implication, this research may become also a helpful tool for executives and companies on implementation risk forecast. Over the research process, based in the relationship of the aforementioned variables, participation and resistance, a set of influencing variables appeared. All these variables have influence upon managers behaviour in the strategy implementation, but in different extent. Motivation –incentive- is key and it is related with managers feeling of ownership about the strategy to be implemented. Amongst the rest of important variables that may affect the implementation process there is one that has shown significant importance: the hierarchical influence. This variable can have neutral, negative or positive effect and it is linked with communication and organizational alignment as well as with the importance of the project transmitted to and perceived by the implementers. Communication emerged as an aspect of a paramount importance and significant influence in formulation and execution. Another important variable is the effect of linking the strategy implementation success to the Managers‘ (implementers‘) bonus: reward. By so doing the manager is strongly committed with the success of the project...not necessarily with neither the strategy nor the goals or means, but committed with the consecution of the established goals. From this research a clear and evident relation cause-effect between participation in Strategy Formulation and implementation barriers emerges. Knowing that some level of participation offered to the implementers reduces the risk of implementation barriers, it is clear that participation is something to be considered, seriously taken into account, before starting strategy formulation.
El trabajo se enmarca en una línea de investigación que parte de la "estrategia como práctica" (Strategy as Practice) la cual desarrolla el lado más social de las interacciones que se llevan a cabo cuando se formulan o se implementan proyectos estratégicos. Los estudios que utilizan esta línea de investigación utilizan ampliamente el modelo que integra prácticas, praxis y practicantes (practitioners). Este estudio se centra en los practitioners y aplica una visión integradora del proceso de Planificación Estratégica en dos de sus fases, la formulación de la estrategia y la implementación. Analiza las relaciones existentes entre la participación ofrecida y las dificultades en la implementación en tres proyectos estratégicos reales de una multinacional del IBEX35. Establece relación causa-efecto entre la mencionada participación y la resistencia aparecida posteriormente y analiza qué otras variables influyen. El objetivo de este estudio es aportar luz a un área crítica, la implementación de la estrategia, siguiendo estudios previos que relacionan formulación e implementación. La conclusión es de utilidad para la ciencia como contribución al conocimiento existente, relacionando el grado de participación a ofrecer y el riesgo de resistencia esperable, abriendo a su vez una línea de investigación para un modelo más amplio que verifique e incorpore el resto de variables significativas halladas en el estudio. Con un enfoque cualitativo, el diseño del proyecto ha utilizado el método del estudio de casos múltiples de carácter exploratorio. También se ha utilizado la teoría fundamentada para realizar una aproximación al análisis, codificación y categorización de los datos.Una aproximación de análisis narrativo fue aplicada a las entrevistas así como un análisis de contenido a los documentos estratégicos. El estudio se basa en tres casos de proyectos estratégicos reales en los que la participación ofrecida fue distinta, dentro de una misma organización del IBEX35 a fin de observar en un escenario de cultura compartida y similares características donde la variable principal diferenciadora sea la participación ofrecida a los ejecutivos en la formulación. En el primer caso la participación es ofrecida ampliamente y sin limitaciones significativas. En el segundo caso la participación ofrecida fue nula y en el tercer caso la participación ofrecida fue amplia pero bien delimitada. En los tres casos se han recopilado datos mediante entrevistas, cuestionarios, análisis de documentos y observación directa. El doctorando trabajó seis años en la empresa de la cual se toman los casos, hecho que ha facilitado el acceso a la alta dirección y áreas de soporte para llevar a cabo las entrevistas, conseguir la documentación y realizar la triangulación de fuentes, internas y externas en cada proyecto analizado. Las entrevistas realizadas a los 23 ejecutivos participantes en la investigación fueron configuradas en Unidades Hermenéuticas para su análisis y codificación mediante el software de análisis cualitativo Atlas Ti versión 7.5.7. Posteriormente se realizó un trabajo de Networks sobre los códigos para establecer relaciones entre ellos que contribuyan en el proceso.Se establece la relación positiva entre participación ofrecida en la formulación y reducción de resistencia en la implementación. Se ha comprobado que la participación previa acotada facilita el proceso de implementación en mayor medida que la participación ilimitada. Se determina que, entre otras razones, ello se debe a una menor incertidumbre en el proceso percibida por el ejecutivo, con una agenda determinada, y con un área de participación concreta y acotada. Se ha hallado también una clara relación entre la falta de participación ofrecida y las consecuencias negativas en forma de barreras en la implementación. Como hallazgos complementarios se identifican otras siete variables significativas que influyen en el proceso de diversa manera, ratificando y ampliando estudios anteriores.

