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Journal articles on the topic 'Base catalyst'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Hartley, Will, Timothy O’Riordan, and Andrew Smith. "Aryloxide-Promoted Catalyst Turnover in Lewis Base Organocatalysis." Synthesis 49, no. 15 (2017): 3303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589047.

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This short review highlights select examples of enantioselective Lewis base promoted reactions that use tertiary amine (cinchona alkaloids, isothioureas, and DMAP/PPY derivatives) or NHC catalysts and employ aryloxide-promoted catalyst turnover from an acyl ammonium or azolium intermediate. This review focuses on the range of strategies that have been developed within this area, and discusses their evolution and context.1 Introduction2 Phenols as Additives To Promote Catalyst Turnover2.1 NHC Catalysis with α-Functionalised Aldehydes and Phenols2.2 Enantioselective Fluorination with Aryloxide-P

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2

Tan, Yie Hua, Mohammad Omar Abdullah, and Cirilo Nolasco Hipolito. "Comparison of Biodiesel Production between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Base Catalysts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 833 (April 2016): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.833.71.

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Homogeneous base catalyst has wide acceptability in biodiesel production because of their fast reaction rates. However, postproduction costs incurred from aqueous quenching, wastewater and loss of catalysts led to the search for alternatives. Heterogeneous base catalyst is developed to cater these problems. The advantages of heterogeneous catalyst are their high basicity and non-toxicity. This work compared the production of biodiesel using two different kind of catalysts that is homogeneous catalyst (sodium hydroxide, NaOH and potassium hydroxide, KOH) and heterogeneous catalysts (calcium, ox

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Subramaniam, Koguleshun, Sasidevan Munusamy, Fei-ling Pua, Mohd Aizat Mohd Nasir, Rohaya Othman, and Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar. "Utilization of Carbide Lime Waste as Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (2018): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.23092.

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Calcium rich solid base catalyst was synthesized from local waste carbide lime and its catalytic performance was evaluated via biodiesel production. Carbide lime waste was used to produce CLW-I and CLW-II solid base catalyst using different preparation methods. Characterization including base strength analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were investigated. Catalytic strength was examined by deploying the solid base catalysts for transesterification reaction of palm oil. Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) was used t

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4

Qu, Jia Wei, Min Wei Wang, and Ren Lang Wang. "Influence of Preparation Conditions of the Solid Base Catalyst on the Performance of Synthesizing Polyglycerol." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.109.

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Different solid base catalysts used for the polymerization of glycerol were prepared by impregnation. Catalyst type and the preparation conditions were optimized on the base of polymerization degree. Results showed: the best catalyst was KF/Al2O3, and optimal condition for catalyst preparation was as follows: loading of 40% KF, calcinations temperature 600°C. The polymerization degree of 5.92 was obtained under the following reaction condition: the amount of catalyst 11.62,reaction temperature 250°C, reaction time 4 h.

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5

Song, Kyoung Ho, Soon Kwan Jeong, Byung Hun Jeong, Kwan-Young Lee, and Hak Joo Kim. "Acid/Base-Treated Activated Carbon Catalysts for the Low-Temperature Endothermic Cracking of N-Dodecane with Applications in Hypersonic Vehicle Heat Management Systems." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (2020): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101149.

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Hypersonic aircrafts suffer from heat management problems caused by the air friction produced at high speeds. The supercritical catalytic cracking of fuel is endothermic and can be exploited to remove heat from the aircraft surfaces using specially designed heat management systems. Here, we report that an acid/base-treated activated carbon (AC) catalyst shows superior performance to the conventional ZSM-5 catalyst at 4 MPa and 450 °C. Further, under these conditions, coke formation is thermodynamically avoided. Of the prepared catalysts, the AC catalyst treated with NaOH and subsequently with

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6

Yu, Xiang, Xuekun Mo, Hanming Chen, Xiangyang Jiang, Bingbing Xu, and Mingqiao Zhu. "Fabrication of Strong Basic Sites on Cr³⁺ Doped Reductive Support and Its Catalytic Application for Transesterification." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2679, no. 1 (2024): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2679/1/012021.

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Abstract Solid strong base catalysts have attracted much attention for their excellent catalytic performance and environmental friendliness due to heterogeneous properties. However, this kind of catalyst usually needs a higher temperature to be activated. Therefore, it is still a challenge to obtain high-activity catalysts at lower fabrication temperatures. In this paper, a reductive catalyst support containing low-valence metal centers (Cr3+) was prepared. Through the redox reaction between the Cr3+ and KNO3, the basic sites can be produced at lower temperatures on the reductive support (Cr-M

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7

Singhanatkaisi, Natthakit, Mathi Kandiah, Alvin Lim Teik Zheng, Yoshito Ando, and Supakorn Boonyuen. "Biodiesel production from used palm oil using magnetic solid base catalyst." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012025.

