Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Base transceiver stations'

U okviru doktorske disertacije predstavljen jerazvoj hibridnog modela za ocenjivanje životnog ciklusaproizvoda i procesa. Razvoj hibridnog modela se ogledakroz unapređenje postojećeg metodskog okvira LCA, te jestoga uključio razvoj svih faza LCA, a koje obuhvatajudefinisanje cilja i predmeta, inventar životnog ciklusa,ocenjivanje uticaja životnog ciklusa i interpretacijurezultata. Najznačajnija unapređenja su sprovedena uokviru faza inventara životnog ciklusa i ocenjivanja uticajaživotnog ciklusa. Izmene koje se odnose na načinprikupljanja podataka, su razvijene zbog uključivanjaparametara potrebnih za izračunavanje vrednosti sadržajaeksergije tokova. Unapređenje faze ocenjivanja uticajaživotnog ciklusa se ogleda kroz razvoj originalnog pristupaza izračunavanje ukupne potrošnje eksergije, krozuključivanje dodatne kategorije uticaja, razvijanjeindikatora kategorije uticaja i razvijanje pristupa zaizračunavanje karakterizacionih faktora. Sprovedena je ianaliza postojećih LCIA metoda, radi izbora adekvatnogmetoda u koji će biti uključena dodatna kategorija uticaja,kao i indikator kategorije uticaja, koji zajedno opisujuukupnu potrošnju eksergije tokom čitavog životnogciklusa. Takođe, prilikom razvoja kategorije uticaja supoštovani određeni kriterijumi, koje ona mora da zadovoljida bi mogla biti adekvatno uključena u odabrani LCIAmetod. Pored toga, bitan deo unapređenja ocenjivanjauticaja životnog ciklusa, leži u razvoju proračunakarakterizacionih faktora. Razvijena dodatna kategorijauticaja nazvana je Ukupna potrošnja eksergije - UPE, aizražava se preko indikatora MJex. LCIA metod koji jeodabran na osnovu SWOT analize u koji je ova dodatnakategorija uticaja uključena je CML metod. Postavljenihibridni metodski okvir posmatra kompletan životni ciklus,ali i svaki od jediničnih procesa koji uključuju elementarnetokove, odnosno tokove uzete iz prirodnog sistema bezdodatne obrade, kao i tokove proizvoda, odnosno tokovekoji su na neki način izmenjeni od strane pojedinihantropogenih sistema. Izračunavanje sadržaja eksergije ikarakterizacionih faktora je sprovedeno kako zaelementarne tokove tako i za tokove proizvoda.Funkcionalnost i praktična primenljivost razvijenoghibridnog modela je verifikovana na dva primera, koji suobuvatili proizvodnju laminatnog parketa i međusobnukomparaciju hibridnih baznih predajničkih stanica ikonvencionalnih baznih predajničkih stanica. Dobijenirezultati daju jednu zaista detaljniju i širu sliku mehanizmanastanka i izvora negativnih uticaja tokom životnog ciklusaposmatranih industrijskih sistema. Time je potvrđenanjegovu praktična primenljivost, kao i ukupni ciljistraživanja. Rezultati istraživanja realizovani u okvirudoktorske disertacije, u opštem smislu, daju doprinosstvaranju osnove za izdradnju puta ka razvoju i proizvodnjiodrživih proizvoda i procesa. Razvijeni hibridni model zaocenjivanje životnog ciklusa proizvoda i procesa pružadodatne informacije, koje mogu biti korisne u procesudonošenja odluka na svim nivoima, kako u industriji tako iu državnim institucijama.
This PhD thesis presented the development of ahybrid model for life cycle assessment of products andprocesses. The development of a hybrid model includes theimprovement of the existing methodological LCAframework, and therefore of all phases of the LCA:definition of goal and scope, inventory analysis, life cycleimpact assessment and interpretation. The most significantimprovements have been made within the inventoryanalysis and life cycle impact assessment phases.Improvement have been made in relation to the method ofdata collection, due to the inclusion of parameters forcalculation of the exergy content of in- and output flows.Improvement of the life cycle impact assessment phase isreflected through the development of original approach forcalculating the total consumption of exergy, through theinclusion of additional impact category, development ofindicator for impact category and development of methodfor calculation of characterization factors. The analysis ofexisting LCIA methods was performed, in order to choosethe appropriate method that will incorporate this additionalimpact category, as well as an impact category indicator,which together should describe the total consumption ofexergy throughout the entire life cycle. Further,development of this impact category have been compliedwith certain criteria which it must meet in order to beproperly incorporated in the chosen LCIA method. Besidesthis, an important part of improvement of the life cycleimpact assessment is the development of method forcalculation of characterization factors. Developedadditional impact category is named Total exergyconsumption, and it's expressed through indicator of MJex.LCIA method that is chosen based on the performedSWOT analysis and which incorporated this additionalimpact category is CML method. Developed hybridmethodological framework takes into account the entire lifecycle, and each of the unit processes that involveselementary flows (flows taken from the natural systemwithout any further processing), as well as product flows(flows that are in some way altered by certainanthropogenic system). Calculation of exergy andcharacterization factors was performed for both elementaryand product flows.Functionality and practical applicability of thedeveloped hybrid model was verified through two casestudies, which are the production of laminate parquetflooring and comparison of hybrid base transceiver stationsand conventional base transceiver stations. The obtainedresults provided more detailed and more broader insight ofthe mechanism of the generation and source of negativeimpacts throughout the life cycle of observed industrialsystems. Thus, the practical applicability of the developedhybrid model and goal of the research have beenconfirmed. The results of the research contribute tocreation of the foundation for designing a path towardsdevelopment and manufacturing of sustainable productsand processes. The developed hybrid model for the lifecycle assessment of products and processes providesadditional information that may be useful in decisionmakingprocess at all levels, within both industry andgovernment institutions.

