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1

Jenemann, David. "“The Way You Enter a Church”: The Dialectics of Ken Burns’s Baseball." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 6 (February 11, 2020): 499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723520903353.

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Taken as a whole, Ken Burns’s 1994 documentary Baseball and its 2010 follow-up The Tenth Inning stand as some of the most influential documentaries on the history of American sports. Baseball develops the link between the “fun” of the game and philosophical beliefs about American democracy through a “dialectical aesthetic” that operates through Baseball’s choice of subjects and historical events as well as through its formal documentary strategies. While many critics dismiss Baseball as overly nostalgic, this essay argues that Baseball engages the reader with the dialectic to encourage self-reflection about the future of the game and its role in civil society.
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2

Carroll, Brian. "Black Baseball History Matters." NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 29, no. 1-2 (2020): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2020.0004.

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3

Louisa, Angelo J., and Peter Morris. "Baseball Fever. Early Baseball in Michigan." Michigan Historical Review 29, no. 2 (2003): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20174048.

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4

Kirsch, George B., and Ken Burns. "Baseball." Journal of American History 82, no. 3 (December 1995): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945286.

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5

Dawson, David D. "Baseball Calls: Arkansas Town Baseball in the Twenties." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 54, no. 4 (1995): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40027827.

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6

Stein, Abe. "The Sentimental Mood of All Star Baseball 2004." Eludamos: Journal for Computer Game Culture 5, no. 1 (July 21, 2011): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/23.6132.

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All Star Baseball 2004 is a baseball video game made for fans of the sport. It references the rich history that surrounds American baseball, and the grand cultural context that informs the sport. Historic players, ballparks, and a mood of sentimentality set All Star Baseball 2004 apart from other baseball simulations.
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7

Kirsch, George B., and Jules Tygiel. "Past Time: Baseball as History." Journal of American History 89, no. 1 (June 2002): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700910.

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8

Goldstein, Warren, and Jules Tygiel. "Past Time: Baseball as History." American Historical Review 106, no. 4 (October 2001): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2693069.

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9

Lanctot, N. "A People's History of Baseball." Journal of American History 99, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jas501.

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10

Wolf, Gregory H. "A People’s History of Baseball." Journal of Sport History 39, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 554–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.3.554.

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11

Croci, Jason, Jim Nicknair, and John Goetschius. "Early Sport Specialization Linked to Throwing Arm Function and Upper Extremity Injury History in College Baseball Players." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13, no. 3 (February 4, 2021): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120986555.

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Background: Evidence suggests that shoulder and elbow injuries account for 31% to 37% of all National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) baseball injuries, and up to 69% of NCAA baseball injuries are the result of noncontact and overuse mechanisms. Early sport specialization may contribute to the high rates of upper extremity injuries in college baseball players. Hypothesis: Higher specialization by age 13 years would be associated with worse subjective throwing arm function and a greater history of shoulder and elbow injury. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: Survey data were collected from college baseball players (N = 129) during midseason of the spring 2019 baseball season. Participants were stratified in low, moderate, and high specialization groups based on a 3-criteria sports specialization questionnaire. Participants’ throwing arm function was measured using the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic shoulder and elbow questionnaires. Participants’ history of a shoulder or elbow injury that resulted in missing ≥2 weeks of baseball activity at any point in their baseball career was also collected. Results: The high specialization group reported worse subjective throwing arm function on the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers questionnaire than the low ( P = 0.03) and moderate ( P = 0.01) specialization groups. The high specialization group was over 5 times more likely to report a history of shoulder injury than the moderate (odds ratio [OR] = 5.42; 95% CI [1.71, 17.2]; P = 0.004) and low (OR = 5.20; 95% CI [1.87, 14.5]; P = 0.002) specialization groups, and over 3 times more likely to report a history of elbow injury than the moderate specialization group (OR = 3.77; 95% CI [1.05, 13.6]; P = 0.04). Conclusion: College baseball players that were highly specialized by age 13 years reported worse subjective throwing arm function and were more likely to have a history of upper extremity injury than players that were moderate or low specialization. Clinical Relevance: Early specialization in baseball may be detrimental to long-term upper extremity health in college baseball players.
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12

Story, Ronald, and Irv Drasnin. "Forever Baseball." Journal of American History 77, no. 3 (December 1990): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079154.

