Journal articles: 'Base transceiver stations'

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Obinna, Ihedi-Okonkwo Nick, and Omosigho Emmanuel Osawaru. "Modelling of Power Consumption in Two Base Stations, Using Ugbor Station and Benson Idahosa University Station in Benin City as a Case Study." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 11, 2020): 1153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun611.

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This research is on the analysis and modelling of power consumption in a base transceiver station. For the purpose of this research, two base transceiver stations in Benin (BEN) were visited and data were collected and analysed: Ugbor station referred to as BEN035 (site A) and Benson Idahosa University referred to as BEN198 (site B). Analysis was made on AC power consumption and its Matlab plot. The model of Base station instantaneous DC power consumption for high and low traffic global system of mobile communication (GSM) usage was carried out by Matlab software to show how power is been consumed in a Base transceiver Station (BTS) and for future forecast.

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Nguyen, Cuong V., Minh T. Nguyen, Toan V. Quyen, Anh M. Le, and Linh H. Truong. "The Hybrid Solar-RF Energy for Base Transceiver Stations." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (July 14, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8875760.

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The base transceiver stations (BTS) are telecom infrastructures that facilitate wireless communication between the subscriber device and the telecom operator networks. They are deployed in suitable places having a lot of freely propagating ambient radio frequency (RF) and solar energies. This paper is aimed at converting received ambient environmental energy into usable electricity to power the stations. We proposed a hybrid energy harvesting system that can collect energy from RF and solar energies at the same time. The sources are combined to provide to a significant amount, to contribute to operational expenditures that reduce energy costs, and to improve the energy efficiency of the base station sites in rural areas from the most common renewable resources since the base stations are major consumers of cellular networks. The hybrid systems are designed with circuits, simulated, and compared to show their good performance to the base stations. PSIM, PROTEUS, and MATLAB software are used to simulate for evaluating the voltage and the current output of the hybrid systems that meet the power requirements. The design and simulation results show the feasibility of our proposed method with the battery storage that can be deployed not only in real base stations but also for other electrical operated systems.

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M, M. Aan Auliq. "Perancangan Sistem Monitoring Power BTS (Base Transceiver Station) Menggunakan SMS Gateway Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATMega 8535." Jurnal Teknik Elektro dan Komputasi (ELKOM) 1, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32528/elkom.v1i1.2178.

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Power system at BTS (Base Transceiver Station) plays an important role in supplying power to all devices that’s supporting signal processing. But the power system needs its own surveillance, especially during the power outage, especially the electricity. The problems that are often experienced by the base stations, especially in areas of high levels of electrical outages. Based on this idea researcher design and create a monitoring tool power base stations using Atmega microcontroller-based SMS gateway 8535. This system aims to supervise / monitor the condition of the power system at BTS when disruptions, the system uses a voltage sensor as an indicator of disturbance and SHT11 sensor as a parameter measurement of temperature and humidity of the room. This is connected to the SMS Gateway using RS-232 communications and controlled using a microcontroller Atmega8535.

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Adelakun, A. O., B. Y. Lawal, M. A. Adekoya, and K. E. Ukhurebo. "Chaotic assessment of the key performance indicators for a GSM Network congestion in an election period in Nigeria." Nigeria Journal of Pure and Applied Physics 9, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpap.v9i1.6.

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This paper investigates the chaos-based assessment of the Key performance Indicators (KPIs) for the Cellular network congestion during and after 2011 People Democratic Party (PDP) presidential primary election in Eagle Square within Abuja and its environs. Chaotic quantifiers such as average mutual information, Lyapunov exponents and specific attenuation were employed to study the congestion rate or dynamical state of the network. The chaotic assessment of the Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (WCDMA) data services provided by MTN network using KPIs are reported. The data retrieved from the three Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) were used to analyse the performance of the network. The results revealed the state of dynamical behaviour of the congestion during the study period. Keywords: Key performance Indicators (KPIs); Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (WCDMA); Global System of Mobile communication (GSM); Base Transceiver Station (BTS); Chaotic Quantifiers

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Spagnuolo, Antonio, Antonio Petraglia, Carmela Vetromile, Roberto Formosi, and Carmine Lubritto. "Monitoring and optimization of energy consumption of base transceiver stations." Energy 81 (March 2015): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.040.

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Ponomarev, Oleg, Alexander Moiseichenkov, Alexander Bakhtin, Elena Omelyanchuk, Anastasia Semenova, and Victor Mikhailov. "5G base station prototyping: implementation possibilities in Russia." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193003001.

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A brief overview of the development of 5G mobile communications in the world and in Russia is presented. 5G pilot projects in Russia are considered. The basic requirements for 5G networks, the tasks facing developers, examples of hardware and brief technical specifications of hardware produced in Russia that can be used to create base station equipment for 5G networks are given. The work of MIET on the development of software and algorithmic support for 5G transceiver equipment is described. An estimation is given concerning the feasibility of implementing 5G generation mobile communication base stations in Russia, including on the basis of hardware from Russian manufacturers.

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Ram, Mangey, and Kuldeep Nagiya. "Performance evaluation of mobile communication system with reliability measures." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 33, no. 3 (March 7, 2016): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-01-2015-0013.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate performance of mobile communication system with reliability measures. Design/methodology/approach – The mobile communication system consists of a mobile station (MS), base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (BSC) and the mobile switching center. The MS is connected to BTS, BTS is connected to BSC and BSC is connected with the mobile switching system. With the help of these stations working, the authors have developed a mathematical model using Markovian approach. Findings – Using the supplementary variable technique, the Laplace transformations and Markov process theory, the reliability indices of the mobile communication system are determined. Originality/value – In the present work, the authors have developed a mathematical model based on a mobile communication system.

