Academic literature on the topic 'Base transceiver stations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Base transceiver stations"
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Obinna, Ihedi-Okonkwo Nick, and Omosigho Emmanuel Osawaru. "Modelling of Power Consumption in Two Base Stations, Using Ugbor Station and Benson Idahosa University Station in Benin City as a Case Study." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 11, 2020): 1153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun611.
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This research is on the analysis and modelling of power consumption in a base transceiver station. For the purpose of this research, two base transceiver stations in Benin (BEN) were visited and data were collected and analysed: Ugbor station referred to as BEN035 (site A) and Benson Idahosa University referred to as BEN198 (site B). Analysis was made on AC power consumption and its Matlab plot. The model of Base station instantaneous DC power consumption for high and low traffic global system of mobile communication (GSM) usage was carried out by Matlab software to show how power is been consumed in a Base transceiver Station (BTS) and for future forecast.
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Nguyen, Cuong V., Minh T. Nguyen, Toan V. Quyen, Anh M. Le, and Linh H. Truong. "The Hybrid Solar-RF Energy for Base Transceiver Stations." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (July 14, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8875760.
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The base transceiver stations (BTS) are telecom infrastructures that facilitate wireless communication between the subscriber device and the telecom operator networks. They are deployed in suitable places having a lot of freely propagating ambient radio frequency (RF) and solar energies. This paper is aimed at converting received ambient environmental energy into usable electricity to power the stations. We proposed a hybrid energy harvesting system that can collect energy from RF and solar energies at the same time. The sources are combined to provide to a significant amount, to contribute to operational expenditures that reduce energy costs, and to improve the energy efficiency of the base station sites in rural areas from the most common renewable resources since the base stations are major consumers of cellular networks. The hybrid systems are designed with circuits, simulated, and compared to show their good performance to the base stations. PSIM, PROTEUS, and MATLAB software are used to simulate for evaluating the voltage and the current output of the hybrid systems that meet the power requirements. The design and simulation results show the feasibility of our proposed method with the battery storage that can be deployed not only in real base stations but also for other electrical operated systems.
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M, M. Aan Auliq. "Perancangan Sistem Monitoring Power BTS (Base Transceiver Station) Menggunakan SMS Gateway Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATMega 8535." Jurnal Teknik Elektro dan Komputasi (ELKOM) 1, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32528/elkom.v1i1.2178.
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Power system at BTS (Base Transceiver Station) plays an important role in supplying power to all devices that’s supporting signal processing. But the power system needs its own surveillance, especially during the power outage, especially the electricity. The problems that are often experienced by the base stations, especially in areas of high levels of electrical outages. Based on this idea researcher design and create a monitoring tool power base stations using Atmega microcontroller-based SMS gateway 8535. This system aims to supervise / monitor the condition of the power system at BTS when disruptions, the system uses a voltage sensor as an indicator of disturbance and SHT11 sensor as a parameter measurement of temperature and humidity of the room. This is connected to the SMS Gateway using RS-232 communications and controlled using a microcontroller Atmega8535.
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Adelakun, A. O., B. Y. Lawal, M. A. Adekoya, and K. E. Ukhurebo. "Chaotic assessment of the key performance indicators for a GSM Network congestion in an election period in Nigeria." Nigeria Journal of Pure and Applied Physics 9, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpap.v9i1.6.
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This paper investigates the chaos-based assessment of the Key performance Indicators (KPIs) for the Cellular network congestion during and after 2011 People Democratic Party (PDP) presidential primary election in Eagle Square within Abuja and its environs. Chaotic quantifiers such as average mutual information, Lyapunov exponents and specific attenuation were employed to study the congestion rate or dynamical state of the network. The chaotic assessment of the Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (WCDMA) data services provided by MTN network using KPIs are reported. The data retrieved from the three Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) were used to analyse the performance of the network. The results revealed the state of dynamical behaviour of the congestion during the study period.
Keywords: Key performance Indicators (KPIs); Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (WCDMA); Global System of Mobile communication (GSM); Base Transceiver Station (BTS); Chaotic Quantifiers
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Spagnuolo, Antonio, Antonio Petraglia, Carmela Vetromile, Roberto Formosi, and Carmine Lubritto. "Monitoring and optimization of energy consumption of base transceiver stations." Energy 81 (March 2015): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.040.
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Ponomarev, Oleg, Alexander Moiseichenkov, Alexander Bakhtin, Elena Omelyanchuk, Anastasia Semenova, and Victor Mikhailov. "5G base station prototyping: implementation possibilities in Russia." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193003001.
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A brief overview of the development of 5G mobile communications in the world and in Russia is presented. 5G pilot projects in Russia are considered. The basic requirements for 5G networks, the tasks facing developers, examples of hardware and brief technical specifications of hardware produced in Russia that can be used to create base station equipment for 5G networks are given. The work of MIET on the development of software and algorithmic support for 5G transceiver equipment is described. An estimation is given concerning the feasibility of implementing 5G generation mobile communication base stations in Russia, including on the basis of hardware from Russian manufacturers.
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Ram, Mangey, and Kuldeep Nagiya. "Performance evaluation of mobile communication system with reliability measures." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 33, no. 3 (March 7, 2016): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-01-2015-0013.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate performance of mobile communication system with reliability measures. Design/methodology/approach – The mobile communication system consists of a mobile station (MS), base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (BSC) and the mobile switching center. The MS is connected to BTS, BTS is connected to BSC and BSC is connected with the mobile switching system. With the help of these stations working, the authors have developed a mathematical model using Markovian approach. Findings – Using the supplementary variable technique, the Laplace transformations and Markov process theory, the reliability indices of the mobile communication system are determined. Originality/value – In the present work, the authors have developed a mathematical model based on a mobile communication system.
