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Nicholson, Michael Eugene. "The effect of overload and traditional pitcher conditioning on the velocity of pitched baseballs." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01262010-020057/.
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Glasser, Jacob. "Pitch it to Me: The Determinants of a Professional Baseball Pitcher’s Salary." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1658.
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The professional sports industry is one of the most engaging and entertaining markets in the United States. Specifically, Major League Baseball is unique in the sense that it is America’s pastime and oldest American sport. Professional baseball teams are businesses that trade commodities in the form of baseball players. Unlike publicly traded stocks, baseball players are not traded on an exchange. So, what determines the “price” of professional baseball players? More specifically, what determines the price of professional pitchers in the MLB? My study reveals that pitching is an extremely subjective aspect of baseball and there is no one statistic that can be used to forecast a pitcher’s salary. Based on my research and analysis, I investigate which performance metrics are the most important in determining a professional pitcher’s salary and if these metrics can ultimately be used to forecast future pitchers’ salaries in order for baseball franchises to acquire undervalued pitchers.
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Ström, Martin. "What happens in the shadows? : A quantitative analysis on the effect of shadows in baseball." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för idrottsvetenskap (ID), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104253.
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Baseball is one of the most statistically documented sports in the world. Every statistical outcome in baseball starts with the pitcher and the plate appearance. In baseball, it is believed that when shadows are present between the pitcher’s mound and the batter’s box, the pitcher is at an advantage. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify if there is an advantage for pitchers pitching with shadows separating the pitcher’s mound from the batter’s box. Only games from Major League Baseball in which the shadows were present between the pitcher’s mound and batter’s box were analyzed. Analyzed variables were comprised of traditional statistical outcomes categorized as good or bad outcomes. Furthermore, good and bad outcomes were analyzed using their ordinal subcategories rated from 1 to 4. Differences between good and bad outcomes of plate appearances, when shadows were and were not present, was analyzed using a Mann-Whitney U Test. The results of the study indicate that shadows do not have a significant effect on the outcome of plate appearances. Moreover, pitchers do not have an advantage pitching while shadows are present between them and the batter’s box. Frequencies of outcomes with shadows present was much the same to outcomes without the shadows present. In conclusion, it does not appear that shadows influence the outcome of plate appearances. However, further research on statistical metrics and their effect on plate appearances is necessary.
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Erkel, Jeremy J. "The changes in pitching mechanics and pitch velocity during a seven-inning simulated game in high school baseball pitchers a prospective descriptive study /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5354.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 138 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Facciolo, Philip Joseph III. "Salary determination of arbitration and free agent Major League Baseball pitchers 1984--2003 /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.73Mb., 139 p, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1428205.
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Monteleone, Brian R. "Social facilitative effects of dominant motor skills in NCAA Division I baseball pitchers." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/864940.
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This study used archival data retrieved from the 1992-1993 baseball season from Ball State University. Pitching data were used from thirteen pitchers, ages ranging 18-22, from all practices (fall and winter) and games (home and away conference and non-conference). The dependent variable was the strikes per balls ratio, multiplied by number of batters faced. Two hypotheses were generated: (1) pitchers would perform better, as defined by the strikes per balls ratio, in game situations than in practice; (2) pitchers would perform better, as defined by the strikes per balls ratio, in home games than away games. Practice conditions duplicated game conditions except for the presence of an audience. Results were analyzed by a multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance (MANOVA) and followed up by a univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Sufficient data were available for windup fastballs and windup curveballs. Data wereanalyzed for (1) practice versus home and away games, (2) home versus away, conference and non-conference games, and (3) practice versus nonconference games. Data were positively skewed and were modified by a logarithmic transformation. The transformed data for practice versus nonconference games showed a significant multivariate effect, E(2, 98) = 6.90, A = .002. A univariate analysis test showed significant effects for a windup curveball, F(1, 99) = 13.33, . < .000. The univariate test for the windup fastball was not significant. These results support the hypothesis that pitchers will perform better in game conditions than in practice. The transformed data for practice versus home and away games showed a significant multivariate effect, E(4, 194) = 3.52, l . = .008. A univariate analysis showed significant effects for a windup curveball, E(2, 98) = 6.90, P_= .002. These results supported the first hypothesis which stated pitchers would perform better in game conditions than in practice. Results were not significant for the windup fastball. A moderate association between performance conditions and both dependent variables, eta2 = .13, was obtained. The association for the windup curveball was almost the same, eta2 = .12.<br>Department of Psychological Science
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Ishii, Brian. "Using Pitch Tipping For Baseball Pitch Prediction." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2021. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2311.
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Data Analytics and technology have changed baseball as we know it. From the increase in defensive shifts to teams using cameras in the outfield to steal signs, teams will try anything to win. One way to gain an edge in baseball is to figure out what pitches a pitcher will pitch. Pitch prediction is a popular task to try to accomplish with all the data that baseball provides. Most methods involve using situational data like the ball and strike count. In this paper, we try a different method of predicting pitch type by only looking at the pitcher's pose in the set position. We do this to find a pitcher's tell or "tip". In baseball, if a pitcher is tipping their pitches, they are doing something that gives away what they will pitch. This could be because the pitcher changes the grip on the ball only for some pitches or something as small as a different flex in their wrist. Professional baseball players will study pitchers before they pitch the ball to try to pick up on these tips. If a tip is found, the batters have a significant advantage over the pitcher. Our paper uses pose estimation and object detection to predict the pitch type based on the pitcher's set position before throwing the ball. Given a successful model, we can extract the important features or the potential tip from the data. Then, we can try to predict the pitches ourselves like a batter. We tested this method on three pitchers: Tyler Glasnow, Yu Darvish, and Stephen Strasburg. Our results demonstrate that when we predict pitch type at a 70\% accuracy, we can reasonably extract useful features. However, finding a useful tip from these features still requires manual observation.
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Gillis, Isabelle Leslie. "LONGITUDINAL DESCRIPTIVE PROFILE OF COLLEGIATE PITCHERS PARTICIPATING IN A SUMMER BASEBALL LEAGUE." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/67.
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The purpose of this study was to provide a longitudinal profile of pitching performance in a cohort of pitchers over two collegiate seasons and a summer league. Thus, this study utilized a longitudinal design to evaluate the impact of summer league participation on subsequent collegiate regular season pitching performance. Specifically, the performance of a cohort of Division 1 collegiate baseball pitchers during the 2018 Spring collegiate season, 2018 Summer League season, and the 2019 Spring collegiate season was evaluated and stratified by pitcher designation, arm dominance, and academic status. Analyses of variance were used to identify main and interaction effects on pitching outcomes. The level of statistical significance was set at p < .05 for all analyses. Data were publicly accessed from thirty-seven Division I collegiate baseball pitchers who participated in a summer baseball league. Collectively, all pitchers significantly improved earned run average (p = .024), number of strikeouts (p = .011), and strikeout efficiency (p = .034) from 2018 to 2019 collegiate seasons. Whereas, starting pitchers (n = 15) yielded fewer earned runs (p = .039) and enhanced hit efficiency (p = .012) from 2018 to 2019 collegiate seasons. Relief pitchers (n = 16) produced significantly more strikeouts from 2018 to 2019 collegiate seasons (p = .012). Finally, there were no differences in pitching outcomes for closers (n = 6) over time (p > .05). Regarding arm dominance, right-handed pitchers (n = 23) improved win average (p = .001), strikeouts (p = .008) and strikeout efficiency (p = .031) from 2018 to 2019 collegiate seasons. Left-handed pitchers (n = 14) significantly improved earned run average (p = .015), earned runs (p = .048), and hit efficiency (p = .014). Regarding academic stratification, the freshman to sophomore cohort (n = 15) significantly improved number of pitches (p = .018), innings pitched (p = .019), hits (p = .029), and strikeouts (p = .003). Whereas, the sophomore to junior cohort (n = 21) significantly improved losses (p = .042) and hit efficiency (p =.028). The findings from this study indicate that participation in a summer baseball league may have improved several critical pitching metrics with implications to enhance team performance.