This master’s thesis is intended for the solution of Microwave (MW) link alignment which has several applications in modern communication systems. MW communication is used for point to point links with small wavelength and simultaneously compact antenna dimensions. Assuring the automated alignment of antennas provides a better communication between switching stations and allow its subscribers to communicate ceaselessly. In the first part of the work; effects of downtime on a network are discussed and at later stage a mechanism is investigated which will reduce the downtime. MW antenna used in communication systems is regularly affected by environmental factor and generally by wear and tear of mounts. These factors cause the precisely directed antennas to be perturbed from respective main lobes. Larger antennas with narrow main lobes require more sophisticated designing while smaller antennas have a broader main lobe. An automated antenna alignment that works without human intervention can decrease the down time and ensure a reliable communication between the near end and far end terminals of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The focus has been laid on a system that works autonomously and for that LabVIEW design and RCX Robonics Kit is used.  Results are presented to indicate antenna alignment in automatically synchronized manner.

Abstract This thesis studies the level of performance achievable using today's standard IC processes in the integrated RF subcircuits of the modern GSM base station. The thesis concentrates on those circuit functions, i.e. I/Q modulators, variable gain amplifiers and frequency synthesizers, most relevant for integration in the base station environment as pinpointed by studying the receiver/transmitter architectures available today. Several RF integrated circuits have been designed, fabricated and their level of performance measured. All main circuits were fabricated in a standard double-metal double-poly 1.2 and 0.8 μm BiCMOS process. Key circuit structures and their measured properties are: 90° phase shifter with ±1° phase error with VCC = 4.5…5.5 V and T = -10…+85 °C, I/Q modulator suitable for operation at output frequencies from 100 MHz to 1 GHz and baseband frequencies from 60 to 500 kHz (2.0 mm × 2.0 mm, 100 mA, 5.0 V) with LO suppression of 38 dBc and image rejection of 41 dBc, temperature compensated DC to 1.5 GHz variable gain amplifier (1.15 mm × 2.00 mm, 100 mA, 5.0 V) with a linear 50 dB gain adjustment range, maximum gain of 18.5 dB and gain variation of 1 dB up to 700 MHz over the whole operating conditions range of VCC = 4.5…5.5 V and T = -10…+85 °C, a complete bipolar semicustom synthesizer (90…122 mA, 5.0 V) and two complete full-custom BiCMOS synthesizer chips including all building blocks of a PLL-based synthesizer except for the voltage controlled oscillator and the loop filter. The synthesizers include circuit structures such as ∼2 GHz multi-modulus divider and low-noise programmable phase detector/charge pump (18.7 pA/√Hz at Iout = 500 μA) and have an exemplar phase noise performance of -110 dBc/Hz at 200 kHz offset. One of the main problems of the integer-N PLL based synthesizer when used in a multichannel telecommunications system is the level of spurious signals at the output, when the synthesizer is optimised for fast frequency switching. Therefore, a method using only two current pulses to make the frequency step response of the loop faster, thus allowing a narrower loop bandwidth to be used for additional spur suppression, is proposed. The operation of the proposed speed-up method is analysed mathematically and verified by measurements of an existing RF-IC synthesizer operating at 800 MHz. Measurements show that simple current pulses can be used to speed up the channel switching of a practical RF synthesizer having a frequency step time in the tens of μs range. In the example, a 7.65 MHz frequency step was made seven times faster using the proposed method.