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13

Brusso, Barry C. "A History of Baseball and Paper Mills [History]." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 23, no. 2 (March 2017): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2016.2632883.

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14

Bunting, Thomas D. "Breaking Barriers and Coded Language." Democratic Theory 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/dt.2018.050105.

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Drawing on recent literature on political spectatorship, I show how sport, and baseball in particular, can both illuminate and shape American politics. Following the history of racial segregation and immigrant assimilation in baseball, one sees that it mirrors American race politics on the whole. I argue that Jackie Robinson and the desegregation of baseball changed both American politics and the horizons within which citizens think. Although it is tempting to focus on this positive and emergent moment, I argue that for the most part, looking at the history of race in baseball shows instead coded language that reinforces racial stereotypes. This example of baseball and race shows how powerful spectatorship can be in the democratic world. Spectatorship need not be passive but can be an important sphere of activity in democratic life.
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15

Noverr, Douglas A., and Benjamin G. Rader. "Baseball: A History of America's Game." Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (June 1994): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081078.

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16

Festle, Mary Jo, and Gai Ingham Berlage. "Women in Baseball: The Forgotten History." Journal of American History 82, no. 1 (June 1995): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082038.

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17

Myers, Mark S. "West Virginia Baseball: A History (review)." West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies 1, no. 1 (2008): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wvh.2008.0003.

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18

Remley, Mary L. "Women in Baseball: The Forgotten History." Canadian Journal of History of Sport 25, no. 2 (December 1994): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cjhs.25.2.77.

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19

Gmelch, George. "Past Time: Baseball as History (review)." NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 10, no. 2 (2002): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2002.0012.

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20

Gmelch, George. "Baseball in the Natural History Museum." NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 11, no. 2 (2003): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2003.0008.

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21

Chetwynd, Josh. "A History of South African Baseball." NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 16, no. 2 (2008): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2008.0009.

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22

Sampson, Robert D. "St. Louis Baseball History: A Guide." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-) 117, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23283335.117.1.11.

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23

Bing, Won-Chul. "Sociopolitical Approach to the Launch History of the KBO League: Application of Complex System Paradigm." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 5471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105471.

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The Korean Baseball Organization (KBO) League is a sports culture that Koreans love and enjoy most. However, the launch of the KBO League is related to political issues in Korea. The purpose of this study is to explain the launch history of the KBO league through a sociopolitical approach. The history of the KBO league was explained by applying a complex paradigm that explains sociocultural phenomena from a new perspective. This study used historical analysis, a qualitative study approach. Literature related to Korean professional baseball, complex system theory, sports, and politics were reviewed. This study introduces the characteristics and theory of the complex system paradigm and analyzes the history of the KBO League based on this theory. The edge of chaos, bifurcation point, positive feedback, emergence of the theory of complex system are used as elements of an overall theoretical framework to analyze the history and development of the KBO league. The study results are explained in four frameworks. First, the KBO was launched on the edge of chaos, or in the midst of social chaos provoked by Chun Doo-Hwan, who seized power through a military coup. Second, the Chun Doo-Hwan regime launched the professional baseball league to divert the public’s attention from politics to sports and provided support to construct baseball fields as venues for the national pastime. The Chun Doo-Hwan regime’s appeasement policy became a bifurcation point, which promoted the launch of the professional baseball league. Third, from the viewpoint of the complex system paradigm, the launch of the Korean baseball league was enabled by the positive feedback of the Korea professional baseball promotion committee, established in 1975 under the initiative of Korean American businessman Hong Yoon-Hee. Fourth, the Korean professional baseball league led to the emergence of the consumption culture of professional sports, and it became a national leisure and a crucial part of Korea’s sports culture. In terms of sociopolitical, the KBO League started in the dark of Korean society, but it is becoming a vitality for Korean sports culture and health.
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24

Catapano, Peter. "The Baseball Trust: A History of Baseball’s Antitrust Exemption by Stuart Banner." American Studies 53, no. 2 (2014): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ams.2014.0066.