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Craig, Kathleen D. "Environmental regulations reconsidered : identifying incentives and barriers to environmental performance." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33708.

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Attention has been drawn to the observation that environmental benefits under the current regulatory approaches are diminishing with respect to increased pollution control costs. Regulators have begun to appreciate that while environmental gains can still be achieved under the current command and control system, the most significant environmental gains have already been made, and an alternative regulatory approach might be warranted for continued environmental improvement. This study found that regulatory initiatives that seek to address business incentives and disincentives may yield better environmental outcomes. Internal characteristics such as corporate environmental directives, waste audit and environmental performance tracking systems and linkage of compensation to environmental performance are evident in firms that have attempted to adapt to regulatory pressures. These characteristics, according to organizational models, are posited to improve the environmental performance of firms as environmental issues are linked to key business decisions. This study was conducted by surveying firms in the forest products industry. Certain firms were found to exhibit specific internal characteristics indicative of good environmental performance. The study attempts to identify the implication this finding has on regulators in terms of policy design and implementation. The study suggests that the optimum regulatory strategy is a hybrid of a command and control approach and a market-based approach which blends the compliance assurance of the command and control approach to address motivating firm behavior with the flexibility of the market-based approach to provide firms incentives to improve environmental performance. The study concludes that the value of such a hybrid approach which attempts to address firm incentives and disincentives related to their environmental practices will result in improved environmental performance.
Graduation date: 1998

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Lin, Li-Jung, and 林莉蓉. "The Correlation among Incentives, Barriers and Entry Rate, Exit Rate." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04735898958230700268.

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碩士
淡江大學
產業經濟學系
85
Recently, the empirical results indicate that there exits some correlation between industrial entry rate and exit rate.In this paper, the interaction between entry and exit of Taiwan manufacturing sector are examined. The determinants of entryand exit are reconsidered as well. To tests the interaction "the effect of displacement"--the effect of new entrant to displace incumbents; and "the effect of replacement"--the exitingfirms induce new entry, are incorporated in a simultaneous impacts of incentives and barriers to the industrial entry and exit. According to the empirical result, "the effect of replacement" between entry and exit of Taiwan manufacturing sector is evidenced,but "the effect of displacement" doesn''t. Among the entry and exit incentives and barriers, the show up industrial entry rate is evidently influenced by the growth rate, the age, and the growthrate of average wage. And the industrial exit rate is evidently influenced by the growth rate of industrial export, the ratio of small firms, the age, and the inventory rate.

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Neysmith, Jocelyn. "Investigating non-regulatory barriers and incentives to stakeholder participation in reducing water pollution in Pietermaritzburg's Baynespruit." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/349.

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The Baynespruit, a stream running through the city of Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu-Natal, is blighted by chronic, severe solid and liquid waste pollution in the form of sewage, industrial effluent and household garbage. It drains a large residential area, then flows through the city's main industrial area before reaching a low-income neighbourhood whose residents are unable to use the water for recreation and small-scale agricultural irrigation due to its polluted state. Both the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) and the local Msunduzi Municipality have been largely unsuccessful in their attempts to use regulatory means to address the situation over the past two decades. Bodies such as the Msunduzi Catchment Management Forum (MCMF) have little representation from industry and have been equally unable to initiate effective action. One possible way to work toward reducing pollution problems is to involve all stakeholders in a co-operative participatory process; a key element is therefore the use of incentives and the removal of barriers to participation. The aim of this research was to analyse past initiatives that have tried to address pollution in the Baynespruit, gain an understanding of stakeholders’ views of the problems and their relative importance, and identify economic, situational, developmental and socio-cultural barriers and incentives to participation in a multi-stakeholder process. To accomplish this, the research methodology included a number of different qualitative techniques as part of a case study approach. The main research tool used was a semi-structured interview conducted with individual stakeholders from government agencies and parastatals, industry, local residents and members of NGOs; the use of historical print media coverage and both participant and direct observation complemented the interview data. Though the details of past initiatives were difficult to trace due to the loss of institutional memory at both the agency and NGO level, they appear to have suffered from a lack of communication, accountability and inclusiveness among key stakeholders. Most of the stakeholders interviewed have an understanding of the various pollution problems affecting the Baynespruit and the consequent threat to human health, and there was general agreement that a mix of education, monitoring and enforcement was necessary to solve these problems. There was also broad support for a multi-stakeholder process, with all subjects stressing the need for action, not just discussion, as well as real engagement on the part of their fellow stakeholders. For local residents, building a network of contacts and partnerships could address many of the economic, developmental and socio-cultural barriers they face, and strengthen their effectiveness in fostering participation among other stakeholders. While barriers to industry participation in pollution reduction included problems such as a lack of consequences for polluting, and the feeling that it was ‘not their problem’, powerful economic and situational incentives, such as pressure from corporate customers and the public, remain largely unexploited. A lack of resources in the form of time, staff and equipment, as well as unsuccessful past experiences which have created a reluctance to prosecute or release information, were the major impediments preventing staff at regulatory agencies and parastatals from motivating other stakeholders to participate, though they were aware of the potential for increase effectiveness offered by participatory processes. It is hoped that by recommending ways to maximise incentives and reduce barriers, this research will assist the recently-established Baynespruit Conservancy, which is involving all interested parties in an effort to address the serious pollution problems in the stream.
Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

