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Academic literature on the topic 'Baseball '93'
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Journal articles on the topic "Baseball '93"
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Greiner, Justin J., Geoffrey S. Baer, and Timothy A. McGuine. "PITCH COUNTS IN YOUTH BASEBALL PLAYERS: A COMPARISON TO PITCH SMART GUIDELINES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (2020): 2325967120S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00234.
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Background: Overthrowing injuries in youth baseball players have been linked with pitching behaviors such as as high pitch counts, inadequate rest, and participating in throwing activities throughout the year. Pitch Smart guidelines were developed as an initiative between Major League Baseball and USA Baseball to provide recommendations for youth baseball athletes to help decrease the risk of injuries from overthrowing. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to perform a quantitative analysis of pitch counts in youth baseball players and evaluate compliance with Pitch Smart guidelines. Methods: Local youth baseball teams competing in nine and under (9U) to fourteen and under (14U) age brackets were recruited to track pitches during the summer baseball season. A tablet with a pitch counting application was used to record pitches for each pitcher of the study team and their opponents. Days of rest between games was calculated for the study teams only and not opponents. Pitch counts and days of rest for each pitcher were compared to the recommended Pitch Smart guidelines. Continued prospective collection of data is ongoing through the 2019 summer. Results: Interim review of 23 youth baseball teams using a tablet allowed analysis of 181 pitchers of the 23 study teams using tablets and 285 pitchers of 98 opponent teams. Violation of Pitch Smart guidelines occurred in 14 (60.9%) study teams and 29 (16.0%) pitchers. Of these violations, 27 (93%) pitchers had insufficient rest between games while 2 (7%) pitchers exceeded daily maximum pitches. Further, 8 (35%) teams had more than one player violate guidelines. Pitch smart daily maximum pitch counts were violated in 2 of 98 (2.0%) opponent teams and 2 of 285 (0.7%) of opponent pitchers Conclusion: A total of 61% of youth baseball teams and 16% of pitchers in this study violated Pitch Smart guidelines at interim analysis. The vast majority of guideline violations were due to inadequate rest between games. The high rate of Pitch Smart violations suggests that further education of coaches, parents, and athletes regarding these guidelines, with emphasis on rest recommendations, is necessary to prevent overthrowing injuries in youth baseball players. [Table: see text]
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Kolpin, Van, and Larry D. Singell. "Strategic behavior and the persistence of discrimination in professional baseball." Mathematical Social Sciences 26, no. 3 (1993): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(93)90025-e.
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Lanoue, M. R., and J. J. Revetta. "An analytic hierarchy approach to major league baseball offensive performance ratings." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 17, no. 4-5 (1993): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(93)90188-5.
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Pozzi, Federico, Hillary A. Plummer, Ellen Shanley, et al. "Preseason shoulder range of motion screening and in-season risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 17 (2020): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100698.
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ObjectiveTo characterise whether preseason screening of shoulder range of motion (ROM) is associated with the risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesSix electronic databases up to 22 September 2018.Eligibility criteriaInclusion criteria were (1) overhead athletes from Olympic or college sports, (2) preseason measures of shoulder ROM, (3) tracked in-season injuries at the shoulder and elbow, and (4) prospective cohort design. Exclusion criteria were (1) included contact injuries, (2) lower extremity, spine and hand injuries, and (3) full report not published in English.ResultsFifteen studies were identified, and they included 3314 overhead athletes (baseball (74.6%), softball (3.1%), handball (16.1%), tennis (2.0%), volleyball (2.0%) and swimming (2.2%)). Female athletes are unrepresented (12% of the overall sample). Study quality ranged from 11 to 18 points on a modified Downs and Black checklist (maximum score 21, better quality). In one study, swimmers with low (<93°) or high (>100°) shoulder external rotation were at higher risk of injuries. Using data pooled from three studies of professional baseball pitchers, we showed in the meta-analysis that shoulder external rotation insufficiency (throwing arm <5° greater than the non-throwing arm) was associated with injury (odds ratio=1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.24 to 2.92, p<0.01).ConclusionPreseason screening of shoulder external rotation ROM may identify professional baseball pitchers and swimmers at risk of injury. Shoulder ROM screening may not be effective to identify handball, softball, volleyball and tennis players at risk of injuries. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies and their high degree of heterogeneity.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017072895.
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Reynolds, Robert J., and Steven M. Day. "Mortality of US astronauts: comparisons with professional athletes." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 2 (2018): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105304.