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25

Nathanson, Mitchell. "The Baseball Trust: A History of Baseball’s Antitrust Exemption by Stuart Banner." NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 22, no. 1 (2013): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2013.0051.

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26

Jarvis, Robert M., and Phyllis Coleman. "Early Baseball Law." American Journal of Legal History 45, no. 2 (April 2001): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3185364.

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27

Jorge E. Moraga. "“¡Viva Baseball!” National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum." Journal of Sport History 45, no. 2 (2018): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.45.2.0231.

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28

Arbena, Joseph L., and Rob Ruck. "The Tropic of Baseball: Baseball in the Dominican Republic." Hispanic American Historical Review 72, no. 3 (August 1992): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2515999.

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29

Arbena, Joseph L. "The Tropic of Baseball: Baseball in the Dominican Republic." Hispanic American Historical Review 72, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-72.3.417.

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30

Dabscheck, Braham. "Baseball on Trial: The Origin of Baseball’s Antitrust Exemption." Journal of Sport History 42, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.42.1.129.

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31

Alexander, Charles C., and Harold Seymour. "Baseball for Everybody." Reviews in American History 19, no. 1 (March 1991): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2703383.

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32

Dreier, Peter. "Union Busting at the Baseball Hall of Fame: The Blacklisting of Union Leader Marvin Miller." Labor 21, no. 2 (May 1, 2024): 94–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-11018473.

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Abstract From the time he retired in 1982 as executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) until 2019, the baseball establishment blacklisted Marvin Miller from the Baseball Hall of Fame. This article recounts how Miller, one of the most influential figures in baseball history, was excluded for so many years by the corporate-backed plutocracy that runs the sport. The Hall of Fame's board of directors stacked the committees responsible for voting on candidates with owners and executives who despised Miller and the players union. It also reveals how and why he was eventually inducted in 2021.
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33

Simons, William M. "Asian Pacific Americans and Baseball: A History." Journal of Sport History 40, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 342–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.40.2.342.

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34

Simons, William M. "The Irish in Baseball: An Early History." Journal of Sport History 39, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.3.538.

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35

Seifried, Chad, and Donna Pastore. "The Temporary Homes: Analyzing Baseball Facilities in the United States Pre-1903." Journal of Sport History 37, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.37.2.257.

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical layout of professional baseball facilities in America from 1850 to 1903 and to identify those instances and conditions of modernization that changed those structures. The information provided demonstrates baseball facilities started out as simple open fields with little or no standardized territories hosting unsophisticated and spontaneous ball games. Next, standardized rules of play prompted baseball facilities to form into small, hastily constructed but temporarily open competition areas that separated participants from spectators. Baseball facilities further evolved into complex temporary enclosed structures to improve spectator experiences and maximize revenues for sport entrepreneurs. However, semi-permanent professional baseball superstructures emerging toward the end of the nineteenth century failed to match the ever-increasing maturity of baseball, its growing stakeholder groups and their concerns, or utilize the improvements offered by available technology.
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36

Goldstein, Warren, and Harold Seymour. "Baseball: The People's Game." Journal of American History 78, no. 1 (June 1991): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078214.

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37

Holt, Joshua, Philip Stearns, Tracey Bastrom, Morgan Dennis, Jerry Dwek, and Andrew Pennock. "PROGRESSIVE ELBOW MRI ABNORMALITIES IN LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL PLAYERS ARE COMMON: A 3-YEAR LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00060.