Software (SW) systems are becoming more and more complex due to the need of functionalities in the systems. In the component-based SW design approach, the software is modeled as software components and these components are becoming too extensive to be able to model a SW feature efficiently. A service-based approach can offer an alternative for solving the rising problem of an inefficiency among the component-based SW modeling. Instead of being responsible for the different SW components, in the service-based approach, the SW functionalities are divided into one or more services and further into micro-services. In this thesis, the possibility of replacing the component-based software modeling approach with the service-based SW modeling approach is studied. In this work, an existing set of SW features, that are modeled with a component-based approach, is modeled using the service-based approach. Model-driven software development (MDSD) methods, such as Model Driven Architecture (MDA) and domain-specific modeling (DSM), are utilized to create a service-based solution. The aim of this thesis was to implement a functional service-based model from which the reports can be generated as an output. The created domain-specific modeling language (DSML) and the different abstraction layers of the created model are described in detail. The modeling language and the proposed metamodel were created using MetaEdit+ metamodeling tool provided by MetaCase. The code generators were implemented using MetaEdit+ reporting language (MERL) which is an object-based scripting language. The created service-oriented architecture and the modeling language were evaluated based on the theory, user experience and the reviews of the SW specialists. The evaluation of the proposed metamodel, modeling language and the service-oriented architecture (SOA) stated that the created modeling language and the service-based approach for the SW modeling fulfils the requirements of the DSML and SOA. However, some questions emerged concerning the size of the service and the possibility to create functional entities simultaneously in a faster and efficient way. Due to the promising results of this thesis, future work could investigate the suitable size of a service that the component-based approach can be replaced by the service-based approach by means of efficiency
Erilaisten toiminnallisuuksien ja ominaisuuksien kasvanut tarve tekee ohjelmistoista yhä vaativampia toteuttaa. Komponenttipohjaisessa lähestymistavassa ohjelmistosuunnittelussa ohjelmistot on mallinnettu komponentteina. Näiden komponenttien sisältö on tullut liian laajaksi, jotta niitä voidaan hyödyntää tehokkaasti erilaisten ohjelmistotoiminnallisuuksien mallintamiseen. Myös eri komponenttien yhtäaikaisesta hallinnasta on tullut haasteellista komponenttien rakenteen vuoksi. Palvelupohjainen lähestymistapa voi tarjota ratkaisun komponenttipohjaisen lähestymistavan tehottomuuteen toiminnallisuuksien mallintamisessa. Palvelupohjaisessa lähestymistavassa ohjelmistotoiminnallisuudet on jaettu eri palveluihin, joista jokainen on vastuussa yhdestä laajemmasta osa-alueesta. Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan mahdollisuutta korvata nykyinen komponenttipohjainen ohjelmistosuunnittelun lähestymistapa palvelupohjaisella lähestymistavalla. Työssä mallinnetaan olemassa oleva komponenttikohtaisella lähestymistavalla mallinnettu toiminnallisuusjoukko palvelukohtaisella lähestymistavalla. MDSD-menetelmiä (Model-Driven Software Development), kuten MDA (Model Driven Architecture) sekä DSM (Domain-Specific Modeling), on hyödynnetty luomaan palvelupohjainen ratkaisu. Diplomityön tavoite on toteuttaa toimiva palvelupohjainen malli käyttäen aluekohtaista mallinnuskieltä, josta koodigeneroinnin avulla voidaan generoida raportteja. Luotu aluekohtainen mallinnuskieli ja luodun metamallin eritasoiset abstraktiokerrokset on kuvattu yksityiskohtaisesti. Metamalli ja mallinnuskieli on kehitetty käyttäen MetaCase:n tarjoamaa MetaEdit+-metamallinnustyökalua. Koodigeneraattorit on luotu olio-ohjelmointiin perustuvalla MERL-ohjelmointikielellä (MetaEdit+ Reporting Language). Luodun palvelupohjaisen arkkitehtuurin ja mallinnuskielen arviointi perustui niiden taustalla olevaan teoriaan, käyttäjäkokemukseen sekä ohjelmistoasiantuntijoiden katselmointikommentteihin. Luodun metamallin ja mallinnuskielen arviointi osoitti, että molemmat täyttivät hyvin niille asetetut vaatimukset. Arviointi herätti myös kysymyksiä koskien palveluiden kokoa ja mahdollisuutta luoda yhtäaikaisesti useita toiminnallisia ohjelmistokokonaisuuksia nopeammin ja tehokkaammin. Lupaavien tulosten myötä jatkossa voitaisiin tutkia palveluiden laajuutta ja mahdollisuutta löytää optimikoko palveluille, jotta nykyinen komponenttipohjainen lähestymistapa voitaisiin korvata palvelupohjaisella lähestymistavalla, jolloin mallinnuksesta tulisi tehokkaampaa