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Abstract In this research the biodiesel from palm oil were synthesized by using magnetic solid base catalyst. The magnetic solid base catalyst was prepared by using co-precipitation method and followed by modified Stober’s method and wet impregnation method. CaO-ferrite nanometre magnetic solid base catalysts (CaO@Fe3O4/SiO2) were synthesized by loading CaO on the surface of Fe3O4 core-shell using the polymeric binder, TEOS. Under the optimized condition reactions, the catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation followed by calcination at 700 °C for 5 h. T

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8

Wang, Baohua, Bingquan Wang, Sudheesh K. Shukla, and Rui Wang. "Enabling Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification." Catalysts 13, no. 4 (2023): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13040740.

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With the rapid development of industry and the increasing demand for transportation, traditional sources of energy have been excessively consumed. Biodiesel as an alternative energy source has become a research focus. The most common method for biodiesel production is transesterification, in which lipid and low carbon alcohol are commonly used as raw materials, in the presence of a catalyst. In the process of transesterification, the performance of the catalyst is the key factor of the biodiesel yield. This paper reviews the recent research progress on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts i

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Kang, Na, Yindi Fan, Dan Li, Xiaoli Jia, and Sanhu Zhao. "Preparation of Magnetic Nano-Catalyst Containing Schiff Base Unit and Its Application in the Chemical Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates." Magnetochemistry 10, no. 5 (2024): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10050033.

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The development of a catalyst for the conversion of CO2 and epoxides to the corresponding cyclic carbonates is still a very attractive topic. Magnetic nano-catalysts are widely used in various organic reactions due to their magnetic separation and recycling properties. Here, a magnetic nano-catalyst containing a Schiff base unit was designed, synthesized and used as a heterogeneous catalyst to catalyze CO2 and epoxides to form cyclic carbonates without solvents and co-catalysts. The catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (

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10

Setyaningsih, Sri, Maisari Utami, Akhmad Syoufian, Eddy Heraldy, Nasih Widya Yuwono, and Karna Wijaya. "Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 22, no. 1 (2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.65404.

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Biodiesel is a renewable energy source that can be produced through esterification as well as transesterification reactions. This work presents a series of zirconia catalysts synthesized by hydrothermal method on various concentrations in acidic (H2SO4 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 M) and basic (NaOH 1, 2, 3, and 4 M) solution to get a catalyst with the highest acidity or basicity. Characterizations of the catalysts were performed by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, surface area analysis, acidity, and basicity test. The most active acid catalyst activity was evaluated for the esterification of low-grade crude palm oil

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11

Maru, Minaxi S., Parth Patel, Noor-ul H. Khan, and Ram S. Shukla. "Copper Hydrotalcite (Cu-HT) as an Efficient Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of CO2 to Formic Acid." Current Catalysis 9, no. 1 (2020): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211544709999200413110411.

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: Hydrogenation of CO2 to energy-rich products over heterogeneous metal catalysts has gained much attention due to their commercial applications. Specifically, the first-row transition metal catalysts are very rarely reported and discussed for the production of formic acid from the hydrogenation of CO2. Herein, hydrotalcite supported copper metal has shown activity and efficiency to produce formic acid from the hydrogenation of CO2, without adding any additional base or promoter and was effectively recycled 4 times after separating by simple filtration without compromising the formic acid yiel

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12

Choerunnas, Paqih, Lany Nurhayati, Devy Susanty, and Gladys Ayu Paramita Kusumah Wardhani. "Biodiesel from Avocado Seed Oil with CaO and CaO Super Basa Catalyst from Egg Shell Waste." JURNAL SAINS NATURAL 14, no. 1 (2024): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v14i1.591.

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One waste that can be used as raw material for biodiesel is avocado seeds. Generally, biodiesel from avocado seed oil is synthesized using a homogeneous base catalyst, NaOH or KOH. However, the yield of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) is still low, so it is necessary to make biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalysts such as calcium oxide (CaO) and super base CaO from eggshell waste. Avocado seed oil biodiesel was synthesized using the method of transesterification with a ratio of 1:6, and a super base CaO/CaO catalyst of 1.5% (w/w) of the weight of avocado seed oil was added. The use of the CaO cata

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13

Trabocchi, Andrea, Riccardo Innocenti, and Gloria Menchi. "Dual Iminium- and Lewis Base Catalyzed Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction on Cyclopent-2-enone." Synlett 29, no. 06 (2017): 820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591521.

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The application of iminium catalysis to the challenging Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction on cyclopenten-2-one leads to the corresponding allylic alcohols in excellent yields. Experimental evidence shows that secondary amines act as co-catalysts activating the enone moiety towards the nucleophilic attack at the β-position by DABCO as the Lewis base catalyst, resulting in an augmented nucleophilic character towards the reaction with aldehydes.

