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1
McGaha, Patrick, and David C. Barney. "A Qualitative Exploration of Successful High School Baseball Coaches' Silence During Practice." Physical Educator 79, no. 4 (July 21, 2022): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/tpe-2022-v79-i4-10753.
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For athletic coaches, there are many methods to coach athletes. One method that may not be as common, or even thought of as coaching, is silence. Silence is when the coach does not speak but is thinking of specific team, player, and competitor items. The purpose of this study was to interview consistently successful high school baseball coaches with an emphasis on their silence as a coaching behavior. Five successful high school baseball coaches in the southeastern United States were interviewed. Generally, it was found baseball coaches were strategizing, or thinking of baseball-related items while being silent during practice. The results from this study are a valuable addition to the literature, showing that coaching is not only about talking or yelling but also about a coach’s silence, a powerful form of coaching.
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Gearity, Brian. "Effective Collegiate Baseball Strength Coaching." Strength and Conditioning Journal 31, no. 2 (April 2009): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e31819d65d9.
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Chen, Chang-Hsu, Wen-Bin Lin, Shih-Chieh Yang, and Richard Hsiao. "Multiple Criteria Decision-Making: A Novel Applications of Network DEA Model." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111482.
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Do retired professional baseball players become effective coaches? Are Taiwanese coaches up to the job of coaching in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL)? What are the key coaching factors affecting a CPBL team’s performance in the regular-season? In this study, we examine the key coaching factors affecting the efficiency of CPBL teams from the perspective of efficiency and productivity, using network data envelopment analysis, truncated regression analysis, and bootstrapping methods to provide specific recommendations. We calculated the efficiency of each CPBL team from the 2014 to 2016 regular-seasons. First, the “ex-member” indicator had a significant negative impact on team performance, indicating that a coaching team consisting of coaches with different backgrounds or experience is advantageous to a team’s performance in games; and second, the “ex-professional player” indicator had a significant impact on team performance in the regular season, indicating that the valuable experience of retired professional baseball players definitely has value. The proposed model, after being modified appropriately according to practical needs, can be widely applied to comprehensively track the coaching ability of professional baseball teams and coaches, as well as the players’ ability and efficiency, and will help implement improvements in all aspects of performance management with originality and significant impact.
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Fogt, Nick, and Jacob Terry. "Survey of Visual and Predictive Aspects of Batting and Eye Care Utilization in Baseball Players." Journal of Sports and Performance Vision 5, no. 1 (March 24, 2023): e1-e15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/jspv.v5i1.22.
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Recent laboratory studies suggest that baseball batters use pre-pitch and post-pitch cues in batting and that high-level batters have excellent visual acuity. This study aimed to survey baseball batters on eye and head tracking and fixation behaviors, whether players received eye examinations during their playing careers, and on players’ recollections of coaching advice. An online survey was sent to potential respondents. Fifty-nine current or former baseball players who participated at the college level (54) or above (5) completed all (58) or most of the survey. Most were Division 3 college players. Survey responses suggested that pre-pitch and post-pitch cues were used by batters and that eye and head-tracking behaviors were similar to those in laboratory studies. Survey answers on batters’ behaviors largely matched answers on coaching advice. Most respondents had received an eye examination while playing, but most had not discussed visiontherapy.
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Post, Eric G., Michael D. Rosenthal, Andrew T. Pennock, and Mitchell J. Rauh. "Prevalence and Consequences of Sport Specialization Among Little League Baseball Players." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13, no. 3 (February 3, 2021): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120970956.
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Background: Baseball is one of the most popular boy’s youth sports, and there has been a rise in the rates of certain overuse injuries among players. Specialization has been identified as a risk factor for overuse injury in high school athlete populations, but there is little understanding of the prevalence or consequences of sport specialization in Little League baseball players. Hypothesis: Sport specialization will be highly prevalent among Little League baseball players and specialization will be associated with worse throwing arm health. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 246 Little League baseball players (male; N = 241; age, 9.5 ± 1.6 years) between 7 and 12 years old completed an anonymous, online questionnaire with their parent’s assistance. The questionnaire consisted of participant demographics and baseball participation information, including sport specialization status and the Youth Throwing Score (YTS), a valid and reliable patient-reported outcome measure for youth baseball players. Results: Only 29 (11.8%) players met the criteria for high specialization. Approximately one-third of all players (n = 77; 31.3%) reported participating in baseball year-round or receiving private coaching outside of their league (n = 81; 32.9%). Highly specialized athletes demonstrated worse scores on the YTS on average compared with low-specialization athletes (mean [SE]: 56.9 [1.6] vs 61.1 [1.2]; P = 0.01). Similarly, pitching in the previous year ( P < 0.01) or traveling overnight regularly for showcases ( P = 0.01) were associated with a worse score on the YTS. Conclusion: While the prevalence of high sport specialization was low among Little League baseball players, other behaviors associated with specialization such as year-round play and the receiving of private coaching were more common. Highly specialized Little League players demonstrated worse throwing arm health compared with low-specialization players. Clinical Relevance: Little League players and their parents may represent a potential target audience for dissemination campaigns regarding sport specialization.
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Chen, Chao-Chien. "Leadership and Teamwork Paradigms: Two Models for Baseball Coaches." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 10 (November 1, 2010): 1367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.10.1367.