This thesis project was carried out at the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) department at Ericsson AB. One of the department’s goals is to seek a possible replacement to the box test instruments by utilizing PCI extension for instrumentation (PXI) modules. The main objective of this project is to evaluate how different PXI modules work during testing of a radio base station (RBS), in terms of performance, test time, and cost. A downlink decoder was implemented in LabVIEW with an extension called MathScript and several software test solutions were examined to measure error vector magnitude (EVM), frequency error, and power, and to perform parallel measurements in a multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) test configuration. Moreover, several uplink tests were performed to decide if PXI modules are a suitable substitute for the previous box based test instruments. The findings from this study show that PXI modules can replace the previous box based test instruments. However it was concluded that not all areas can be covered and not all discrete test instrument can (yet) be replaced. Future work should complete the downlink decoder implementation in the field programmable gate array (FPGA) level in order to further improve the performance further. Future work should also examine if it is possible to replace all of the discrete test instruments with PXI modules.
Detta examensarbete utfördes på elektromagnetisk kompatibilitet (EMC) avdelningen på Ericsson AB. Ett utav avdelningens mål är att hitta en möjlig ersättare till de tidigare boxbaserade testinstrumenten genom PCI extension for instrumentation (PXI) moduler. Huvudmålet i detta projekt är att utvärdera hur olika PXI-moduler fungerar i basstationstester med hänsyn till prestanda, testtid och kostnad. En avkodare i nerlänk har implementerats i LabVIEW med hjälp av MathScript och flera mjukvarutestlösningar har undersökts för att mäta error vector magnitude (EVM), frekvensfel och effekt, samt att utföra parallella mätningar i en multipel radioteknik (multi-RAT) testkonfiguration. Dessutom har flera upplänkstester utförts för att avgöra om PXI-moduler är en lämplig ersättare till de tidigare boxbaserade testinstrumenten. Resultaten från denna studie visar att PXI-moduler kan ersätta tidigare boxbaserade testinstrumenten, men dessa resultat visar även att inte alla områden kan täckas och inte alla diskreta testinstrument kan ersättas (ännu). Framtida arbete ska slutföra implementationen av avkodare i nerlänk i fältprogrammerbar grindmatris (FPGA)-nivå för att förbättra prestandan ytterligare. Framtida arbete bör även undersöka om det är möjligt att ersätta alla diskreta testinstrument med PXI-moduler.

Massive MIMO (multiple-input–multiple-output) is a multi-antenna technology for cellular wireless communication, where the base station uses a large number of individually controllable antennas to multiplex users spatially.  This technology can provide a high spectral efficiency.  One of its main challenges is the immense hardware complexity and cost of all the radio chains in the base station.  To make massive MIMO commercially viable, inexpensive, low-complexity hardware with low linearity has to be used, which inherently leads to more signal distortion.  This thesis investigates how the degenerated linearity of some of the main components—power amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and low-noise amplifiers—affects the performance of the system, with respect to data rate, power consumption and out-of-band radiation. The main results are: Spatial processing can reduce PAR (peak-to-average ratio) of the transmit signals in the downlink to as low as 0B; this, however, does not necessarily reduce power consumption.  In environments with isotropic fading, one-bit ADCs lead to a reduction in effective signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of 4dB in the uplink and four-bit ADCs give a performance close to that of an unquantized system.  An analytical expression for the radiation pattern of the distortion from nonlinear power amplifiers is derived.  It shows how the distortion is beamformed to some extent, that its gain never is greater than that of the desired signal, and that the gain of the distortion is reduced with a higher number of served users and a higher number of channel taps.  Nonlinear low-noise amplifiers give rise to distortion that partly combines coherently and limits the possible SINR.  It is concluded that spatial processing with a large number of antennas reduces the impact of hardware distortion in most cases.  As long as proper attention is paid to the few sources of coherent distortion, the hardware complexity can be reduced in massive MIMO base stations to overcome the hardware challenge and make massive MIMO commercial reality.
Massiv MIMO (eng: multiple-input–multiple-output) är en flerantennsteknologi för cellulär trådlös kommunikation, där basstationen använder ett stort antal individuellt styrbara antenner för att multiplexa användare i rummet.  Denna teknologi kan tillhandahålla en hög spektral effektivitet.  En av dess främsta utmaningar är den enorma hårdvarukomplexiteten och kostnaden hos basstationens alla radiokedjor.  För att massiv MIMO skall bli kommersiellt attraktivt, måste billiga, enkla hårdvarukomponenter med låg linjäritet användas, vilket oundvikligen leder till mer signaldistorsion.  Denna avhandling undersöker hur den försämrade linjäriteten hos några av huvudkomponenterna – effektförstärkare, analog-digital-omvandlare (AD-omvandlare) och lågbrusförstärkare – påverkar systemets prestanda, i termer av datatakt, effektförbrukning och utombandsstrålning.  Huvudresultaten är: Rumslig signalbehandling kan reducera sändsignalernas toppvärde i nerlänken ända ner till 0dB, vilket dock inte nödvändigtvis minskar effektförbrukningen.  I miljöer med isotrop fädning leder enbits-AD-omvandlare till 4dB lägre signal-till-interferens-och-brus-förhållande i upplänken, och fyrabits-AD-omvandlare ger en prestanda nära den ett system utan kvantisering kan uppnå.  Ett analytiskt uttryck för strålningsmönstret för distorsionen från icke-linjära effektförstärkare härleds.  Det visar hur distorsionen till viss del lobformas, att dess förstärkning aldrig är starkare än förstärkningen för den önskade signalen och att distorsionens förstärkning minskar med ett högre antal betjänade användare och ett högre antal kanaltappar.  Icke-linjära lågbrusförstärkare ger upphov distorsion som delvis kombinerar koherent och begränsar det möjliga signal-till-brus-och-interferens-förhållandet.  Slutsatsen är att rumslig signalbehandling med ett stort antal antenner reducerar hårdvarudistorsionens inverkan i de flesta fall.  Så länge som de få källorna till koherent distorsion ges tillbörlig uppmärksamhet, kan hårdvarukomplexiteten minskas i basstationer för massiv MIMO för att övervinna hårdvaruutmaningen och göra massiv MIMO kommersiell verklighet.
蜂窩無線通訊領域中的大規模多天線技術以多個單獨可控的天線通過空間複用的方式服務多個用戶。如是可以大幅提高頻譜效率。實現此技術的主要難題在於基站所用射頻單元的極大複雜度及成本。爲使大規模多天線技術適用在商業系統中，需使用導致失真的低複雜度低成本的非線性硬件。本文探討若將一些主要部件——功放、模數轉換器、低噪聲放大器——的線性程度降低，系統性能是如何受到影響的，即系統的速率、功耗、帶外泄露等指標。主要的結果爲：空間信號處理可以降低下行信號的峯均比，直至０分貝；然而低峯均比不一定能夠降低功耗。用一比特模數轉換器使上行的信干噪比減少４分貝；用四比特模數轉換器可在各向同性衰落的環境裏實現接近無量化系統的性能。本文推導出非線性功放失真輻射方向的解析公式。該公式展示失真在某種程度上會被波束成形的；具體而言，失真的波束成形增益不大於有效信號的增益，波束成形增益會根據服務用戶數量和信道階數的增長而降低。非線性低噪聲放大器引起的失真，一部分會相干地合併，因此會限制信干噪比的增長。結論爲多天線的空間信號處理可以減少硬件失真的影響。只要適當地處理少數相干失真的來源，大規模多天線基站可以降低硬件複雜度，解決硬件難題，使大規模多天線技術成功地應用在商業系統中成爲現實。