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ObjectiveStudies of mortality among US astronauts are complicated by the healthy worker effect, which predicts lower mortality for astronauts than the general population based solely on the ability to become and remain an astronaut. We attempt to evaluate astronaut mortality risk while accounting for the healthy worker effect.MethodsWe compare mortality rates of male US astronauts with those of professional athletes from Major League Baseball and the National Basketball Association between January 1, 1960 and May 31, 2018.ResultsBoth athlete cohorts and astronauts had significantly lower-than-expected mortality in comparison with the general population. For the overall study period, there were no significant differences in all-cause mortality rates between astronauts and athletes. Astronauts were at greater risk of death from external causes (SMR=583; 95% CI 377 to 860) and reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease (SMR=39; 95% CI 18 to 73) and all natural causes (SMR=67; 95% CI 47 to 93).ConclusionsThe data presented here do not support increased mortality for astronauts due to unique exposures received in space. The mortality experience of astronauts as compared with professional baseball and basketball players should be re-examined periodically as part of the ongoing surveillance of astronaut mortality in years to come.
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Takeuchi, Yasutaka, Hiroyuki Sugaya, Norimasa Takahashi, et al. "Superior Labral Injuries in Elite Gymnasts: Symptoms, Pathology, and Outcomes After Surgical Repair." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7 (2020): 232596712093500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120935001.
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Background: Superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions are common among elite gymnasts and throwing athletes. Although SLAP lesions in throwers are well-described in the literature, no study has described the characteristics of SLAP lesions in gymnasts. We aimed to reveal the characteristics of SLAP lesions in gymnasts by comparing the location and extension of these lesions between gymnasts and throwers. Hypothesis: The location and arc of SLAP lesions in gymnasts will be different from those in throwing athletes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This study included 27 shoulders in 20 males and 3 females with a mean ± SD age of 20 ± 2.5 years (range, 16-25 years). We performed debridement alone for shoulders with a stable lesion. Anterior and/or posterior labral repair was added for unstable SLAP lesions depending on the extension and stability of the lesions. We investigated symptoms, onset, return to sport (based on patient records), and subjective shoulder values. SLAP lesions were evaluated through use of the Snyder classification. The location and arc of SLAP lesions were determined from surgical records and videos and described by use of the right shoulder clockface method. During the same period, 65 baseball players (65 shoulders; all males; mean age, 23 ± 7.0 years; range, 16-44 years) underwent arthroscopic SLAP surgery. We compared the location and arc of SLAP lesions between gymnasts and baseball players. Results: Symptoms during gymnastics included pain (100%), apprehension (48%), or catching (11%). We found that 20 shoulders had symptom onset during gymnastics, most commonly during rings events. Type II SLAP lesions were found in 17 shoulders, type III in 2 shoulders, and type IV in 8 shoulders. The mean center of SLAP lesions was at the 11:40 clockface position in 27 gymnasts and 10:40 clockface position in 65 baseball players, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < .001). The mean arc of SLAP lesions was 125° in gymnasts and 140° in baseball players, and the difference was not significant. We performed debridement in 2 shoulders (7%) and labral repair in 25 shoulders (93%). After surgery, all patients returned to gymnastics. The mean subjective shoulder value was 35 (range, 10-90) preoperatively and 76 (range, 40-100) postoperatively. Conclusion: SLAP lesions in gymnasts were significantly located anteriorly compared with those in baseball players. All patients returned to gymnastics after arthroscopic surgery. Secure repair of SLAP lesions may be important for good surgical outcomes, because 50% of patients experienced preoperative shoulder apprehension.
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Sugaya, Hiroyuki, Norimasa Takahashi, Keisuke Matsuki, et al. "Superior Labrum Injuries in Elite Gymnasts: Symptom, Pathology, and Outcome after Surgical Repair." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (2020): 2325967120S0038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00384.