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Two popular leadership models were examined: transformational/transactional leadership and leader member exchange (LMX). The aim was to assess which model is the most appropriate to use when coaching a baseball team to build teamwork. While the transformational/transactional model was found to be sufficient to determine coaching behaviors towards the team as an entity and in inspiring the team, it was not found to address sufficiently the actual workings of the coach-player relationship. For this purpose, the LMX model was considered to be more useful. The LMX model also included more specific mechanisms for the improvement of teamwork than the transformational/transactional model.
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Ettleson, Ari. "What Medical School Coaching Can Learn From 13U Baseball." Academic Medicine 99, no. 6 (March 13, 2024): e11-e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000005699.
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Schempp, Paul G., Bryan A. McCullick, Matthew A. Grant, Cornell Foo, and Kelly Wieser. "Professional Playing Experience Does Not Lead to Professional Coaching Success." Journal of Coaching Education 3, no. 3 (December 2010): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.3.3.72.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between coaches’ professional playing experience and their professional coaching success. The sample (n = 134) included coaches who had the equivalent of three full seasons of head coaching experience in either Major League Baseball (MLB) (n = 46), the National Basketball Association (NBA) (n = 38) or the National Football League (NFL) (n = 50) as determined by the total number of games coached between the years 1997-2007. ANOVAs revealed no significant differences between coaches with more or less professional playing experience and professional coaching success as determined by professional winning percentage. Further, no significant relationship was found between professional playing experience and professional coaching success in MLB (r = -0.16), NBA (r = -0.05) or NFL (r = 0.00). It was concluded that professional playing experience was not a predictor of professional level coaching success. These findings support the notion that sources of knowledge other than playing experience may be necessary and useful in developing coaching expertise.
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Rupert, Terry, and Craig Buschner. "Teaching and Coaching: A Comparison of Instructional Behaviors." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 9, no. 1 (October 1989): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.9.1.49.
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Researchers have studied teaching and coaching separately, despite the fact that these roles overlap. The purpose of this study was to compare the instructional behaviors of educators who were engaged in the dual role of teaching high school physical education and coaching baseball. Nine teacher/coaches were observed using the ASU Observation Instrument. Of the 13 behavioral categories observed, significant differences were found in 5 categories. Coaching behaviors were greater for preinstruction, praise, and silence. Teaching behaviors were greater for the categories of management and the category “other.” The results demonstrate that instructional behaviors can vary depending upon context. This study supplements a beginning data base for comparisons of pedagogical behaviors of teacher/coaches.
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Nam, Sang-Back, Jung-Sup Bae, and Sang-Wuk Song. "The Development on Coaching Competency Model for Professional Baseball Leader." Korean Journal of Sports Science 30, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2021.4.30.2.565.
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Tamura, Akihiro, and Masami Saito. "Muscle Activity Characteristics of the Pronator Teres during Throwing in Baseball Pitchers: A Pilot Study." Healthcare 11, no. 4 (February 19, 2023): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040618.
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The pronator teres muscle is a major dynamic stabilizer of elbow valgus stress during throwing. This study aims to investigate pronator teres muscle activation during breaking ball pitching in baseball pitchers. Twelve male college baseball players with more than eight years of baseball experience were included in this study. A wireless surface electromyography (EMG) system was used to measure the activation of the forearm muscles and record EMG data during fastball and curveball pitching. Peak pronator teres muscle activation during curveball pitching was greater than that during fastball pitching (p = 0.03). There was no difference in the muscle activation of the other forearm muscles (p > 0.05). These results indicate that increased muscle activity in the pronator teres may contribute to stiffness and induce pronator teres syndrome or medial elbow injuries related to the overuse of the pronator teres, especially during curveball pitching. Controlling curveball throws contributes to player coaching and conditioning for the prevention of elbow joint disorders and pronator teres syndrome.
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Matsumoto, Tatsuhiko, and Tomoko Kojiri. "Baseball Coaching Ability Development System based on Externalization of Decision Process." Procedia Computer Science 22 (2013): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.146.
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Wan, Fang Xing, Dong Hu, and Jing Tian. "Evaluation of College Coach Capacity in USA." Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (July 2014): 1693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.1693.
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To manage operation mechanism of sports coaching teams, the mathematical models are introduced based on the coach evaluation system in USA. Using datum of college coaches and economy in USA from 1913 to 2013, we select top 3 college coaches in basketball, football and baseball field respectively from nearly 4,000 coaches by the AHP model and the Input-Output model. The conclusion is that economic factors should be considered in evaluating coach capacity.
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Kim, Soon-Young, and Ji-Sun Yoon. "Evaluating effect analysis with Implementing Mental Coaching Program for High-school Baseball Players: Based on GROW Coaching Model." Korean Journal of Sports Science 33, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2024.4.33.2.159.
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Tang, Han Cong, and Yan An Dong. "Assessment of Coaches Using Data Envelopment Analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 1560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.1560.
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This paper presents three models as a potential decision making method for selecting the best baseball, field hockey, and women’s basketball NCAA Division I coaches. Five indicators, synthesized coaching efficiency, winning percentage, consecutive championship, achievement index and gender, are introduced to give a comprehensive evaluation of coaching ability. The preliminary served as a filter model to screen out less capable coaches and a robust ranking within top 10 is achieved. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model takes the time line horizon into consideration, and helps find less efficient coaches. By comparing the first two models, we obtain a reasonable assessment of coaches from different time period. Finally, by applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), minor changes in judgment matrices can be made to adjust the ratio of male to female in the top 5 coaches.