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Su. Suganthi, Dr, S. Aishwarya, S. Keerthana, and B. R. Sandhya. "Raspberry PI based advanced communication for disaster management." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.31 (May 29, 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.31.13400.

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When a natural disaster occurs one of the major crisis is communication. This is mainly because when a calamity occurs all the cellular networks, towers and other contemporary means of network goes down making it impossible to communicate with others. Thus in this paper we propose an alternative solution for communication during disaster which can be achieved using a Long range radio transceiver module, which can operate without the help of any towers or base stations. The proposed transceiver model is a standalone device which can transmit and receive voice signals which operates on ISM band of frequency range 902 to 928 MHz, providing a hinderance free good communication, and as an additional feature is made to receive FM station signals using FM radio module, to keep us updated with the news, rescue and relief activities.

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Dutta, Uzzal Kumar, Md Abdur Razzaque, M. Abdullah Al-Wadud, Md Saiful Islam, M. Shamim Hossain, and B. B. Gupta. "Self-Adaptive Scheduling of Base Transceiver Stations in Green 5G Networks." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 7958–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2799603.

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Godswill, Ogbonna Chukwuemeka, Okoye Veronica Ugonma, and Eleazu Eberechi Ijeoma. "Telecommunication Masts/Base Transceiver Stations and Regulatory Standards in Abia State, Nigeria." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 6 (November 30, 2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n6p46.

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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) was introduced in Nigeria in May, 2001. Since then, GSM subscriber base has grown astronomically leading to the indiscriminate installation of Masts and Base Transceiver Stations across the country. The Nigerian communications commission (NCC) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) established environmental standards in 2009 and 2011 respectively to regulate the installation of BTSs and Masts. This study examined the compliance of GSM service providers with the established guidelines for the mounting of BTSs and Masts in Abia State, Nigeria. The study adopted geometric survey technique, and relied mainly on primary data which were collected through direct observation and measurements. Cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used to proportionately select BTSs/Masts that were surveyed. Data collected were analyzed with appropriate parametric tests using SPSS for Windows, Version 17. Specifically, the t test for paired samples, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to test the hypotheses of the study. The results show that there is significant difference between the mean value of the number of BTSs/Masts surveyed and the mean value of the number that complied with regulatory standards. The study further revealed that there were no significant differences between the telecommunication networks in their application of the environmental standards. The researchers therefore recommend that both NCC and NESREA be made to devolve their supervisory and monitory responsibilities to Town Planning Authorities at the local government level to ensure effective enforcement of the regulatory standards.

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Li, Wei, and Er Qing Lu. "Design of Femtocell-Based Smart Home System Gateway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.662.

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With the development of Internet technology and communication technology, traditional base station has been unable to meet the demand for high data services. In view of this, we propose the system core with Samsung S3C2440X processor constructs smart home hardware platform and using ADI ADF4602 single-chip, multiband 3G Femtocell transceiver to establish 3G home base stations, designed and realized an embedded gateway server through the house gateway to realize the family appliance equipment remote monitoring. Of software design, focusing on smart home control system, transplantation of embedded operating system uClinux to manage system resources, constructed a complete family gateway hardware and software platform, which can reduce the load of Microcell, improve the whole network capacity, and provide high-speed and high-quality indoor wireless access services.

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Theophilus, O. N., O. Akaranta, and E. Ugwoha. "Statistical modeling of diesel leaching rate in soils at base transceiver stations." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 14, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajest2020.2867.

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Kashani, Hojjat F., M. Shahpari, and H. Ameri. "Dual Band Dual Polarized Antenna with High Efficiency for Base Transceiver Stations." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 22, no. 10 (January 2008): 1371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156939308786348848.

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Okabayashi, Chikashi, and Hitoshi Kijima. "Lightning Protection for Mobile Phone Base Stations by Combining λ/4 Short Stub and λ/4 Open Stub." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 19 (February 1, 2021): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2020.19.29.

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This paper describes lightning protection for mobile phone base stations by combining quarter wave short and open stubs. MPBS (Mobile Phone Base Stations) have antenna towers and are often installed on the top of mountains. Therefore they have a high probability of lightning strikes.The most important lightning protection system is a bonding network and an earth system. All incoming services should be bonded at the entry to the MPBS in order to obtain an equipotential environment for all systems. And SPD (Surge Protective Device) should be installed at the entry to the BTS（ Base Transceiver Station）. As an SPD, either a GDT or λ/4 short stub was used. However, conventional SPD such as a GDT and λ/4 short stub cannot completely prevent the lightning surge current diverging to the BTS side. Therefore we have developed an insulated coaxial SPD that allows lightning surges to be discharged to the ground while passing signals without loss by combining the λ/4 short stub and the λ/4 open stub. The performances of this newly developed product were as follows. Insertion loss was less than 0.1dB, VSWR was less than 1.15 and voltage protection Level Up was 80V

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Ojo, Joseph S., Pius A. Owolawi, and Ayodele M. Atoye. "Designing a Green Power Delivery System for Base Transceiver Stations in Southwestern Nigeria." SAIEE Africa Research Journal 110, no. 1 (March 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/saiee.2019.8643147.