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Smrzley, Erica L. "The development of a screening tool for the prevention of shoulder injuries in baseball pitchers." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5058.
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Nelson, Jamie Lynn. "The effects of video and cognitive imagery on throwing performance of baseball pitchers a single subject design /." Click here to access thesis, 2007. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2007/jamie_l_nelson/nelson_jamie_l_200701_ms.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2007.<br>"A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Under the direction of Daniel R. Czech. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-54) and appendices.
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Soto, Carlos. "Failure Analysis of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament for Youth Baseball Pitchers." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2021. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2329.
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The objectives of this study were to (1) use kinetics from motion analysis and inverse dynamics to calculate the stress experienced by the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) during a typical pitch cycle, (2) compare calculated maximum UCL pitching stresses to failure properties, and (3) investigate correlations between UCL stress with anthropometric and pitching biomechanical parameters. Prior motion analysis experiments of eighteen 10- to 11- year-old baseball pitchers throwing 10 fastballs were analyzed. Maximum internal elbow varus torques were calculated using inverse dynamics methods during a typical pitch cycle. Calculations used axial loading stress equations and maximum internal elbow varus torques to quantify the maximum UCL pitching stresses. UCL ultimate stresses and number of cycles to failure were calculated from prior studies with a scaling procedure to estimate youth participant values. The calculated maximum UCL pitching stresses were then compared to the estimated ultimate stresses using a paired t-test. The first major result of this study was that the maximum UCL pitching stresses were 33.83 MPa lower, on average, than the estimated ultimate stresses (p < 0.001). A second major result of this study was the estimated average number of cycles to failure of the UCL were 80,000+ higher, on average, than the maximum season (p < 0.001) and annual (p < 0.001) pitch counts. A third major result of this study was maximum UCL pitching stresses were significantly and positively correlated with pitch speeds, maximum shoulder external rotation torque, and maximum elbow varus torque. These results suggest 10- to 11- year-old pitchers are not likely to experience a UCL injury. The findings of this study are supported by clinical observations of elbow injuries in youth pitchers occurring primarily in other tissues.
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Cassidy, Paul Edward. "The use of digital video pitch simulators for training expert baseball batters to improve their abilities to detect optical anticipatory pitch information /." Diss., ON-CAMPUS Access For University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Click on "Connect to Digital Dissertations", 2000. http://www.lib.umn.edu/articles/proquest.phtml.
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Park, Jeffrey. "Some Professionals Play Minimax: A Reexamination of the Minimax Theory in Major League Baseball." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/31.
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This paper explores the behavior of Major League Baseball pitchers. We analyze the pitching data from 2007-2010 in order to determine whether their actions follow minimax play. We also examine what the OPS statistic tells us about a pitcher's value.
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Thornton, James Leland. "Relative contribution of the internal rotators of the shoulder to speed of the fastball in college baseball pitchers." Scholarly Commons, 1989. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/506.
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The problem of this study was to determine the relative contribution of the strength of shoulder internal rotators among various muscle groups to ball speed in the fastball pitch as exhibited by college pitchers. An objective of the study was to explain at least 40% of the contribution of ball speed. The literature appears to be somewhat inconclusive as to the quantification of component contributors of muscle groups m the upper extremity to ball speed. It appears in the literature that variables other than upper extremity strength account for approximately 50% of ball speed. Some research has indicated that strength of the shoulder internal rotators is a major contributor while most research of this type has either been inconclusive or qualitative m nature. Eighteen college pitchers were tested for upper extremity peak torque production on the Cybex II Isokinetic Dynamometer at speeds of 90 and 240 degrees/second. Fastball speed was measured with a hand held radar gun. Results of regression analyses performed on the data indicate a strong correlation between the internal rotators of the upper extremity and fastball speed. A regression equation using a hierarchical strategy to maximize R2 accounted for 40% of contribution to ball speed using independent variables of shoulder internal rotation at 90° /sec. (X1) and elbow flexion at 240°/sec. (X2); ie, Speed=62.861+245X1 +.39X2. The standardized beta weights for this equation indicate that the greater contributor to ball speed was Sho/Int/Rot-90 when the effects of Elb/Fl-240 are controlled. When elbow extension at 90° /sec. was added to the equation as X3 approximately 59% of ball speed is explained; ie, Speed=68.605 + 268X1 + 807 X2 - .430X3.
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MUNGIN, KELLI J. "CONDITIONING OF COLLEGIATE BASEBALL PITCHERS TO REDUCE SHOULDER AND ELBOW INJURIES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1151516348.
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Sander, Jacob Victor. "Vertical height estimates of pitched balls." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1576607357582938.
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Spangler, Ashley. "An Exploration of the First Pitch in Baseball." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1490300154782369.
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Johansson, Jens. "Att kasta en strike. Hur svårt kan det vara? : En kvantitativ och kvalitativ studie i mental tuffhet hos basebollpitchers." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-3011.
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Syfte och frågeställningar: Denna studie har granskat begreppet mental tuffhet och dess roll i sporten baseboll. Syftet var att, genom en kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod, undersöka hur fyra unga svenska pitchers reflekterar över de egenskaper, färdigheter och verktyg associerade till mental tuffhet för att skapa en ökad förståelse i unga pitchers mentala förmåga. Detta genomförs som den första svenska idrottspsykologiska studien i sitt slag. Hur upplever unga basebollspelare olika aspekter av de innefattande egenskaper och färdigheter som omfattar mental tuffhet? Besitter unga basebollspelare som håller en jämn prestationsnivå under match även en högre grad av mental tuffhet? Metod: Studien består av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod där ett urval av fyra pitchers först statistiskt har observerats under match för att sen intervjuas med en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Statistikinsamling genomfördes med syftet att kvantitativt granska deras prestation under match sett till lyckade och misslyckade kast. Efter varje match har testpersonerna intervjuats med utgångspunkt från matchens statistik samt fyra idrottspsykologiska teman; självförtroende, motivation, idrottspsykologiska verktyg och målsättning. Denna metodtriangulering har använts för att granska hur de hanterar mentalt tuffa situationer i match. Resultat: Ett antal faktorer framkom i studiens analys som relaterade till mental tuffhet: fysiska och mentala förberedelser, den fysiska förmågan, fokusering/refokusering, viljan att bli bättre samt att hantera motgång. Även ett antal påverkande faktorer framkom: utbildning, lagkamrater/omgivning, yttre krav och externa distraktioner. Slutsats: Generellt framkom mental tuffhet som ett brett och komplext begrepp kopplat till många olika idrottspsykologiska faktorer. Kopplingar mellan self-efficacy och mental tuffhet har gjorts då testpersonerna beskrev prestationsbaserade självförtroende i sin tro på sin egen fysiska och tekniska förmåga, samt motivation i sin fysiska utveckling. Det framkom även att resultatets påverkande faktorer spelade en stor roll i hur de senare kände mental tuffhet i match. Nyckelord: Baseboll, pitchers, mental tuffhet, self-efficacy, självförtroende, motivation, visualisering, självprat, målsättning
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Atterholt, Nathan L. "The Effect of Stride Length on Ocular Tracking of Pitched Balls." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1305856806.
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Johansson, Jens. "Pitchingmönster - Taktikanalys : En pitchers val av kast." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Tränarlänken, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2233.