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14

Borah, Debasis, Deepmoni Brahma, Dipanwita Basak, and Hemaprobha Saikia. "Ru-bentonite catalyzed green Knoevenagel condensation of substituted benzaldehydes with ethyl cyanoacetate." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 23, no. 4 (2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2023-4-33.

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The full-text of the article will be published in the English version of the journal "Catalysis in Industry" No. 1, 2024.To develop Ru-incorporated bentonite clay as a heterogeneous base catalyst for use in Knoevenagel condensation as an alternative to hazardous base catalysts like pyridine, piperidine, etc., we purify the naturally occurring bentonite clay and Ru3+ cation incorporated into its interlayers of bentonite clay to improve its porosity and to increase the surface area of bentonite clay. Purified bentonite and Ru-bentonite were characterized by FTIR, PXRD, HRTEM, SEM & EDS, BET

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15

CHIR, Jiunly, Stephen WITHERS, Chin-Feng WAN та Yaw-Kuen LI. "Identification of the two essential groups in the family 3 β-glucosidase from Flavobacterium meningosepticum by labelling and tandem mass spectrometric analysis". Biochemical Journal 365, № 3 (2002): 857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20020186.

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β-Glucosidase from Flavobacterium meningosepticum (Fbgl) catalyses the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glucosidic bonds via a two-step double-displacement mechanism in which two amino acid residues act as nucleophile and acid/base catalyst. Definitive identification of these two residues is provided by the two active-site-directed inactivators, 2′,4′-dinitrophenyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-glucoside (2FDNPG) and N-bromoacetyl-β-d-glucosylamine (NBGN), which stoichiometrically label the nucleophile and the acid/base catalyst of Fbgl, respectively. Pseudo-first-order inactivation rate constants (ki) of 0.25±0.01

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16

Asri, Nyoman Puspa, Yohannes Somawiharja, Yustia Wulandari Mirzayanti, Diah Agustina Puspitasari, Rachmad Ramadhan Yogaswara, and Jia-Ming Chern. "Fly ash utilization as support of nano zinc oxide composite catalyst for methanolysis of kapok (Ceiba Pentandra) seed oil." Engineering Solid Mechanics 12, no. 4 (2024): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2024.6.002.

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This study focuses on developing a nano zinc oxide (ZnO) catalyst with fly ash (FA) as a support material for converting kapok seed oil (KSO) into biodiesel. This research aims to study the preparation of nano ZnO/FA solid catalysts and the catalyst's reactivity towards kapok seed oil biodiesel (KSOB) products. The catalysts were synthesized using a modification of the Stober process, which is the co-precipitation, impregnation, and precipitation step co-occurred. The catalyst is prepared on base condition using sodium hydroxide with a solvent of methanol and zinc chloride as a raw material. F

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Abdulloh, Abdulloh, Alfa Akustia Widati, and Faiz Tamamy. "HIDROLISIS MINYAK JARAK PAGAR MENJADI ASAM LEMAH BEBAS MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS CaO." Jurnal Kimia Riset 1, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v1i1.2430.

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AbstrakTelah dilakukan hidrolisis minyak jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas oil: JO) menggunakan katalis CaO. Reaksi ini dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonomis minyak jarak pagar selain biodiesel. Katalis CaO dikalsinasi terlebih dahulu pada suhu 800ᵒC untuk menghindari terjadinya deaktivasi katalis oleh terbentuknya CaCO3. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan karakterisasi katalis CaO meliputi struktur kristal CaO, luas permukaan, jumlah situs basa dan kekuatan kebasaan serta aktivitas katalitiknya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, katalis CaO memiliki luas permukaan 26,451 m2/g, kekuatan situs basa (

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18

Zhang, Yunlei, Pei Jin, Minjia Meng, Lin Gao, Meng Liu, and Yongsheng Yan. "Acid-Base Bifunctional Metal-Organic Frameworks: Green Synthesis and Application in One-Pot Glucose to 5-HMF Conversion." Nano 13, no. 11 (2018): 1850132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292018501321.

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The direct synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with acidic and basic active sites is challenging due to the introduction of functional groups by post-functionalization method often jeopardize the framework integrity. Herein, we report the direct synthesis of acid-base bi-functional MOFs with tuning acid-base strength. Employing modulated hydrothermal (MHT) approach, microporous MOFs named UiO-66-NH2 was prepared. Through the ring-opening reaction of 1,3-propanesultone with amino group, UiO-66-NH2-SO3H-type catalysts can be obtained. The synthesized catalysts were well characterized an

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Ayoub, Muhammad, Abrar Inayat, Sintayehu Mekuria Hailegiorgis, and Aamir Hussain Bhat. "Synthesis of Alumina Based Alkaline Catalyst for Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol to Polyglycerol." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.33.