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Edwards, Jonathon, Diane Culver, Ross Leadbetter, Kate Kloos, and Luke Potwarka. "“One Piece of a Big Puzzle”: Understanding the Roles of Coach Developers Through Interorganizational Relationships in Canada’s Coach Education System." International Sport Coaching Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2019-0014.
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Coach developers (CDs) are an integral aspect of the coaching education system in Canada, as they are responsible for the delivery of the National Coaching Certification Program (NCCP) to coaches. A means of understanding the role of CDs within the Canadian coaching education system is to gain insight into the enablers and challenges of the interorganizational relationships (IORs) between the stakeholders (e.g., organizations, CDs, and coaches). The purpose of this insights paper was to use IORs to understand the CD relationship with other stakeholders in the coach education system as they pertain to enablers and challenges. The use of IORs is a relatively new theoretical concept within the field of coaching and coach education as it pertains to CDs. Through the empirical evidence of three sports—hockey, soccer, and baseball—there were three key themes that were indicative of IORs: the NCCP delivery, communications, and monitoring/evaluating for effectiveness. On the basis of the findings from this current study, the intended system design of the Canadian coaching education system, which is based on role-set IOR, is a vertical model of top-down governance model. On the basis of the findings from this current study, the intended system design of the Canadian coaching education system, which is based on role-set IOR, is a vertical model of top-down governance, where one decision from the top impacts all the other stakeholders within the system.
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Amorose, Anthony J., and Maureen R. Weiss. "Coaching Feedback as a Source of Information about Perceptions of Ability: A Developmental Examination." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 1998): 395–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.20.4.395.
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This study examined, from a developmental perspective, how coaching feedback serves as an ability cue. Boys and girls (N = 60) comprising 2 age groups (6-8, 12-14) viewed videotapes of youth athletes attempting to hit a baseball or softball, followed by a coach who provided evaluative, informational, or neutral feedback. Participants then rated each athlete’s ability, effort, and future expectancy of success. Separate 2 × 2 × 3 (age × gender × feedback type) repeated measures MANOVAs were conducted for the successful and unsuccessful outcome conditions. Following successful attempts, both older and younger children rated praise higher than neutral and informational feedback as a source of ability information. Athletes receiving informational feedback following unsuccessful attempts were rated highest, followed by neutral feedback and criticism. Open-ended questions revealed some age-related differences in use of ability information. Results are discussed in relation to research on sources of competence information and coaching feedback.
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van der Graaff, Erik, Marco Hoozemans, Maurice Pasteuning, Dirkjan Veeger, and Peter J. Beek. "Focus of attention instructions during baseball pitching training." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 3 (May 29, 2017): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117711095.
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It has often been shown that performance and learning in movement tasks may be improved by focusing on the effect of the movement in the environment (external focus of attention) instead of the movement itself (internal focus of attention). Nevertheless, most coaching instructions and feedback information given in sports seem to favor an internal focus of attention over an external one. In the present study, we investigated coaches’ instructions and feedback in an instrumental sports action, viz. baseball pitching, in which external targets are readily identifiable, such as the strike area or the catcher’s glove. To this end, we recorded and analyzed the pitching instructions and feedback statements of six baseball coaches given to 70 elite youth baseball pitchers (mean age 15.3 ( SD 1.67) years) during regular pitching training sessions over a training period of four weeks. All instructions and feedback statements were classified according to the type of focus of attention invoked (i.e. internal or external), and a rest category of all other statements. Of the statements promoting a specific focus of attention (717/1699), only 31% (224/717) were classified as external focus of attention statements. Correspondingly, the responses on a questionnaire filled out by the pitchers indicated that they used an internal focus of attention during practice and preferred to receive internally oriented over externally oriented instructions and feedback. The present results show that, even in sports involving clear external targets such as baseball pitching, the internal focus of attention instructions prevails, the experimental evidence in favor of external focus of attention instructions notwithstanding.
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Burdette, Trey, Barry Joyner, and Dan Czech. "An Examination of Preferred Coaching Behaviors as Classified by Athletes Gender, Race, and Playing Time." Journal of Coaching Education 5, no. 1 (May 2012): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.5.1.5.
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The Multidimensional Model for Sport Leadership (MML) (Chelladurai, 1980) posits that an athlete’s performance and satisfaction are functions of the congruency between the preferred leadership of student-athletes, the required behavior of the coach as dictated by the situation, and the actual behavior of the coach. As such, research in sport should examine how appropriate the model is to today’s athletic culture. Gender, one member characteristic, has been researched considerably, with conflicting results, while race and the amount of playing time have been largely ignored with preferential leadership. The purpose of this study was to classify student-athletes’ race, gender, and playing time by their preferred coaching behaviors. NCAA Division-I student-athletes (n = 140) in baseball, men’s and women’s basketball, men’s and women’s soccer, softball, and men’s and women’s volleyball were surveyed using the Revised Leadership Scale for Sport (RLSS). Using discriminant analysis, the authors attempted to predict the student-athlete gender, race, and playing time by their preferred coaching behavior scores. None of the models were significant, indicating a lack of variance between the classification groups. Future research on the importance of preferred coaching predictors is discussed.