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Huddleston, Scott D. "Hitters vs. Pitchers: A Comparison of Fantasy Baseball Player Performances Using Hierarchical Bayesian Models." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3173.
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In recent years, fantasy baseball has seen an explosion in popularity. Major League Baseball, with its long, storied history and the enormous quantity of data available, naturally lends itself to the modern-day recreational activity known as fantasy baseball. Fantasy baseball is a game in which participants manage an imaginary roster of real players and compete against one another using those players' real-life statistics to score points. Early forms of fantasy baseball began in the early 1960s, but beginning in the 1990s, the sport was revolutionized due to the advent of powerful computers and the Internet. The data used in this project come from an actual fantasy baseball league which uses a head-to-head, points-based scoring system. The data consist of the weekly point totals that were accumulated over the first three-fourths of the 2011 regular season by the top 110 hitters and top 70 pitchers in Major League Baseball. The purpose of this project is analyze the relative value of pitchers versus hitters in this league using hierarchical Bayesian models. Three models will be compared, one which differentiates between hitters and pitchers, another which also differentiates between starting pitchers and relief pitchers, and a third which makes no distinction whatsoever between hitters and pitchers. The models will be compared using the deviance information criterion (DIC). The best model will then be used to predict weekly point totals for the last fourth of the 2011 season. Posterior predictive densities will be compared to actual weekly scores.
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Dragone, David. "APPLYING MATCHING EQUATION TO PITCH SELECTION IN MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/524832.
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Applied Behavioral Analysis<br>M.S.Ed.<br>This study applied the generalized matching equation (GME) to pitch selection in MLB during the 2016 regular season. The GME was used to evaluate the pitch selection of 21 groups of pitchers as well as 144 individual pitchers. The GME described pitch selection well for four of the 21 pitching groups and 32 of the 144 individual pitchers. Of the remaining groups and individual pitchers, behavior may be explained by rule following behavior or be impacted by distant reinforcers such as salary. All 21 groups demonstrated a bias for fastballs as well as 119 of the 144 individual pitchers. The results extend the use of the GME to natural contexts and suggest an alternative view to evaluating pitchers.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Juarez, Christopher. "An investigaton of umpire performance using PITCHf/x data via longitudinal analysis." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14082.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Statistics<br>Abigail Jager<br>Baseball has long provided statisticians a playground for analysis. In this report we discuss the history of Major League Baseball (MLB) umpires, MLB data collection, and the use of technology in sports officiating. We use PITCHf/x data to answer 3 questions. 1) Has the proportion of incorrect calls made by a major league umpire decreased over time? 2) Does the proportion of incorrect calls differ for umpires hired prior to the implementation of technology in evaluating umpire performance from those hired after? 3) Does the rate of change in the proportion of incorrect calls differ for umpires hired prior to the implementation of technology in evaluating umpire performance from those hired after?
PITCHf/x is a publicly available database which gathers characteristics for every pitch thrown in one of the 30 MLB parks. In 2002, MLB began to use camera technology in umpire evaluations; prior to 2007, the data were not publicly available. Data were collected at the pitch level and the proportion of incorrect calls was calculated for each umpire for the first third, second third, and last third of each of the seasons for 2008-2011. We collected data from retrosheet.org, which provides game summary information. We also determined the year of each umpire’s MLB debut to differentiate pre- and post-technology hired umpires for our analysis.
We answered our questions of interest using longitudinal data analysis, using a random coefficients model. We investigated the choice of covariance structure for our random coefficients model using Akaike’s Information Criterion and the Bayesian Information Criterion. Further, we compared our random coefficients model to a fixed slopes model and a general linear model.
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Morrissey, Michael Patrick. "The Aerodynamics of the Knuckleball Pitch: An Experimental Investigation into the Effects that the Seam and Slow Rotation have on a Baseball." [Milwaukee, Wis.] : e-Publications@Marquette, 2009. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/8.
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Burcham, Marc A. "Suppression of the Rotational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex during a Baseball Pitch." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275390727.
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Ghorbani, Saeed [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Bund, and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Schorer. "Observational learning of a baseball-pitch: the effect of different model demonstrations / Saeed Ghorbani. Betreuer: Andreas Bund ; Jörg Schorer." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058225766/34.
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Lin, Kuang-Hung, and 林光宏. "Baseball Pitcher." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92055827389235401764.
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碩士<br>國立體育學院<br>教練研究所<br>95<br>SUMMARY
Baseball is a team sport combined with numerous offending and defending plays in it. It is appropriate to say that baseball is a sport with both offence and defense.
In the game of baseball, pitcher is the only player who may perform defending jobs in an offensive manner. Roy Umstattd stated that performance of the pitching staff of a baseball team decided the results of baseball games by 60 to 80 percent. Robert K. Adair said the pitcher is the most important player on the team. Earl Weaver mentioned that the performance of pitchers was the most important among all players on the team.
The importance of pitching to the results of ball games is emphasized in the game of baseball. In this thesis, the author organizes information on skills of pitching, specific training methods to pitchers, team works, strength training, and mental strategies based on his personal experiences as a former professional player and coach and sports related sciences. The author is hoping to provide helpful information to coaches and players to help them train more effectively.
In this thesis, the following content is included:
I. Introduction.
II. Skill Training: Biomechanics in pitching, analysis of pitching motions, grabs of various pitches, how to throw different pitches, and how to deal with situation in games.
III. Defence: After the ball is pitched, the pitcher becomes the sixth infielder who does defensive jobs with other teammates.
IV. Training: Strength training for pitchers.
V. Mental strategies: It is stressful to be a pitcher in both training and game situations. Learning mental skills would enhance the performance of pitchers.
VI. Conclusion: correct pitching skills, solid fundamentals, appropriate training, proper approaches knowledge, and strong mentality are the best way to enhance pitching.
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Shih, Sheng-wen, and 石昇文. "Kinematic Analysis of the Throwing Hand of Baseball Pitcher during Accelerated phase." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93992059401228671407.
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碩士<br>國立臺南大學<br>體育學系碩士班<br>98<br>Few qualitative studies have accounted for the wrist joint and fingers’ features during throwing movements. The purpose of this study in which 19 right-handed baseball pitchers (age: 18.7±2.7years, height: 175.20±5.5 cm, weight: 74.6±13.1kg) participated was to investigate and quantify the motion of finger joints and wrist joint while throwing movement was performed, and tell the differences between the joints. Individuals were asked to randomly perform three types of throwing with sitting and standing positions, and the target would be 3 meters away. A 3D motion analysis system was used to record the throwing movements. During the acceleration period the wrist joint generally keeps extended in throwing each type of breaking pitch, only before the ball release does it show obvious flexion. The flexion angle in throwing fastball is more clearly than the others (p&lt;.05). When the pitcher throws fastball, each PIP and DIP varies in a distinctive way from pitching curveball. Furthermore, the angular motions of MP joint of the two pitch types also differ in the middle finger’s flexion angle in abduction and adduction (p&lt;.05). The average angle of joint in fastball as well as slide pitches seems larger than that in curveball pitch; besides, of all the differences between them in the sitting and standing pitches, the forefinger’s PIP and the middle finger’s DIP are the most distinctive. Various kinds of breaking pitch are produced by means of the pitcher’s control over the angle of wrist and finger joints. Fastball pitching, for instance, depends upon the extension or flexion of each joint; while curveball pitching relies on the abduction or adduction of MP joint. Because different pitch types rely on ball grips as well as joint’s angle, fastball is similar to slide in the character while contrary to curveball in the joint angle. Therefore it is suggested that beginners should learn to throw slide prior to curveball
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Chang, Chia-Hui, and 昌佳惠. "The Battles on Mound：Back on the Mound of an Injured Baseball Pitcher." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10498484592586216295.