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Biodiesel which comes from pure renewable resources provide an alternative fuel option for future. The rapid growth of the biodiesel industry will result in overproduction of less value glycerol and create a superfluity of this impure by-product. The synthesis of alkaline alumina catalyst for polyglycerol production via solvent free base-catalyzed etherification of low value glycerol is reported. The etherification of biodiesel derived glycerol to polyglycerol was studied in a heterogeneous catalysis under solvent free system, using alkalines over γ – alumina catalysts. All the catalysts were

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Ghedini, Elena, Somayeh Taghavi, Federica Menegazzo, and Michela Signoretto. "A Review on the Efficient Catalysts for Algae Transesterification to Biodiesel." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810479.

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The depletion of fossil fuel resources and increasing environmental pollution led to a trend for using alternative, clean, green, and sustainable fuel and energy resources. To attain this aim, using biomass as an alternative resource for diesel production has been a hotspot among researchers. Biodiesel has several advantages, such as being lower toxic and more renewable, and eco-friendlier than diesel from fossil fuel resources. Several edible and non-edible bio-sources were used for the production of biodiesel from the transesterification process. Algal oil as a non-edible source is considere

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Su, Yizhen, Jiangfeng Sheng, Aiqing Tang, and Linhua Zhu. "One Pot Synthesis of Phosphomolybdenate Based Hybrids for Efficient Oxidative Desulfurization." Science of Advanced Materials 16, no. 8 (2024): 871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2024.4693.

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With increasing stringent standard of sulfur content in fuels, there is a growing need for high-efficiency deep desulfurization to meet ecological and environmental demands. Herein, a series of heteropolyacid catalysts with phosphomolybdic acid base melamine (MHPMo-n) were synthesized by one-pot method and applied to oxidative desulfurization. Further, the optimum conditions for desulfurizations could be explored, which the desulfurization rate of the catalyst could reach 100% within 60 min under the conditions of m(catalyst)= 0.01 g, T = 40 °C, O/S = 3. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrated

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Liu, Na, Yingluo He, Kangzhou Wang, et al. "Tuning the Acid–Base Properties of Lignin-Derived Carbon Modulated ZnZr/SiO2 Catalysts for Selective and Efficient Production of Butadiene from Ethanol." Molecules 28, no. 18 (2023): 6632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186632.

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The direct selective conversion of ethanol to butadiene (ETB) is a competitive and environmentally friendly process compared to the traditional crude cracking route. The acid–base properties of catalysts are crucial for the direct ETB process. Herein, we report a rationally designed multifunctional lignin-derived carbon-modulated ZnZr/SiO2 (L-ZnZr/SiO2) catalyst with suitable acid–base properties for the direct ETB reaction. A variety of characterization techniques are employed to investigate the relationship between the acid–base properties and catalytic performance of the multifunctional lig

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Ji. "Recent Development of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Transesterification of Glycerol to Glycerol Carbonate." Catalysts 9, no. 7 (2019): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9070581.

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Glycerol is one of the most crucial by-products in the production of biodiesel, and owing to its oversaturation in the market, several synthetic strategies have been developed to transform it into other higher value-added products such as glycerol carbonate, epichlorohydrin, 1,3-propanediol, etc. Amongst them, glycerol carbonate is considered to be the most valuable product. Considering the facile separation and reusability of catalyst, heterogeneous base catalysts have attracted considerable attention due to the obvious advantages over Brϕnsted acid and homogeneous base catalysts in the trans

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Morales-Marín, Adriana, Unai Iriarte-Velasco, Miguel Ángel Gutiérrez-Ortiz, and Jose Luis Ayastuy. "Aqueous-Phase Glycerol Conversion over Ni-Based Catalysts Synthesized by Nanocasting." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (2022): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060668.

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A morphological strategy consisting of nanocasting synthesis of nickel aluminate spinel precursor was addressed. Two nanocasted catalysts were synthesized involving different template-removal procedures (i.e., Teflon-assisted calcination vs. NaOH washing) for spinel recovery. As a reference, spinel NiAl2O4 supported by SBA-15 and bare nickel aluminate spinel were selected. The obtained solids were characterized in detail, examining their textural, acid–base, structural and compositional characteristics, either in the calcined or reduced forms. The as-obtained catalysts’ performance was evaluat

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Häusler, Johannes, Joachim Pasel, Clemens Wöllhaf, Ralf Peters, and Detlef Stolten. "Dilute Alloy Catalysts for the Synthesis of Isobutanol via the Guerbet Route: A Comprehensive Study." Catalysts 14, no. 3 (2024): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14030215.