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Nguyen, Anh Thuc. "A Case Study of NGO-Government Collaboration in Vietnam: Partnership Dynamics Explained through Contexts, Incentives, and Barriers." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-10196.

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Collaboration between international NGOs (INGOs) and governmental organizations (GOs) have contributed significantly to the goals of poverty alleviation and agricultural development in developing countries. Much of the literatures on NGO-GO partnerships have explored theoretically or empirically what motivate and hinder cross-sector collaboration. But not many have studied cross-sector collaboration from both analytical and descriptive perspectives. This study filled in this gap by drawing from previous studies a conceptual framework through which contexts, incentives, and barriers that influence INGO-GO partnerships were described and explained. The researcher adopted a qualitative case-study method with emergent design. Personal interviews were conducted with 20 key informants, including eight Vietnamese staff from one INGO and 12 government officials from six GOs who partnered with the INGO. All participating organizations were institutions serving agricultural and rural development in the south of Vietnam. The data were collected in 2010 and analyzed using the software package ATLAS.ti. The results showed four categories that interact to form a framework of a dynamic continuum of partnership development. The four categories included conditioning factors, incentives, barriers, and feedback loop. The categories held the following themes: 1) socio-political contexts and organizational natures for conditioning factors, 2) shared missions, resource mobilization, capacity building, and networking for incentives, 3) ideological conflicts, structural constraints, and operational hurdles for barriers, and 4) reflections and recommendations for feedback loop. The study contributed a theoretical- and empirical-based perspective on INGO-GO partnerships in post-reform countries. It provided a framework that comprehensively describes and explains partnership dynamics. The study also shared knowledge of the intricacies of INGO-GO partnerships in rural Vietnam. For institutions serving agricultural and rural development, the study could assist in strategic management to minimize constraints and maximize opportunities in collaborative environments.

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Van, Lam Ngoc Bich, and 林玉碧雲. "Influences of Vietnam’s Export Incentives and Barriers to Foreign Investment Enterprises A Case Study the Kwang Viet Company Limited Case Study." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83312339146232064788.

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碩士
美和科技大學
企業管理系經營管理碩士班
102
In the depression of economic crisis, all companies have been struggled along on low performance to maintain and develop. Most of researches would focus on the existence of local companies and refuses to acknowlegde the importance of foreign investment companies, especially in the garment and textile industry. Therefore, this research would like to provide the general view of foreign investment companies recently investing in Ho Chi Minh City. There would be many different forms of business that they could register, such as processing, producing, franchising, venturing or investment for domestic sales. Either form chosen, export incentives and barriers to export influences directly to the investment plans and the work performance of those companies in Vietnam, particularly in Ho Chi Minh City. Overall, this research sought to [1] identify and locate the general perfomance of foreign investment companies in garment and textile industry and, [2] determine export incentives recently changed globally and by local government, also [3] determine current barriers affecting the export activities which those companies are facing either external or internal factors. Then it would be in detailed for particular case study of Kwang Viet Limited Company. Kwang Viet Limited Company has been chosen for its special products, feathered-coat and it recent passive situation. It was interesting to collect, and to analyze information of one product that could barely sell to local consumers due to natural weather. And Kwang Viet Limited Company seemed to be one in very least companies which produced this product in Ho Chi Minh City. The lack of reasearch for this case brought the challenges to complete the thesis. Regarding to export barriers, economic policy seemed to be the main obstacle. Competition would be the second and thirdly, it would be the consumer perception. Finally, the smallest obstacle would be information. The motivation or incentives for export would also come from the government regulations and the potential export market. Self-experience in the industry, personal network and connections with European and USA markets that Kwang Viet had acquired would be the main incentive for export. Recommedations would be discussed and evaluated to be valuable advices for Kwang Viet Limited Company and other foreign investment companies as well. Last but not least, the thesis would also state the limitations of the research.