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Su. Suganthi, Dr, S. Aishwarya, S. Keerthana, and B. R. Sandhya. "Raspberry PI based advanced communication for disaster management." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.31 (May 29, 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.31.13400.
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When a natural disaster occurs one of the major crisis is communication. This is mainly because when a calamity occurs all the cellular networks, towers and other contemporary means of network goes down making it impossible to communicate with others. Thus in this paper we propose an alternative solution for communication during disaster which can be achieved using a Long range radio transceiver module, which can operate without the help of any towers or base stations. The proposed transceiver model is a standalone device which can transmit and receive voice signals which operates on ISM band of frequency range 902 to 928 MHz, providing a hinderance free good communication, and as an additional feature is made to receive FM station signals using FM radio module, to keep us updated with the news, rescue and relief activities.
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Dutta, Uzzal Kumar, Md Abdur Razzaque, M. Abdullah Al-Wadud, Md Saiful Islam, M. Shamim Hossain, and B. B. Gupta. "Self-Adaptive Scheduling of Base Transceiver Stations in Green 5G Networks." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 7958–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2799603.
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Godswill, Ogbonna Chukwuemeka, Okoye Veronica Ugonma, and Eleazu Eberechi Ijeoma. "Telecommunication Masts/Base Transceiver Stations and Regulatory Standards in Abia State, Nigeria." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 6 (November 30, 2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n6p46.
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<p>Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) was introduced in Nigeria in May, 2001. Since then, GSM subscriber base has grown astronomically leading to the indiscriminate installation of Masts and Base Transceiver Stations across the country. The Nigerian communications commission (NCC) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) established environmental standards in 2009 and 2011 respectively to regulate the installation of BTSs and Masts. This study examined the compliance of GSM service providers with the established guidelines for the mounting of BTSs and Masts in Abia State, Nigeria. The study adopted geometric survey technique, and relied mainly on primary data which were collected through direct observation and measurements. Cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used to proportionately select BTSs/Masts that were surveyed. Data collected were analyzed with appropriate parametric tests using SPSS for Windows, Version 17. Specifically, the <em>t </em>test for paired samples, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to test the hypotheses of the study. The results show that there is significant difference between the mean value of the number of BTSs/Masts surveyed and the mean value of the number that complied with regulatory standards. The study further revealed that there were no significant differences between the telecommunication networks in their application of the environmental standards. The researchers therefore recommend that both NCC and NESREA be made to devolve their supervisory and monitory responsibilities to Town Planning Authorities at the local government level to ensure effective enforcement of the regulatory standards. </p>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Base transceiver stations"
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Branislav, Milanović. "Razvoj hibridnog modela za ocenjivanje životnog ciklusa proizvoda i procesa." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100597&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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U okviru doktorske disertacije predstavljen jerazvoj hibridnog modela za ocenjivanje životnog ciklusaproizvoda i procesa. Razvoj hibridnog modela se ogledakroz unapređenje postojećeg metodskog okvira LCA, te jestoga uključio razvoj svih faza LCA, a koje obuhvatajudefinisanje cilja i predmeta, inventar životnog ciklusa,ocenjivanje uticaja životnog ciklusa i interpretacijurezultata. Najznačajnija unapređenja su sprovedena uokviru faza inventara životnog ciklusa i ocenjivanja uticajaživotnog ciklusa. Izmene koje se odnose na načinprikupljanja podataka, su razvijene zbog uključivanjaparametara potrebnih za izračunavanje vrednosti sadržajaeksergije tokova. Unapređenje faze ocenjivanja uticajaživotnog ciklusa se ogleda kroz razvoj originalnog pristupaza izračunavanje ukupne potrošnje eksergije, krozuključivanje dodatne kategorije uticaja, razvijanjeindikatora kategorije uticaja i razvijanje pristupa zaizračunavanje karakterizacionih faktora. Sprovedena je ianaliza postojećih LCIA metoda, radi izbora adekvatnogmetoda u koji će biti uključena dodatna kategorija uticaja,kao i indikator kategorije uticaja, koji zajedno opisujuukupnu potrošnju eksergije tokom čitavog životnogciklusa. Takođe, prilikom razvoja kategorije uticaja supoštovani određeni kriterijumi, koje ona mora da zadovoljida bi mogla biti adekvatno uključena u odabrani LCIAmetod. Pored toga, bitan deo unapređenja ocenjivanjauticaja životnog ciklusa, leži u razvoju proračunakarakterizacionih faktora. Razvijena dodatna kategorijauticaja nazvana je Ukupna potrošnja eksergije - UPE, aizražava se preko indikatora MJex. LCIA metod koji jeodabran na osnovu SWOT analize u koji je ova dodatnakategorija uticaja uključena je CML metod. Postavljenihibridni metodski okvir posmatra kompletan životni ciklus,ali i svaki od jediničnih procesa koji uključuju elementarnetokove, odnosno tokove uzete iz prirodnog sistema bezdodatne obrade, kao i tokove proizvoda, odnosno tokovekoji su na neki način izmenjeni od strane pojedinihantropogenih sistema. Izračunavanje sadržaja eksergije ikarakterizacionih faktora je sprovedeno kako zaelementarne tokove tako i za tokove proizvoda.Funkcionalnost i praktična primenljivost razvijenoghibridnog modela je verifikovana na dva primera, koji suobuvatili proizvodnju laminatnog parketa i međusobnukomparaciju hibridnih baznih predajničkih stanica ikonvencionalnih baznih predajničkih stanica. Dobijenirezultati daju jednu zaista detaljniju i širu sliku mehanizmanastanka i izvora negativnih uticaja tokom životnog ciklusaposmatranih industrijskih sistema. Time je potvrđenanjegovu praktična primenljivost, kao i ukupni ciljistraživanja. Rezultati istraživanja realizovani u okvirudoktorske disertacije, u opštem smislu, daju doprinosstvaranju osnove za izdradnju puta ka razvoju i proizvodnjiodrživih proizvoda i procesa. Razvijeni hibridni model zaocenjivanje životnog ciklusa proizvoda i procesa pružadodatne informacije, koje mogu