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Dornstetter, Jean-Louis, Daniel Krob, Michel Morvan, and Laurent Viennot. "Some Algorithms for Synchronizing Clocks of Base Transceiver Stations in a Cellular Network." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 61, no. 7 (July 2001): 855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jpdc.2000.1716.

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Nfah, E. M., and J. M. Ngundam. "Evaluation of optimal power options for base transceiver stations of Mobile Telephone Networks Cameroon." Solar Energy 86, no. 10 (October 2012): 2935–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.06.029.

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Tradacete, Miguel, Carlos Santos, José A. Jiménez, Fco Javier Rodríguez, Pedro Martín, Enrique Santiso, and Miguel Gayo. "Turning Base Transceiver Stations into Scalable and Controllable DC Microgrids Based on a Smart Sensing Strategy." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041202.

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This paper describes a practical approach to the transformation of Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) into scalable and controllable DC Microgrids in which an energy management system (EMS) is developed to maximize the economic benefit. The EMS strategy focuses on efficiently managing a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) along with photovoltaic (PV) energy generation, and non-critical load-shedding. The EMS collects data such as real-time energy consumption and generation, and environmental parameters such as temperature, wind speed and irradiance, using a smart sensing strategy whereby measurements can be recorded and computing can be performed both locally and in the cloud. Within the Spanish electricity market and applying a two-tariff pricing, annual savings per installed battery power of 16.8 euros/kW are achieved. The system has the advantage that it can be applied to both new and existing installations, providing a two-way connection to the electricity grid, PV generation, smart measurement systems and the necessary management software. All these functions are integrated in a flexible and low cost HW/SW architecture. Finally, the whole system is validated through real tests carried out on a pilot plant and under different weather conditions.

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K. Mittal, Vishal, Shivam Saxena, Shivani Abrol, and Shweta Soam. "Design and Comparison of Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic powered Base Transceiver Stations and ATMs." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2019.05.02.

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Okedere, O. B., B. S. Fakinle, and J. A. Sonibare. "Annual estimates of air pollutants from utilization of diesel as energy source at base transceiver stations." Environmental Quality Management 28, no. 2 (December 2018): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21600.

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Davoli, Luca, Emanuele Pagliari, and Gianluigi Ferrari. "Hybrid LoRa-IEEE 802.11s Opportunistic Mesh Networking for Flexible UAV Swarming." Drones 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5020026.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and small drones are nowadays being widely used in heterogeneous use cases: aerial photography, precise agriculture, inspections, environmental data collection, search-and-rescue operations, surveillance applications, and more. When designing UAV swarm-based applications, a key “ingredient” to make them effective is the communication system (possible involving multiple protocols) shared by flying drones and terrestrial base stations. When compared to ground communication systems for swarms of terrestrial vehicles, one of the main advantages of UAV-based communications is the presence of direct Line-of-Sight (LOS) links between flying UAVs operating at an altitude of tens of meters, often ensuring direct visibility among themselves and even with some ground Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs). Therefore, the adoption of proper networking strategies for UAV swarms allows users to exchange data at distances (significantly) longer than in ground applications. In this paper, we propose a hybrid communication architecture for UAV swarms, leveraging heterogeneous radio mesh networking based on long-range communication protocols—such as LoRa and LoRaWAN—and IEEE 802.11s protocols. We then discuss its strengths, constraints, viable implementation, and relevant reference use cases.

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Hidayat, Taufik, Rahutomo Mahardiko, and Mudrik Alaydrus. "Mobile Cellular Technology Forecast for the Indonesian Telecommunications Industry." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n1.226.

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Current mobile telecommunications deployment in Indonesia, based on 2G, 3G and 4G technologies, lags behind many other developing countries because of Indonesia’s larger territory. This paper presents recent data on revenue growth (%) and the number of Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) in Indonesia, divided among 2G, 3G and 4G technologies, and forecasts future revenue growth and numbers of BTSs for the next few years. The results show that, while revenue growth from 2G operation is decreasing and 4G deployment is significantly increasing, there are still significant revenues from 2G services and many 2G BTSs in operation at the end of the forecast period, making it difficult to shut down the 2G networks in the near future.

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Doraipandian, Manivannan, and Periasamy Neelamegam. "Wireless Sensor Network Using ARM Processors." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 4, no. 4 (October 2013): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2013100103.

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The hardware design of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is the crux of its effective deployment. Nowadays these networks are used in microscopic, secure and high-end embedded products. WSN's potentiality in terms of efficient data sensing and distributed data processing has led to its usage in applications for measurement and tracking. WSN comprises of small number of embedded devices known as sensor nodes, gateways and base stations. Sensor nodes consist of sensors, processors and transceivers. The property of embedded sensor devices, also called motes, is to determine the strength of WSN. Thus processor selection for the motes plays a critical role in determining a WSN's competency. In this article, the absolute and obvious hardware characteristics of available and proposed sensor nodes are discussed. The objective of this work was to increase the efficiency and provision of sensor nodes by evaluating their processing and transceiver units. During this work, a sensor node was developed with ARM processor and XBee series 2 Unit. LPC 2148, LPC 2378 ARM processors were posed as processing unit and XBee series 2 acted as communication unit. Results of this experimental setup were recorded. Also a comparative study of the various available sensor nodes and proposed sensor nodes was done extensively.