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Fang, Tsai-Jie, and 方彩緁. "The Study of Career Incentives, Self-Expectation, Career Barriers, and Career Uncertainty for the Vocational Food and Beverage Rotary Cooperative students." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76094682157397416883.

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碩士
國立彰化師範大學
工業教育與技術學系
101
Participants in the study were the vocational food and beverage rotary cooperative students from Yunlin and Chiayi county. After 441 questionnaires were collected and through「Career Incentives Scale」, 「Self-Expectation Scale」, 「Career Barriers Scale」 and 「Career Uncertainty scale」to measure the purpose of the study. At the last, statistics methods, such as independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and stepwise regression were used to analyze the research data. The results were described as follows: 1. Future orientation, entrepreneurship opportunities, personal expectations and work value are the main factors of career incentives for the vocational food and beverage rotary cooperative students. 2. Lack of confidence, job constraints, dissatisfaction with career, disability, personal expectations, sex discrimination, work value and entrepreneurship opportunities are the main factors of career uncertainty for the vocational food and beverage rotary cooperative students. 3. Sex discrimination is the main factor of career incentive for women, lack of confidence and job constraints are the main factors of career incentive for men. 4. Job security and entrepreneurial opportunities are significant for men in career incentives. 5. In the self-expectation, men have much expectation in future orientation, and women are personal expectations.

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Dibert, Corinne Christine. "Moving towards coordinated accessible transportation for older adults : identification of barriers and incentives to implementation in the Captial Regional District, British Columbia." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/959.

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Communities such as the Capital Regional District (CRD) of Vancouver Island (BC) currently struggle to meet the transportation needs of older adults and other vulnerable populations, particularly in terms of resources and funding. In the future, these challenges will continue given the current demographic shift and the existing structure of the transportation system. Since the provision of transportation is an important element for the quality of life of older adults, it is important to consider solutions that promote a more effective use of transportation opportunities to ensure health, self-sufficiency and community connectedness amongst this population. This research study examines one solution to the issues surrounding the provision of transportation to older adults. A Coordinated Accessible Transportation (CAT) approach supports the pooling and sharing of existing transportation resources within a formalized framework, and aims to provide safe, efficient and affordable transportation options to older adults. This research focuses on the identification of barriers and incentives to the implementation of a CAT program. This project used a qualitative, case study approach to reach its objectives. Twenty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders involved in the provision of transportation. A Program Logic Model (PLM) was used to organize and analyze the information gathered. In summary, although aware of the need for a new approach, transportation providers in the CRD are reluctant to change the current system without active governance being in place at all levels. The results of this research provide a `blueprint' for the implementation of a CAT program and have relevance for other Canadian communities facing similar challenges.

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Pizarro, Ana Margarida Ramalho Ribeiro. "Novos modelos de negócio da economia circular: barreiras e incentivos à sua implementação." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/55285.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Economia
As problemáticas ambientais, nomeadamente a problemática do esgotamento dos recursos, necessitam urgentemente de uma resolução, e a adaptação por parte das empresas aos pressupostos da Economia Circular é fundamental não só para uma atividade mais sustentável, mas também como meio para a alteração dos hábitos de consumo. Torna-se assim urgente a implementação de modelos de negócio sustentáveis, porém existem facilitadores e obstáculos a esta implementação, abordados neste trabalho, que influenciam as decisões das empresas. Percebendo a importância da transição, quer ambientalmente quer economicamente, e reconhecendo as empresas como um dos seus motores, este trabalho pretende perceber quais as barreiras e incentivos à mudança na forma como estas atuam. Para esta análise foi realizado um enquadramento teórico, onde são abordados pontos necessários para a compreensão do tema, posteriormente complementado por dados obtidos por via de questionários direcionados a empresas nacionais. Do estudo realizado conclui-se que Portugal apresenta potencial no que toca à transição para uma economia circular. Contudo, é necessário um maior apoio governamental à criação de condições que permitam a sua aceleração, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à quebra de barreiras para a implementação de novos modelos de negócio. Este estudo revelou que as maiores barreiras enfrentadas são a falta de diretrizes estratégicas, informação e apoio à transição, e os hábitos e mentalidades dos consumidores. Por outro lado, a necessidade de inovação, os possíveis benefícios económicos para a empresa e a preocupação ambiental empresarial foram classificados como principais incentivos.
Environmental issues, such as resource depletion, urgently require a resolution, and adaptation by companies to the Circular Economy assumptions is fundamental not only for a more sustainable activity, but also to change the habits of consumption. It is thus urgent to implement sustainable business models, but there are facilitators and obstacles to this implementation, discussed in this paper, that influence the decisions of companies. Realizing the importance of the transition, both environmentally and economically, and recognizing companies as one of their promoters, this work intends to perceive the barriers and incentives to change the way they operate. For this analysis, a theoretical framework was elaborated, where necessary points for the understanding of the subject were approached, later complemented by data obtained through questionnaires directed to national companies. The results obtained show that Portugal has potential in the transition to a circular economy. However, there is a need for government support and the creation of conditions to accelerate the transition, particularly regarding breaking down barriers to the implementation of new business models. This study revealed that the major barriers faced are the lack of strategic guidelines, information and transition support, and consumer habits and mentalities. On the other hand, the need for innovation, the possible economic benefits to the company and the awareness and concern about environmental issues and sustainability were pointed as main incentives.