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Gardner, Douglas E., David L. Light Shields, Brenda Jo Light Bredemeier, and Alan Bostrom. "The Relationship between Perceived Coaching Behaviors and Team Cohesion among Baseball and Softball Players." Sport Psychologist 10, no. 4 (December 1996): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.4.367.
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The relationship between perceived leadership behaviors and team cohesion in high school and junior college baseball and softball teams was researched. Study participants, 307 athletes representing 23 teams, responded to the perceived version of the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). Correlational and multivariate analyses indicated significant relationships between perceived leader behaviors and team cohesion. Specifically, coaches who were perceived as high in training and instruction, democratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback, and low in autocratic behavior, had teams that were more cohesive. A MANOVA indicated there were significant differences between genders and athletes at the two school levels in their perceptions of coaching behaviors and team cohesion, though these demographic variables did not significantly moderate the leadership-cohesion relationship.
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Kim, Pyeong Jung, and Jinkook Tak. "Effectiveness of Team Coaching Program based on Positive Psychology for Middle School Baseball Players." Korean Journal of Youth Studies 26, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21509/kjys.2019.12.26.12.147.
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Kim, Philsoo. "Manager Coaching Tenure, Capabilities, and Turnover Effects on Performance of Korean Professional Baseball Teams." Korean Journal of Sport Management 25, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31308/kssm.25.5.5.
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Fisher, Leslee A., Matthew P. Bejar, Leslie K. Larsen, Jamie M. Fynes, and Brian T. Gearity. "Caring in U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Sport: The perspectives of 18 female and male head coaches." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954116684388.
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The current study was undertaken to explore how U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female and male head coaches defined and implemented care in their coaching practice. Eighteen coaches ( M = 39.2 years; nine females, nine males) from eight different sports (baseball, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming, track and field/cross-country, volleyball, and golf) consented to be interviewed via a semi-structured interview guide based on the care literature. Data analysis was conducted using Consensual Qualitative Research with a team of five researchers including an external auditor. Results revealed that care revolved around six domains: (a) definition of care; (b) manifestations of care; (c) limits to capacity to be caring; (d) development of care; (e) factors facilitating care, and (f) factors hindering care. Each domain contained several categories ( N = 22 total categories) composed of core ideas. Results are presented using participants’ own words to illustrate domains and categories. Implications for research and practice are also put forth, which link the findings to the broader U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association coaching context.
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Sogo, Hiroyuki, Tomohiro Henmi, Kousei Yoshizawa, Gou Saziki, and Atsuro Yokota. "Evaluation of Coaching Methods Using Kinematical Feature Values of Batting Motion in Beginner Baseball Players." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 143, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.143.236.
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Calmels, Claire, Christelle Berthoumieux, and Fabienne Fabienne d’Arripe-Longueville. "Effects of an Imagery Training Program on Selective Attention of National Softball Players." Sport Psychologist 18, no. 3 (September 2004): 272–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.3.272.
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This study examined the effectiveness of an imagery training program in improving national softball players’ selective attention. A multiple-baseline design across individuals was used. There were four participants. One remained at baseline, while the other three spent 10 min a day practicing an audio-taped imagery program composed of 28 sessions. Measures of selective attention were collected via a baseball/softball batting specific version stemming from Nideffer’s (1976) Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS). The results demonstrated that the imagery training program generally enhanced the ability of softball players to integrate external stimuli without being overloaded with them and to narrow attention. Results were discussed in relation to the usefulness of multiple-baseline designs for investigating individual differences among elite athletes. Practical pedagogical considerations for coaching are proposed.
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Cook, Elaine Verna, and Kim D. Dorsch. "Monitoring in Youth Sport: A Paradigm Shift." Surveillance & Society 11, no. 4 (December 18, 2013): 508–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v11i4.4751.
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Witte, Kelly S. "Coaching Leadership Preferences: Insight from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III Athlete." Journal of Coaching Education 4, no. 2 (August 2011): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.4.2.73.
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The purpose of this study was to identify and compare coaching leadership preferences of 1,859 varsity student-athletes participating at the Division III level in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The athletes attended one of fourteen colleges and universities located in the Midwest. Teams were selected according to task dependence and the existence of both male and female squads. Three independent (individual) sports and three interdependent (team) sports were selected: men’s and women’s basketball, men’s and women’s soccer, men’s baseball and women’s softball, men’s and women’s swimming, men’s and women’s tennis, and men’s and women’s track & field. The Revised Leadership Scale for Sport (Zhang, Jensen, & Mann, 1997) was used to assess participants’ leadership preferences on the dimensions of training and instruction behavior, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support behavior, positive feedback behavior, and situational consideration behavior. Females had a higher preference for positive feedback and situational consideration, whereas males expressed stronger preferences for social support and autocratic behavior. Individual sport athletes demonstrated a higher preference for democratic behavior, positive feedback, training and instruction, situational consideration, and social support than did team sport athletes and team sport athletes preferred autocratic behavior more than athletes participating in individual sports. The gender by task dependence interaction was not significant. These results suggest that differences in athletes and particular sports teams may facilitate specific leadership behaviors
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Kim, Soon-Young, and Ji-Sun Yoon. "Evaluating effect analysis with Implementing Mental Coaching Program for High-school Baseball Players: Based on Merton’s Functional analysis Framework." Korean Journal of Sports Science 33, no. 3 (June 30, 2024): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2024.6.33.3.211.
