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Journal articles on the topic 'Baseball'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Bodin, Kerri, Georgia Teare, Jordan T. Bakhsh, and Marijke Taks. "An Innovative Approach to Increasing Youth Sport Participation: The Case of Baseball5™." Case Studies in Sport Management 10, S1 (January 1, 2021): S24—S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2020-0027.

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Youth sport participation preferences are evolving and shifting toward unorganized, nontraditional types of sport participation. This trend has left more traditional sports with decreasing participation numbers. Baseball Canada noticed a similar trend and therefore implemented an innovative approach to increase interest and participation in baseball. This case study follows Alex, the Manager of Sport Development at Baseball Canada, as they develop and evaluate Baseball5™, an innovative street version of the traditional sport of baseball. This alternative form of baseball needs to be tested and evaluated in five pilot programs throughout Canada. Alex collects survey, interview, and focus group data following each of the pilot programs to determine whether the approach is viable for increasing interest in baseball long term. After reading the case, students are tasked with analyzing the collected data and designing the Baseball5™ program for long-term implementation. The case is ideal for upper year undergraduate students who have the skills and knowledge necessary to execute program evaluations and build holistic program implementation plans, and for undergraduate courses in research methods or data analysis.

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2

Wen, Bor-Jiunn, Che-Rui Chang, Chun-Wei Lan, and Yi-Chen Zheng. "Magnus-Forces Analysis of Pitched-Baseball Trajectories Using YOLOv3-Tiny Deep Learning Algorithm." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 5540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115540.

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This study analyzed the characteristics of pitched baseballs from TV broadcast videos to understand the effects of the Magnus force on a pitched-baseball trajectory using aerodynamic theory. Furthermore, an automatic measurement and analysis system for pitched-baseball trajectories, ball speeds, and spin rates was established, capturing the trajectory of the baseball thrown by the pitcher before the catcher catches it and analyzing its related dynamic parameters. The system consists of two parts: (1) capturing and detecting the pitched baseball in all frames of the video using the YOLOv3-tiny deep learning algorithm and automatically recording the coordinates of each detected baseball position; (2) automatically calculating the average speed and spin rate of the pitched baseball using aerodynamic theory. As the baseball thrown by the pitcher is fast, and live-action TV videos like sports and concerts are typically at least 24 fps or more, this study used YOLOv3-tiny algorithm to speed up the calculation. Finally, the system automatically presented pitching data on the screen, and the pitching information in the baseball game was easily obtained and recorded for further discussion. The system was tested using 30 videos of pitched baseballs and could effectively capture the baseball trajectories, throw points, catch points, and vertical displacements. Compared with the values from the TV broadcast, the average errors on the calculated ball speed and spin rate were 1.88% and 7.51%, respectively. Using the ratio of the spin rate and ball speed as a parameter to analyze the pitching state of the pitcher’s four-seam fastball in the Nippon Professional Baseball and Major League Baseball matches, it was observed that when this ratio increased, the Magnus displacement of the ball increased, thereby decreasing its late break. Therefore, the developed system provides scientific pitching data to improve the performance of baseball pitchers.

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Chalmers, Peter, Rocco Bassora, Chris Inzerillo, Andrew Beharrie, Anthony Romeo, and Brandon Erickson. "Training with Lighter Baseballs Increases Velocity Without Increasing Injury Risk." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (July 1, 2020): 2325967120S0034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00341.

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Objectives: Pitch velocity has become an increasingly popular metric by which pitchers are graded and compared. Training programs that utilize weighted balls have been effective in increasing velocity but at the cost of increased injury risk. The purpose of this study was to determine if a baseball pitcher-training program utilizing lighter baseballs could increase fastball velocity without increasing injury risk. The author’s hypothesized that the training program with lighter baseballs would increase fastball velocity without causing injuries during the training program to the participants Methods: All baseball pitchers who participated in a 15-week pitching mechanic and velocity training program were included. Training program was broken down into three phases, and each participant went through the same program. Lighter balls (4oz and 3oz) and standard baseballs (5oz) were utilized as part of the training program. Weighted (heavier) balls were not used. Velocity was measured at four time points throughout the program. Injury rates for all players were recorded throughout the entire program. Results: 48 male pitchers aged 10-17 (average age: 14.7 +/- 1.8) years started the program and 44 had complete data and were included in the analysis. No pitcher sustained a baseball-related injury while participating in the training program (one player broke his ankle playing basketball, one player moved, one did not have baseline velocity data, and one experienced biceps soreness after participating in back to back showcases against recommendations). Fastball velocity increased by an average of 4.8mph (95% confidence intervals 4.1 - 5.5mph). Overall 43/44 players (98%) had an increase in fastball velocity over the course of the program. Conclusions: A 15-week baseball pitcher-training program with lighter baseballs significantly improved pitching velocity without significantly increasing injuries. Lighter baseballs should be considered instead of weighted baseballs when attempting to increase a pitcher’s velocity.