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Adeniran, Jamiu Adetayo, Rafiu O. Yusuf, Michael O. Amole, Lukuman Adekilekun Jimoda, and Jacob Ademola Sonibare. "Air quality impact of diesel back-up generators (BUGs) in Nigeria’s mobile telecommunication base transceiver stations (BTS)." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 28, no. 5 (August 14, 2017): 723–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-09-2015-0168.

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Purpose The introduction of mobile telecommunication services in Nigeria led to the development of base transceiver stations (BTS) across the country. Inadequate power supply from the national grid has led to massive use of diesel-fueled back-up generators (BUGs). The purpose of this paper is to attempt to quantify and inform relevant stakeholders about air quality implications of BTS BUGs. Design/methodology/approach Seven major telecommunication network operators were identified. Emission factor approach was used to estimate the quantity of important air pollutants such as NOx, CO, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, PAH and TVOC that are emitted from the use of the BUGs based on fuel consumption rate and generators’ capacity. Fuel-based emission inventory and emission factor from the United States Environmental Protection Agency AP-42 and National Pollution Inventory were used to estimate pollutants emission from diesel-powered generators used in the BTS sites and amount of diesel consumed. Land distribution and per capita dose of the estimated pollutants load were calculated. Findings The study showed that the deployment of BUGs will lead to increase emissions of these air pollutants. The states that are most affected are Lagos, Kano and Oyo, Katsina and Akwa Ibom states with respective total air pollutants contribution of 9,539.61, 9,445.34, 8,276.46, 7,805.14 and 7,220.70 tonnes/yr. Originality/value This study has estimated pollutant emissions from the use of diesel-fueled BUGs in mobile telecommunications BTS sites in Nigeria. The data obtained could assist in policy making.

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Babatunde, Olubayo Moses, Iheanacho Henry Denwigwe, Damilola Elizabeth Babatunde, Augustine Omoniyi Ayeni, Toyosi Beatrice Adedoja, Oluwaseye Samson Adedoja, and Ramon Fernando Colmenares. "Techno-economic assessment of photovoltaic-diesel generator-battery energy system for base transceiver stations loads in Nigeria." Cogent Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1684805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2019.1684805.

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Lim, Kyoohyun, Sanghoon Lee, Yongha Lee, Byeongmoo Moon, Hwahyeong Shin, Kisub Kang, Seungbeom Kim, et al. "A 65-nm CMOS $2\times2$ MIMO Multi-Band LTE RF Transceiver for Small Cell Base Stations." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 53, no. 7 (July 2018): 1960–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2824300.

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Akpama, Eko James, and Godwin Ukam Uno. "HOMER Analysis of the Feasibility of Solar Power for GSM Base Transceiver Stations Located in Rural Areas." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.7.1339.

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The recent explosion in the deployment of cellular networks across the globe has brought two very pertinent issues to the forefront of academic and technical discuss: the energy cost of running the networks, and the associated environmental impact. Cellular networks have made the greatest impact in developing countries where availability of electric power is mostly unreliable. Telecommunication networks on the other hand, are critical infrastructures which require assured power 24/7, and this power is provided at very great financial cost and damaging exchanges with the environment. In all, renewable energy technology appears to hold the most reliable solution to this lingering impasse. The authors in this paper used the HOMER® software to access or demonstrate the feasibility of deploying solar PV in providing power for BTS in rural areas as a long term solution to the near absence of grid electricity in rural areas.

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Quansah, David A., Saviour K. Woangbah, Emmanuel K. Anto, Emmanuel K. Akowuah, and Muyiwa S. Adaramola. "TECHNO-ECONOMICS OF SOLAR PV-DIESEL HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS FOR OFF-GRID OUTDOOR BASE TRANSCEIVER STATIONS IN GHANA." International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment 18, no. 1 (2017): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjenercleanenv.2017019537.

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Ehiagwina, F. O., A. S. Afolabi, N. T. Surajudeen-Bakinde, and O. A. Fakolujo. "Sensitivity degradation and antenna isolation analyses for a multi-operator global systems for mobile communication base transceiver stations." Nigerian Journal of Technology 38, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i1.22.

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Emagbetere, J. O., and F. O. Edeko. "Finite Element Method of Predicting GSM Radio Power Received in a Macrocell Environment." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 2 (June 2010): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.2.63.

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The numerical solution of the partial differential equation (PDE) of the received signal strength from fixed transmitting stations as derived from Maxwell’s wave equation is presented in this paper. The received signal strength level (RSSL) at a defined distance from a source point (base transceiver station) was simulated for two real environments described as Sites 1 and 2. The values of RSSL were taken at different nodes and at different radial directions away from the source point using the Finite Element Method (FEM) tool of the MATLAB package. The hexagonal geometry with no describing function was assumed for the cell. A 3-D model of the power received versus distance was obtained, and the numerical solution of the model presented. The numerical results obtained from the 3-D model were compared with the results of the drive test conducted in Sites 1 and 2 for functional GSM radio networks in the areas. The suitability of the method was justified for the two sites with a 5.55dB standard deviation of error for network A in Site 1 and 8.36dB and 3.40dB standard deviations of error for networks A and B respectively for Site 2.

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Ushie, P. O., Ushie, P. O. "Measurement and Analysis of Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure Level from Different Mobile Base Transceiver Stations in Ajaokuta and Environs, Nigeria." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 6 (2013): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/4961-0361721.