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks are receiving increasing attention in the open-source community. Open-source software allows for deployment of a mobile cellular network with lower costs, more customization, and scalable control. Two popular projects have emerged that offer varying network architectures and allow users to implement a GSM network in different capacities depending on individual needs. Osmocom provides more network control and scalability but requires commercial Base Transceiver Station (BTS) hardware with limited availability and closed source code. OpenBTS provides minimal GSM network functionality with more easily available and open-source hardware; however, it does not allow multi-cellular network configuration. This thesis offers a significant contribution towards a fully open-source GSM network by integrating the two major open-source communities, Osmocom and OpenBTS. Specifically, the Osmo-USRP program provides an inter-layer interface between the different network architectures of two GSM base station projects. Inter-layer primitive messages are processed in a thread multiplexer that manages logical channels across the interface. Downstream flow control is implemented in order to receive data frames on time for transmitting at the appropriate GSM frame number (FN). Uplink measurements, which are necessary for decision making in the Base Station Controller (BSC), are also gathered in the physical layer of Osmo-USRP and reported to Osmocom. Osmo-USRP operation is tested using a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP), a relatively inexpensive and accessible Software-Defined Radio (SDR). Standard GSM events are investigated for single cell and multi-cellular network configurations. These tests include subscriber authentication and encryption, location updating, International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) attach and detach, Short Message Service (SMS) storage and delivery, voice calls with the full-rate audio codec, and uplink and downlink measurement reporting. While most functionality is successfully tested, inter-cell handover is not currently implemented. Further details on the proposed implementation of program limitations, especially inter-cell handover, are also discussed.
Master of Science