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碩士<br>國立臺北教育大學<br>體育學系碩士班<br>100<br>When 2012 Major League Baseball (MLB) season started, the news whether Wang Chien Ming can play the games this season or not drew the baseball fans in Taiwan full attention. From the year of 2008 through early 2012, we heard that Wang suffered from injuries and took great efforts to try to regain his once-powerful pitching skills. Many local pitchers encounter the same problems as Wang’s. Once they had injuries, they had to go through the stages of receiving surgeries, rehabilitation and coming back to the baseball field to play the games. How they cope with the difficulties in every stage and rebuild self-confidence after rehabilitation are unknown to people. This thesis explored the story behind Xiao Wang who used to be a pitcher in the Minor League Baseball, now played as a relief pitcher in the Chinese Professional Baseball League. Narrative inquiry was put into use to explain this exploration. After several in-depth interviews with Xiao Wang, I get the whole picture of how he suffered from sports injuries and what efforts he made to recover from the injuries and then stood up again on the pitcher’s mound as a good pitcher and what happened to him after he went back to Taiwan. His story was actually to build self-confidence step by step in a series of difficult times. This study also founded that in order to protect him from having injuries again and improve his performance; Xiao Wang revised his pitching skills. Besides, the process of making mental adjustments to cope with his upset really helped him to deal with many difficulties at ease. What’s more, his family, coaches, team mates, fans and above all, his girlfriend gave him strong support and great encouragement. Only by receiving this can Xiao Wang re-step on the pitcher’s mound and make his performance better and better.
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Zeng, Qing-Yu, and 曾慶裕. "The application of fundamental theories & methods for the baseball pitcher''''''''s training." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33032535531142133617.
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Shih-YuKuo and 郭時聿. "Differences in Baseball Batting Movement Strategy between Facing a Pitcher and Pitching Machine." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99495078425274151776.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>體育健康與休閒研究所<br>101<br>Pitching machines are able to offer pitches with both quality and quantity for baseball batting practice. Until now, however, pitching machines still cannot completely simulate a real pitcher’s pitching motion. Whether by rotating a metal arm or squeezing through rubber wheels, none of the pitches generated by pitching machines can provide sufficiently informative cues that batters used to acquire from pitchers before ball release. To understand if a batter would change his strategy of batting movement due to unequal information provided by a pitching machine as opposed to a real pitcher, four professional baseball players in the minor league in Taiwan were recruited. The vertical ground reaction forces of their batting movements were recorded, and all three subjects were analyzed as a single subject. We examined several time instants of events and also some kinetic parameters. It turned out that every subject stepped earlier, shifted weight more slowly with a significant difference during “swing to impact” in facing a pitching machine. The variability of stepping was also raised. However, the other parameters had different characteristics among subjects and needed to be interpreted individually. These results may be attributed to lack of visual clues which could be found in a real pitcher’s whole body kinematics, and resulted in an uncertainty for the batter. Therefore, it was concluded that our participants did change their batting movement strategy in the batting practice with a pitching machine. It has to be noted that it is premature to generalize this conclusion to larger population due to small sample size used in this study.
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OU, HONG-CI, and 歐鴻齊. "The Study of the Different Pitch Counts of the Young Baseball Pitcher Training Period to Muscular Injure Index." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33cqs9.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺東大學<br>進修部暑期體育碩士班<br>106<br>The Study of the Different Pitch Counts of the Young Baseball Pitcher Training Period to Muscular Injure Index
Author: Hong Qi, Ou
National Taitung University Physical Education Department
Abstract
This study goal aims to through the pitcher process the training of pitching in a bullpen and discuss the relationship and injure between pitch count of the young baseball pitcher and muscular injure. It sets the National Taitung University Affiliated Physical Education High School nine baseball team players. The average age is 17±0.8 year old. There are divided to three sections for the pitch experiments of 80, 100, and 120 pitches relatively. It is analyzed Blood Lactic Acid in the blood plasma to judge the exercise intensity immediately when it ends the pitching and see the muscular injure by analyzing the Lactate Dehydrogenase and Creative Kinase in the blood plasma after 24 and 48 hours. The data uses the Paired-Samples T Test to analyze. The result shows that the contrasts of Creative Kinase reflect they do not reach the significances after 24 to 48 hours when end 100 and 120 pitches of pitching. The rest of contrasts all reach the significances. Creative Kinase reaches the highest point after 24 hours when ends the pitching. And then it recovers. Lactate Dehydrogenase does not reach the significance on analyzing the contrasts of all kinds pitch counts mentioned before of pitching. There is no recovering indication of Lactate Dehydrogenase when it is in on the period of 24 to 48 hours. The conclusion is to find that the injure situation when the pitch counts of the young baseball pitcher over 80 pitches. It suggests the young baseball team player coaches can control the pitch counts of the player low 80 pitches, or let the player rests 48 hours at less. It is to decrease the harms and accumulative injures of the young baseball team players.
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Ching, Ming-Yang, and 金明央. "Wireless MEMS Sensors System Applied in Baseball Pitcher''s Pitching Movement Analysis." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65852769637264851225.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>樹德科技大學<br>資訊工程系碩士班<br>99<br>This study applies wireless MEMS sensors system developed by using wireless sensor components such as tri-axis accelerometer and tri-axis gyroscope to analyze the pitching movement of baseball pitchers. The purposes are first to analyze how the velocity of ball correlates the acceleration of gravity (g, with 1g=9.81m/s2), angular velocity, and movement stability of pitcher’s limbs. Second, it aims to explore the difference in time series between two groups (fast and slow) of pitchers when kinetic chain of pitching occurs. Finally, it analyzes the difference between two groups of pitchers in terms of the acceleration of gravity (g) against the angular velocity of pitcher’s limbs. Ten pitchers from the adult division A baseball team of Kao Yuan University participate this experiment as subjects; they are categorized into fast and slow groups based on their pitching velocity. The velocity of ball is measured by wireless MEMS sensors system; MS Excel and SPSS are used to conduct statistical analysis of gathered data through Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and independent-sample t-test. The results are as follows:
1. In right waist, right shoulder and right wrist of the upper body, and both left and right ankles of the lower body, the correlation between g value of pitcher’s limbs and the velocity of ball is found significant.
2. In right waist of the upper body and both left and right ankles and knees of the lower body, the correlation between the velocity of ball and the angular velocity of pitcher’s limbs is found significant.
3. Only left knee shows a significant correlation between the pitcher’s movement stability of limbs and the velocity of ball.
4. This study has found that on certain limbs, there is a difference in time series between two groups of pitchers when kinetic chain of pitching occurs. In addition, the time series of the maximum g value during the kinetic chain of pitching starts from the lead leg and ends at the pivot leg. As for joints in the waist, shoulder, elbow and wrist of the upper body, the pitching movement is finished during the shift of center of gravity between two legs.
5. In right waist, right wrist of the upper body and in both left and right ankles and knees of the lower body, difference in g value of pitchers’ limbs between two groups is found significant.
6. In both left and right ankles and knees of the lower body, the difference in angular velocity of pitcher’s limbs between two groups is found significant.