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Williams, Joseph, and Rich Edgeman. "Quality Control And Home Runs: An Examination Of Appropriate Metrics For Quality Control." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 7, no. 4 (October 18, 2011): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v7i4.6213.

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The issue of appropriate quality control metrics is discussed in the context of the production of baseballs. Specifically, Major League Baseball players stroked record numbers of home runs in 1987, generating what is commonly known as the lively ball explanation for the unusual power output. The Commissioners office released a study proving that the 1987 baseball was not unusually lively. However, after examination of the quality control metrics used by MLB; we demonstrate that (1) it is quite possible that baseballs were indeed lively and (2) that acceptance sampling alone does not properly address the quality control problem.

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Jenemann, David. "“The Way You Enter a Church”: The Dialectics of Ken Burns’s Baseball." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 6 (February 11, 2020): 499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723520903353.

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Taken as a whole, Ken Burns’s 1994 documentary Baseball and its 2010 follow-up The Tenth Inning stand as some of the most influential documentaries on the history of American sports. Baseball develops the link between the “fun” of the game and philosophical beliefs about American democracy through a “dialectical aesthetic” that operates through Baseball’s choice of subjects and historical events as well as through its formal documentary strategies. While many critics dismiss Baseball as overly nostalgic, this essay argues that Baseball engages the reader with the dialectic to encourage self-reflection about the future of the game and its role in civil society.

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6

Johnson, Arthur T. "Regulating the National Pastime: Baseball and Antitrust. By Jerold J. Duquette. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. 154p. $59.95." American Political Science Review 95, no. 1 (March 2001): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401342016.

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Major league baseball, unlike other professional sports in the United States, has been exempt from antitrust laws for nearly a century. The reason lies with early state and federal court decisions, of which the most frequently cited is the Supreme Court's Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore v. National League opinion, authored by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1922. Baseball's legal status has been the subject of numerous law review articles and commentaries, historical narratives, and scholarly analyses. Nevertheless, Jerold Duquette claims that there has been no integrated and comprehensive examination of "baseball's unregulated monopoly."

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7

Armstrong, Thomas. "Rielly, Ed., Baseball And American Culture - Across The Diamond." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.30.1.56.

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Even the most casual fan of baseball will find essays in this volume to excite, bring back memories, and cause contemplation about the "national pastime." With topics ranging from American fans to baseball's inclusiveness ( on the diamond if not in the ranks of management), to the economics of baseball, to management-labor disputes, or to baseball and the arts, the volume includes some twenty-three essays, each of which has accompanying notes. Some of the essays evoke a nostalgia for the game: Derek Catsom's piece, "On Fenway, Faith and Fandom: A Red Sox Fan Reflects," is noteworthy in that respect.

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Fleisig, Glenn S., Alek Z. Diffendaffer, Kyle T. Aune, Brett Ivey, and Walter A. Laughlin. "Biomechanical Analysis of Weighted-Ball Exercises for Baseball Pitchers." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 3 (November 1, 2016): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738116679816.

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Background: Weighted-ball throwing programs are commonly used in training baseball pitchers to increase ball velocity. The purpose of this study was to compare kinematics and kinetics among weighted-ball exercises with values from standard pitching (ie, pitching standard 5-oz baseballs from a mound). Hypothesis: Ball and arm velocities would be greater with lighter balls and joint kinetics would be greater with heavier balls. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twenty-five high school and collegiate baseball pitchers experienced with weighted-ball throwing were tested with an automated motion capture system. Each participant performed 3 trials of 10 different exercises: pitching 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-oz baseballs from a mound; flat-ground crow hop throws with 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-oz baseballs; and flat-ground hold exercises with 14- and 32-oz balls. Twenty-six biomechanical parameters were computed for each trial. Data among the 10 exercises were compared with repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc paired t tests against the standard pitching data. Results: Ball velocity increased as ball mass decreased. There were no differences in arm and trunk velocities between throwing a standard baseball and an underweight baseball (4 oz), while arm and trunk velocities steadily decreased as ball weight increased from 5 to 32 oz. Compared with values pitching from a mound, velocities of the pelvis, shoulder, and ball were increased for flat-ground throws. In general, as ball mass increased arm torques and forces decreased; the exception was elbow flexion torque, which was significantly greater for the flat-ground holds. There were significant differences in body positions when pitching on the mound, flat-ground throws, and holds. Conclusions: While ball velocity was greatest throwing underweight baseballs, results from the study did not support the rest of the hypothesis. Kinematics and kinetics were similar between underweight and standard baseballs, while overweight balls correlated with decreased arm forces, torques, and velocities. Increased ball velocity and joint velocities were produced with crow hop throws, likely because of running forward while throwing. Clinical Relevance: As pitching slightly underweight and overweight baseballs produces variations in kinematics without increased arm kinetics, these exercises seem reasonable for training pitchers. As flat-ground throwing produces increased shoulder internal rotation velocity and elbow varus torque, these exercises may be beneficial but may also be stressful and risky. Flat-ground holds with heavy balls should not be viewed as enhancing pitching biomechanics, but rather as hybrid exercises between throwing and resistance training.