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This study investigates the potential of bimetallic alloy catalysts, specifically Ni99Pt1, Cu99Ni1, Cu99Fe1, Fe99Pt1, and Fe99Pd1, for the synthesis of isobutanol via the Guerbet route. The catalysts were synthesized with a doping of 1 at Ni, Fe, Pt, and Pd in the base metals Fe, Cu, and Ni. The catalytic properties of these bimetallic alloy catalysts were explored for their potential for promoting the Guerbet reaction. The study aims to test the usability of the theoretically predicted d-band values in the synthesized bimetallic catalysts, which were prepared by means of incipient wetness imp

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Durumin-Iya, Sani Garba, and Usman Idris Ismail. "Exploring the efficacy of calcined eggshell as a heterogeneous catalyst in enhancing biodiesel production through transesterification of Jatropha oil." Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 10, no. 3b (2024): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i3b.21.

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The conventional use of homogeneous base catalysts in biodiesel production via transesterification has limitations, prompting researchers to explore heterogeneous catalysts. This study examines the effectiveness of calcined eggshell as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Jatropha oil. The catalyst's chemical properties were analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) ARL QUANT'X EDXRF Analyzer (S/N 9952120) of Umaru Musa Yaraduwa University Katsina cental laboratory, revealing a primarily CaO composition. Transesterification was performed using varying concentrations (0.1-0.6 wt%

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Gao, Lihong, Jiang Chen, Jun Zheng, and Haiyan Zhang. "Synthesis of curcumin catalyzed by KF/Al2O3." Pigment & Resin Technology 45, no. 4 (2016): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-01-2015-0002.

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Purpose The purpose of the study reported in this paper is to synthesis curcumin, which was reported to possess broad pharmacological effects and excellent dyeing properties, via Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction catalysed by an efficient and green solid base catalyst, KF/Al2O3. Design/methodology/approach A series of catalysts with different KF loadings and varying calcination temperatures had been prepared, characterised by Brunauer–Emmett–Taller surface area, temperature-programmed desorption with CO2 using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectros

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Ikenaga, Kazuhiro, Ayaka Hamada, Takahiro Inoue, and Katsuki Kusakabe. "Biodiesel Production Using Metal Oxide Catalysts under Microwave Heating." International Journal of Biomass and Renewables 6, no. 2 (2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/ijbrvol6iss2art4448.

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Biodiesel has been commercially produced by transesterification of triglyceride with homogeneous base catalyst, where the separation of catalysts, glycerol and biodiesel from the product is troublesome. The solid catalyst can be used to resolve the separation problem and available to be reused. In this study metal oxide catalysts (PbO2, MnO2, Bi2O3, Fe3O4, TiO2, Fe2O3) were selected for the transesterification. Purity of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in the products, which is equivalent of FAME yield, was determined for these catalysts under pressurized microwave heating condition (200oC and

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Jadhav, Amarsinh L., and Ganapati D. Yadav. "A Green Process for Selective Hydrolysis of Cinnamaldehyde in Water to Natural Benzaldehyde by Using Ti and Zn Modified Hydrotalcites as Catalysts." Current Green Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2019): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213346106666191021105244.

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Hydrolysis of Cinnamaldehyde (CNM) is one of the important processes for the production of industrially essential natural benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde is a vital precursor in the production of perfumes, cosmetics, food, beverages, and pharmaceutical intermediates. As homogeneous base catalysts are polluting and difficult to separate, heterogeneous catalysts should be used. Hydrolysis of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde was studied over modified hydrotalcite (HT) base catalysts wherein HT was activated with either zinc or titanium, by combustion synthesis using glycine or glycerol as fuel. Both the

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Amalia, Rif’ah, Hendrik Elvian Gayuh Prasetya, Eka Siti Nurlaili, and Achmad Bahrul Ulum. "PILOT PLANT PROSES PRODUKSI BIODIESEL MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS BASA HOMOGEN." Journal of Research and Technology 6, no. 1 (2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55732/jrt.v6i1.135.

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Methyl ester is an alkyl ester compound which is produced through an transesterification process between triglycerides and methanol with the aid of alkaline catalysts into alkyl esters and glycerol. Methyl ester is produced through a transesterification reaction. The method used in the production of methyl ester was Pilot Plant with batch process. Base catalyst variations were carried out at 0,1%w/w;0,3%w/w;0,5%w/w;0,7%w/w; dan 0,9%w/w. The productions of methyl ester consisted of pre-treatment, transesterification reaction, and post-treatment. Quality test of methyl ester consists of density

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Wang, Anping, Hu Li, Heng Zhang, Hu Pan, and Song Yang. "Efficient Catalytic Production of Biodiesel with Acid-Base Bifunctional Rod-Like Ca-B Oxides by the Sol-Gel Approach." Materials 12, no. 1 (2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010083.