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CHEN, YU-MIAO, and 陳昱妙. "The Analytic Study of the Pitcher Performance and Salary of Chinese Professional Baseball League." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/935hsd.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立屏東大學<br>應用數學系碩士班<br>107<br>The study chose the native pitchers of each team of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) from 2014 to 2016 seasons as research objects, exploring the correlation and difference between the performance of the pitchers and the salary. Then, the study used the performance of the pitchers to predict salary and establish the model of the salary. The statistical methods applied in this research were independent-sample t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis and regression analysis. The significant level of the statistical tests in this research were set at α=0.05. The results are concluded as follows:
A. There are three variables in the age, years of CPBL, and years of trade overseas of the pitchers, which are significantly correlated with the performance of the pitchers. There is also a significant difference in the average number of performances of trade overseas pitchers and overseas pitchers without trade. No variable are significantly correlated with background variable or the mean is significantly different in three years.
B. There are three variables in the age, years of CPBL and years of trade overseas of the pitchers, which are significantly positively correlated with the salary of the pitchers. There are two variables in the age and the years of travel, which are significantly positively correlated with the salary in the three years. Then, the average salary of the trade overseas pitchers is better than those without trade overseas experience.
C. Among the 35 pitcher performance variables, there are 19 are significantly correlated with the salary.
D. The performance of pitcher has a significant predictive effect on the salary.
a. Salary model
1. The basic model: establishing the model of the salary is used a stepwise method to select independent variables.
(1) The model in 2015: "SV", "CG", "age", "W" and travel experience were selected. The predictability is 85.0%.
(2) The model in 2016: "year of travel overseas", "age", "travel experience", "WP", "SV", "IP" and "SHO" were selected. The predictability is 86.1%.
(3) The model in 2017: "W", "age", "SV" and "TP" were selected. The predictability is 77.0%.
2. The smallest model: the model consists of "SV" and "age". The predictability from 2015 to 2017 is 61.9%, 33.3% and 56.1% respectively.
3. The specific model: the model consists of "SV", "W" and "age". The predictability from 2015 to 2017 is 79.0%, 63.0% and 69.8% respectively.
b. The salary model for the year can be used to predict the salary for the next year, and the specific model is the best.
c. The important variables which influence salary are "SV", "age" and "W".
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LIN, Shou-Zhi, and 林守志. "Enunciating the Dynamic of Broadcasted Baseball Game with 3D Animation: The Case of Pitcher." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13465784578227547460.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>數位媒體設計學系碩士班<br>98<br>The baseball in Taiwanese heart is a very important movement, therefore looked that the baseball TV relay is also a daily life part, but camera angle, or screen content doesn’t change since had broadcast baseball. If we can use 3D animation to explain baseball TV relay, can use each kind of impossible camera angles to explain baseball game. When broadcaster uses verbal interpretation to forecast baseball game’s situation, this moment immediately use scene of 3D animation to explain game. Then that can make audience understood contents and rules of baseball game. Therefore this creation attempt to improve baseball TV relay's possibility, and Increases audience’s knowledge of baseball by 3D animation. In this creation treats baseball pitcher as leading role. Creation content takes two important works of pitcher is trajectory of pitcher’s breaking balls and pitcher checks one base. The creation goal is making audience has new experience of baseball TV relay, and let baseball's freshman is able to obtain baseball knowledge. To improve the audience to watch baseball television relay's pleasure and possibility.
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Wu, Bo-Yan, and 吳柏諺. "The System of Stability Training for Baseball Pitcher Based on the Internet of Things Technology." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ewfvvf.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>健行科技大學<br>電子工程系碩士班<br>106<br>Pitch control is a big problem for pitchers. The pitchers have different pitching conditions and the solutions are different. Some people can improve the pitching problem in a month, but others have spent several years getting the cause of the problem. That improving the pitching requires more practice to increase your proficiency and stability, and gradually improve the problem.
This paper primarily uses the technology of the Internet of Things to set up a system to record the practice data of baseball pitchers to analyze the pitching stability of baseball pitchers, and to understand the recent situation of this player. Coaches and analysts can observe the player''s Pitching data through the webpage at any time, analyze it and propose training methods for your weaknesses. The experiment is based on Arduino and Raspberry pi. Create a pitching training device through Arduino and use Raspberry pi as a database. The database selects MongoDB, and The data is transmitted in JSON format. Develop with Javascript as a language, use MongoDB to store data for easy reading and writing. It can be used to store pitching data to analyze the proficiency and stability of baseball pitchers.
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Yang, Hua-Ta, and 楊華達. "Swiss ball core training impact with throwing accuracy and speed with high school baseball pitcher." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64756911205937186602.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立新竹教育大學<br>體育學系碩士班<br>103<br>Swiss ball core training impact with throwing accuracy and speed with high school baseball pitcher
June, 2015
Yang, Hua-Ta
Advisor: Lee, A. J. Y.
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of 6-week Swiss ball core training on throwing speed and accuracy in baseball pitchers. Methods: Twenty high school baseball pitchers randomized to train group and control group. All players underwent an regular baseball pitcher training 5 times per week for 7weeks, and train group received extra swiss ball core training 3 times per week, each for 30 minutes during this period. The throwing speed by the Jugs sport speed gun, the throwing accuracy by the homemade strike box. Mixed-desigend one way ANCOVA was used to compare the difference between groups before and after training for each parameter. Results: The ball reached significant differences before and after training (F = 6.63, p <.05), throwing accuracy and balance are not reached statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Swiss ball core muscle training can effectively enhance the pitcher's throwing speed, but the throwing accuracy and single leg balance remains to be explored.
Key words: speed, accuracy, swiss ball core training, high school baseball pitcher
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Su, Maw-Song, and 蘇茂菘. "The Analysis and Prediction of Pitching Strategy Model of Japanese Pitcher in 2006 World Baseball Classic." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77724586106285827780.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立嘉義大學<br>體育與健康休閒研究所<br>95<br>The purpose of this research was to analyze the pattern of ball usage for Japanese pitchers in the second round of World Baseball Classic. This research combined content analysis and artificial neural networks for data analysis. It first recorded of every pitch of Japanese pitchers in 45 innings and 630 pitches by observing video types. Then the research calculated the percentage of ball usages of Japanese pitchers in different conditions. These data were put into Neural Networks for further analysis.
There were four major findings for this research. First, in terms of pitching type, the fastball was Japanese pitchers’ first choice (57.1%) and the slider was the next. (20.8%). Second, Japanese pitchers commonly did not pitch into the same location or direction. During the second round of 2006 World Baseball Classic, this research found the Japanese pitchers had faced 177 batters. Then they had applied the “strategy of mix location and direction”to deal with more than half of those batters (57.1%). Third, in terms of pitching patterns in different ball count, the Japanese pitchers had most commonly chose fastball (65.05%) for first pitch or in the ball-count falling behind. After 2 strikes, the Japanese pitchers had most commonly chose fastball (52%) in 0-2 count. However, they had a greater chance to use curveball (52%) in 1-2 or 2-2 count. In a 3-2 pitch, the Japanese pitchers most likely chose fastball (65%). Finally, this research had applied artificial neural networks to predict Japanese pitchers. It successfully predict 64.2% in pitching type, 63.3% in pitching location, 67.7% in pitching direction, and 70.4% in ball/strike counts. The overall correctness is between 60% and 70%.
In conclusion, based on the finding and the results of this research, Back-propagation Neural Network could be used in predicting the baseball pitcher’s pitching strategy, and could be developed into computer program for analyzing baseball game. Furthermore, this researcher just could provide suggestions to future baseball training.
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Shen, Po-Chang, and 沈柏蒼. "Using Delphi Technique to construct the elements of the selection of junior high school baseball pitcher." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51524121308125622647.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>真理大學<br>企業管理學系碩士班<br>104<br>Baseball is one of the mainstream sports in Taiwan. It has been developed for over sixty years in Taiwan. Therefore, many great baseball players were nurtured and trained in Taiwan. This research made a deeply investigation on the standard of junior high school’s coach selecting player. Use Delphi Technique questionnaire of junior high school baseball pitcher selection as the instrument. And 11 professional baseball coaches as the object. Construct the main elements of the selection of junior high school baseball pitcher through Delphi Technique. The result shows the following elements. First, the main elements of the selection of junior high school baseball pitcher contain pitching technique, physical quality, mental quality, intelligence, temperament and moral respect spirit and so on. Second, the most important element of junior high school baseball pitcher selection is the mental quality. Secondly is the physical quality and moral respect spirit.