biti korisne u procesudonošenja odluka na svim nivoima, kako u industriji tako iu državnim institucijama.This PhD thesis presented the development of ahybrid model for life cycle assessment of products andprocesses. The development of a hybrid model includes theimprovement of the existing methodological LCAframework, and therefore of all phases of the LCA:definition of goal and scope, inventory analysis, life cycleimpact assessment and interpretation. The most significantimprovements have been made within the inventoryanalysis and life cycle impact assessment phases.Improvement have been made in relation to the method ofdata collection, due to the inclusion of parameters forcalculation of the exergy content of in- and output flows.Improvement of the life cycle impact assessment phase isreflected through the development of original approach forcalculating the total consumption of exergy, through theinclusion of additional impact category, development ofindicator for impact category and development of methodfor calculation of characterization factors. The analysis ofexisting LCIA methods was performed, in order to choosethe appropriate method that will incorporate this additionalimpact category, as well as an impact category indicator,which together should describe the total consumption ofexergy throughout the entire life cycle. Further,development of this impact category have been compliedwith certain criteria which it must meet in order to beproperly incorporated in the chosen LCIA method. Besidesthis, an important part of improvement of the life cycleimpact assessment is the development of method forcalculation of characterization factors. Developedadditional impact category is named Total exergyconsumption, and it's expressed through indicator of MJex.LCIA method that is chosen based on the performedSWOT analysis and which incorporated this additionalimpact category is CML method. Developed hybridmethodological framework takes into account the entire lifecycle, and each of the unit processes that involveselementary flows (flows taken from the natural systemwithout any further processing), as well as product flows(flows that are in some way altered by certainanthropogenic system). Calculation of exergy andcharacterization factors was performed for both elementaryand product flows.Functionality and practical applicability of thedeveloped hybrid model was verified through two casestudies, which are the production of laminate parquetflooring and comparison of hybrid base transceiver stationsand conventional base transceiver stations. The obtainedresults provided more detailed and more broader insight ofthe mechanism of the generation and source of negativeimpacts throughout the life cycle of observed industrialsystems. Thus, the practical applicability of the developedhybrid model and goal of the research have beenconfirmed. The results of the research contribute tocreation of the foundation for designing a path towardsdevelopment and manufacturing of sustainable productsand processes. The developed hybrid model for the lifecycle assessment of products and processes providesadditional information that may be useful in decisionmakingprocess at all levels, within both industry andgovernment institutions.
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Hassan, Ahmad, and Ahsanul Hoque. "Automated Microwave Antenna Alignment of Base Transceiver Station." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för ekonomi, kommunikation och IT, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-11884.
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This master’s thesis is intended for the solution of Microwave (MW) link alignment which has several applications in modern communication systems. MW communication is used for point to point links with small wavelength and simultaneously compact antenna dimensions. Assuring the automated alignment of antennas provides a better communication between switching stations and allow its subscribers to communicate ceaselessly. In the first part of the work; effects of downtime on a network are discussed and at later stage a mechanism is investigated which will reduce the downtime. MW antenna used in communication systems is regularly affected by environmental factor and generally by wear and tear of mounts. These factors cause the precisely directed antennas to be perturbed from respective main lobes. Larger antennas with narrow main lobes require more sophisticated designing while smaller antennas have a broader main lobe. An automated antenna alignment that works without human intervention can decrease the down time and ensure a reliable communication between the near end and far end terminals of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The focus has been laid on a system that works autonomously and for that LabVIEW design and RCX Robonics Kit is used. Results are presented to indicate antenna alignment in automatically synchronized manner.
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Häkkinen, J. (Juha). "Integrated RF building blocks for base station applications." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2003. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:951426908X.
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This thesis studies the level of performance achievable using today's standard IC processes in the integrated RF subcircuits of the modern GSM base station. The thesis concentrates on those circuit functions, i.e. I/Q modulators, variable gain amplifiers and frequency synthesizers, most relevant for integration in the base station environment as pinpointed by studying the receiver/transmitter architectures available today.
Several RF integrated circuits have been designed, fabricated and their level of performance measured. All main circuits were fabricated in a standard double-metal double-poly 1.2 and 0.8 μm BiCMOS process. Key circuit structures and their measured properties are: 90° phase shifter with ±1° phase error with VCC = 4.5…5.5 V and T = -10…+85 °C, I/Q modulator suitable for operation at output frequencies from 100 MHz to 1 GHz and baseband frequencies from 60 to 500 kHz (2.0 mm × 2.0 mm, 100 mA, 5.0 V) with LO suppression of 38 dBc and image rejection of 41 dBc, temperature compensated DC to 1.5 GHz variable gain amplifier (1.15 mm × 2.00 mm, 100 mA, 5.0 V) with a linear 50 dB gain adjustment range, maximum gain of 18.5 dB and gain variation of 1 dB up to 700 MHz over the whole operating conditions range of VCC = 4.5…5.5 V and T = -10…+85 °C, a complete bipolar semicustom synthesizer (90…122 mA, 5.0 V) and two complete full-custom BiCMOS synthesizer chips including all building blocks of a PLL-based synthesizer except for the voltage controlled oscillator and the loop filter. The synthesizers include circuit structures such as ∼2 GHz multi-modulus divider and low-noise programmable phase detector/charge pump (18.7 pA/√Hz at Iout = 500 μA) and have an exemplar phase noise performance of -110 dBc/Hz at 200 kHz offset.