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The search for acid-base bifunctional catalysts has become a hot topic in the preparation of biofuels from renewable resources. In the present work, a series of novel acid-base bifunctional metal-boron catalysts were successfully prepared by a sol-gel method and characterized by XRD, IR, SEM, TEM, TGA, BET, and TPD. Among those bifunctional solid materials, the Ca-B(700) catalyst had the highest density of both acid and base sites and showed excellent catalytic performance in the production of biodiesel from nonedible oils with high acid value. Under the optimal reaction conditions of 20/1 met

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Xu, Qijie, Lei Zhang, Wenzhong Shi, and Yuanchen Cui. "Catalytic performances of cross-linking humic acids supported Pd/Ni bimetallic catalyst for heck reaction." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 11, no. 3 (2009): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-009-0031-0.

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Catalytic performances of cross-linking humic acids supported Pd/Ni bimetallic catalyst for heck reaction The cross-linking humic acids (CL-HAs), epichlorohydrin as the cross-linking reagent and the supported Pd/Ni bimetallic catalysts (CL-HAs-Pd/Ni) were prepared and characterized by IR, AAS, XPS, TEM. The effects of reaction time, temperature, base, solvent and the amount of catalyst on the properties of the catalyst were studied. These catalysts could catalyze the Heck reaction of aryl halides and substituted aryl halides with acrylic acids or styrene successfully; the yields were all above

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Putri, Qodria Utami, Hasanudin Hasanudin, and Ady Mara. "Comparison of Acidity Test Method of Nickel Phosphate Silica Catalyst for Production Levulinic Acid from Glucose." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 7, no. 3 (2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v7.i3.106.

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The reaction of levulinic acid production from glucose has a reaction stage that requires a high temperature and high activation energy so that in this levulinic acid production reaction a catalyst is needed. The required catalyst must have a lewis acid site and a bronsted acid site so that the acidity of the catalyst is very influential for the successful production of levulonic acid. Silica nickel phosphate catalysts have lewis acid sites from Ni metal and bronsted acid sites from phosphoric and silica groups. The acidity of the catalyst was measured using the pyridine and ammonia adsorption

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Kingkam, Wilasinee, Jirapa Maisomboon, Khemmanich Khamenkit, et al. "Preparation of CaO@CeO2 Solid Base Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production." Catalysts 14, no. 4 (2024): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14040240.

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The study investigated the use of CeO2 extracted from monazite with calcium oxide (CaO) as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production. The wet impregnation method was used to produce CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts with 0–50 wt.% CaO. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) was used to characterize the catalysts. In order to determine the optimal preparation conditions, the effect of different CaO compositions on the performance of CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts was examine

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Suprapto, Suprapto, Tikha Reskiani Fauziah, Meiske S. Sangi, Titie Prapti Oetami, Imroatul Qoniah, and Didik Prasetyoko. "Calcium Oxide from Limestone as Solid Base Catalyst in Transesterification of Reutealis trisperma Oil." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 16, no. 2 (2018): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21165.

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CaO catalysts were synthesized from limestone by thermal decomposition and coprecipitation methods. The CaO and MgO reference catalysts were also synthesized for comparison. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and the analysis result was refined by Rietica software. CaO catalyst obtained by coprecipitation method has higher purity of CaO and lower MgO content than those of calcined CaO. The catalysts were also characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR spectra showed that the catalysts can be easily hydrated and carbonated in air. The catal

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Bello, Abdu Muhammad. "An Insight into the Performance and Prospect of Catalysts in Biodiesel Production, with Special Emphasis on Heterogeneous Based Catalysis." Malaysian Journal of Catalysis 8, no. 2 (2024): 58–70. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjcat.v8n2.190.

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Fossil fuel depletion, increased world energy demand, and the environmental crisis linked to petroleum-based energy instigated the quest for its substitute. The sustainability of biodiesel affords it a high prospect over fossil fuels. It has been receiving attention as a result of its biodegradability, renewability, low toxicity, and good transport and storage properties. The main shortcomings of biodiesel are the production cost and choice of catalyst. Three types of catalysts mainly used for biodiesel production are basic, acidic, or enzyme. Industrial production of biodiesel typically emplo

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Oo, Ye Min, Panupong Juera-Ong, Kritsakon Pongraktham, and Krit Somnuk. "Comparative Studies on Methyl Ester Production from Pretreated Sludge Palm Oil Using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Base Catalysts." Catalysts 14, no. 9 (2024): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14090647.

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A heterogeneous base catalyst transesterification process with a calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst was performed to produce high-purity methyl ester (ME) from pretreated sludge palm oil (PSPO) derived from sludge palm oil (SPO). Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a homogeneous base catalyst to assess the distinctions between heterogeneous and homogeneous base catalysts. The response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to determine the optimal and recommended conditions for both transesterification processes. For heterogeneous transesterification,

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Tsai, Chi-Hung, and Wen-Tien Tsai. "Sustainable Processes Reusing Potassium-Rich Biomass Ash as a Green Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: A Mini-Review." Processes 12, no. 12 (2024): 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122736.

