Academic literature on the topic 'Basal linear deposit'

Individual tree mortality models for western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex. D. Don), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) were developed using data from permanent research plots located throughout the inland Northwest. The proposed linear logistic models included the following independent variables: diameter at breast height, basal area in larger trees, basal area per hectare, individual tree diameter increment, and a set of dummy variables for the six bedrock types, which were granite, basalt, metasedimentary, sedimentary, mixed – glacial till, and deep deposit. The results show that rock type significantly affects individual tree mortality for western white pine, Douglas-fir, and western redcedar, while grand fir, western hemlock, and western larch were not affected. Western white pine and Douglas-fir growing on meta sedimentary rocks exhibited greater mortality probabilities than on other rocks. Mortality probabilities for western hemlock were low across all rock types, including "nutrient-poor" rocks like metasedimentary types.

Abstract A catastrophic landslide struck the Xiaoba village in Fuquan, Guizhou, southwestern China at about 8:30 p.m. (Beijing Time, UTC + 8) on August 27, 2014. The landslide and induced impulse water waves destroyed two villages and killed 23 persons. By reprocessing seismic signals from a seismic network deployed in the surrounding area of the landslide, we recognized the event from low-frequency seismic signals and subsequently performed a long-period seismic waveform inversion to obtain its force–time history. The inversion results reveal that the maximum force for the landslide is 5 × 109 N, and the duration of the landslide is 38.4 s. The landslide reached its maximum velocity of 12.4 m/s at 13.2 s after its initiation, and the mass center plugged into the quarry at 24.2 s. Based on the inversion results, we estimated basal friction of the landslide. We found the friction coefficient rapidly reduces to a relatively steady-state value of ~ 0.4 at a steady-state distance of 35 m and subsequently reduces in a near-linear manner that satisfies the empirical formula $$ \mu = - 1.4d + 0.44 $$μ=-1.4d+0.44, where $$ d $$d is sliding distance in km. The reduction in friction revealed by the formula is compatible with the finding of previous studies for landslides of similar volume in landslide acceleration stage. However, our result does not make it possible for the friction coefficient to increase again in landslide deceleration stage that a velocity-dependent friction law would allow. The friction variation patterns can be used to constrain input parameters in numerical landslide simulation, which can predicate runout distance and deposit areas for massive landslides to carry out landslide hazard assessment.

Particle size segregation can have a significant feedback on the motion of many hazardous geophysical mass flows such as debris flows, dense pyroclastic flows and snow avalanches. This paper develops a new depth-averaged theory for segregation that can easily be incorporated into the existing depth-averaged structure of typical models of geophysical mass flows. The theory is derived by depth-averaging the segregation-remixing equation for a bi-disperse mixture of large and small particles and assuming that (i) the avalanche is always inversely graded and (ii) there is a linear downslope velocity profile through the avalanche depth. Remarkably, the resulting ‘large particle transport equation’ is very closely related to the segregation equation from which it is derived. Large particles are preferentially transported towards the avalanche front and then accumulate there. This is important, because when this is combined with mobility feedback effects, the larger less mobile particles at the front can be continuously shouldered aside to spontaneously form lateral levees that channelize the flow and enhance run-out. The theory provides a general framework that will enable segregation-mobility feedback effects to be studied in detail for the first time. While the large particle transport equation has a very simple representation of the particle size distribution, it does a surprisingly good job of capturing solutions to the full theory once the grains have segregated into inversely graded layers. In particular, we show that provided the inversely graded interface does not break it has precisely the same solution as the full theory. When the interface does break, a concentration shock forms instead of a breaking size segregation wave, but the net transport of large particles towards the flow front is exactly the same. The theory can also model more complex effects in small-scale stratification experiments, where particles may either be brought to rest by basal deposition or by the upslope propagation of a granular bore. In the former case the resulting deposit is normally graded, while in the latter case it is inversely graded. These completely opposite gradings in the deposit arise from a parent flow that is inversely graded, which raises many questions about how to interpret geological deposits.