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Orike, Sunny, Promise Elechi, and Iboro Asuquo Ekanem. "Assessment and Modeling of GSM Signal Propagation in Uyo, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.11.502.

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High quality of service is a paramount concern in wireless networks. One of the strategies in achieving optimal performance is to use wireless empirical models to predict wireless link quality factors such as path loss and the received power in any given transmission domain with irregular terrain. The primary goal of this study is to develop a radio wave propagation model for Uyo metropolis. An assessment was carried out in three major roads within the city of Uyo in Akwa Ibom State, to determine the quality of GSM signal reception by measuring the signal field strength, magnetic field strength, and power density of the base transceiver stations. The measurements were carried out using radio frequency electromagnetic field strength meter over a distance of 2000 meters from the base stations. The results of the measurements were analysed and a path loss model was developed for Uyo using linear regression model. Three empirical models: Okumura-Hata model, COST-Hata model, and Egli model were also applied in predicting the path loss in Uyo and the results obtained were compared with the developed model for Uyo metropolis. The comparison showed that Route D model had a better comparison factor with the developed model while the Okumura-Hata and COST-Hata were almost the same with more loss as the distance increased. In all the measurements, the standard deviation was between 3.31 dB and 3.36 dB.

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Al-Hashemy, Rageed Hussein Hussan, and Intisar Mohsin Saadoon. "An intelligent algorithm to reduce and eliminate coverage holes in the mobile network." Journal of Intelligent Systems 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 920–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2021-0046.

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Abstract The need for services in the world of telecommunications and the prosperity and rapid development of this sector around the world has led mobile phone companies to compete to provide the best services to customers. One of these devices used for communications is the mobile phone. The mobile phone is simply an electronic device that is mainly serving unwired telecommunications through a cellular network of particular base stations known as cell sites. There are many obstacles or problems in the telecommunication field, and the relevant institutions and companies should find solutions to these obstacles and problems. One of these obstacles in telecommunications is the coverage holes. Coverage holes occur when the location of the mobile phone is set in midway between the two base transceiver stations (BTSs). This causes an abnormal interruption in communication until the user crosses the coverage holes area. This paper presents an intelligent algorithm as a set of technical steps that can be used to improve the communication services of the mobile phone network and to solve the communication problems via the reduction of the coverage holes between two BTSs. It suggests a method that could alleviate this problem using a strategy that reduces the coverage holes by developing an intelligent algorithm system to receive signal strength indicators and use AT command “+CREG” to disconnect and reconnect to available BTS within an acceptable energy level. As a result, the connection turned from marginal into good connection.

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Nurbhawa, Putu Roy, I. Ketut Gede Darma Putra, and Nyoman Gunantara. "PENENTUAN LOKASI BTS PT. SMARTFREN MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY AHP." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 16, no. 3 (December 29, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.2017.v16i03p11.

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One way to increase service coverage of telecom operators such as PT. Smartfren is by adding or building new Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). To determine where to place the new BTS, there are several criteria and sub criteria that must be considered. Incorrect choice of criteria and sub criteria or lack of data can cause the new BTS to be built in a less precise location thus the service coverage will not be optimal. Based on that consideration, a decision-making system application to determine BTS location is created using Fuzzy AHP method with VB and MySQL applications. The outcome of this application is a list of area, in several regencies, from the highest to the lowest score of BTS location based on the selected criteria and sub-criteria. It helps the user in knowing the most appropriate location for the placement of PT. Smartfren’s new BTS. [TURNITIN 19%, 22022017]

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Salami, L., J. G. Akinbomi, S. A. Adebanjo, and N. A. Folami. "Theoretical Prediction of Air Pollutants from Diesel Utilization at Base Transceiver Stations in Local Government Areas of Abia State, Nigeria." Engineering and Technology Research Journal 3, no. 1 (March 16, 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47545/etrj.2018.3.1.035.

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Roshan Milani, Karim, Babak Adham, Mohamad Reza Banaei, and Farhad Mohajel Kazemi. "Measurement and analysis of base transceiver stations power quality parameters and assessment of its unfavourable effects on Iran distribution systems." CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0652.

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Girma, Solomon T., and Abinet G. Abebe. "Mobility Load Balancing in Cellular System with Multicriteria Handoff Algorithm." Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2795905.

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Efficient traffic load balancing algorithm is very important to serve more mobile users in the cellular networks. This paper is based on mobility load balancing handoff algorithm using fuzzy logic. The rank of the serving and the neighboring Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) are calculated every half second with the help of measurement report from the two-ray propagation model. This algorithm is able to balance load of the BTS by handing off some ongoing calls on BTS’s edge of highly loaded BTS to move to overlapping underloaded BTS, such that the coverage area of loaded BTS virtually shrunk towards BTS center of a loaded sector. In case of low load scenarios, the coverage area of a BTS is presumed to be virtually widened to cover up to the partial serving area of neighboring BTS. This helps a highly loaded neighboring BTS or failed BTS due to power or transmission. Simulation shows that new call blocking and handoff blocking using the proposed algorithm are enhanced notably.

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Lin, Chin E., and Ying-Chi Huang. "Dynamic Antenna Alignment Control in Microwave Air-Bridging for Sky-Net Mobile Communication Using Unmanned Flying Platform." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/732628.