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Martins, Selma Emanuela Lopes. "Perceções sobre o empreendedorismo em enfermagem : perspetivas, incentivos e obstáculos à atividade empreendedora no texto nacional." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/29324.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Gestão das Unidades de Saúde
O presente estudo tem como objetivo abordar as perceções do empreendedorismo em Enfermagem, no sentido de conhecer quais os principais incentivos e obstáculos à sua implementação. Dada a importância que se tem dado ao empreendedorismo como forma de amenizar as dificuldades que surgem no mercado de trabalho, marcadas pela elevada taxa de desemprego, pela escassez de ofertas de emprego e pela precariedade dos contratos laborais. A emergência de uma atividade empreendedora é, então, percebida como uma forma de recuperar a economia e resolver o problema do desemprego. Esta instabilidade faz-se sentir, também, no âmbito da saúde onde as medidas governamentais visam uma redução de custos que afeta, impreterivelmente, a contratação de profissionais de saúde, o que parece criar alguma legitimidade “para se falar” de empreendedorismo em Enfermagem. Considerando o objetivo central e o caráter exploratório do estudo, utilizamos uma metodologia qualitativa com recurso a 18 entrevistas realizadas a Enfermeiros empreendedores da zona norte de Portugal. O empreendedorismo em Enfermagem parece apresentar uma relação paradoxal quando confrontado com a perspetiva económica, surgindo a ideia de um conceito hibrido que se depara com a necessidade de obtenção de lucro mas também com a necessidade de prestar serviços sociais como resposta a necessidades concretas da população. Claro está que o empreendedorismo em Enfermagem não deixa de ser uma atividade económica em que é importante a sua viabilidade financeira. Assim, os apoios mais valorizados pelos empreendedores entrevistados referem-se: ao apoio logístico; ao acesso ao financiamento; ao processo de desburocratização e às estratégias de marketing. Por outro lado, os obstáculos mais mencionados centram-se: na incapacidade de resposta por parte dos serviços; no excesso de burocracia; na elevada carga tributária a que as empresas estão sujeitas e na conjuntura económica que o país atravessa. Este estudo vem, assim, contribuir para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento do empreendedorismo em Enfermagem e poderá promover a implementação de políticas de empreendedorismo, mais adequadas às necessidades dos empreendedores, por parte das organizações responsáveis.
The present study aims to address the perceptions of entrepreneurship in nursing, in order to know what the main incentives and barriers to implementation. Given the importance that has been given to entrepreneurship as a way to ease the difficulties that arise in the labor market, marked by high unemployment, scarcity of jobs and the precariousness of labor contracts. The emergence of entrepreneurial activity is then perceived as a way to revive the economy and solve the unemployment problem. This instability makes also sense in the context of health where government measures aimed at reducing costs affecting the latest, the recruitment of health professionals, which seems to create some legitimacy "to speak" of entrepreneurship in nursing. Whereas the main objective and exploratory nature of the study, we used a qualitative methodology using 18 interviews with entrepreneurs Nurses northern Portugal. Entrepreneurship in nursing seems to have a paradoxical relationship when faced with the economic perspective, the emerging idea of a hybrid concept that is faced with the need to make a profit but also with the need to provide social services in response to specific needs of the population. Is clear that entrepreneurship in nursing is nonetheless an economic activity that is important to their financial viability. Thus, support most valued by entrepreneurs interviewed refers: logistical support; access to financing; to reduce bureaucracy and marketing strategies process. On the other hand, the most mentioned obstacles focus: the inability to answer by the services; in the excessive bureaucracy; the high tax burden that companies are subject and the economic situation facing the country. This study has thus contribute to the development of knowledge of entrepreneurship in nursing and may promote the implementation of more appropriate to the needs of entrepreneurs by the organizations responsible for policy entrepreneurship.