The background to this study is increased efforts at Ericsson to evaluate the environmental impact of the products. Earlier Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies at Ericsson have mainly focused on the production- and use phases, whereas the End-of-Life (EoL) phase has not been thoroughly considered. This, along with the fact that legislation on producer responsibility for electronics is anticipated in a number ofcountries around the world, has made research in the environmental impact of the EoLphase increasingly important. The main objectives of this study were: To develop scenarios for the most likely EoLtreatment of Radio Base Station transceivers in the three geographic areas Europe, Japanand the USA, to evaluate the environmental impacts of these scenarios by using the LCAmethodology, and finally, to compare the environmental impacts of the two options for EoL treatment of a Radio Base Station transceiver; dismantling and shredding without former dismantling. Initially, two transceivers were sent out for recycling trials, one to the Japanese recycling company Total Environmental Recycling Management and another to the American recycling company United Recycling Industries Inc. Also, contacts were established with the recycling companies MIREC B.V. in the Netherlands and Ragn-Sells Elektronikåtervinning AB in Sweden. Out of the results from the recycling trials and the contacts with MIREC and Ragn-Sells, four different scenarios were developed. These scenarios all start with manual dismantling. Furthermore, the Swedish recycling companyAB Arv Andersson was contacted and an additional scenario based on shredding of an entire transceiver without former dismantling was developed. It shall be noted that the shredding scenario is a hypothetical scenario, based on the assumption that the transceiver does not contain any beryllium oxide components, which otherwise often require the transceiver to be dismantled. The five EoL treatment scenarios discussed above were combined with assumptions on the take-back logistics for discarded transceivers and totally nine different EoL scenarios were developed. Finally, the environmental impacts of these nine scenarios were evaluated by using the LCA methodology, and the following final conclusions were drawn: • The environmental impact due to transportation is relatively large compared to theimpact of other processes involved in the End-of-Life phase of a transceiver. • In most cases, aeroplane transportation causes several times larger environmental impact per tonkilometre than truck transportation does. • It appears that, from an environmental point of view, shredding of an entire transceiver without former dismantling is a just as good alternative for End-of-Lifetreatment of a transceiver as a recycling process starting with dismantling.
Denna studie har sin bakgrund i ökade satsningar inom Ericsson att utvärderaprodukternas miljöpåverkan. Tidigare livscykelanalyser (LCA) hos Ericsson harhuvudsakligen fokuserat på produktions- och användningsfaserna, medansluthanteringsfasen inte har studerats lika noggrant. Detta, samt det faktum attlagstiftning om producentansvar för elektronikskrot är på väg att införas i ett flertalländer i världen, har ökat betydelsen av forskning om sluthanteringsfasens miljöpåverkan. Denna studies huvudsakliga syften var: Att utveckla scenarier för den mest troligasluthanteringen av transceivrar för radiobasstationer i de tre geografiska områdenaEuropa, Japan och USA, att utvärdera miljöpåverkan av dessa scenarier med hjälp avLCA metodiken, och slutligen, att jämföra miljöpåverkan av de två alternativamöjligheterna till sluthantering av transceivrar för radiobasstationer; demontering ochfragmentering utan föregående demontering. Inledningsvis skickades två transceivrar ut för provskrotning, en till det japanskaåtervinningsföretaget Total Environmental Recycling Management och en till detamerikanska återvinningsföretaget United Recycling Industries Inc. Kontakt togs ävenmed återvinningsföretagen MIREC B.V. i Holland och Ragn-Sells ElektronikåtervinningAB i Sverige. Utifrån resultaten av provskrotningarna och kontakterna med MIREC ochRagn-Sells utvecklades fyra olika scenarier. Samtliga dessa scenarier inleds med manuelldemontering. Dessutom kontaktades det svenska återvinningsföretaget AB ArvAndersson och ytterligare ett scenario baserat på fragmentering av en hel transceiver utanföregående demontering togs fram. Det skall betonas att fragmenteringsscenariot är etthypotetiskt scenario baserat på antagandet att transceivern inte innehåller någraberylliumoxidkomponenter, vilka annars ofta medför att transceivern måste demonteras. De fem ovanstående scenarierna för sluthantering av transceivrar kopplades ihop medantaganden om logistiken för återtagande av uttjänta transceivrar och totalt utveckladesnio olika scenarier. Slutligen utvärderades miljöpåverkan av dessa nio scenarier medhjälp av LCA metodiken och följande slutsatser drogs: • Miljöpåverkan orsakad av transporter är relativt stor i jämförelse med påverkanorsakad av andra processer som är involverade i en transceivers sluthanteringsfas. • Oftast orsakar flygtransporter flera gånger större miljöpåverkan per tonkilometer änlastbilstransporter gör. • Ur miljösynpunkt förefaller fragmentering av en hel transceiver, utan föregåendedemontering, vara ett lika bra alternativ för sluthantering av en transceiver som enåtervinningsprocess som börjar med demontering.

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NR 20140804

The thesis deals with the influence of telecommunication transmitters on the aesthetic value of landscape. It uses both environmental and sociological approach. Subject of investigation is the relationship between the aesthetic stimulus (landscape) and the recipient (man). For the analysis, Scenic Beauty Estimation Method is used as a psychological procedure which measures aesthetic preferences and allows adequately assess how society perceives the presence of various types of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape, including the so-called camouflage. Analysis also includes a comparison of affected and unaffected groups. The aim of the thesis is to assess whether the perception of the presence of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape is negative. The thesis deals with hypothesis that "camouflages" reduce the negative perception of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班(EMBA)
97
The era of global wireless communication has come. The acquisition of diversified value-added service through mobile communication network has enriched and modernized our life, and this has to rely on the complete communication network as constructed by the base station of mobile phone; however, there are so many base station demonstration events around us. Although there are so many related researches in this topic, yet the demonstration events are still emerging, hence, how to find a solution for the base station demonstration events is an urgent topic nowadays. In this study, ten counties and cities in southern Taiwan are used as the research scope; meanwhile, the formal theory is deleted, instead, base station demonstration events are based, and On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) is used to analyze all kinds of related background and to understand the impression on the base station from the public; moreover, dimensional correlation analysis is performed on each demonstration reason so as to find out the root cause behind the base station demonstration event for mobile phone, most importantly, some related actions will be proposed. Some conclusions are as in the followings: 1. The educational announcement regarding the concern of the effect of mobile phone base station on people’s health is still insufficient and should be reinforced. 2. The beautifying engineering of the base station has little influence on the demonstration event. 3. Co-construction and co-station setup of base station can reduce the demonstration. Hence, the co-construction and co-station setup of base station should be aggressively promoted. 4. Make communication with media people, political people and the local opinion leader. Try to build relationship with them and understand their motivation. 5. Base station that is set up within government organization and facility has the least demonstration. Government organization should release first public facility for the setup of base station. We hope that we can propose corrective actions so as to eliminate the demonstration events resulted from the setup of base station; we hope that we can welcome the coming of wireless communication era and enhance the national competitiveness.