One of the main problems of the integer-N PLL based synthesizer when used in a multichannel telecommunications system is the level of spurious signals at the output, when the synthesizer is optimised for fast frequency switching. Therefore, a method using only two current pulses to make the frequency step response of the loop faster, thus allowing a narrower loop bandwidth to be used for additional spur suppression, is proposed. The operation of the proposed speed-up method is analysed mathematically and verified by measurements of an existing RF-IC synthesizer operating at 800 MHz. Measurements show that simple current pulses can be used to speed up the channel switching of a practical RF synthesizer having a frequency step time in the tens of μs range. In the example, a 7.65 MHz frequency step was made seven times faster using the proposed method.
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Grekula, V. (Veikka). "Service-oriented approach in base transceiver station platform software design utilizing domain-specific modeling." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201803031293.
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Software (SW) systems are becoming more and more complex due to the need of functionalities in the systems. In the component-based SW design approach, the software is modeled as software components and these components are becoming too extensive to be able to model a SW feature efficiently. A service-based approach can offer an alternative for solving the rising problem of an inefficiency among the component-based SW modeling. Instead of being responsible for the different SW components, in the service-based approach, the SW functionalities are divided into one or more services and further into micro-services. In this thesis, the possibility of replacing the component-based software modeling approach with the service-based SW modeling approach is studied. In this work, an existing set of SW features, that are modeled with a component-based approach, is modeled using the service-based approach. Model-driven software development (MDSD) methods, such as Model Driven Architecture (MDA) and domain-specific modeling (DSM), are utilized to create a service-based solution. The aim of this thesis was to implement a functional service-based model from which the reports can be generated as an output. The created domain-specific modeling language (DSML) and the different abstraction layers of the created model are described in detail. The modeling language and the proposed metamodel were created using MetaEdit+ metamodeling tool provided by MetaCase. The code generators were implemented using MetaEdit+ reporting language (MERL) which is an object-based scripting language. The created service-oriented architecture and the modeling language were evaluated based on the theory, user experience and the reviews of the SW specialists. The evaluation of the proposed metamodel, modeling language and the service-oriented architecture (SOA) stated that the created modeling language and the service-based approach for the SW modeling fulfils the requirements of the DSML and SOA. However, some questions emerged concerning the size of the service and the possibility to create functional entities simultaneously in a faster and efficient way. Due to the promising results of this thesis, future work could investigate the suitable size of a service that the component-based approach can be replaced by the service-based approach by means of efficiencyErilaisten toiminnallisuuksien ja ominaisuuksien kasvanut tarve tekee ohjelmistoista yhä vaativampia toteuttaa. Komponenttipohjaisessa lähestymistavassa ohjelmistosuunnittelussa ohjelmistot on mallinnettu komponentteina. Näiden komponenttien sisältö on tullut liian laajaksi, jotta niitä voidaan hyödyntää tehokkaasti erilaisten ohjelmistotoiminnallisuuksien mallintamiseen. Myös eri komponenttien yhtäaikaisesta hallinnasta on tullut haasteellista komponenttien rakenteen vuoksi. Palvelupohjainen lähestymistapa voi tarjota ratkaisun komponenttipohjaisen lähestymistavan tehottomuuteen toiminnallisuuksien mallintamisessa. Palvelupohjaisessa lähestymistavassa ohjelmistotoiminnallisuudet on jaettu eri palveluihin, joista jokainen on vastuussa yhdestä laajemmasta osa-alueesta. Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan mahdollisuutta korvata nykyinen komponenttipohjainen ohjelmistosuunnittelun lähestymistapa palvelupohjaisella lähestymistavalla. Työssä mallinnetaan olemassa oleva komponenttikohtaisella lähestymistavalla mallinnettu toiminnallisuusjoukko palvelukohtaisella lähestymistavalla. MDSD-menetelmiä (Model-Driven Software Development), kuten MDA (Model Driven Architecture) sekä DSM (Domain-Specific Modeling), on hyödynnetty luomaan palvelupohjainen ratkaisu. Diplomityön tavoite on toteuttaa toimiva palvelupohjainen malli käyttäen aluekohtaista mallinnuskieltä, josta koodigeneroinnin avulla voidaan generoida raportteja. Luotu aluekohtainen mallinnuskieli ja luodun metamallin eritasoiset abstraktiokerrokset on kuvattu yksityiskohtaisesti. Metamalli ja mallinnuskieli on kehitetty käyttäen MetaCase:n tarjoamaa MetaEdit+-metamallinnustyökalua. Koodigeneraattorit on luotu olio-ohjelmointiin perustuvalla MERL-ohjelmointikielellä (MetaEdit+ Reporting Language). Luodun palvelupohjaisen arkkitehtuurin ja mallinnuskielen arviointi perustui niiden taustalla olevaan teoriaan, käyttäjäkokemukseen sekä ohjelmistoasiantuntijoiden katselmointikommentteihin. Luodun metamallin ja mallinnuskielen arviointi osoitti, että molemmat täyttivät hyvin niille asetetut vaatimukset. Arviointi herätti myös kysymyksiä koskien palveluiden kokoa ja mahdollisuutta luoda yhtäaikaisesti useita toiminnallisia ohjelmistokokonaisuuksia nopeammin ja tehokkaammin. Lupaavien tulosten myötä jatkossa voitaisiin tutkia palveluiden laajuutta ja mahdollisuutta löytää optimikoko palveluille, jotta nykyinen komponenttipohjainen lähestymistapa voitaisiin korvata palvelupohjaisella lähestymistavalla, jolloin mallinnuksesta tulisi tehokkaampaa
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Wang, Willy. "Evaluating the use of PXI modules in tests of a radio base station." Thesis, KTH, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143810.