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Background Significant effort has been made by multiple organizations including Little League Baseball, USA Baseball, Major League Baseball, and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons to minimize the rate of shoulder and elbow injury among Little League Baseball players. Despite this effort, recent MRI studies have shown high rates of elbow pathology in this athletic population. The purpose of the current study was to track a cohort of Little League baseball players over three years with serial examinations and MRI to determine the natural history, progression, and risk factors of previously identified elbow pathology. Methods A prospective study of Little League players who were 12 to 15 years of age was performed. All players had preseason and postseason elbow MRI performed three years prior to the current study. Players underwent repeat bilateral elbow MRI, physical examination of bilateral shoulders and elbows, a detailed assessment of throwing history, and completed a questionnaire addressing playing history and current playing status, and any arm pain. The MRI scans were read by a blinded musculoskeletal radiologist and subsequently compared to players’ prior MRI to assess for progression or resolution of previously identified pathology. Identified MRI pathology was categorized as persistent/mild, progressive/severe, or improved/resolved (Figure 1). Results All 26 players who participated in the previous single season study returned for a 3-year longitudinal assessment, representing a 100% follow-up rate. Fifteen players (58%) had dominant arm MRI pathology. 80% of MRI findings (12/15 players) were determined to be new or progressive lesions. Players with post-season MRI pathology were significantly more likely to have MRI pathology at 3-years follow-up (p<0.05). Six of the 14 players (43%) with previously normal MRI had new pathology. Year-round play was a significant predictor of tenderness to elbow palpation (p=0.027) and positive MRI findings at 3-years (p=0.047). Moderate/persistent and severe/progressive MRI findings were more often seen in players who continued to play baseball, play pitcher or catcher, and play year-round baseball (Figure 2). Dominant shoulder internal rotation was significantly less than non-dominant shoulder internal rotation amongst all players (60.3° compared with 71.2°, p=0.002). Dominant shoulder external rotation was significantly increased in players who continued to play baseball when compared with those no longer playing (109.1° versus 99.3°, p=0.012), in players playing pitcher or catcher when compared with non-pitchers/catchers (111.4° versus 100.3°, p=0.005), and in players who played year-round baseball when compared to those playing < 8 months per year (109.0° versus 100.2°, p=0.026). Conclusion/Significance Dominant elbow MRI abnormalities are common in asymptomatic Little League baseball players. Three-year longitudinal evaluation suggests that these MRI findings commonly progress, especially amongst players who continue to play baseball. Year-round play appears to impart the most notable risk to young players, with results of the current study showing increased rates of physical exam abnormalities and progressive MRI pathology. Further guidelines addressing year-round play in Little League Baseball should be established.
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38

Maddox, Callie Batts. "“Under One Banner”: The World Baseball Softball Confederation and the Gendered Politics of Olympic Participation." Sport History Review 51, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2019-0028.

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In 2020, baseball and softball will return to the Olympics after a twelve-year absence. Leading the effort to secure reinstatement was the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC), the international governing body for the two sports established in 2013 upon the merging of the International Baseball Federation and the International Softball Federation. Faced with continual threats of Olympic exclusion, the WBSC offers a unique model of global governance in that one federation is in charge of two very different sports. The history and work of the WBSC is made more complicated by the gendered bifurcation of baseball and softball, and systemic cultural beliefs that mark baseball as male and softball as female. Utilizing this gendered tension as a guiding framework, this article traces the emergence of the WBSC and suggests that the global governance of two sports under the single banner of the WBSC risks reproducing long-standing gender stereotypes and assumptions.
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39

Zeiler, Thomas W. "Basepaths to Empire: Race and the Spalding World Baseball Tour." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 6, no. 2 (April 2007): 179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400001997.

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During the Gilded Age, transnational American agents carried national values abroad, including defense of the “civilizing mission” of the white race toward people of color. This article explores race within the context of the Spalding world baseball tour of 1888-89, a transnational enterprise that marketed the national pastime abroad and, in so doing, indicated the latent, private power behind the official policies of the United States. A rather unusual segment of society to be considered for such scholarly treatment, professional baseball elites nonetheless helped generate a racist imperial ideology and thus added to the voices that set racial parameters for the American empire when it was attained in 1898. By tracing the racial attitudes of the baseball tourists, this article contributes to recent scholarly enterprises that examine foreign relations from a cultural perspective and integrate overlooked actors into the study of diplomatic history.
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40

Brewster, Ryan, Wenya Linda Bi, Timothy R. Smith, William B. Gormley, Ian F. Dunn, and Edward R. Laws. "The neurosurgeon as baseball fan and inventor: Walter Dandy and the batter’s helmet." Neurosurgical Focus 39, no. 1 (July 2015): E9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.3.focus1552.