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Objectives: Superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions are common among gymnasts and throwing athletes. Although SLAP lesions in throwers are well described in the literature, no study has described the characteristics of SLAP lesions in gymnasts. We aimed to reveal the characteristics of SLAP lesions in gymnasts by comparing the location and extension of these lesions between gymnasts and throwers. Methods: This study included 27 shoulders in 20 male and 3 female patients with a mean age of 20 years (range, 16-25 years). We performed debridement alone for shoulders with a stable lesion. Anterior and/or posterior labrum repair was added for unstable SLAP lesions, depending on the extension and stability of the lesions. We investigated symptoms, onset, sports return based on patient records, and subjective shoulder values (SSVs). SLAP lesions were evaluated using the Snyder classification. The location and extension of SLAP lesions were determined from surgical records and videos, and described using the right shoulder clock-face method. During the same period, 65 baseball players (65 shoulders) underwent arthroscopic SLAP surgery. They were all men with a mean age of 23 years (range, 16-44 years). We also investigated the location and extension of SLAP lesions in baseball players for comparison. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test for comparing the center and arc of SLAP lesions between gymnasts and baseball players. The Mann-Whitney U-test was also used to compare the preoperative and postoperative SSVs. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results: Symptoms during gymnastics included pain (100%), apprehension (48%), or catching (11%). Twenty shoulders had symptom onset during gymnastics, most commonly during rings events. Type II SLAP lesions were found in 17 shoulders, type III in 2 shoulders, and type IV in 8 shoulders. The mean center of SLAP lesions was located at 11:40 in 27 gymnasts and at 10:40 in 65 baseball players, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The mean arc of SLAP lesions was 125° in gymnasts and 140° in baseball players, and the difference was not significant (P=0,09) (Figure 1). We performed debridement (Figure 2) in 2 shoulders (7%) and labrum repair (Figure 3,4) in 25 shoulders (93%). After surgery, all patients returned to gymnastics. The mean SSV was 35 (range, 10-90) preoperatively and 76 (range, 40-100) postoperatively. Conclusion: SLAP lesions in gymnasts were significantly located anteriorly than those in baseball players. Most SLAP lesions in the shoulders of gymnasts had symptom onset during suspension events such as rings or bars, and half of the gymnasts complained of shoulder apprehension in addition to pain. Fixation of both the anterior and posterior labrum was performed in 63% of the patients, and all patients returned to gymnastics after arthroscopic surgery. Secure repair of SLAP lesions may be important for good surgical outcomes because gymnasts require a stable glenohumeral joint. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text]
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Marsh, Joseph A., Matthew I. Wagshol, Kyle J. Boddy, et al. "Effects of a six-week weighted-implement throwing program on baseball pitching velocity, kinematics, arm stress, and arm range of motion." PeerJ 6 (November 23, 2018): e6003. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6003.
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Background Weighted-baseball training programs are used at the high school, collegiate, and professional levels of baseball. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a six-week training period consisting of weighted implements, manual therapy, weightlifting, and other modalities on shoulder external rotation, elbow valgus stress, pitching velocity, and kinematics. Hypothesis A six-week training program that includes weighted implements will increase pitching velocity along with concomitant increases in arm angular velocities, joint kinetics, and shoulder external rotation. Methods Seventeen collegiate and professional baseball pitchers (age range 18–23, average: 19.9 ± 1.3) training at Driveline Baseball were evaluated via a combination of an eight-camera motion-capture system, range-of-motion measurements and radar- and pitch-tracking equipment, both before and after a six-week training period. Each participant received individualized training programs, with significant overlap in training methods for all athletes. Twenty-eight biomechanical parameters were computed for each bullpen trial, four arm range-of-motion measurements were taken, and pitching velocities were recorded before and after the training period. Pre- and post-training period data were compared via post-hoc paired t tests. Results There was no change in pitching velocity across the seventeen subjects. Four biomechanical parameters for the holistic group were significantly changed after the training period: internal rotational velocity was higher (from 4,527 ± 470 to 4,759 ± 542 degrees/second), shoulder abduction was lower at ball release (96 ± 7.6 to 93 ± 5.4°), the shoulder was less externally rotated at ball release (95 ± 15 to 86 ± 18°) and shoulder adduction torque was higher (from 103 ± 39 to 138 ± 53 N-m). Among the arm range of motion measurements, four were significantly different after the training period: the shoulder internal rotation range of motion and total range of motion for both the dominant and non-dominant arm. When the group was divided into those who gained pitching velocity and those who did not, neither group showed a significant increase in shoulder external rotation, or elbow valgus stress. Conclusions Following a six-week weighted implement program, pitchers did not show a significant change in velocity, joint kinetics, or shoulder external rotation range of motion. When comparing pitchers who gained velocity versus pitchers who did not, no statistically significant changes were seen in joint kinetics and shoulder range of motion.
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English, Joy, Daniel Cushman, Chong Zhang, et al. "The Ulnar Collateral Ligament Responds to Stress in Professional Pitchers." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (2020): 2325967120S0037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00374.