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This paper presents a preliminary study on establishing a mobile point-to-point (P2P) microwave air-bridging (MAB) between Unmanned Low Altitude Flying Platform (ULAFP) and backhaul telecommunication network. The proposed Sky-Net system relays telecom signal for general mobile cellphone users via ULAFP when natural disaster sweeps off Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs). Unlike the conventional fix point microwave bridging application, the ULAFP is cruising on a predefined mission flight path to cover a wider range of service. The difficulty and challenge fall on how to maintain antenna alignment accurately in order to provide the signal strength for MAB. A dual-axis rotation mechanism with embedded controller is designed and implemented on airborne and ground units for stabilizing airborne antenna and tracking the moving ULAFP. The MAB link is established in flight tests using the proposed antenna stabilizing/tracking mechanism with correlated control method. The result supports backbone technique of the Sky-Net mobile communication and verifies the feasibility of airborne e-Cell BTS.

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Woo Jwa, Jeong, and Joong Hie Won. "Network Quality Measurements of LTE Drones." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.33 (August 29, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.33.18523.

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Cellular-connected drones can provide beyond line-of sight control (BVLOS), low latency, real time communication, robust security, and wide range coverage. Cellular-connected drones have several key potential applications in enhanced LTE and 5G networks. The objective of the study is to evaluate field measurement data collected during drone flights in the KT Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks in Seoul and Jeju, Korea. The multicopter drones are developed with LTE modem and LTE test smart phone for field measurements. The radio network quality between drones and LTE base transceiver stations (BTS) is evaluated by measuring downlink metrics such as the serving cell RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, modulation types of downlink, the downlink and uplink throughputs, and LTE PUSCH Tx Power on reference signal. In the existing LTE networks, field measurements show that there is no problem in C&C of BVLOS operations in the flight height up to 150m but the data rate requirements for video transmission does not meet at high flight altitudes.

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Fahmi, Mutiara, Sahara Sahara, and Yeti Lis Purnamadewi. "The Impact of Disparity in Infrastructure Development on Aceh’s Economic Performance: An Inter-Provincial Analysis." Economics and Finance in Indonesia 66, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.47291/efi.v66i2.674.

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This study provides empirical findings on regional disparity in infrastructural facilities in 23 districts/municipalities of Aceh Province and the impact of the disparity on the economic performance of Aceh Province, specifically on those of economic growth, poverty, and unemployment. The unit of analysis is the district level and the Infrastructure Development Index (IDI) is used as the variable computed by using the multivariate method. Regional disparity is measured by the Coefficient of Variation and the impact of IDI on the province’s economy is analyzed using the econometric model. The analysis shows that infrastructure development disparity exists and that IDI generally affects the economic performance in Aceh Province. Specifically, the results reveal that electricity provision, the number of hotels, and the length of road positively correlate with economic performance. However, the number of Base Transceiver Stations, the number of markets, and the number of banks do not necessarily lead to higher economic performance. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.

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Bžoch, Pavel, and Jiří Šafařík. "Algorithms for Maintaining Consistency of Cached Data for Mobile Clients in Distributed File System." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdst.2017010102.

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A cache stores data in order to serve future requests to those data faster. In mobile devices, the data have to be transferred from a server through the mobile network before being stored in the cache. The mobile network is prone to failure caused by users' movements and by the placement of base transceiver stations. Moreover, the mobile devices use various telecommunications technologies and therefore the speed of the network is highly variable. Using a cellular network for communication is also expensive. The cache is an intermediate component which addresses this problem. Once the data are downloaded, they can be stored in the cache for possible future reuse. When using a cache, the system designer presumes that the data will be requested again in the future. On the other hand, the original data stored on the server can be changed. Then, the cached data are in an inconsistent state. In this paper, authors present an adaptive method for maintaining the consistency of cached data which saves network traffic by reducing the number of messages needed for inconsistency detection.

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Margaret Messiah Singh, Priyanka Chandel, Atanu Kumar Pati, and Arti Parganiha. "Exposure to microwave radiation has no impact on the global sleep quality of people living in the vicinity of base transceiver stations." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 11, no. 4 (August 9, 2021): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.11(4).p503-514.

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Occupational exposure to microwave radiation (MWR) has become an inevi-table part of life. Therefore, it is essential to assess the MWR effect on hu-man health. In this study, we examined the non-thermal effect of MWR from base transceiver station (BTS) on humans' sleep quality. Total 1150 partici-pants of different zones based on distance from BTS (145 from inter-tower/zone A; 256 from 0-150m/zone B; 241 from 150-300m/zone C, 381 from 300-500m/zone D), and 127 controls from the area without BTS installations were included. We recorded the electric field strength at the subject’s resi-dence using NBM-550 equipped with probe EF0-391. We assessed the sub-jects' sleep quality by administering the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Ques-tionnaire. ANOVA revealed statistically significantly higher electric-field strength in zone B and zone A. Participants of all the groups exhibited a glob-al PSQI score less than the accepted median score of <5. This implies that subjects of all groups had good sleep quality. However, a more detailed anal-ysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests revealed that the participants of exposed zones (except zone D), females, and residents of the 1-5y group had decreased sleep quality compared to control, males, and subjects of >5y group, respectively. From the above findings, it can be con-cluded that the MWR had little effect on the sleep quality, but it does modu-late sleep parameters within the accepted range of good sleep quality as a function of the zone, gender, and year of residence. However, extensive studies involving more BTS are desirable to validate the above conclusion.