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Fisher, Leslee A., Terilyn C. Shigeno, Matthew P. Bejar, Leslie K. Larsen, and Brian Gearity. "Caring practices among U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female and male assistant coaches." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 4 (November 29, 2017): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117743114.
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The focus of the current study was on the ways that U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female and male assistant coaches defined and implemented care with their student–athletes. Twenty-three coaches (14 female, 9 male) from nine different sports (baseball, basketball, golf, rowing, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field/cross-country, and volleyball) agreed to participate in a semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research by a team of four researchers as well as an external auditor. Results indicated that care was encompassed within 12 total categories and four major domains: (a) development of care, (b) definitions of care, (c) manifestations of care, and (d) factors influencing care. Results are presented using direct quotes from assistant coaches in the form of core ideas to highlight the domains and categories. Throughout the discussion, the findings are linked to previous research on care and the broader U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association coaching context. In addition, directions for future research are also put forth.
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Crotin, Ryan L., and Dan K. Ramsey. "An Exploratory Investigation Evaluating the Impact of Fatigue-Induced Stride Length Compensations on Ankle Biomechanics among Skilled Baseball Pitchers." Life 13, no. 4 (April 11, 2023): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13040986.
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Altered propulsive and bracing ground reaction forces from lower-body fatigue significantly impact stride length to increase weakness in dynamic elbow stabilizers and risk of medial elbow injury in baseball pitchers. This work investigated altered stride length on three-dimensional ankle joint dynamics to illustrate fatigue-induced changes in ankle motion that can also be impacted by coaching errors. Nineteen pitchers (15 collegiate and 4 high school) were randomized in a crossover design study that encouraged fatigue by throwing two simulated 80-pitch games at ±25% of their desired stride length. An integrated motion-capture system with two force plates and radar gun tracked each throw. Retrospective analysis using pairwise comparisons, including effect size calculations, were undertaken to identify differences in ankle dynamics between stride length conditions for both the drive and stride leg. Longer strides were found to be more effective in drive ankle propulsion and stride-bracing mechanics. Conversely, shorter strides delayed bracing dynamics by demonstrating continued drive ankle plantar flexion moments after stride-foot contact to extend pitchers’ time in propulsion (p < 0.001, d > 0.8). Additionally, heightened braking effects were seen during the acceleration phase of throwing with greater stride knee extension power when pitching with shorter strides (p < 0.001, d > 0.8). The knowledge gained from this work offers new insight into compensatory stride length adaptation that impacts systemic and throwing arm-specific fatigue to maintain ball velocity, as bilateral ankle joint dynamics can be significantly affected in response to cumulative workload.
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Vītoliņš, Karlis, Andra Fernāte, and Atis Kovaļovs. "MEANING OF SPORT MONITORING AND ITS DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (May 22, 2024): 774–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2024vol2.7908.
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The earliest research on analytics in sports dates back to 1912 with the work by Hugh Fullerton on the correlation between baseball player hits, throws, and catching techniques, and success in the game. Nowadays with equally high technological and financial availability, the efficiency of the training process becomes more relevant. A well-organized and managed training process, combined with high technology and financial accessibility, will be the determining factor for successful performance. Research aim: to compare and analyse the meaning of sport monitoring and its development tendencies. Research methods: a systematic review of scientific literature was conducted, examining scientific articles available in the ScienceDirect and Google Scholar electronic databases (publishing date 2014-2024) using the following keywords: "monitoring", "sport monitoring”, “performance monitoring”, and “coaching monitoring". As a result of the study, the use of the term 'monitoring' in the context of the sport environment was clarified. The meaning and function of monitoring involves continuous systematic data collection based on selected criteria, with its most essential function being the ability to instantly inform involved parties about the characteristics of the performance process. Monitoring in sports is primarily applied in terms of athlete and team performance analytics. However, it is equally important to continuously and systematically observe the activities of coaches with the aim of providing feedback for improvement.
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Solomito, Matthew J., Erin J. Garibay, and Carl W. Nissen. "A Biomechanical Analysis of the Association Between Forearm Mechanics and the Elbow Varus Moment in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517733471.
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Background: The incidence of upper extremity injury in baseball pitchers has increased over the past decade. This has resulted in a large body of research mainly focused on the kinematic and kinetic patterns of the elbow and shoulder to elucidate the cause of these injuries, with little attention on studying the associations of forearm rotation and upper arm joint moments. Hypothesis: There will be significant differences in forearm kinematics and kinetics when comparing the fastball pitch with the curveball pitch. There will be a positive association between forearm kinetics, specifically supination and pronation moments, and the elbow varus moment. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 78 pitchers were recruited for this study, and they underwent a pitching analysis using motion analysis techniques. A random-intercept, mixed-effects regression model was used to determine differences in forearm kinematics and kinetics when pitching a fastball compared with a curveball, as well as to determine if associations existed between forearm supination and pronation moments and the elbow varus moment. Results: There were a number of significant differences in forearm position when pitching a fastball compared with a curveball, with the curveball producing a more supinated forearm position. Significant associations were found between increasing forearm supination moments and an increase in elbow varus moment for both the fastball and the curveball ( P = .002 and P < .001, respectively). For every 1-N·m increase in the supination moment, there was a 1-N·m and 1.1-N·m increase in the elbow varus moment for the fastball and curveball, respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the forearm position was not associated with the elbow varus moment. However, the supination moment was associated with the elbow varus moment. Clinical Relevance: On the basis of these findings, pitching coaches and trainers can understand the implications of proper lower arm pitching mechanics in the later portion of the pitch cycle as a potential risk of injury and, therefore, can develop coaching strategies to reduce incorrect positioning, especially when players are pitching the curveball.