碩士
銘傳大學
公共事務學系碩士在職專班
95
With rapid growth and spread of cell phones, misunderstandings and conflicts concerning where and how to set up a base transceiver station harmlessly are on the rise nationwide. However, scientific researches haven’t proved base transceiver station electro-magnetic wave to be clearly safe; therefore, how to meet demands of having good receiving quality and keeping possible electro-magnetic wave threat away from our daily environment has been a hot issue. The case study focuses on Matsu Village, Nangang Township, employing depth-interview method to know different stances for each party involved, and using questionnaire to gather public opinions. Then, with the data collected, we could figure out the reasons of base station “NIMBY”(not in my back yard) phenomenon and try to suggest counter- NIMBY strategies. Consistently, through communication and coordination afterwards, we hope to play down such conflicts. The study shows that the interviewees’ attitudes towards building a base station would change by such mixed factors as electro-magnetic wave quantity, environmental distance and interaction and trust between each party concerned. Thus, propaganda on electro-magnetic wave safety, beautifying outer environment, moving base stations to appropriate places, and best of all, one base station serving for several telecommunication companies’ services, are offered to solve those conflicts. More than that, government’s task to use well its electronic-communication fund to urge and subsidize telecommunication companies’ alliance to provide more facilities on little-profit areas is especially needed. In this case, we suggest that CHT(Chung Hwa Telecommunication) should take initiative in providing its base transceiver stations to serve other companies’ clients, because it could reduce possible electro-magnetic wave threat, and the other companies might cost down their investment waste. By doing so, we can not only fulfill NCC’s strategy to cut down base station numbers, but also lead telecommunication companies to “win-win-win” goal.

碩士
華梵大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
98
Signal strength plays a key role in mobile communications. Therefore, accurate 2G base station positioning is an interesting area of study. In emergency calls, mobile communications affects the speed of response time. In aiming to avoid dropped-calls, accurate base station positioning is extremely important. Outliers inevitably occur when we collect data in the physical environment. These outliers produce bias when we estimate base station positions. Therefore, we identify outliers first for exclusion from our data. Then, based on TOA-based algorithms, we use K-means and random combination methods to estimate the location of base stations. The experiment results show that these methods can enhance the accuracy of base station positioning. In the course of the experiment, we originally removed the noise via a Support Vector Machine (SVM). But there is no way to identify data accuracy from the mixed data, as the error judgment of SVM affects the positioning of base stations. To rectify the lack of SVM, we clustered the data distribution to exclude noise data. In other words, the data required for accurate base station positioning falls on a particular region. Using outliers to estimate the base station locations results in estimates that are far from the correct region. This paper shows that it can be effective to exclude noise from the statistics to enhance the accuracy of estimated base station positions.

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
電子工程系
106
In the face of climate change, temperatures have become higher and higher. I believe everyone is no stranger to environmental issues The mobile communication base station is now an important part of today’s life. The convenience we bring to the Internet and our dependence on the Internet have reached the point where we cannot live without the Internet. In addition to the development of the Internet of Things, there will be car networking. These are built on the Internet. At present, Taiwan has been built and developed to 4G, and the demand for the speed of the Internet has gradually increased several times. Future 4G to 5G Development Shows the Importance of Mobile Communication Base Stations. Therefore, we use the mobile computer room air-conditioning system for mobile communication base stations. Explain the status of mobile communication base station equipment room. And formulate four energy-saving and carbon reduction transformation plans. Four improvement plans are to turn off the air conditioner. The first three types of improvement schemes (discharge fan heat dissipation method, heat collection box heat dissipation method and air jet fan heat dissipation method) are adopted inside the mobile communication base station to solve the problem of temperature inside the equipment room. The fourth energy-saving and carbon-reduction scheme is the method of extrapolation of equipment. It will abandon the equipment room and does not require any special heat dissipation equipment. All communication equipments are directly installed outdoors to improve the air-conditioning system of the mobile communication base station and achieve the goal of energy saving and carbon reduction.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電機工程系研究所
100
With the advance of communication technology, Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) have already been built widely in Taiwan. Telecommunication equipments running all day in BTS generate high inner heat energy and need to be cooled down lastingly by air-conditioners. However, the temperature varies much from day to night in Taiwan. By applying the free cooling technology, the inner heat energy can be taken away and we can shorten running time of the compressor of air-conditioner. In this thesis, we design an air-conditioning energy saving system for BTS and implement energy conservation measure (ECM) based on fuzzy logic. With embedded computer as a platform, we integrate temperature and humidity sensor, input/output control contact, RS-485 network and 3G network device to develop a high performance air-conditioning energy saving system. The results show that energy consumption in BTS can be decrease and telecommunication operator can be benefited greatly by that system.