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Doyle, Megan. "Fatigue in prostate cancer : examining possible incentives and barriers to exercise for reducing cancer-related fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation and/or hormonal therapy." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/20758.

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Jansová, Kateřina. "Jiný přístup k politice nebo mocenské bariéry? Příčiny nepřímé úměry mezi procentním zastoupením političek a mocenským významem politické funkce." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332645.

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Representation of women in the lowest floor of Czech politics (the smallest municipalities) is percent higher than representation of women in the highest elected political office at the central level. There is a rule: the higher function, the smaller the percentage of women. This thesis focuses on reciprocal proportion between power importance of the political function and the percentage of women engaged in political office. The thesis search for answer to the question: What are the reasons of the reciprocal proportion between power importance of political function and the percentage of men and women who perform a given function? The goal of the thesis is find why the women are represented in the functions of the lower floors of politics more than the upper floors.

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Μακρή, Μάρθα. "Απόψεις, κίνητρα, εμπόδια των εκπαιδευτικών της Πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης του νομού Αχαΐας για την επιμόρφωσή τους." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/4806.

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Η εργασία αυτή διερευνά τις απόψεις, τα κίνητρα και τα εμπόδια των εκπαιδευτικών της Πρωτοβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης του νομού Αχαΐας σχετικά με το ζήτημα της παρεχόμενης επιμόρφωσής τους με τη βοήθεια της αξιοποίησης της εμπειρίας, που συνεπάγεται η επαγγελματική τους θέση. Ταυτόχρονα στόχο έχει να διαπιστωθούν από τη μελέτη των διαφόρων πτυχών του θέματος οι συγκεκριμένες αιτίες & τα συγκεκριμένα εμπόδια που σχετίζονται με την επιμόρφωση των εκπαιδευτικών & τα είδη, η χρονική τους διάρκεια & οι μορφές που είναι πιθανό να διαφανούν. Είναι γνωστό πως οι εκπαιδευτικοί της Πρωτοβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης αναγνωρίζουν τη χρησιμότητα των επιμορφωτικών προγραμμάτων & τη μεγάλη σημασία που έχουν αυτά στην εκτέλεση του εκπαιδευτικού τους έργου, ανεξάρτητα από τις ποικίλες ενστάσεις που ίσως έχουν σχετικά με επιμέρους θέματα της θεσμοθετημένης επιμόρφωσης. Οι εκπαιδευτικοί της πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης, που καλούνται να συμμετάσχουν στα προγράμματα επιμόρφωσης, ως ενήλικοι εκπαιδευόμενοι, όπως φαίνεται στη σχετική βιβλιογραφία, θεωρούν ότι κριτήριο συμμετοχής τους στα προγράμματα αυτά είναι η θεματολογία (γνωστικό αντικείμενο, προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς, οργάνωση / διοίκηση, ειδική αγωγή, νέες τεχνολογίες κλπ.), ο φορέας οργάνωσης, οι πρακτικές ανάγκες του σχολείου, τα προσωπικά τους ενδιαφέροντα & η χρονική διάρκεια. Ακόμα συναντούν σημαντικά εμπόδια και δυσκολίες μάθησης. Τα εμπόδια αυτά θα μπορούσαν να ταξινομηθούν σε τρεις κυρίως βασικές κατηγορίες: α) Τα εμπόδια που προκύπτουν από το σχεδιασμό, οργάνωση, υλοποίηση και αξιολόγηση των επιμορφωτικών προγραμμάτων. β) Τα εμπόδια που προκύπτουν από αστάθμητους παράγοντες και καταστάσεις. γ) Τα εσωτερικά εμπόδια, που προκύπτουν από την προσκόλληση των εκπαιδευτικών σε παλιές γνώσεις, πρακτικές, συμπεριφορές και σχέσεις και από ψυχολογικούς παράγοντες. Η χρησιμότητα της έρευνας προκύπτει από τη δυνατότητα μελλοντικής αξιοποίησης των συμπερασμάτων της στο σχεδιασμό και την οργάνωση πιο ρεαλιστικών εισαγωγικών επιμορφωτικών προγραμμάτων για τους εκπαιδευτικούς της πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης. Οι δυνατότητες αξιοποίησης των συμπερασμάτων της έρευνας παρουσιάζονται στις προτάσεις, που αποτελούν το τελευταίο μέρος αυτής της εργασίας.
This work investigates the opinions, the motives and the obstacles of teachers of primary education of the prefecture Achaia with regard to the question of their provided training with the help of exploitation of experience, that involves their professional place. Simultaneously objective it has are realised by the study of various aspects of subject the particular causes and the particular obstacles that are related with the training of teachers and the types, their time duration and the forms that it is likely they emerge. It is known that the teachers of primary education recognize the usefulness of training programs and the big importance that have these in the implementation of their educational work, independent from the various objections that they perhaps have with regard to individual subjects of enacted training. The teachers of first degree education, that are called to participate in the programs of training, as adult educated, as she appears in the relative bibliography, consider that their criterion of attendance in this programs is the issues (cognitive object, problems of behavior, organisation/administration, special education, new technologies etc), the institution of organisation, the practical needs of school, personal their interesting and time duration. Still they meet important obstacles and difficulties of learning. This obstacles could be categorized in three mainly basic categories: a) the obstacles that result from the planning, organisation, concretisation and evaluation of training programs. b) the obstacles that result from imponderable factors and situations. g) the internal obstacles, that result from the adherence of teachers in old knowledge, practices, behaviors and [schaseis] and from psychological factors. The usefulness of research results from the possibility of future exploitation of her conclusions in the planning and the organisation of more realistic introductive training programs for the teachers of first degree education. The possibilities of exploitation of conclusions of research are presented in the proposals, that constitute the last part of this work.