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Objectives: It remains unknown whether the frequently injured ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) responds to the stress of baseball pitching. Our purpose was to determine the response of the UCL in professional pitchers to pitching and rest. Methods: In a prospective study supported by Major League Baseball, all pitchers within a single professional baseball club were enrolled. Surgical and pitching history were recorded. An ultrasound (US) of the ligament was then performed by a single fellowship-trained ultrasonographer with extensive UCL US experience at the beginning of the season (T1), the end of the season (T2), and the beginning of the following season (T3). We measured UCL thickness and ulnotrochlear joint opening at 30° of flexion with and without valgus stress. Two US images were saved. Inter- and intra-rater reliability were determined. A multivariable analysis was conducted. Results: 185 total pitchers were included: 94 pitchers at T1, 83 at T2, and 118 pitchers at T3. Excluding player movement, follow-up rate was 70% between T1 and T2 and 91% between T2 and T3. These pitchers were 23 [21, 25] years old (median [inter-quartile range]), had 12 [7, 15] years pitching experience, and had peak velocity of 95 [93, 97] miles per hour. Intra- and inter-rater reliability was excellent. Baseline UCL thickness was associated with peak velocity (p=0.031) and prior UCL reconstruction (UCLR, p=0.024). After accounting for years of pitching experience, peak velocity and time, UCL thickness was greater in those with prior UCLR (p<0.001). After accounting for pitching experience, peak velocity, and prior UCLR, thickness increased during the season (p=0.002) and decreased during the offseason (p=0.001). After accounting for these same variables, valgus laxity at 30° increased during the season (p=0.002) and decreased during the off season (p=0.029). Conclusion: The ulnar collateral ligament responds to stress in professional pitchers by becoming thicker and more lax and to rest by becoming thinner and less lax.
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Melugin, Heath P., Dirk R. Larson, Glenn S. Fleisig, et al. "Baseball Pitchers’ Perceived Effort Does Not Match Actual Measured Effort During a Structured Long-Toss Throwing Program." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 8 (2019): 1949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519850560.
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Background: During rehabilitation throwing programs, baseball players are commonly asked to throw at reduced levels of effort (ie, 50% effort, 75% effort, etc) to moderate stress to healing tissues. It is currently unknown how changes in players’ perceived exertion compares with changes in actual exertion during structured long-toss programs. Purpose: To determine whether decreased effort correlates with decreased throwing metrics, whether metrics decrease proportionally with reductions in perceived effort, and to quantify intrathrower variability. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Sixty male high school and collegiate baseball pitchers participated in a structured throwing program. A motusBASEBALL sleeve was worn by all players, which measured elbow varus torque, arm velocity, arm slot, and shoulder rotation. Ball velocity was measured with a radar gun. Each pitcher threw 5 throws a distance of 120 ft with 3 efforts: maximum effort, 75% effort, and 50% effort. Throwing metrics were compared among the 3 levels of effort to see if each 25% decrease resulted in proportional decreases in elbow varus torque and ball velocity. Intrathrower variability was determined for each throwing metric at each degree of effort. Results: All throwing metrics decreased as players decreased their perceived effort ( P < .001). However, these observed decreases were much smaller in magnitude than the decreases in perceived effort. During the 75% effort throws, elbow varus torque was only reduced to 93% of maximum and velocity dropped to 86% of maximum. Similarly, for the 50% effort throws, elbow varus torque remained 87% of max effort torque, while velocity remained 78% of max. Intrathrower reliability was considered excellent for most metrics (intraclass correlation coefficient, >0.75). Conclusion: For every 25% decrease in perceived effort, elbow varus torque only decreased 7% and velocity only decreased 11%. Thus, when players throw at what they perceive to be reduced effort, their actual throwing metrics do not decrease at the same rate as their perceived exertion. Clinical Relevance: Measured effort decreased with decreasing perceived effort, but these were not proportional. This has significant implications for physical therapists, physicians, trainers, coaches, and athletes to understand and monitor elbow stress during the rehabilitation process.
Books on the topic "Baseball '93"
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Arnold, J. Douglas, and Zach Meston. Awesome Sega Genesis Secrets 3. Sandwich Islands Publishing, 1993.
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Mcdermott, Leeanne. GamePro Presents: Sega Genesis Games Secrets: Greatest Tips. Prima Publishing, 1992.
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Tom, Badgett, ed. Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear strategies, 2ND Edition. Bantam Books, 1991.
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Sandler, Corey. Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear strategies, 3RD Edition. Bantam Books, 1992.
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Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear Strategies, '94 Edition. Random House, Electronic Publishing, 1993.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Baseball '93"
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Paez-Borrallo, J. M., and I. A. Perez Alvarez. "Self improved error reference for adaptive echo cancellation in full-duplex baseband data communications." In Proceedings of ICASSP '93. IEEE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1993.319503.
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