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Baseball maintains one of the highest impact injury rates in all athletics. A principal causative factor is the “beanball,” referring to a pitch thrown directly at a batter’s head. Frequent morbidities elicited demand for the development of protective gear development in the 20th century. In this setting, Dr. Walter Dandy was commissioned to design a “protective cap” in 1941. His invention became widely adopted by professional baseball and inspired subsequent generations of batting helmets. As a baseball aficionado since his youth, Walter Dandy identified a natural partnership between baseball and medical practice for the reduction of beaning-related brain injuries. This history further supports the unique position of neurosurgeons to leverage clinical insights, inform innovation, and expand service to society.
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41

Tajika, Tsuyoshi, Noboru Oya, Tsuyoshi Ichinose, Daisuke Shimoyama, Tsuyoshi Sasaki, Takanori Hamano, Hitoshi Shitara, et al. "Relation between grip and pinch strength and pitch type in high school pitchers with and without elbow symptoms." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 230949901989074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499019890743.

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Objective: Gripping and pinching a ball is a fundamentally important part of the kinetic chain for throwing baseball pitches of various types. This study of high school pitchers was conducted to assess the association between grip and pinch strength, the pitch type, and the history of elbow symptoms. Methods: We examined 133 high school baseball pitchers, all of whom had completed a self-administered questionnaire including items related to pitch type throwing ratios, the age at starting each pitch type, and throwing-related elbow joint pain sustained during the prior 3 years. We measured grip strength and the bilateral side tip, key, and palmar pinch strengths. Comparisons were made between the participants with and without an elbow symptom history to assess the grip and each pinch strength, throwing ratio of pitch type, and the age at starting to throw each pitch type. Results: Pitchers with an elbow symptom history exhibited less difference between the grip strength on the throwing side than those with no elbow symptom history ( p = 0.04). No difference was found between participants with and without an elbow symptom history in terms of pinch strength, the throwing ratios of pitch types, or the age at starting to throw pitches of each type. Positive significant association was found between pinch strength on the pitching side and the forkball and screwball throwing ratio ( r = 0.27, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Grip strength might influence high school baseball pitcher elbow conditions. The frequency of certain pitch types might develop pinch strength in high school baseball pitchers.
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42

Walker, Clark M., James W. Genuario, Darby A. Houck, Scott Murayama, Hanna Mendez, and Thomas J. Noonan. "Return-to-Play Outcomes in Professional Baseball Players After Nonoperative Treatment of Incomplete Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries: A Long-Term Follow-up Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 1137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546521996706.

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Background: Medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are common among baseball players. There is sparse literature on long-term results after nonoperative treatment of UCL injuries in professional baseball players. Purpose: The primary purpose was to assess long-term follow-up on reinjury rates, performance metrics, rate of return to the same level of play or higher (RTP), and ability to advance to the next level of play in professional baseball players after nonoperative treatment of incomplete UCL injuries. The secondary aim was to perform a matched-pair comparison between pitchers treated nonoperatively and a control group without a history of UCL injuries. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-eight professional baseball players (18 pitchers, 10 position players) treated nonoperatively were identified from a previous retrospective review of a single professional baseball organization between 2006 and 2011. UCL reinjury rates and player performance metrics were evaluated at long-term (minimum, 9 years) follow-up. Rates of RTP were calculated. A matched-pair comparison was made between the pitchers treated nonoperatively and pitchers without a history of UCL injuries. Results: Overall, 27 players (17 pitchers, 10 position players) were available for long-term follow-up at a mean follow-up of 12 years (SD, 2 years). The overall rate of RTP was 85% (23/27), with the rate of RTP being 82% (14/17) in pitchers and 90% (9/10) in position players. Of the 23 players who did RTP, 18 (78%) reached a higher level of play and 5 (21.7%) stayed at the same level. Of the 9 position players who did RTP, the median number of seasons played after injury was 4.5 (interquartile range, 3.3). Of the 14 pitchers who did RTP, the mean number of seasons played after injury was 5.8 (SD, 3.8). In the matched-pair analysis, no significant differences were observed in any performance metrics (P > .05). The overall reinjury rate was 11.1% (3/27), with no players requiring UCL reconstruction. Conclusion: There was a high rate of RTP for professional baseball players treated nonoperatively for incomplete UCL injuries. Compared with a matched cohort with no history of UCL injury, professional baseball pitchers treated nonoperatively had similar performance metrics. Reinjury rates were low, and no player had reinjury requiring UCL reconstruction. Nonoperative treatment of incomplete UCL injuries in professional baseball players, specifically pitchers, is a viable treatment option in the long term.
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43