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This thesis project was carried out at the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) department at Ericsson AB. One of the department’s goals is to seek a possible replacement to the box test instruments by utilizing PCI extension for instrumentation (PXI) modules. The main objective of this project is to evaluate how different PXI modules work during testing of a radio base station (RBS), in terms of performance, test time, and cost. A downlink decoder was implemented in LabVIEW with an extension called MathScript and several software test solutions were examined to measure error vector magnitude (EVM), frequency error, and power, and to perform parallel measurements in a multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) test configuration. Moreover, several uplink tests were performed to decide if PXI modules are a suitable substitute for the previous box based test instruments. The findings from this study show that PXI modules can replace the previous box based test instruments. However it was concluded that not all areas can be covered and not all discrete test instrument can (yet) be replaced. Future work should complete the downlink decoder implementation in the field programmable gate array (FPGA) level in order to further improve the performance further. Future work should also examine if it is possible to replace all of the discrete test instruments with PXI modules.Detta examensarbete utfördes på elektromagnetisk kompatibilitet (EMC) avdelningen på Ericsson AB. Ett utav avdelningens mål är att hitta en möjlig ersättare till de tidigare boxbaserade testinstrumenten genom PCI extension for instrumentation (PXI) moduler. Huvudmålet i detta projekt är att utvärdera hur olika PXI-moduler fungerar i basstationstester med hänsyn till prestanda, testtid och kostnad. En avkodare i nerlänk har implementerats i LabVIEW med hjälp av MathScript och flera mjukvarutestlösningar har undersökts för att mäta error vector magnitude (EVM), frekvensfel och effekt, samt att utföra parallella mätningar i en multipel radioteknik (multi-RAT) testkonfiguration. Dessutom har flera upplänkstester utförts för att avgöra om PXI-moduler är en lämplig ersättare till de tidigare boxbaserade testinstrumenten. Resultaten från denna studie visar att PXI-moduler kan ersätta tidigare boxbaserade testinstrumenten, men dessa resultat visar även att inte alla områden kan täckas och inte alla diskreta testinstrument kan ersättas (ännu). Framtida arbete ska slutföra implementationen av avkodare i nerlänk i fältprogrammerbar grindmatris (FPGA)-nivå för att förbättra prestandan ytterligare. Framtida arbete bör även undersöka om det är möjligt att ersätta alla diskreta testinstrument med PXI-moduler.
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Mollén, Christopher. "High-End Performance with Low-End Hardware : Analysis of Massive MIMO Base Station Transceivers." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikationssystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143455.
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Massive MIMO (multiple-input–multiple-output) is a multi-antenna technology for cellular wireless communication, where the base station uses a large number of individually controllable antennas to multiplex users spatially. This technology can provide a high spectral efficiency. One of its main challenges is the immense hardware complexity and cost of all the radio chains in the base station. To make massive MIMO commercially viable, inexpensive, low-complexity hardware with low linearity has to be used, which inherently leads to more signal distortion. This thesis investigates how the degenerated linearity of some of the main components—power amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and low-noise amplifiers—affects the performance of the system, with respect to data rate, power consumption and out-of-band radiation. The main results are: Spatial processing can reduce PAR (peak-to-average ratio) of the transmit signals in the downlink to as low as 0B; this, however, does not necessarily reduce power consumption. In environments with isotropic fading, one-bit ADCs lead to a reduction in effective signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of 4dB in the uplink and four-bit ADCs give a performance close to that of an unquantized system. An analytical expression for the radiation pattern of the distortion from nonlinear power amplifiers is derived. It shows how the distortion is beamformed to some extent, that its gain never is greater than that of the desired signal, and that the gain of the distortion is reduced with a higher number of served users and a higher number of channel taps. Nonlinear low-noise amplifiers give rise to distortion that partly combines coherently and limits the possible SINR. It is concluded that spatial processing with a large number of antennas reduces the impact of hardware distortion in most cases. As long as proper attention is paid to the few sources of coherent distortion, the hardware complexity can be reduced in massive MIMO base stations to overcome the hardware challenge and make massive MIMO commercial reality.Massiv MIMO (eng: multiple-input–multiple-output) är en flerantennsteknologi för cellulär trådlös kommunikation, där basstationen använder ett stort antal individuellt styrbara antenner för att multiplexa användare i rummet. Denna teknologi kan tillhandahålla en hög spektral effektivitet. En av dess främsta utmaningar är den enorma hårdvarukomplexiteten och kostnaden hos basstationens alla radiokedjor. För att massiv MIMO skall bli kommersiellt attraktivt, måste billiga, enkla hårdvarukomponenter med låg linjäritet användas, vilket oundvikligen leder till mer signaldistorsion. Denna avhandling undersöker hur den försämrade linjäriteten hos några av huvudkomponenterna – effektförstärkare, analog-digital-omvandlare (AD-omvandlare) och lågbrusförstärkare – påverkar systemets prestanda, i termer av datatakt, effektförbrukning och utombandsstrålning. Huvudresultaten är: Rumslig signalbehandling kan reducera sändsignalernas toppvärde i nerlänken ända ner till 0dB, vilket dock inte nödvändigtvis minskar effektförbrukningen. I miljöer med isotrop fädning leder enbits-AD-omvandlare till 4dB lägre signal-till-interferens-och-brus-förhållande i upplänken, och fyrabits-AD-omvandlare ger en prestanda nära den ett system utan kvantisering kan uppnå. Ett analytiskt uttryck för strålningsmönstret för distorsionen från icke-linjära effektförstärkare härleds. Det visar hur distorsionen till viss del lobformas, att dess förstärkning aldrig är starkare än förstärkningen för den önskade signalen och att distorsionens förstärkning minskar med ett högre antal betjänade användare och ett högre antal kanaltappar. Icke-linjära lågbrusförstärkare ger upphov distorsion som delvis kombinerar koherent och begränsar det möjliga signal-till-brus-och-interferens-förhållandet. Slutsatsen är att rumslig signalbehandling med ett stort antal antenner reducerar hårdvarudistorsionens inverkan i de flesta fall. Så länge som de få källorna till koherent distorsion ges tillbörlig uppmärksamhet, kan hårdvarukomplexiteten minskas i basstationer för massiv MIMO för att övervinna hårdvaruutmaningen och göra massiv MIMO kommersiell verklighet.