Age-related macular degeneration is a condition (a) characterized by accumulation of membranous debris on both sides of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) basement membrane. Clinical manifestations of drusen, atrophy of the RPE/choriocapillaris, RPE detachment, and choroidal new vessel (CNV) formation occur after age 50 years. A hypothetical pathogenic sequence of events consistent with known data is: 1) RPE dysfunction (e.g., precipitated by an inherited susceptibility and/or environmental exposure); 2) accumulation of intracellular material in the RPE (e.g., accumulation of normal substrate material that is not enzymatically degraded properly vs. abnormal substrate material); 3) abnormal accumulation of extracellular material (basal laminar and basal linear deposit); 4) change in Bruch's membrane composition (e.g., increased lipid deposition and protein crosslinking); 5) change in Bruch's membrane parmeability to nutrients (e.g., impaired diffusion of water soluble plasma constituents across Bruch's membrane); and 6) response of the RPE to metabolic distress (i.e., atrophy vs. CNV growth). Histopathological and clinical studies indicate that areas of choroidal ischemia often are seen near CNVs in AMD patients. In response to decreased oxygen delivery/metabolic “distress”, the RPE may elaborate substances leading to CNV growth. Perhaps RPE atrophy, followed by choriocapillaris and photoreceptor atrophy, is a response to decreased nutrients/increasing metabolic abnormalities in areas of excessive accumulation of extracellular debris. Unanswered questions regarding AMD include: 1) is AMD an ocular manifestation of a systemic disease or purely an ocular disease?; 2) what determines whether CNVs vs.atrophy of the RPE-choriocapillaris-photoreceptors develops?; and 3) what induces the maturation of CNVs into an inactive scar, and what limits the growth of most CNVs to the area centralis?

Abstract. This paper is an extension of the single-phase cohesionless dry granular avalanche model over curved and twisted channels proposed by Pudasaini and Hutter (2003). It is a generalisation of the Savage and Hutter (1989, 1991) equations based on simple channel topography to a two-phase fluid-solid mixture of debris material. Important terms emerging from the correct treatment of the kinematic and dynamic boundary condition, and the variable basal topography are systematically taken into account. For vanishing fluid contribution and torsion-free channel topography our new model equations exactly degenerate to the previous Savage-Hutter model equations while such a degeneration was not possible by the Iverson and Denlinger (2001) model, which, in fact, also aimed to extend the Savage and Hutter model. The model equations of this paper have been rigorously derived; they include the effects of the curvature and torsion of the topography, generally for arbitrarily curved and twisted channels of variable channel width. The equations are put into a standard conservative form of partial differential equations. From these one can easily infer the importance and influence of the pore-fluid-pressure distribution in debris flow dynamics. The solid-phase is modelled by applying a Coulomb dry friction law whereas the fluid phase is assumed to be an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Input parameters of the equations are the internal and bed friction angles of the solid particles, the viscosity and volume fraction of the fluid, the total mixture density and the pore pressure distribution of the fluid at the bed. Given the bed topography and initial geometry and the initial velocity profile of the debris mixture, the model equations are able to describe the dynamics of the depth profile and bed parallel depth-averaged velocity distribution from the initial position to the final deposit. A shock capturing, total variation diminishing numerical scheme is implemented to solve the highly non-linear equations. Simulation results present the combined effects of curvature, torsion and pore pressure on the dynamics of the flow over a general basal topography. These simulation results reveal new physical insight of debris flows over such non-trivial topography. Model equations are applied to laboratory avalanche and debris-flow-flume tests. Very good agreement between the theory and experiments is established.