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Wong, Yan Chiew, Szi Hui Tan, Ranjit Singh Sarban Singh, Haoyu Zhang, A. R. Syafeeza, and N. A. Hamid. "Low power wake-up receiver based on ultrasound communication for wireless sensor network." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i1.1654.

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of base stations and sensors nodes to monitor physical and environmental conditions. Power consumption is a challenge in WSN due to activities of nodes. High power consumption is required for the main transceiver in WSN to receive communication requests all the time. Hence, a low power wake-up receiver is needed to minimize the power consumption of WSN. In this work, a low power wake-up receiver using ultrasound data communication is designed. Wake-up receiver is used to detect wake-up signal to activate a device in WSN. Functional block modelling of the wake-up receiver is developed in Silterra CMOS 130nm process technology. The performance of the wake-up receiver has been analyzed and achieving low power consumption which is 22.45μW. A prototype to demonstrate a wireless sensor node with wake-up receiver has been developed incorporating both ultrasonic and RF for internal and external communication respectively. We achieve 99.97% of power saving for 10s operation in the experimental setup for the WSN with and without wake-up receiver. Wake-up receiver used in WSN save power and prolong the lifetime of batteries and thus extending the operational lifetime of WSN.

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Ilcev, Stojce Dimov. "Introduction to inmarsat broadband global area network for mobile backbone networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i2.2136.

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In this paper is introduced the Inmarsat Global Area Network (GAN) as backbone to mobile networks. At the end of 2005 Inmarsat launched its BGAN service as the first high speed wireless data solutions with voice available on a global basis. The service is accessed through a portable, broadband satellite transceiver with antenna easy to carry as a laptop. The BGAN network consists constellation of Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) I-4 and I-5 satellites with an optimized ground network, which interconnects variety of terrestrial infrastructures at local BGAN users. This system employs bandwidth efficient modulation and coding techniques, capable of supporting variable bit-rate services and QoS depending on the needs of the application. The BGAN system is satellite component of 3G IMT-2000, specially the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) standards. It will provide a near-global coverage overlay for the terrestrial networks, giving users service availability beyond the reach of terrestrial IMT-2000 networks. A range of supported terminals, personal devices, portable and mobile units linked with onboard entertainment, communications systems to remote base stations for civilian and military applications and SCADA or M2M are discussed.

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Priyanka Chandel, Margaret Messiah Singh, Atanu Kumar Pati, and Arti Parganiha. "Exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation shortens sleep duration and lengthens sleep latency and sleep inertia in humans living in proximity to the base transceiver stations." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 11, no. 4 (August 9, 2021): 466–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.11(4).p466-481.

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Radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMRs) are ubiquitous at present. Therefore, it is essential to assess the impact of RF-EMRs on human health. In this study, we examined the non-thermal effects of RF-EMR expo-sure on behavioral sleep patterns in humans. A total of 1072 randomly se-lected individuals living in the proximity of base transceiver stations (BTS) participated in the study. The sample consisted of 122 subjects from zone A (Inter-tower region), 310 from zone B (0-150 m), 316 from zone C (150-300 m), 197 from zone D (300-500 m), and 127 from the control zone (without BTS installations). We classified the zones as a function of distance from the BTS. We measured electric-field strength at each participant’s house using Narda Broadband Field Meter-550 equipped with EF0-391 probe. We used Munich-Chronotype Questionnaire to determine each subject’s behavioral sleep patterns. ANOVA results revealed the highest E-field strength in zone-A than the other zones and control. Results from ANCOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests showed that the participants from zone A had shorter sleep duration, and longer sleep latency and inertia than those living in other zones. Further, a significant effect of co-factors ‘gender’ and ‘year of resi-dence’ was validated on mid-sleep (work and free days). Compared to wom-en and > 5-year residents, men and 1-5-year residents had delayed mid-sleep. We concluded that RF-EMR might alter the behavioral sleep patterns of subjects living in the vicinity of BTS. However, further confirmatory and extensive studies are necessary, involving a large sample living near many more BTS installations.

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Uzma Septima, and Lince Markis. "Installasi Base Transceiver Station (BTS) untuk Jaringan Node B pada Operator Hutchison 3 Indonesia (H3I)." Jurnal Ilmiah Poli Rekayasa 11, no. 1 (October 15, 2015): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jipr.11.1.21.

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Base Transceiver Station is a device used to connect mobile-phone or smartphone in order to make long-distance communication, although in doing the movement or in transit from one place to another. Installation Base Transceiver Station for Network Node B At the operator Hutchison 3 Indonesia is done to make the operator Hutchison 3 Indonesia signal received by the phone for the better and not dashed when the user performs long-distance communication links with conditions in performing the movement or in the course of one place to another. Methods beginning the process of physical installation of Base Transceiver Station for Node B network in the operator Hutchison 3 Indonesia and order all the Base Transceiver Station can live well after the battery is connected to a rectifier and the required accuracy when performing the installation Base Transceiver Station. Furthermore, the integration process or Commissioning of the Base Transceiver Station for Node B network operator Hutchison 3 Indonesia on this in order to actively and After Commissioning obtained Receive Signal Level sectoral antennas of -59 dBm which can emit a signal as far as 7 km to 8 km , after the new process or Pointing connection between this new Base Transceiver Station Base Transceiver Station with preexisting and Pointing between Siak new Base Transceiver Station Base Transceiver Station Perawang with Perawang Students who have a distance of 5 km Receive Signal level of -32.4 dBm made in accordance with a budget link provided operator Hutchison 3 Indonesia is -30 dBm to -40 dBm.