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Reynolds, Colin Thomas. "A summer wildfire : how the greatest debut in baseball history peaked and dwindled over the course of three months." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3333.
Full textAbstract:
The narrative itself is an ageless one, a fundamental Shakespearean tragedy in its progression. A young man is deemed invaluable and exalted by the public. The hero is cast into the spotlight and bestowed with insurmountable expectations. But the acclamations and pressures are burdensome and the invented savior fails to fulfill the prospects once imagined by the public. He is cast aside, disregarded as a symbol of failure or one deserving of pity. It’s the quintessential tragedy of a fallen hero.
The protagonist of this report is Washington Nationals pitcher Stephen Strasburg, who enjoyed a phenomenal rookie season before it ended abruptly due to a severe elbow injury. But from a broader perspective, this report considers the current state of baseball in American society. The immense anticipation of Strasburg’s debut in early June of 2010 was unprecedented and his success sparked the public’s interest. But the 21-year-old failed to seize our adoration and his injury left many disappointed and disengaged. During a time when the casual baseball fan was disinterested and even the devoted felt disenchanted, Strasburg provided a brief reprieve from the controversies and allegations. Americans could connect with their beleaguered National Pastime once more.
Although Strasburg is the driving force, his role as “savior” could have been bestowed upon anyone. Nothing about his personality or looks or charisma garnered him such high esteem, but just his uncanny ability to throw a baseball. On the surface he is just a young prodigy in a long line of highly touted successes and failures – and he certainly won’t be the last. In essence, the star alone does not compose the story, but rather it’s the ideology surrounding him.
Lastly, Strasburg’s narrative is still unfinished. As in any tragic tale comes the hope of redemption. This unknown conclusion is fitting for a baseball narrative where every year begins afresh and endless possibilities emerge. As essayist Alexander Pope once noted, “Hope springs eternal in the human breast.” The same is true in baseball.<br>text
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Tsai, Wen-Hsin, and 蔡文星. "A STUDY ON THE PITChHING ARRANGEMENT OF THE JAPANESE PITCHER DAISUKE MATSUSAKA THE 22ND ASIAN BASEBALL CHAMPIONSHIP IN." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33800703136068328753.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣體育學院<br>體育研究所<br>93<br>Abstract
This study aimed to explore the 2003 Asian Baseball Championship, the study stood on the ball game in which the Japanese pitcher Daisuke Matsusaka pitched 7 innings against Chinese Taipei team with total 98 pitches. Using slow motion to analyze the video and conducting relative statistical research on the number of each kind of pitches, the comparison of pitching speed, the placement distribution, the ratio of the kinds of first pitch in each turn at bat, pitching arrangement; then processed the data using statistics software SPSS 10.0 for Windows XP with the method of descriptive statistics, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The findings are as follows:
1. The major thrown pitches were heaters of 46%, and use 35% sliders as his main pitching method.
2. His fastest pitching speed that day is 152km/hr, the slowest is 114km/hr, and the maximum speed difference is 38km/hr.
3. There were 70 pitches attaining 71% K, the most were low and outside pitches (the 17th check), with 20 ones; the second most were high and low pitches (the 9th check), with 14 ones. Within the 28 balls, there were 18 outside pitches.
4. The first fastball and curve were significantly different in speed, the fastball was faster than the curve. Take pitching speed as dependent variable, the F Value is notable, thus there is no difference between the pitching speeds in varied directions. After the independent samples test, there was no significant difference between the speed of a strike pitch and a ball pitch.
5. His main pitching tactic was to pitch with shift method in 14 turns at bat, which were 56% of his turns of bat.
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TSAI, CHUNG-NAN, and 蔡仲南. "Effect of Lower-Extremity Isokinetic Strength and Ground Reaction Forces on the Ball Velocity in Professional Baseball Pitcher." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20318409690842765682.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立體育大學<br>競技與教練科學研究所<br>105<br>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship of lower extremity isokinetic strength, ground reaction force and ball velocity in professional baseball pitchers.
Method: A total of 6 male professional baseball players participated in this study. This study use the Biodex to collect the data of the isokinetic strength peak torque. Use the AMTI force plate to collect the Kinetics data, and 3D Motion Analysis System were synchronized to identify each phase of pitching movement. The subjects have to pitch 3 times at the experiment, and choose the fastest one to analyze.
Results: 1. In stride phase the ground reaction force of pivot leg, the ground reaction force divide by their weight of pivot leg and the impulse of ground reaction force of pivot leg showed on significant with ball velocity at relationship. 2. The results showed that the maximum isokinetics strength of pivot leg hip adduction in angular velocity 180 o/s, 300 o/s, 360 o/s (r=.815, r=.813 & r=878; p<.05), pivot leg hip abduction in angular velocity 180 o/s, 300 o/s (r=.955; p<.01, r=.908; p<.05), pivot leg hip flexion in angular velocity in 60 o/s (r=.890; p<.05), pivot leg ankle dorsiflexion in angular velocity 300 o/s (r=.832, p<.05), stride leg hip abduction in angular velocity 60 o/s, 300 o/s, 360 o/s (r=.839, r=.885 & r=.842; p<.05), stride leg knee flexion in angular velocity 300 o/s, 360 o/s (r=.887 & r=.851; p<.05) and the pitched ball velocity have correlation.
The hip abduction, hip internal rotation and knee extension torques of the pivot leg and the hip adduction torque of the stride leg when it contacted the ground were significantly greater in the high pitched ball velocity groups than in the low pitched ball velocity groups. But in this study the isokinetic strength did not detect hips internal rotation and external rotation, so the study cannot compare with references.
Conclusion: 1. Although the ground reaction force of pivot leg showed no significant at relatonship with ball velocity in stride phase, but the ground reaction force of pivot leg still play the important to support the body and push the body in pitching direction. 2. The current results indicate that high-ball-velocity is characterized by maximum isokinetics strength of lower extremities on hips abduction/ adduction specially. The present study suggests pitchers can increase maximum isokinetics strength of hips abduction and adduction in the both legs, and they can increase the ground reaction force. Also can increase the transferring energy from lower extremities to torso and pitching arm during pitching. Thus, the results obtained here indicate that for high ball velocity, lower extremities isokinetics strength during pitching plays an important role in order to increase the rotation and forward motion of the trunk and pitching arm.
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Lin, Tai-you, and 林泰祐. "The influences of concentric-eccentric training on shoulder external rotation isokinetic muscle performance in professional baseball pitcher during the preseason." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14342944297742136353.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>體育健康與休閒研究所<br>97<br>Purpose: to investigate the influences of concentric- eccentric training on the shoulder external rotation strength in professional baseball pitcher during preseason.
Methods: subjects were eight Taiwanese male professional baseball pitchers, and they were randomly assigned to the training group (N=4, mean age was 28±3 years, weight was 86.6±4.5 kg, high was 180.1±1.4 cm), and the control group(N=4, mean age was 28±2.2 years , weight was 92±12.3 kg, high was 181.5±6.3 cm). The control group was asked to stay with the same work out routine and the training group performed shoulder external concentric and eccentric training (Biodex System 3) at 60, 120, and 180 degree per second with the regular throwing arm other than the regular work out routine twice a week for four weeks. Each angle performed for 10 repetitions. The concentric strength was assessed at 180 and 300 deg/sec of shoulder external rotation before and after eccentric training to observe strength changes in the rotator cuff.