The Laochang Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu deposit, located in the southern margin of the Sanjiang Tethys Metallogenic Belt (STMB), is the typical Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu deposit in this region. Its orebodies are hosted in the Carboniferous Yiliu Formation volcanic-sedimentary cycle and occur as stratiform, stratoid and lenticular. Whether or not the stratabound ore belong to the volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit remains unclear and controversial. In this paper, the whole rock geochemistry, trace elements in sphalerite, U-Pb zircon chronology and Pb isotopes were investigated, aiming to provide significant insights into the genesis and geodynamic setting of the Laochang deposit. Lead isotope ratios of pyrite and sphalerite from the stratabound ore are 18.341 to 18.915 for 206Pb/204Pb; 15.376 to 15.770 for 207Pb/204Pb; and 38.159 to 39.200 for 208Pb/204Pb—which display a steep linear trend on Pb-Pb diagrams. This indicates a binary mixing of lead components derived from leaching between the host volcanic rock and mantle reservoir. Sphalerite from stratabound ores is relatively enriched in Fe, Mn, In, Sn, and Ga—similar to typical VMS deposits. Moreover, the Carboniferous volcanic rock hosting the stratabound Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu ores has a zircon U-Pb age of 312 ± 4 Ma; together with previous geochronological and geological evidences, thus, we consider that the stratabound mineralization occur in the Late Paleozoic (~323–308 Ma). Collectively, these geologic, geochemical, and isotopic data confirm that the stratabound ores should be assigned to Carboniferous VMS mineralization. In addition, volcanic rocks hosting the stratabound ore exhibit elevated high field strength elements (HFSEs, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf) abundance, slight enrichment of light rare earth element (LREE), and depletion of Ba and Sr with obvious Nb-Ta anomalies. Such characteristics suggest that their magma is similar to typical oceanic island basalt. In addition, the oceanic island basalt (OIB)-like volcanic rocks were formed at Late Paleozoic, which could be approximately synchronous with the VMS mineralization at Laochang. Thus, it is suggested that the Laochang VMS mineralization was generated in the oceanic island setting prior to the initial subduction of the Changning-Menglian Paleo-Tethys Ocean.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>BACKGROUND: The accumulation of abnormal extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium characterises the pathology of early age-related macular degeneration. However, the histopathological threshold at which age-related changes become early AMD is not defined, and the effect of each of the deposits (basal laminar deposit and membranous debris) on disease progression is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that macrophages play a key role in the development of AMD lesions, but the influence of basal laminar deposit (BLamD) and membranous debris on the recruitment and programming of local macrophages has not been explored. Although evidence also suggests that inflammation and innate immunity are involved in AMD, the significance of anti-retinal autoantibodies to disesase pathogenesis is not known. AIMS: (i) To determine the histopathological threshold that distinguishes normal ageing from early AMD; (ii) to determine the influence of BLamD and membranous debris on disease progression; (iii) to examine whether distinct early AMD phenotypes exist based on clinicopathological evidence; (iv) to determine the histopathological context in which Bruch’s membrane macrophages first found; (v) to examine the relationship between Bruch’s membrane macrophages and subclinical neovascularisation; (vi) to determine if the progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris alters the immunophenotype of Bruch’s membrane macrophages and/or resident choroidal macrophages; (vii) to determine if the anti-retinal autoantibody profile differs significantly between normal individuals and those with early AMD, neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy; (viii) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict progression to advanced AMD in individuals with early AMD; and (ix) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict vision loss in individuals with neovascular AMD. METHODS:Clinicopathological studies were performed to correlate progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris to fundus characteristics and visual acuity, as well as to sub-macular Bruch’s membrane macrophage count. Immunohistochemical studies were perfomed to determine whether the presence of BLamD and membranous debris altered the programming of Bruch’s membrane or resident choroidal macrophages. The presence of serum anti-retinal autoantibodies was determined by western blotting, and the association with disease progression examined in early and neovascular AMD. RESULTS: The presence of both basal linear deposit (BLinD) and a continuous layer of BLamD represents threshold early AMD histopathologically, which was seen clinically as a normal fundus in the majority of cases. Membranous debris accumulation appeared to influence the pathway of progression from early AMD to advanced AMD. Bruch’s membrane macrophages were first noted when a continuous layer of BLamD and clinical evidence of early AMD were present, and increased with the amount of membranous debris in eyes with thin BLamD. Eyes with subclinical CNV had high macrophage counts and there was some evidence of altered resident choroidal macrophage programming in the presence of BLamD and membranous debris. Serum anti-retinal autoantibodies were found in a higher proportion of early AMD participants compared with both controls and participants with neovascular AMD, and in a higher proportion of individuals with atrophic AMD compared to those with neovascular AMD. The presence of baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies in participants with early AMD was not associated with progression to advanced AMD. Participants with neovascular AMD lost more vision over 24 months if they had IgG autoantibodies at baseline compared to autoantibody negative participants. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that eyes with threshold early AMD appear clinically normal underscores the need to utilise more sophisticated tests to enable earlier disease detection. Clinicopathological evidence suggests two distinct early AMD phenotypes, which follow two pathways of AMD progression. Macrophage recruitment and programming may be altered by the presence of BLamD and membranous debris, highlighting the need to further characterise the biology of human resident choroidal macropahges. Anti-retinal autoantibodies can be found in both control and AMD sera, and future approaches that allow the examination of subtle changes in complex repertoires will determine whether they are involved in AMD disease pathogenesis.