蜂窩無線通訊領域中的大規模多天線技術以多個單獨可控的天線通過空間複用的方式服務多個用戶。如是可以大幅提高頻譜效率。實現此技術的主要難題在於基站所用射頻單元的極大複雜度及成本。爲使大規模多天線技術適用在商業系統中，需使用導致失真的低複雜度低成本的非線性硬件。本文探討若將一些主要部件——功放、模數轉換器、低噪聲放大器——的線性程度降低，系統性能是如何受到影響的，即系統的速率、功耗、帶外泄露等指標。主要的結果爲：空間信號處理可以降低下行信號的峯均比，直至０分貝；然而低峯均比不一定能夠降低功耗。用一比特模數轉換器使上行的信干噪比減少４分貝；用四比特模數轉換器可在各向同性衰落的環境裏實現接近無量化系統的性能。本文推導出非線性功放失真輻射方向的解析公式。該公式展示失真在某種程度上會被波束成形的；具體而言，失真的波束成形增益不大於有效信號的增益，波束成形增益會根據服務用戶數量和信道階數的增長而降低。非線性低噪聲放大器引起的失真，一部分會相干地合併，因此會限制信干噪比的增長。結論爲多天線的空間信號處理可以減少硬件失真的影響。只要適當地處理少數相干失真的來源，大規模多天線基站可以降低硬件複雜度，解決硬件難題，使大規模多天線技術成功地應用在商業系統中成爲現實。
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Cooper, Thomas A. "Integration of Open-Source Networks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32401.
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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks are receiving increasing attention in the open-source community. Open-source software allows for deployment of a mobile cellular network with lower costs, more customization, and scalable control. Two popular projects have emerged that offer varying network architectures and allow users to implement a GSM network in different capacities depending on individual needs. Osmocom provides more network control and scalability but requires commercial Base Transceiver Station (BTS) hardware with limited availability and closed source code. OpenBTS provides minimal GSM network functionality with more easily available and open-source hardware; however, it does not allow multi-cellular network configuration.
This thesis offers a significant contribution towards a fully open-source GSM network by integrating the two major open-source communities, Osmocom and OpenBTS. Specifically, the Osmo-USRP program provides an inter-layer interface between the different network architectures of two GSM base station projects. Inter-layer primitive messages are processed in a thread multiplexer that manages logical channels across the interface. Downstream flow control is implemented in order to receive data frames on time for transmitting at the appropriate GSM frame number (FN). Uplink measurements, which are necessary for decision making in the Base Station Controller (BSC), are also gathered in the physical layer of Osmo-USRP and reported to Osmocom.
Osmo-USRP operation is tested using a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP), a relatively inexpensive and accessible Software-Defined Radio (SDR). Standard GSM events are investigated for single cell and multi-cellular network configurations. These tests include subscriber authentication and encryption, location updating, International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) attach and detach, Short Message Service (SMS) storage and delivery, voice calls with the full-rate audio codec, and uplink and downlink measurement reporting. While most functionality is successfully tested, inter-cell handover is not currently implemented. Further details on the proposed implementation of program limitations, especially inter-cell handover, are also discussed.Master of Science
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Gustavsson, Jessica, and Anna Grunewald. "End-of-Life treatment of Radio Base Station transceivers in Europe, Japan and the USA : a Life Cycle Assessment study." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33040.