Result: After 4 weeks of training, the peak torque and the peak torque/body weight of the internal rotation muscle at 180 degree angle between the dominant throwing arm and the non-dominant throwing arm showed significant decreases (p <.05). The muscle strength of the dominant throwing arm and the non-dominant throwing arm for two groups at the 300 degree angle showed significant increases (p <.05). The dominant throwing arm of the training group showed more improvement at the 300 degree angle then the control group, but no significant differences in the variables of strength were shown for both groups.
Conclusion: the implementing of 4 weeks of concentric and eccentric external rotation muscles in the preseason did not effectively enhance the external rotation muscle strength, however, the concentric and eccentric training might slow down the muscle strength decrease. Is it because of other fitness training that caused of overtraining which lead to decrease of muscle strength in professional baseball pitchers during preseason would have to be researched more.
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Chen, Shu-Wei, and 陳書瑋. "Analysis of Ball Velocity, Muscle Mass, Kinematics and Kinetics Characteristic Composition for Elite Baseball Pitcher with Different Stride Types in Pitching." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04703473960809143907.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立體育大學<br>教練研究所<br>97<br>This research tried to find out the difference of ball velosity, muscle mass, kinematics and kinetics characteristic for elite baseball pitcher with different stride types in pitching (tall-and-fall and dive-and-drive) , as the reference for improving the pitching performance, injury prevention, and choosing the best way for every pitchers. Twenty elite college male baseball pitchers volunteered to be the subjects in the research. After a investigation of height, body weight, age, year of playing baseball, year of pitching, maximum of ball velocity, medical history and healthy situation, Physion MD body composition analyzer, Stalker Sport speed gun, Motion Analysis System, and AMTI force plate were used to test muscle mass, ball velocity, kinematics and kinetics characteristic. EVa Real-Time Software was used to output the raw data of each marker and the raw data of force plate during pitching, and Matlab and Excel software were used to analysis data. Then group tall-and-fall group and dive-and-drive group according to this data. All statistical and correlation analysis were performed with SPSS 12.0 software. For statistical analysis, an independent t-test was performed for ball velocity, muscle mass, kinematics and kinetics characteristic to evaluate the differences among different stride types in pitching (tall-and-fall and dive-and-drive). For correlation analysis, a Pearson product-moment correlation was derived to investigate the relationship of the ball velocity and muscle mass, kinematics and kinetics characteristic for different stride types in pitching (tall-and-fall and dive-and-drive). A significance level of .05 was adopted. The Result showed that:
1. The levels of tall-and-fall and dive-and-drive groups were similar, and the level of effort of each group were high.
2. The average of ball velocity in this research were similar to Taiwaness and American elite college pitcher, but slower slightly than American professional pitcher.
3. Taller subjects pitched by tall-and-fall method because they want to display their superiority in body size.
4. Subjects in this research were not balanced between the muscle mass and muscle strength of their dominant and non-dominant side.
5. The way of weight training of subjects used in this research was incorrect that they just increased the muscle mass and muscle strength, but did not increase the ball velocity.
6. Subjects in dive-and-drive group had larger knee flexion angle in pivot leg, and boosted earlier to push their body forward.
7. Pitchers in dive-and-drive group had larger impulse, which showed that the dive-and-drive group rely more on the pushing force of pivot leg for pitching.
8. Pitchers with faster ball velocity had larger forward reaction force of pivot leg and impulse during stride phase to gain more momentum for the acceleration in their body and the ball.
9. Pitchers in tall-and-fall group had less sinking and less forward move in pitching, which showed that they used more force of upper limb to pitch instead of moving COG.
10. Pitchers in dive-and-drive group sank their center of mass first, and then moved forward, which showed that their pivot leg push their body forward with knee’s flexion and extension.
This research suggested that the kinematics and kinetics characteristic in elite baseball pitcher’s torso, upper limb, and stride foot with different stride types in pitching (tall-and-fall and dive-and-drive) should be further studies. In training, the balance between dominant and non-dominant side should be stress, especially in trunk to avoid injury. Pitchers in dive-and-drive group should increase the muscle strength of lower limb, especially in the pivot leg, to promote the pitching performance. To coach the weight training, coaches should aim at individual demand for designing the training plan and the curriculum content, and assist by the specialists, to not only promote the training effect but also avoid injury. The upper limb should be trained by high speed weight training to perform the high speed muscle strength well in high speed pitching.
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Lin, Chun-Lung, and 林俊龍. "The biomechanics analysis and relationship of key factors to baseball pitching velocity of Taiwanese junior, senior high school and college pitcher." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32489023861916881573.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>體育學系<br>100<br>The purpose of this study was to find the difference in pitching mechanics among various ages by comparing the kinematics, temporal and kinetics parameters. and investigate the relationship of biomechanical factors to baseball pitching velocity in each group. Ten pitchers of each level were served to be subjects (junior high school:67±12kg， 167±11cm；senior high school:74±9kg，179±5cm；college 88±10kg，179±7cm). Two forceplates (Kistler, 1000 Hz) and a 3-D motion capture system (Vicon MX13,200Hz) were used to collect kinetics and kinematics data. The subject threw to a target (40×60cm) which is 3 m in front of the force plates. Data from the 3 fastest successful trials were averaged for each subject. A one-way ANOVA was conducted for each parameter to identify differences among the three levels (junior, senior high school, college). Then 6 trails of each subject were chosen for regression analysis. Step-wise regression analysis was used to finding the relationship of biomechanical factors to baseball pitching velocity at each age level.
The result showed the ball speed of the junior high school pitchers (JHP) was slower than senior high school (SHP) and college pitchers (CP), and no difference existed in SHP and CP. At kinematic and temporal parameters, the JHP had more shoulder rotation range of angleand longer arm acceleration phase than the other two groups. The SHP had less lead legknee flexion at lead foot contact ground, more elbow extension and shoulder rotation velocity at arm acceleration time. In addition, their peak shoulder external rotation angle appeared later, and the arm acceleration phase time was shorter.
At upper limbs kinetic parameters, the peak elbow varus moment, peak shoulder internal rotation moment, peak elbow axis force, and peak shoulder poster force of JHP are lower than other two groups. At pivot foot kinetic parameters, the peak axis force in the three joints, hip adduction moment, ankle and knee flexion moments were existed a tendency to increase with age. At lead foot kinetic parameters, the ground reaction force and the axis force of knee and ankle increase with age, but no difference existed in the hip joint.
In JHP group, 3 biomechanical factors were associated with ball velocity. They were peak shoulder internal rotation moment in arm cocking phase, stride length, and elbow peak flexion angle. In SHP group, 4 biomechanical factors were associated with ball velocity. They were shoulder internal rotation moment in arm cocking phase, lead foot knee flexion angle at ball release, peak upper trunk angular velocity and body hight. In CP group, 4 biomechanical factors were associated with ball velocity. They were peak shoulder internal rotation moment in arm cocking phase, peak lead foot knee flexion angle at foot contact, peak shoulder external rotation angle and peak elbow extension angular velocity.
. As the result showed, the pitching mechanics kinematics of JHP are similar with other two groups. They have smallest upper and lower limbs kinetics. From JHP to SHP, ball velocity, body hight, upper limbs joint angular velocity, upper and lower limbs kinetics all increased. From SHP to CP, body mass and, lower limbs kinetics increased, but ball speed and upper limbs kinetics show no difference. The upper limbs kinetics was an important biomechanical factors associated with ball velocity in all three groups. We believe that the insufficiency of upperlimbs kinetic of CP cause their ball velocity similar with SHP.