ABSTRACT Rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa Formation (Cenomanian) and Eutaw Formation (Santonian) in southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama record an interval of fluvial and nearshore marine deposition. In the vicinity of Columbus, Georgia, basal units of the Tuscaloosa Formation consist of a residual paleosol built on crystalline rocks of the Appalachian Piedmont covered by conglomeratic sandstones deposited in braided stream systems flowing across the mid-Cenomanian Coastal Plain unconformity. The unconformity, which separates Cretaceous detrital rocks from underlying metamorphic rocks and residual paleosols built on those metamorphic rocks, lies primarily within the Tuscaloosa Formation in this region and is marked at the modern surface by the geomorphic Fall Line. Mapping of the unconformity across the region reveals areas of significant paleorelief associated with a number of distinct paleovalleys incised into the mid-Cenomanian surface. The most distinct of these lie immediately east of the Alabama-Georgia state line, within 15 km of the modern Lower Chattahoochee River Valley. Spatially, these distinct paleovalleys lie immediately north of a Santonian estuarine environment recorded in the Eutaw Formation, disconformably above the Tuscaloosa Formation. Collectively, paleo-valleys in the mid-Cenomanian surface, the fluvial nature of the Tuscaloosa Formation in southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama, and the estuarine environment in the younger Eutaw Formation suggest a persistent (~10 m.y.) paleodrainage system that may be a forerunner to the modern Chattahoochee River.

Introdução: O Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG) é uma doença de caráter metabólico definida pela hiperglicemia e por complicações associadas, diagnosticadas pela primeira vez durante a gestação. O critério laboratorial para o diagnóstico de DMG, compreende o achado de dois valores de glicemia acima de dois desvios padrão da média. Essa comorbidade acomete em torno de 4,5% das gestantes no Brasil e em torno de 3% no mundo. O DMG implica em danos para a mãe e para o feto, pois provoca alterações histopatológicas, morfológicas e metabólicas em diversos órgãos, incluindo a placenta. Objetivos: Revisar as principais lesões histopatológicas placentárias associadas ao DMG em gestantes sem outras comorbidades, analisando suas frequências a partir dos artigos selecionados. Materiais e métodos: Revisão em inglês pelo PubMed, utilizando as palavras-chave: “gestacional diabetes”, “placenta” e “histopathology”. Foram analisados artigos entre os anos 2000-2022, e selecionados 37 artigos relevantes para formular uma revisão sobre os principais achados histopatológicos na placenta de gestantes portadoras de DMG. Resultados: Dentre as lesões mais frequentes relatadas em gestantes portadoras de DMG sem nenhuma outra comorbidade (como obesidade, hipertensão, pre-eclampsia, ISTs, etc) existente durante toda a gravidez, destacaram-se os seguintes achados: Imaturidade vilosa (15 artigos), Necrose Fibrinoide (14), Edema viloso (11), e Corioangiose (10), espessamento da membrana basal do sinciciotrofoblasto (5 ), depósito de glicogênio ( 5), espessamento vascular (4), presença de eritrócitos fetais nucleados (4) e aumento da presença de macrófagos (4). Conclusão: A placenta “diabética” apresenta diversas alterações histológicas como consequência dos valores glicêmicos elevados, implicando em lesões microscópicas não somente como resultado direto da DMG, mas também alterações compensatórias que atuam para contrapor hipóxia e inflamação local, os efeitos da má-nutrição materna e fetal, assim como de outros insultos específicos decorrentes da resistência a insulina transitória, característica do DMG . Tais alterações podem contribuir para o agravamento de um fenótipo fetal alterado comumente associado ao DMG e predispor este neonato a doenças cardiometabólicas durante a vida adulta.