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The background to this study is increased efforts at Ericsson to evaluate the environmental impact of the products. Earlier Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies at Ericsson have mainly focused on the production- and use phases, whereas the End-of-Life (EoL) phase has not been thoroughly considered. This, along with the fact that legislation on producer responsibility for electronics is anticipated in a number ofcountries around the world, has made research in the environmental impact of the EoLphase increasingly important. The main objectives of this study were: To develop scenarios for the most likely EoLtreatment of Radio Base Station transceivers in the three geographic areas Europe, Japanand the USA, to evaluate the environmental impacts of these scenarios by using the LCAmethodology, and finally, to compare the environmental impacts of the two options for EoL treatment of a Radio Base Station transceiver; dismantling and shredding without former dismantling. Initially, two transceivers were sent out for recycling trials, one to the Japanese recycling company Total Environmental Recycling Management and another to the American recycling company United Recycling Industries Inc. Also, contacts were established with the recycling companies MIREC B.V. in the Netherlands and Ragn-Sells Elektronikåtervinning AB in Sweden. Out of the results from the recycling trials and the contacts with MIREC and Ragn-Sells, four different scenarios were developed. These scenarios all start with manual dismantling. Furthermore, the Swedish recycling companyAB Arv Andersson was contacted and an additional scenario based on shredding of an entire transceiver without former dismantling was developed. It shall be noted that the shredding scenario is a hypothetical scenario, based on the assumption that the transceiver does not contain any beryllium oxide components, which otherwise often require the transceiver to be dismantled. The five EoL treatment scenarios discussed above were combined with assumptions on the take-back logistics for discarded transceivers and totally nine different EoL scenarios were developed. Finally, the environmental impacts of these nine scenarios were evaluated by using the LCA methodology, and the following final conclusions were drawn: • The environmental impact due to transportation is relatively large compared to theimpact of other processes involved in the End-of-Life phase of a transceiver. • In most cases, aeroplane transportation causes several times larger environmental impact per tonkilometre than truck transportation does. • It appears that, from an environmental point of view, shredding of an entire transceiver without former dismantling is a just as good alternative for End-of-Lifetreatment of a transceiver as a recycling process starting with dismantling.Denna studie har sin bakgrund i ökade satsningar inom Ericsson att utvärderaprodukternas miljöpåverkan. Tidigare livscykelanalyser (LCA) hos Ericsson harhuvudsakligen fokuserat på produktions- och användningsfaserna, medansluthanteringsfasen inte har studerats lika noggrant. Detta, samt det faktum attlagstiftning om producentansvar för elektronikskrot är på väg att införas i ett flertalländer i världen, har ökat betydelsen av forskning om sluthanteringsfasens miljöpåverkan. Denna studies huvudsakliga syften var: Att utveckla scenarier för den mest troligasluthanteringen av transceivrar för radiobasstationer i de tre geografiska områdenaEuropa, Japan och USA, att utvärdera miljöpåverkan av dessa scenarier med hjälp avLCA metodiken, och slutligen, att jämföra miljöpåverkan av de två alternativamöjligheterna till sluthantering av transceivrar för radiobasstationer; demontering ochfragmentering utan föregående demontering. Inledningsvis skickades två transceivrar ut för provskrotning, en till det japanskaåtervinningsföretaget Total Environmental Recycling Management och en till detamerikanska återvinningsföretaget United Recycling Industries Inc. Kontakt togs ävenmed återvinningsföretagen MIREC B.V. i Holland och Ragn-Sells ElektronikåtervinningAB i Sverige. Utifrån resultaten av provskrotningarna och kontakterna med MIREC ochRagn-Sells utvecklades fyra olika scenarier. Samtliga dessa scenarier inleds med manuelldemontering. Dessutom kontaktades det svenska återvinningsföretaget AB ArvAndersson och ytterligare ett scenario baserat på fragmentering av en hel transceiver utanföregående demontering togs fram. Det skall betonas att fragmenteringsscenariot är etthypotetiskt scenario baserat på antagandet att transceivern inte innehåller någraberylliumoxidkomponenter, vilka annars ofta medför att transceivern måste demonteras. De fem ovanstående scenarierna för sluthantering av transceivrar kopplades ihop medantaganden om logistiken för återtagande av uttjänta transceivrar och totalt utveckladesnio olika scenarier. Slutligen utvärderades miljöpåverkan av dessa nio scenarier medhjälp av LCA metodiken och följande slutsatser drogs: • Miljöpåverkan orsakad av transporter är relativt stor i jämförelse med påverkanorsakad av andra processer som är involverade i en transceivers sluthanteringsfas. • Oftast orsakar flygtransporter flera gånger större miljöpåverkan per tonkilometer änlastbilstransporter gör. • Ur miljösynpunkt förefaller fragmentering av en hel transceiver, utan föregåendedemontering, vara ett lika bra alternativ för sluthantering av en transceiver som enåtervinningsprocess som börjar med demontering.
www.ima.kth.se
NR 20140804
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Binderová, Vanda. "Vliv telekomunikačních vysílačů na estetickou hodnotu krajinného rázu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-161852.
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The thesis deals with the influence of telecommunication transmitters on the aesthetic value of landscape. It uses both environmental and sociological approach. Subject of investigation is the relationship between the aesthetic stimulus (landscape) and the recipient (man). For the analysis, Scenic Beauty Estimation Method is used as a psychological procedure which measures aesthetic preferences and allows adequately assess how society perceives the presence of various types of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape, including the so-called camouflage. Analysis also includes a comparison of affected and unaffected groups. The aim of the thesis is to assess whether the perception of the presence of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape is negative. The thesis deals with hypothesis that "camouflages" reduce the negative perception of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape.
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Chien, Chiang-I., and 簡強義. "A study of the Mobile Base Transceiver Stations Protest—Taking the South Area of Taiwan as Example." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03235397976323306199.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班(EMBA)
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The era of global wireless communication has come. The acquisition of diversified value-added service through mobile communication network has enriched and modernized our life, and this has to rely on the complete communication network as constructed by the base station of mobile phone; however, there are so many base station demonstration events around us. Although there are so many related researches in this topic, yet the demonstration events are still emerging, hence, how to find a solution for the base station demonstration events is an urgent topic nowadays. In this study, ten counties and cities in southern Taiwan are used as the research scope; meanwhile, the formal theory is deleted, instead, base station demonstration events are based, and On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) is used to analyze all kinds of related background and to understand the impression on the base station from the public; moreover, dimensional correlation analysis is performed on each demonstration reason so as to find out the root cause behind the base station demonstration event for mobile phone, most importantly, some related actions will be proposed. Some conclusions are as in the followings: 1. The educational announcement regarding the concern of the effect of mobile phone base station on people’s health is still insufficient and should be reinforced. 2. The beautifying engineering of the base station has little influence on the demonstration event. 3. Co-construction and co-station setup of base station can reduce the demonstration. Hence, the co-construction and co-station setup of base station should be aggressively promoted. 4. Make communication with media people, political people and the local opinion leader. Try to build relationship with them and understand their motivation. 5. Base station that is set up within government organization and facility has the least demonstration. Government organization should release first public facility for the setup of base station. We hope that we can propose corrective actions so as to eliminate the demonstration events resulted from the setup of base station; we hope that we can welcome the coming of wireless communication era and enhance the national competitiveness.