碩士
中華大學
科技管理學系碩士班
101
With the development of technology and economics, mobile phone has become a necessity to people nowadays. The telecommunication operators in Taiwan are ready to step into the 4th generation, Long Term Evolution(abbr. LTE) from the 3rd generation(abbr. 3G) in hoping to construct a communication environment without dead spots while equipped with high-speed WiFi. The coverage of the telecommunication operators’ signal has to reach a certain degree. How to set up the Base Transceiver Station efficiently has become an important issue to every telecommunication operators. Therefore, a further research on how BTS is built up is necessary to reach a seamless communication quality. As far as the telecommunication operators are concerned, the benefits of having a well-planed location for the establishment of the base station, the cost, the operation cost and the operation efficiency are needed to be further analyzed and discussed in order to finish the establishment of the BTS more efficiently and efficaciously. This research aimed at establishing a common assessable model to measure the efficiency of BTS, and conferring the inefficiency issues that the setup of the BTS has through the application of DEA. The results illustrate that the three fundamental costs to maintain the operation of BTS, rent, circuit fee and electricity fee, are in an inverse ration with the usage rate, which results that about 90% of the established BTS are inefficient. This shows that the intensity of BTS does not ideally provide service to the predicted amount of customers and increase revenue accordingly. The result was achieved by scientific quantitative calculation. The data collected is equipped with objectivity and with high reliability. Such innovative research has made an important contribution to the decision making of the strategic management of the telecommunication operators.

碩士
逢甲大學
工業工程學所
91
Abstract In cellular mobile system, the handover decision is usually taken base on the mobile communicate clearly. Depend on the past signal strength and interference level at regular time intervals. If a mobile can always be handed over to the base station which would provide highest quality during the next measurement cycle. Quality of communication degradation can be minimized. Thus we see the mobile communicate quality ties to the handover activity. We can say with fair certainty that the call drop rate is different between two cells because of the base station location, distance and environment. In this thesis, we focus on experiment design of the RSS(Received Signal Strength) and hysteresis margin parameters. Propose the parameters combination, analysis with Toguchi orthogonal method in the different situation environment. We explore the optimal settings of the handover parameters combination, and refer to it in practice. Having observed results of Toguchi experiment. It has been shown that a large RSS measure time and hysteresis margin parameters lead to hand over delay while the reverse is true ,will lead to unnecessary handovers. The optimal settings of the handover algorithms combination decrease the hand over fail ratio and call drop ratio.

碩士
南台科技大學
資訊管理系
96
The establishment of Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) of mobile communication is critical to telecommunication companies, which not only leads to the quality of telecommunication provided to customers, but also costs large expenditure. Traditionally, while establishing a new BTS, the engineers select the location of a new BTS roughly according to their subjective judgments with the help of electronic maps. They merely put the coverage under consideration; however, it is not sufficient. The teletraffic of a BTS is the most crucial factor because teletraffic, not coverage, will directly yield to profit. Thus, this research tries to utilize the Back Propagation Network (BPN) approach of Artificial Neural Network to construct a teletraffic forecasting model. The causal relationship between the environmental parameters and teletraffic will be identified through the BPN approach. After finding the well-constructed BPN based forecasting model, the teletraffic of a new BTS could be obtained in advance and telecommunication companies will be capable to do more cost-effectiveness analysis to promote the quality of decisions. The collected data are divided into two parts: the data of year 2006 is used to train the BPN based forecasting model and the data of year 2007 is used to test the result. Through many tries on various combinations of environmental parameters, eight parameters are adopted as the input neurons, including the frequency of the signal carrier, the height of the antenna, the angle of the antenna, the type of the area, the channel numbers of the BTS, the power gain, the longitude and the latitude of BTS’s position. The teletraffic of the BTS is regarded as the output neuron. In the results, the proportions of the test data whose simulation error is less than 10% for Taipei area, Taichung area, and Kaoshiung area are 85.23%, 49.26%, and of 66.67% correspondingly. This shows that the proposed BPN based forecasting model provides an efficient technique to the forecast of teletraffic.