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Matsuo, Tomoyuki, Yuichi Hirano, and Takashi Kawamura. "Classification of coaching points related to baseball pitching and divergence in opinions among expert coaches and pitchers: Content analysis of comments on the movement in pitching." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 55, no. 2 (2010): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.09048.
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Sadullah, Akhmad, Agus Kristiyanto, and Sapta Kunta Purnama. "Media Development Study Basic Techniques Of Handball Ball Based Adobe Flash Player On Coaching Extracurricular Son Handball Junior High School Level In Demak District." Jurnal Terapan Ilmu Keolahragaan 4, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jtikor.v4i1.12294.
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AbstractThe background of this research is the unavailability of learning model of basic technique of hand ball which is used as a reference to build the ability of basic technique of hand ball among the students. The purpose of this research is to develop the basic technique of handball based technique of handball based on adobe flash player, including opening, passing, catch the ball, dribble, blocking, shoot the ball, goalkeeper training and stretching, all of which are arranged in one easily accessible media anytime, by anyone and anywhere, especially at the Se-degree Junior High School in Demak district. The research method used is "Reasearch and Developement" approach. "This research is a research and development through preliminary stage, development of learning design, production, and product evaluation. After the production phase, then the initial product validation stage by media experts, academicians and practitioners. The evaluation results of media experts for the assessment component containing aspects of text, images / photos, sound audio, video obtained 61% of the total for the feasibility conclusion of the product. The results of the evaluation of academicians for the assessment component containing aspects of conformity, usefulness, security, and aspects of implementation are 85.71% of the total for the feasibility conclusion of the product. The results of the expert evaluation of practitioners for the assessment component containing aspects of conformity, usefulness, security, and the implementation aspect obtained 97.86% of the total for the feasibility conclusion of the product. The final percentage of all experts is 81.58% and it can be interpreted that the design of Adobe Flash Player based hand baseball technique technique can be tested in the next step. Small group test results for the assessment component that contains aspects of conformity, usefulness, security, and aspects of implementation obtained 71.25% of the overall for the feasibility of the conclusion of the product. The results of the large group test for the assessment component that contains aspects of conformity, usefulness, security, and the implementation aspect obtained 87.92% of the overall for the feasibility conclusion of the product. Based on the specified criteria it can be concluded that Adobe Flash Player's handmade basic ballast technique technique products are valid and usable. This is because the data results are stretched 80 - 100% for clarification of product feasibility percentage. Therefore this product is feasible and effective to develop the extracurricular handmade coaching in Demak Regency. Keywords: Multimedia Learning, handball, adobe flash player
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Bowman, James Kenneth, R. Thomas Boone, Scott Goldman, and Alex Auerbach. "The Athletic Intelligence Quotient and Performance Outcomes in Professional Baseball." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (June 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629827.
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The focus on quantifiable data in sport performance has led to incremental advantages in baseball and has played an important role in the development of new hitting, pitching, fielding, and coaching strategies. Recently, researchers and team representatives have considered the impact of additional factors in baseball, including cognitive functioning. In this study, predictive validity for the Athletic Intelligence Quotient (AIQ) was examined vis-à-vis performance outcomes in professional baseball. Specifically, AIQ scores were obtained from 149 Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players prior to the 2014 baseball season and their subsequent performance was assessed through traditional and newly emphasized baseball statistics. Using hierarchical multiple regression, it was demonstrated that the AIQ predicted statistically significant relationships with hitting and pitching statistics, after controlling for other variables. Given the recent impact of analytics in professional sports, the potential importance of the AIQ in the selection and coaching process was discussed.
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Inoue, Kazuya, Tatsuto Yamada, and Tomu Ohtsuki. "Relationships Between Throwing Yips in Baseball, Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusion, Values, and Social Factors." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 2023, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2022-0057.
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Despite the high prevalence of yips, a psychoneuromuscular impairment affecting fine motor skills in sports performance, the specific aspects of its causality and treatment have not been identified or verified. This cross-sectional study examined psychosocial factors relating to throwing yips in baseball. Amateur baseball players (N = 292) living in Japan completed a self-report questionnaire on their anxiety/fear about throwing the ball, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, the Short Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, and self-reports evaluating values and social factors relevant to baseball. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that a low values-based throwing score, a high Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire score, and overreprimanding others’ mistakes were positively associated with baseball players’ yips symptoms. These results suggest that changing the context of playing baseball, reducing cognitive fusion, and improving coaching methods could reduce the risk of baseball players’ throwing yips.