Books on the topic "Base transceiver stations"
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Lum, Earl J. Global wireless base station/transceiver market analysis and forecast 2001-2009. Redwood City, CA: EJL Wireless Research, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Base transceiver stations"
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Amutha, W. Margaret, and V. Rajini. "Real-Time Energy Management System for Solar-Wind-Battery fed Base Transceiver Station." In Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Smart Grid and Smart City Applications, 109–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24051-6_11.
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"Development of highly maintainable and reliable RF transceiver for satellite base stations." In Advances in Communications Satellite Systems: Proceedings of the 37th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC-2019), 413–25. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pbte095e_ch32.
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Nugroho, W. "Study on determining priority of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) construction." In Advances in Business, Management and Entrepreneurship, 167–71. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003131465-35.
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Murugan, Suriya, and Sumithra M. G. "Efficient Space Communication and Management (SCOaM) Using Cognitive Radio Networks Based on Deep Learning Techniques." In Advances in Social Networking and Online Communities, 65–76. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7522-1.ch004.
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The future of space communications has evolved towards being cognitive in order to improve energy and spectrum efficiency. Nowadays, near-Earth space satellites for weather, civil defense, and public commercial sectors are rapidly increasing, thereby resulting in congestion. Cognitive digital radio is a form of dynamic wireless communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect the parts of communication channels that are currently not in use and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones. A challenge for communication between satellites and ground terminals involves calibrating both the time and frequency channels during rapid relative movement. A more dynamic and highly-precise algorithm for enhancing communication between satellites and base station terminals such as deep learning in cognitive radios is proposed that enables significant degree of automation in the space communication networks where spectrum interference is a key issue.
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Kheireddine, Mekkaoui, and Rahmoun Abdellatif. "Short-Hops vs. Long-Hops." In Network Security Technologies, 74–83. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4789-3.ch005.
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Sensor networks are composed of miniaturized wireless sensor nodes with limited capacity and energy source. Generally, these sensor networks are used, in many applications, to monitor inaccessible environments (battlefields, volcano monitoring, animal tracking…), hence the impossibility to replace or to recharge the batteries. As sensors may be deployed in a large area, radio transceivers are the most energy consuming of sensor nodes, which means that their usage needs to be very efficient in order to maximize node life, which leads us to maximize the network's life. In wireless sensor networks and in order to transmit its data, a node can route its messages towards destination, generally the base station, either by using small or large hops, so optimizing the hop length can extend significantly the lifetime of the network. This chapter provides a simple way to verify, which makes the energy consumption minimal by choosing proper hop length.
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Lee, It, Zabih Ghassemlooy, Wai Ng, and Mohammad-Ali Khalighi. "Green-Inspired Hybrid Base Transceiver Station Architecture with Joint FSO/RF Wireless Backhauling and Basic Access Signaling for Next-Generation Metrozones." In Green Networking and Communications, 211–36. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15571-12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Base transceiver stations"
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Bixio, Luca, Andrea F. Cattoni, Giacomo Oliveri, Marina Ottonello, Mirco Raffetto, and Carlo S. Regazzoni. "Information processing techniques for Cognitive Base Transceiver stations." In 2008 3rd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing (ISWPC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswpc.2008.4556223.
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Musa, A., and B. S. Paul. "Analysis of Solar and Fossil Fuel Powered Base Transceiver Stations." In 2019 IEEE AFRICON. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/africon46755.2019.9133826.
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Mohammed Belfqih, Jian Gao, Daming Xu, Dong Han, Zhehui Liu, and Enzhi Liang. "Joint study on renewable energy application in base transceiver stations." In INTELEC 2009 - 2009 International Telecommunications Energy Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intlec.2009.5352044.
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Raikwar, Avinash, and Amit Kumar Mishra. "Towards unified VLSI architectures of radio-interfaces in distributed base transceiver stations." In 2013 International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Embedded Systems (CARE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/care.2013.6733723.
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Diamantoulakis, Panagiotis D., A. Ghassemi, and George K. Karagiannidis. "Smart hybrid power system for base transceiver stations with real-time energy management." In 2013 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2013.6831494.
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Hassan, Ahmad Kamal, Ahsanul Hoque, and Arild Moldsvor. "Automated Micro-Wave(MW) antenna alignment of Base Transceiver Stations: Time optimal link alignment." In 2011 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/atnac.2011.6096675.
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Tran Vu La, Francois Le Pennec, Marc Aubree, Loutfi Nuaymi, Timo Galkin, and Serge Elenga. "Small wind turbines on pylon powering base transceiver stations: A study of radio interactions." In 2014 IEEE 36th International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intlec.2014.6972172.
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Lim, Kyoohyun, Sanghoon Lee, Byeongmoo Moon, Hwahyeong Shin, Kisub Kang, Yongha Lee, Seungbeom Kim, et al. "A 65nm CMOS 2×2 MIMO multi-band LTE RF transceiver for small cell base stations." In ESSCIRC 2017 - 43rd IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esscirc.2017.8094593.
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Faiz, Mir, Susan K. Earles, Bin Hou, and Shuyun Zhang. "A novel circuit to achieve high linearity in power amplifiers for WCDMA cellular base transceiver stations." In 2012 IEEE 13th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference: An IEEE Industry/ Government/Education Conf. (WAMICON). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wamicon.2012.6208457.
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Dunworth, Jeremy, Bon-Hyun Ku, Yu-Chin Ou, David Lu, Paul Mouat, Aliakbar Homayoun, Kaushik Chakraborty, et al. "28GHz Phased Array Transceiver in 28nm Bulk CMOS for 5G Prototype User Equipment and Base Stations." In 2018 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2018. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2018.8439517.
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