Chalmers, Peter Nissen, Brandon J. Erickson, Nikhil N. Verma, and Anthony A. Romeo. "Incidence and Return to Play after Biceps Tenodesis in Major League Baseball Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 3_suppl3 (March 1, 2017): 2325967117S0011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00115.

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Objectives: Superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) tears are a common source of inability to play among baseball players of all levels. SLAP repair is unpredictable and thus biceps tenodesis (BT) has been proposed as an alternative. Furthermore, tenodesis may be indicated for pain isolated to the biceps tendon. The incidence of BT among professional baseball players is unknown, as are the rates of return to play (RTP). The purpose of this study was to determine RTP rates after BT among professional baseball players. Methods: Major League Baseball (MLB) has maintained a prospective database containing all major and minor league baseball players who have undergone shoulder surgery since 2010. Using this database we determined the incidence, demographics, position, prior surgical history, concomitant procedures, RTP rates, time to RTP, and performance upon RTP for professional baseball players following BT. Minimum follow-up was 2 years. Results: Between 2010 and 2013, 17 professional baseball players underwent BT, of which 71% were pitchers, and 29% were in the major league. Forty-seven percent had a history of prior shoulder surgery and 47% underwent concomitant labral repair. Overall RTP after BT was 35%. RTP for isolated BT was 44% in 0.8±0.5 years while RTP for those who underwent both BT and labral repair was 25% (p=0.620). All players who RTP were able to return to at least ten games at their pre-operative level of play. Return to professional play was significantly more common among position players than pitchers (80% vs. 17%, p=0.028). RTP was less common among players with prior shoulder surgery, but this was not statistically significant (56% vs. 13%, p=0.131). For those players who did RTP, pre-operative and post-operative performance was unchanged. Conclusion: Professional baseball players who undergo biceps tenodesis have a 35% rate of return to their prior level of play. While pitchers have only a 16% rate of return to play, position players have an 80% rate of return to play. Furthermore, 100% of those who returned to baseball played at least 10 games at their pre-operative level with no significant change in performance statistics. Professional baseball players who choose to undergo biceps tenodesis should be counseled regarding the low rates or return to play. Pitchers in particular may have a poor prognosis following tenodesis. However, given the small sample size and concomitant procedures, further study is needed before definitive conclusions can be made.
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44

Rader, Benjamin G., and Colin D. Howell. "Northern Sandlots: A Social History of Maritime Baseball." American Historical Review 101, no. 5 (December 1996): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170376.

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45

Kirsch, George B., and Warren Goldstein. "Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball." American Historical Review 96, no. 2 (April 1991): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163411.

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46

Rader, Benjamin G., and Warren Goldstein. "Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball." Journal of American History 77, no. 3 (December 1990): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079059.

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47

Lorenz, Stacy L., and Colin D. Howell. "Northern Sandlots: A Social History of Maritime Baseball." Labour / Le Travail 39 (1997): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25144121.

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48

Adelman, Melvin L. "Review Essay: Captain Voigt and American Baseball History." Canadian Journal of History of Sport 20, no. 1 (May 1989): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cjhs.20.1.69.

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49

Furst, R. Terry. "Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball." Canadian Journal of History of Sport 22, no. 2 (December 1991): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cjhs.22.2.83.

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50

Hill, John Paul. "West Virginia Baseball: A History, 1865–2000 (review)." NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 16, no. 2 (2008): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2008.0027.

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