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Franz, Chelsey, Dawn Hall-Bibb, Myra Stockdale, Aliya Thompson, and Bailey Biggs. "Elbow Injury Prevention in Youth Dominican Baseball Players: A Training Intervention Pilot Study." Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46743/1540-580x/2019.1837.
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Background: Research suggests deficits in shoulder and elbow strength and flexibility may explain the role of elbow injuries in overhead athletes, specifically ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury in baseball players. Significant damage to this ligament typically requires operative care for continued activity in the sport. Several studies have demonstrated the success of rehabilitation programs post-surgery; however, few studies have examined the role of UCL injury prevention programs. A recognized upper extremity (UE) injury prevention method is the Thrower’s Ten Program. This program may create elbow stability when pitching and throwing, theoretically reducing the risk of UCL injury. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of teaching this program to youth baseball coaches in a Spanish-speaking, developing country. Design: This is a pilot study carried out at the Youth Baseball Academy in Santiago, Dominican Republic. Participants included youth male baseball players (N=24), aged 14 to 18 years, who completed a health history survey. Dominican male coaches (N=5), aged 21 to 35 years, averaging seven years of coaching, were taught the Thrower’s Ten program. Two days post training and one-year post training, the coaches were assessed on their ability to properly demonstrate the exercises. The main outcome measures were a baseline of UE injuries in a baseball academy; proper demonstration of exercises as tracked on a Thrower’s Ten Program checklist; and implementation of the program. Results: Nearly 80% (19 of 24) of the youth baseball players recorded a current or previous UE injury. All coaches achieved a 100% (21 of 21) accuracy rate two days post training and the pitching coached achieved an 85% (18 of 21) one year later. The pitching coaches utilized the program three times per week. Conclusions: Findings suggest UE injury prevention programs are needed and can be successfully integrated into a Dominican youth baseball academy.
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Judge, Lawrence W., Olivia Vasiloff, Nicholas Swim, Adam Smith, Brian Fox, Bruce Craig, and David Bellar. "An examination of pre-activity and post-activity training practices of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and Division III baseball coaches." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, April 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17479541241244937.
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Baseball includes complex multi-joint and multi-planar activities involving a majority of the musculature of the body. Research pertaining to training practices including pre-activity and post-activity stretching continues to evolve along with related sport science recommendations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the pre-activity and post-activity warm-up, stretching, and training practices of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and Division III baseball coaches. A total of 686 questionnaires were distributed via email to head collegiate baseball coaches from NCAA Division I and III universities. The questionnaire was designed to gather demographic, professional, and educational information, as well as specific pre-activity and post-activity stretching usage by the coaches. The responses were examined by computing frequency counts and means where applicable. For the statistical analysis, both SPSS version 27.0 and JMP version 13.0 software packages were utilized. Pearson's Chi-squared tests were run where applicable. Results indicated just over 77% of coaches in the present study affirmed the importance of a pre-activity dynamic warmup. When comparing coaching specific certification to pre-activity flexibility practices, it is clear not all coaches comply with suggested pre-activity flexibility recommendations. This study indicates it is important for baseball coaches to re-evaluate their own practices, perhaps cross-checking them with practices of their peers and staying current with ongoing research.
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Morita, Tatsuki, Yuta Ono, and Masanori Kaji. "A Study of Coaching Concepts among <i>Kokoyakyu</i> (Japanese High School Baseball) Coaches." International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.202315.
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Polsgrove, Jay, David Haus, and Ryan Lockyer. "Athlete Perspectives on 8-Weeks of Yoga Practice." Spotlight on Yoga Research, July 12, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35831/07122019jp.
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Abstract Introduction: Over the past few decades yoga participation has been enjoyed by a wide range of individuals, including athletes looking for new and effective ways to improve performance. With little evidence to suggest the positive impact that yoga may have on athletic endeavors, such participation is met with varied success. Methods: For this qualitative inquiry 19 male college athletes (baseball and soccer players) participated in a weekly yoga program for 8 weeks which included a 60 minute class with both asanas and pranayama; and they were interviewed by researchers upon the completion of the 8-week program using semi-structured interview questions. Results: In an effort to identify best approaches this study looked at perceptions of athlete’s (N=19) reflection in taking part in 8-weeks of yoga. Findings from this inquiry suggest that overall, athletes saw yoga as being as beneficial for joint flexibility and range of motion, improved body awareness, improved ability to concentrate, sense of relaxation, and a sense of support from the coaching staff. Interestingly, soccer players (n=9) believed they were more energized while baseball pitchers (n=10) believed they gained a greater comradery with teammates. When considering reflection themes overall, athletes reported benefits in stress management and physical ability, however, they were less likely to report gains in athletic performance and social interactions. Conclusions: As the Yoga Sutra denotes how the practice of yoga enhances connections between mind, body and spirit, it would seem that the opportunities for the benefits in yoga in athletics is at best being underutilized. Practitioners wanting to more readily assist athletes may want to consider the demands of a specific sport and proactively assist athletes to integrate holistic gains to performance. Keywords: yoga, sport, athlete, mind-body, performance
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Bolter, Nicole D., Lindsay E. Kipp, and P. Brian Greenwood. "Retention in Junior Giants, a sport-based youth development program: what factors are associated with intentions to return?" Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 6 (April 18, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1360289.