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To mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel and its sustainable production have been receiving more attention over the past decade, especially for the reuse of waste cooking oils and non-edible oils as starting feedstocks. For the biodiesel production process, the suitability of a green catalyst is a core function in the transesterification reaction. Heterogeneous (solid-state) catalysts are generally superior to homogeneous (liquid-state) catalysts due to several significant advantages such as no saponification products formed, recyclability, a

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Levytska, Svitlana, Artur Mylin, and Anatoliy Varvarin. "Catalytic Synthesis of Methyl Glycolate from Glyoxal Methanol Solution over Base Catalysts." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 16, no. 4 (2022): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht16.04.515.

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The process of obtaining methyl glycolate from a methanolic solution of glyoxal over solid basic catalysts based on mixed oxides of magnesium, zirconium, and aluminum has been studied. According to obtained results, the selectivity of the methyl glycolate formation increases with increasing the basicity of the catalyst. The most selective coprecipitated MgO-ZrO2 provides almost 100 % methyl glycolate yield. The supported MgO-ZrO2/Al2O3 gives to 95 % yield of methyl glycolate with the formation of the glyoxal dimethyl acetal as a by-product. This catalyst could be reused several consecutive cyc

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Kanai, Shunsuke, Ippei Nagahara, Yusuke Kita, Keigo Kamata, and Michikazu Hara. "A bifunctional cerium phosphate catalyst for chemoselective acetalization." Chemical Science 8, no. 4 (2017): 3146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc05642c.

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A CePO<sub>4</sub>catalyst exhibits high catalytic performance for the chemoselective acetalization of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with alcohols, in sharp contrast to other homogeneous and heterogeneous acid and/or base catalysts.

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Monica Sachdeva Taggar, Rajesh Soni, S.K. Singh, Sarbhjit Singh Sooch, and M.K. Sangha. "Production of Ethyl Esters from Jatropha Oil using Wet Ethanol." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 50, no. 4 (2024): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2013504.1533.

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Ethanol based biodiesel prepared from plant oils is environment friendly. Ethyl esters were prepared from Jatropha curcas L. oil using wet ethanol (170, 180 and 190 proof ethanol) as reactant. The crude oil had free fatty acid contents of 6.3% and acid value of 11.2. In the present study, two methods were employed for the preparation of biodiesel. The first method involved pre-treatment of crude oil with acid catalyst, followed by base-catalysed transesterification. The second method involved acid catalysed esterification/trans-esterification of crude oil, followed by base-catalysed trans-este

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Peng, Chuang, Dong Zeng, Jianjun Li, et al. "Synthesis of Methyl Mercaptan on Mesoporous Alumina Prepared with Hydroxysafflor Yellow A as Template: The Synergistic Effect of Potassium and Molybdenum." Catalysts 11, no. 11 (2021): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11111365.

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K-promoted Mo-based catalysts showed great promise for the hydrogenation of CS2 to methyl mercaptan (CH3SH). However, the research on the synergistic effect of K and Mo, and the active site of CS2 hydrogenation to CH3SH were unexplored widely. To solve this problem, the synergistic effect of K and Mo in the K-promoted Mo-based catalysts for CS2 hydrogenation to prepare CH3SH was investigated. The mesoporous alumina was the support and loaded the active components potassium and molybdenum to prepare the catalyst. The results suggested that the active components K and Mo can not only cooperative

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Hasni, M., J. Rouchaud, P. Grange, M. Devillers, and S. Delsarte. "Jasminaldehyde Synthesis Catalyzed by Al(Ga)PON Oxynitrides: Influence of the Reaction Conditions." Materials Science Forum 554 (August 2007): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.554.37.

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Nitridation of amorphous aluminium phosphate (AlPO4) and mixed aluminium gallium phosphate (Al0.5Ga0.5PO4) under ammonia flow allows preparing “AlPON” and “AlGaPON” bifunctional acid-base heterogeneous catalysts. Their acid-base bi-functional character allows their use as selective catalysts for the production of jasminaldehyde through the cross-condensation of heptanal and benzaldehyde, followed by the dehydration of the aldol intermediate product. Three parameters enabling to maximize the jasminaldehyde yields in a batch reactor operated at 125°C were investigated: the catalyst composition (

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Ding, Shuang, Lei Wang, Rui Yi Yan, et al. "Condensation of Methyl Propionate with Formaldehyde to Methyl Methacrylate over Cs-Zr-Mg/SiO₂ Catalysts." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.719.