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Coelho, Maria Leonor Nunes Pinto. "The market of battery electric vehicles in Portugal and Mobiletric´s Pro-Station price analysis." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/29225.

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The goal of this dissertation is to make a Market Analysis for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) in Portugal as well as analyse the variables which affect the price consumers are willing to pay for Mobiletric’s Pro-Station. Throughout external research, interviews, and surveys I was able to acknowledge that the market of BEVs is considerably growing and by 2025 it will represent 2.7% and 15% of the number of total cars and sales in Portugal (as opposed to the current 0.4% and 0.2% in 2019). Nowadays, the number of charging poles is insufficient to fulfil all the demand, and that is the most significant disadvantage to BEV’s users. Despite the reduced utilization costs of such cars, the purchase price is another main barrier. Nonetheless, as the economy of scales of car producers and technology evolves, the price will decrease. BEV’s users prefer to charge their cars at home and in standard chargers, which are not paid and protect the car’s battery. However, as the deployment of BEVs increases, lower income people with no garage at home will start to purchase such vehicles and they will have no option but to rely on the public charging infrastructures. On the other hand, public charging poles are being auctioned to private companies which will ensure a more reliable and wider charging network. Lastly, the price consumers are willing to pay for Mobiletric’s Pro-Station (a private charging venue) seems to depend significantly on the kilometres made per day by each person.
A presente tese centra-se na análise de mercado relativa aos veículos 100% elétricos, assim como na análise das variáveis aptas a influenciar o preço que os consumidores se encontram dispostos a despender na utilização da Pro-Station da Mobiletric. Através de pesquisa, entrevistas e questionários, pude compreender que o mercado de veículos 100% elétricos se encontra em crescimento e é expectável que em 2025 represente 2.7% e 15% do número total de veículos e vendas em Portugal (em oposição aos atuais 0.4% e 0.2% esperados para 2019). Atualmente, o número de infraestruturas de carregamento é insuficiente para cobrir todas as necessidades de carregamento dos utilizadores, constituindo esta a maior desvantagem da utilização de veículos 100% elétricos. A isto acresce o preço de venda dos mesmos, não obstante os reduzidos custos de utilização dos veículos. Os utilizadores deste tipo de veículos preferem carregá-los nas suas habitações e em carregadores normais, uma vez que desta forma não acresce nenhum custo e garantem uma adequada proteção da bateria do automóvel. Porém, a opção de carregamento dos utilizadores com menor rendimento e sem garagem privativa disponível continua a cingir-se aos carregadores existentes na via pública. Importa ainda referir que atualmente as infraestruturas de carregamento públicas encontram-se a ser leiloadas a empresas privadas, o que assegurará, desta maneira, uma rede de carregamentos maior e mais confiável. Por fim, o preço que os consumidores se encontram dispostos a despender na utilização da Pro-Station da Mobiletric depende significativamente da quilometragem realizada por cada pessoa.