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Kachhatiya, Vivek, and Shanthi Prince. "Performance Analysis of High Data Rate Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks (WDM-PON) for Mobile Backhaul Application." Frequenz 72, no. 11-12 (November 27, 2018): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2018-0034.

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Abstract In this work, we propose a sixteen channel wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) architecture which provides seamless connectivity between mobile switching center (MSC) and base transceiver stations (BTS) and also serves the fiber to the home (FTTH) users. WDM-PON based mobile backhaul network is considered to be a prime solution due to its quick deployment and reduced cost. Due to growing demand for connectivity and data transmission, the number of wavelengths are increasing day by day. The bit error rate (BER) performance is analyzed for the discrete data rates per wavelength (viz. 2.5 Gbps, 5 Gbps, 10 Gbps, 20 Gbps, and 40 Gbps) at discrete reach for 16 channel WDM-PON. The optical spectrum of sixteen channel WDM-PON is observed for different data rates at multiplexer output and the same is analyzed after fiber distance of 20 km. The fiber reach of the WDM-PON is varied, and its effect on the performance parameter like bit error rate (BER) and Quality Factor (Q-Factor) is observed on BER analyzer for the discrete data rates per wavelength. It is found that as data rate per wavelength increases, the error-free reach of the WDM-PON system decreases. Proposed WDM-PON architecture performs superior to the compared work under similar initial conditions.

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Sharma, Pragati, and A. K. Gautam. "Effect of Radio Frequency from Cellular System on Human Body & Its Potential Remedy Li-Fi for Next Generation Wireless Network." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 5, no. 3 (December 27, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.v5.n3.p1.

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<div>There is a huge body of evidence in the literature that exposure to radio frequency (RF) has been linked to a variety of adverse health outcomes that may have significant health problems for user of mobile phone. Credible scientific evidences are there that RF radiation from cellular system is responsible to create effect that may be either short term (sleep disruption, lack of concentration, behavioral changes etc) or long term (DNA damage, altered immune function, miscarriage risks, etc.). Cellular region of frequency spectrum covers a vital range of frequency worldwide. It uses Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and Mobile Station (MS) for its operation therefore the emission of energy from BTS and MS is quite dangerous and needs everyone attention. In second generation systems, BTS works on frequency reuse concept and after few kilometers, we found another BTS to serve the mobile phone. BTS power gets reduced as the distance from BTS to MS increases. At such condition, mobile starts to emit more power to maintain the link and sometimes switches to another nearby BTS area. A new emerging technology, Light- Fidelity (Li-Fi) is in consideration for future use of communication because it is capable to work safe against health hazards. It can be understood as a carrier to transmit data wirelessly in spite of using radio waves. </div>In this paper, we tried to check the effects of radio frequency at various conditions. These conditions are studied carefully and a comparative analysis is done (based on available literature) to aware mankind regarding harmful effects of radiation from cellular system on human body and also focus on its proposed remedy to overcome the hazardous effects of electromagnetic radiation.

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Chen, Wen Gang, Xiao Jie Song, and Wei Liu. "Design of Underground Mining Personnel Locating System Based on nRF24L01." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1310.

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An underground mining personnel locating system which takes nRF24L01 to establish data base-station for communication was demonstrated in the paper. The location and identification of the E-tag wearing mining personnel can be accomplished through the signal transmit-receiving of every base-station’s transceiver. The concerned information will be transmitted to the control station through the data substation to accomplish the personnel and equipment location, thus enhancing the underground mining safety production, disaster relief ability and management efficiency.

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Lwin, Ko Ko, Yoshihide Sekimoto, and Wataru Takeuchi. "Development of GIS Integrated Big Data Research Toolbox (BigGIS-RTX) for Mobile CDR Data Processing in Disasters Management." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0380.

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This article reports the development of a geographical information system (GIS) embedded text-based geospatial Big Data research toolbox (BigGIS-RTX) designed especially for mobile CDR (Call Details Record) data processing in urban transport planning and disaster management. BigGIS-RTX is a standalone computer program that aims to provide a bridge between geospatial Big Data and end users (i.e. students and researchers) by reducing difficulties in handling geospatial Big Data processing and analysis tasks. This research toolbox makes it possible to handle text-based geospatial Big Data cleaning, formatting, subsetting, and extraction by keywords or structured query language (SQL), CDR data aggregation by base transceiver stations (BTSs), generation of origin–destination (OD) trips, OD matrices, and OD routes, and computation of OD links. Moreover, this research toolbox can be integrated with current commercial GIS software to perform further geospatial analysis functions to improve spatial decision making in urban and transport planning and disaster management. In this report, we discuss two current research outputs using BigGIS-RTX: first, multitemporal grid square population estimation and second, human mobility studies in transportation planning. These research outputs are essential for disaster management and emergency preparedness in terms of providing knowledge and information about population distribution changes over space and time, human mobility flow by a user defined time frame, and travel volume or link count information for individual road segments. This research is part of the core project “Development of a Comprehensive Disaster Resilience System and Collaboration Platform in Myanmar” in a research collaboration between Yangon Technological University, Myanmar, and The University of Tokyo, Japan, sponsored by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Base transceiver stations'

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