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Cs-Zr-Mg/SiO2 can be effective catalysts for the production of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by the condensation of methyl propionate (MP) and formaldehyde (FA). The catalysts with different magnesium loading were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The number and strength of surface acid and base sites of catalysts were determined by stepwise temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NH3 and CO2, respectively. It was found that the catalyst with a magnesium loading of 1.0 g/100molSiO2 had the modest acidity and basicity and showed the excellent performance. Furthermore, it was also obser

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Wu, Baoqin, Yao Sheng, Linkai Zhou, et al. "Efficient and Stable O-Methylation of Catechol with Dimethyl Carbonate over Aluminophosphate Catalysts." Catalysts 13, no. 1 (2023): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010150.

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The O-methylation of catechol is an effective method for the industrial production of guaiacol used as an important chemical. However, the low catechol conversion and poor catalyst stability are the most critical issues that need to be addressed. Herein, the O-methylation of catechol with dimethyl carbonate was investigated over aluminophosphate (APO) catalysts, using a continuous-flow system to produce guaiacol. APO catalysts were synthesized with varying P/Al molar ratios and calcination temperatures to study their effects on catalytic performance for the reaction. The physico-chemical prope

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Dhal, Ganesh Chandra, Subhashish Dey, Devendra Mohan, and Ram Prasad. "Simultaneous Control of NOx-Soot by Substitutions of Ag and K on Perovskite (LaMnO3) Catalyst." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 13, no. 1 (2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.13.1.1152.144-154.

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The different Ag and K substituted perovskite catalysts including base catalyst were LaMnO3 by the solid state method and the diesel soot was prepared in the laboratory. Their structures and physico-chemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, SEM, H2-TPR, and XPS techniques. The Ag Substituted at A-site perovskite structured catalysts are more active than other type of catalysts for the simultaneous soot-NOX reaction, When Ag and K are simultaneously introduced into LaMnO3 catalyst, soot combustion is largely accelerated, with the temperature (Tm) for maximal soot c

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Zlobin, V. N., M. G. Bannikov, I. P. Vasilev, J. A. Cherkasov, and P. N. Gawrilenko. "Potential of use of ion implantation as a means of catalyst manufacturing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 5 (2002): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407021529192.

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The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of an ion implantation technique for catalyst manufacturing. The increasing production of vehicle catalysts has resulted in a growing consumption of the noble metals. Traditional methods of coating, such as impregnation, are thought to reduce the porosity and specific surface area of the catalysts. When ion implantation is used, the ions of the catalytic material are implanted into the substrate surface without affecting these properties. Several catalysts on different substrates were prepared by ion implantation and tested. The p

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Kurniawan, Edi, and Fitra Perdana. "BIODIESEL PRODUCTION OF WASTE COOKING OIL CATALYZED BY CAO DERIVED FROM SNAIL (ACHATINA FULICA) SHELL WASTE." Journal of Chemical Process and Material Technology 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36499/jcpmt.v1i1.5860.

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Biodiesel can be production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by base heterogeneous catalysts. One type of heterogeneous base catalyst is CaO. CaO can be produced from mollusc animal waste, one of which is snail shell waste (Achatina fulica). The main constituent of snail shell waste (Achatina fulica) is a calcium oxide compound (CaCO3) which can be decomposed into CaO at high temperatures. In this study, a temperature of 900 oC for 10 hours was used to convert CaCO3 compounds into CaO compounds. Biodiesel production using CaO catalyst on the mole ratio of oil: methanol 1: 6, 3 g weight of cata

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Kurniawan, Edi, and Fitra Perdana. "BIODIESEL PRODUCTION OF WASTE COOKING OIL CATALYZED BY CAO DERIVED FROM SNAIL (ACHATINA FULICA) SHELL WASTE." Journal of Chemical Process and Material Technology 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36499/jcpmt.v1i1.5860.

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Biodiesel can be production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by base heterogeneous catalysts. One type of heterogeneous base catalyst is CaO. CaO can be produced from mollusc animal waste, one of which is snail shell waste (Achatina fulica). The main constituent of snail shell waste (Achatina fulica) is a calcium oxide compound (CaCO3) which can be decomposed into CaO at high temperatures. In this study, a temperature of 900 oC for 10 hours was used to convert CaCO3 compounds into CaO compounds. Biodiesel production using CaO catalyst on the mole ratio of oil: methanol 1: 6, 3 g weight of cata

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Wicaksono, Dino, and Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas. "Synthesis of ZnO/CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste for Biodiesel Production." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 8, no. 1 (2019): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v8i1.20185.

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The diminishing of fossil fuel reserve has raised a consideration on the renewable energy development. Biodiesel is among the promising renewable energy which is feasible for large-scale production. Biodiesel is generally synthesized through the alkaline-catalyst transesterification of vegetable oil. The common catalyst for biodiesel is homogeneous base catalysts which are active but show several drawbacks related to the environmental aspects. Therefore, development of heterogeneous alkaline catalyst for biodiesel production is critical. CaO catalyst is considered a favourable heterogeneous ba

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