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Špačková, Magdalena. "Dobrovolnictví seniorů." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298362.

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Senior's volunteerism in the Czech Civil Society's background does not have clear contours so far. This thesis brings a clearer idea about senior's volunteerism in the Czech Republic. It outlines the possibilities for development of senior's voluneerism and better knowledge in Czech and foreign researche. The second part of the thesis shows the results of a qualitative research which was realized on the sample of volunteering seniors in the social services in Prague.

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Gauthier, Justine. "L’exploration des incitatifs et des obstacles à entreprendre des études universitaires dans le cadre d’un cursus intégré DEC-BAC en sciences infirmières." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11264.

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Au Québec, les infirmières n’ont pas l’obligation de détenir un diplôme universitaire pour exercer leur profession. Celles qui choisissent le DEC en soins infirmiers peuvent obtenir le diplôme de baccalauréat en deux ans au lieu de trois en empruntant le cursus DEC-BAC en sciences infirmières. Or, ce n’est pas la majorité d’entre elles qui se prévalent de cette possibilité, alors que des études ont démontré les avantages d’avoir un plus grand nombre d’infirmières détenant un baccalauréat dans les milieux de soins (Aiken, Clarke, Cheung, Sloane & Silber, 2003; Kane, Shamliyan, Mueller, Duval & Wilt, 2007; Tourangeau, Cranley & Jeffs, 2006 ; Aiken et al., 2014). Le but de la présente étude était d’explorer les incitatifs et les obstacles à entreprendre des études universitaires dans le cadre du cursus intégré DEC-BAC en sciences infirmières. Cinquante-six nouvelles diplômées ayant complété un DEC en soins infirmiers au Québec ont répondu au questionnaire auto-administré électronique à questions ouvertes. Le cadre de référence guidant la recherche exploratoire était la théorie intermédiaire de la transition de Meleis, Sawyer, Im, Hilfinger Messias et Schumacher (2010). Suivant cette théorie, les données ont d’abord été regroupées par thèmes, soit « incitatifs » et « obstacles » puis par dimensions, à savoir si les thèmes relèvent de conditions au plan personnel, communautaire ou sociétal pour entreprendre des études universitaires. Il ressort de l’étude que les incitatifs majeurs à entreprendre des études universitaires se situent au plan communautaire : meilleures conditions de travail anticipées et développement professionnel. Les obstacles majeurs à entreprendre des études universitaires se situent au plan personnel, en particulier en lien avec une situation financière ou familiale défavorable. Nous avons aussi trouvé que le contexte québécois exerce une influence sur la décision d’entreprendre des études universitaires. Des recommandations ont été formulées pour les milieux de pratique et de formation, ainsi que pour la recherche.
Quebec nurses do not require a bachelor’s degree in order to obtain their license to practice. Choosing the college diploma entitles nurses to obtain a bachelor’s degree in two years instead of three by doing a DEC-BAC in nursing. Although many studies have shown the positive impact of having a greater number of baccalaureate-level nurses in the health care system, (Aiken, Clarke, Cheung, Sloane & Silber, 2003 ; Kane, Shamliyan, Mueller, Duval & Wilt, 2007 ; Tourangeau, Cranley & Jeffs, 2006 ; Aiken et al., 2014) the majority of nursing students choose not to enroll in university studies. The goal of the present study was to explore the incentives and obstacles to engage in university studies in the context of an integrated DEC-BAC curriculum. Fifty-six new CEGEP graduates completed a self-administered open-ended questions survey on the Internet. The theoretical framework used to guide this exploratory study was the transition middle-range theory of Meleis, Sawyer, Im, Hilfinger Messias and Schumacher (2010). Following this theory, data was collected and grouped into two themes, « incentives » and « obstacles », which were then analysed in order to see if they were determined by personal, community or societal conditions. The major incentives to engaging in university studies in the context of a DEC-BAC curriculum were related to the community conditions and were found to be better anticipated working conditions and the possibility of professional development. The major obstacles found were related to personal conditions and, particularly, to an unfavorable financial or family situation. We also found that Quebec’s context influences the decision to engage in university studies. Recommendations were provided for nursing practice and education, as well as for research.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Barriers and incentives'

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