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Chen, Wei-Ting, and 陳威廷. "Scapular muscle recruitment patterns during various types of baseball pitches in high school pitchers." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/649y68.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>臺北市立大學<br>運動科學研究所碩士在職專班<br>106<br>Objective: To evaluate the scapular muscle which includes upper trapezius, lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle recruitment patterns during various types of baseball pitches in high school pitchers, the different baseball pitches includes (1)curveball, (2)slider, (3)fastball and (4)change up.
Methods: Ten subjects were asked to perform the four different types of baseball pitches in the laboratory, and the signal of upper trapezius, lower trapezius and serratus anterior contraction were collected by surface EMG in the different stage of pitching (stride, arm cocking and arm acceleration) . The signal of muscle contraction was normalized by the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of each muscle, and a high-speed camera was utilized to record the pitcher’s motion during the different stage of pitch. Wilcoxon sign rank test was used to compare the variations of different types of pitches and stage, significant level was set at p<0.05.
Result: There’s no significant difference between the scapular muscle recruitment pattern in the four types of pitches. But the intensity of muscle contraction in arm acceleration phase was similar to arm cocking phase, and both of them are stronger than the intensity in stride phase, but the intensity would reach the maximum in the slider and curveball in lower trapezius and serratus anterior, this result indicates that there are differences between slider and curveball.
Conclusion: The result of this study shows that scapular muscle recruitment pattern has no significant difference in the four types of pitches, and it indicates that scapular muscle would provide the similar stability in the four types of pitches.
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Yen-PoHuang and 黃彥博. "Comparative Analysis of Pitching Motion among Taiwanese Professional Baseball Pitchers, Taiwanese University Baseball Pitchers and Taiwanese High School Baseball Pitchers by Power Biomechanical Parameter." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47372705368464506140.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立成功大學<br>工程科學系<br>103<br>In recent years, baseball become one of the most popular competition sports. Baseball pitcher play the most demanding activities in sports on the human body. The loading on the throwing arm is great, especially at the shoulder and elbow. This study introduce biomechanical power parameter to analysis the performance among three level Taiwanese baseball pitchers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of the performance among different level, to explore whether the biomechanical parameters results from different experience, moreover, contribute to altered performance.
Thirty baseball pitchers were recruited from Taiwanese professional baseball pitcher, Taiwanese university baseball pitcher and Taiwanese high school baseball pitcher. Participants threw 15 pitches in an outdoor mound. A 8-camera 3D motion capture system collected 300-Hz reflective marker spatial data. Biomechanics parameters including joint angle, joint force and joint moment were calculated throughout 3 phases of the pitch. This study introduce joint power analysis for the first time on the baseball pitching and are regarded as indicator for the performance of the baseball pitching on the upper extremity. Repeated-measure ANOVA with significance level of P〈 0.05 was performed to compare the parameter difference among different level of baseball pitchers.
Results show that the shoulder joint horizontal abduction power, shoulder joint external rotation power, elbow joint flexion power and elbow joint varus power of the Taiwanese professional baseball pitch are significantly greater than those of the Taiwanese university baseball pitcher and Taiwanese high school baseball pitcher in the arm cocking phase. The shoulder joint abduction power and elbow joint flexion power of the Taiwanese professional baseball pitch are significantly greater than those of the Taiwanese university baseball pitcher and Taiwanese high school baseball pitcher in the arm acceleration phase. The shoulder joint adduction power and elbow joint flexion power of the Taiwanese professional baseball pitch are significantly greater than those of the Taiwanese university baseball pitcher and Taiwanese high school baseball pitcher in the arm acceleration phase.
Overall, the extreme power of Taiwanese professional baseball pitcher was significantly higher than the extreme power of the Taiwanese university baseball pitcher and the extreme power of the Taiwanese high school baseball pitcher. The performance on Taiwanese professional baseball pitcher was significantly higher than the performance on the Taiwanese university baseball pitcher and the performance on the Taiwanese high school baseball pitcher. As a result, the risk of injury of Taiwanese professional baseball pitcher was significantly higher than the risk of injury of the Taiwanese university baseball pitcher and the risk of injury of the Taiwanese high school baseball pitcher.
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Wang, Yu-Tang, and 王昱棠. "Ulnar nerve adaptation in baseball pitchers." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57278460319761470070.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立陽明大學<br>物理治療暨輔助科技學系<br>100<br>Background and purpose: Repeated high stress during pitching may cause adaptive change in the throwing arm. These adaptive changes could improve throwing performance, but they might ultimately lead to injuries. Neural tissues have been suggested to be well equipped to tolerate mechanical forces generated during sport activities, but there is no studies exploring if nerve adaptation occurs in pitchers. The purpose of the study is to investigate if ulnar nerve adaptation would occur at the throwing arm with alteration of the mechanosensitivity of the ulnar nerve. Method: This is a single-group repeated-measure study. Twenty six healthy adult baseball pitchers were recruited from amateur or college baseball teams. The mechanosensitivity of the ulnar nerve was denoted by the elbow flexion angle as the subject first experiences sensation of nerve tension (P1), which was measured by the electrogoniometer. Contralateral cervical side bending was used to increase nerve tension while activation of the triceps and pectoralis major muscles was simultaneously monitored with surface electromyography. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was employed to compare the mechanosensitivity of the ulnar nerve and muscles activation between different arms and under different nerve tension conditions. Results: There was a significant side-by-tension condition interaction (p<0.001) ; the average elbow flexion angle decreased 3.7 ± 2.4ﾟ and 11.3 ± 7.5ﾟ (p<0.001) in the throwing and non-throwing arm, respectively, after the nerve tension was increased. Muscle activation level of triceps and pectoralis was not different in either side or tension condition. Conclusions: The decrease of the elbow flexion of the throwing arm was significantly smaller than that of the non-throwing arm as the ulnar nerve tension was increased. This difference was unrelated to muscle activation, this results indicates the mechanosensitivity of the ulnar nerve was reduced in the baseball pitchers’ throwing arm. Clinical Relevance: The mechanosensitivity of the ulnar nerve in the throwing arm is lower than that in the non-throwing arm, this nerve adaptive change may improve throwing performance but can also lead to potential injuries.
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Birkelo, Jamie Russell. "Effects of prolonged overhead throwing on three-dimensional scapulohumeral rhythm in baseball pitchers." 2002. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Shieh, Cheng-Syun, and 謝承勳. "The Kinematical Analysis of Baseball Pitchers’ Motions." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91728110826468524215.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>體育學系碩士班<br>99<br>This research explored the differences of every kinematic parameter of the pitchers’ pitch motions when throwing different pitches. The objects were the four right-hand pitchers of the Ku-Pau Home Economics & Commercial high School who separately were the runners-up in 2008 and champions in 2009 in High School Basketball League. Different pitch motions were shot by two Casio EX-F1 digital cameras. Moreover, I used silicon coach, motion analysis software, to calculate and get every kinematic parameter applied to SPSS 14.0 for Windows to analyze the statistics. In the research, Pair T-Test was used to compare kinematic parameter of the pitchers’ pitch motions from different pitches, and the significant difference level was α<0.5. The results were following:
Firstly, for high-school baseball right-hand pitchers, when throwing fastballs and sliders, the average moving distance of the center of gravity had no obvious difference.
Secondly, when they threw fastballs, the time of wind-up period and total time were both obviously faster than sliders; the time of their stride period and raising-hand period had no apparent difference.
Thirdly, their elbow joints were evidently bigger when throwing fastballs than sliders. However, their shoulder joints were clearly smaller when throwing fastballs than sliders.