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IntroductionWhile evaluation research shows that physical activity-based youth development (PA-PYD) programs can have a positive impact on social and emotional growth, less is known about which participants return year after year and what factors are associated with their continued participation. The Junior Giants is a sport-based youth development program for 5–18-year-old boys and girls that is non-competitive and free to participate. The 8-week program uses baseball and softball as platforms for teaching life skills and fostering social emotional competencies. This mixed-methods study evaluated quantitative factors associated with intentions to return to the program the following year and qualitative reasons why parents/caregivers intended not to re-enroll their child.MethodParents/caregivers of Junior Giants participants (N = 8,495) completed online surveys about their child's demographics, social emotional climate and learning, character development, and intentions to return the following year.ResultsDescriptive data illustrated that parents/caregivers reported quite positive outcomes and experiences for their child. Chi-square and t-test analyses revealed significant differences (p < .001) between intended returners (n = 7,179, 84.5%) and those who reported no/undecided on returning (n = 1,316, 15.5%). Intended returners were significantly more likely to be identified as Latino and be in their second year of participation. Significant predictors of a binomial logistic regression [χ2 (df = 22) = 1,463.25, p < .001] included age, race/ethnicity, years played, character development, reading, league experiences, physical activity, and perceived support, with small to medium effect sizes. Using responses from a subset of 217 parents/caregivers who reported their child would not return to the program, a thematic analysis resulted in seven themes: Lack of Organization and Communication; Dissatisfied with Coaching, Didn't Learn Baseball/Softball, Not Competitive Enough, Skill Levels Not Matched, Aged Out, and Non-Program Related Reasons.DiscussionQuantitative results contribute to the literature on predictors of retention in youth development programs, while qualitative findings echo common motives cited for dropout in youth sport. Both provide opportunities for reflection and potential changes to future programming.
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Rosenberg, Samuel, Joseph Tanenbaum, Michael Terry, Vehniah Tjong, and Hunter Angileri. "Poster 376: Injury rates in NCAA student-athletes increased after COVID-19 lockdowns: A descriptive epidemiological study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 11, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967123s00339.
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Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic altered sports at all levels of play and led to frequent schedule changes, abbreviated seasons, and disrupted training. The unprecedented nature of the COVID-19 pandemic meant that there was no evidence-based strategy to guide a safe return to sport after a prolonged suspension of play. During the season immediately following COVID-19 lockdowns, the National Football League, Major League Baseball, and multiple European soccer leagues reported increased injury rates. However, the effect of COVID-19 precautions on National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes’ health and safety remain unknown. It is possible that the findings among professional athletes would be magnified among collegiate student-athletes because NCAA student-athletes are less likely to have access to the level of training, quality of equipment, and intensity of coaching necessary to maintain physical fitness and game readiness during a pandemic-induced lockdown compared to professional athletes. The purpose of this retrospective study was to address this gap in the literature by investigating the epidemiology of NCAA injuries during the 2020 season when compared to pre-COVID-19 seasons. It was hypothesized there would be an increase in overall injury rate and an increase in the number of days unavailable during the 2020 season when compared to pre- COVID-19 seasons. Methods: The injury surveillance database at a single NCAA Division I institution was queried for injuries that resulted in time loss for a student-athlete (missed game or practice), or for injuries that persisted longer than 3 days. Injuries were categorized by anatomic area. Days unavailable were recorded as total days that a student-athlete was listed as “out of activity.” Injuries and days unavailable per 1,000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated for the pre-COVID-19 seasons (2017-2020) and the 2020 season. Results: Compared to the 3 pre-COVID-19 seasons, injury incidence per 1,000 AEs increased by 10.5% in the 2020 season (68.4 vs 75.6 per 1,000 AEs; Figure 1A). Total days unavailable decreased by 20.7% in the 2020 season (1,374 vs 1,089 days per 1,000 AEs; Figure 1B). Compared to female teams, male teams had a larger increase in injury incidence (16.4% vs 6.5%; Figure 3A) and a larger decrease in days unavailable (23.7% vs 10.75%; Figure 3B). Among individual sports, football had the highest injury incidence during the pre-COVID-19 seasons and the 2020 season (180.4 vs 251.0 per 1,000 AEs; Figure 2). Volleyball had the highest increase in injury incidence (123% increase), followed by wrestling (102%; Figure 2). The anatomic distribution of injuries individually varied for each team and there was not a collective trend across sports during the 2020 season. Conclusions: Compared to pre-COVID-19 seasons, the incidence of injuries was higher among collegiate student-athletes at a single NCAA Division I school in the season immediately following the COVID-19 lockdown. Although the incidence of injuries increased, the number of days missed due to injury decreased. The decrease in days unavailable suggests that injury severity of the average reported injury event may have decreased in the post-lockdown season. Taken together, these findings suggest that lack of regular access to training facilities, athletic trainers, coaches, and teammates may lead to increased injury risk. Importantly, all student-athletes did not experience the same change in injury rates, with some sports disproportionately affected. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the epidemiology of injuries in the post-lockdown season for collegiate student-athletes. Understanding the specific risk factors and reasons for the changes in injury characteristics allows for guided resource allocation and improved focus of prevention measures. We recommend that for the safety of student- athletes, increased caution be taken when returning to play after prolonged restrictions on athletics.