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McGrain, Peter, James Van Dyke, and James Mastro. "Coefficients of Restitution of Balls Used in Team Sports for the Visually Impaired." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 1 (February 1987): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.1.63.

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This study examined the coefficients of restitution (e) of selected balls used in team sports for the visually impaired: beep baseball and goal ball. Specifically, a basketball was compared to two men's standard goal balls, and a softball was compared to three different types of beep baseballs. The e for all balls was calculated by dropping each ball five times from heights of 6 ft (1.83 m) and 19.25 ft (5.88 m). A Sony reel-to-reel videotape recorder was used to record rebound heights on a background scale for each ball dropped. Reliability tests of the procedures yielded correlation coefficients (r) of 0.996 and 0.998 for the 6 ft (1.83 m) and 19.25 ft (5.88 m) drops, respectively. Two two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests yielded significant differences across ball type and height of drop for the basketball and goal balls and for the softball and beep baseballs, respectively (p < 0.001). The es for the more recently developed beep baseballs are close to that of the standard softball, indicating a possible danger to visually impaired participants in beep baseball.

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Alaways, LeRoy W., Sean P. Mish, and Mont Hubbard. "Identification of Release Conditions and Aerodynamic Forces in Pitched-Baseball Trajectories." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 17, no. 1 (February 2001): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.17.1.63.

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Pitched-baseball trajectories were measured in three dimensions during competitions at the 1996 Summer Olympic games using two high-speed video cameras and standard DLT techniques. A dynamic model of baseball flight including aerodynamic drag and Magnus lift forces was used to simulate trajectories. This simulation together with the measured trajectory position data constituted the components of an estimation scheme to determine 8 of the 9 release conditions (3 components each of velocity, position, and angular velocity) as well as the mean drag coefficient CD and terminal conditions at home plate. The average pitch loses 5% of its initial velocity during flight. The dependence of estimated drag coefficient on Reynolds number hints at the possibility of the drag crisis occurring in pitched baseballs. Such data may be used to quantify a pitcher’s performance (including fastball speed and amount of curve-ball break) and its improvement or degradation over time. It may also be used to understand the effects of release parameters on baseball trajectories.

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11

Bailey, DeWayne. "BASEBALL: Baseball conditioning program." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 10, no. 4 (1988): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1988)010<0048:bcp>2.3.co;2.

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Patell, Cyrus R. K. "Baseball and the Cultural Logic of American Individualism." Prospects 18 (October 1993): 401–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004968.

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The 1980s were tumultuous years for the sport that many Americans still call the “national game” or the “national pastime.” For major league baseball, it was a decade marked by increasingly hostile relations between labor and management, resulting in three strikes, including one that interrupted the 1981 season and lasted for fifty days, causing the season to be shortened and many of the year's records to be marked with an asterisk. In 1984, Peter Ueberroth, the man who miraculously made the Los Angeles Olympics turn a profit, was hired as Commissioner of Baseball, and he soon led the owners in a conspiracy to restrict the free-agent market in order to keep players' salaries down. There were a variety of lawsuits brought against major league baseball, not only because of the owners' collusive actions but also because of ostensible racial and gender-based discrimination. And there were scandals over the drug use, sexual misadventures, and gambling habits of prominent players and managers. Nevertheless, by the end of the decade, owners' profits were up, players' salaries were up, and attendance at ball games was up. Baseball's prominence in the national imagination was further bolstered by the success of the film version of The Natural (1984), which put an end to the conventional Hollywood wisdom that baseball films are box-office poison and paved the way for a spate of baseball films toward the end of the 1980s, including Bull Durham (1988), Eight Men Out (1988), Stealing Home (1988), Major League (1989), and Field of Dreams (1989). The 1980s gave new meaning to Jacques Barzun's oft-quoted declaration that “whoever wants to know the heart and mind of America had better learn baseball, the rules and realities of the game.” In his book Take Time for Paradise, A. Bartlett Giamatti, who succeeded Ueberroth as Commissioner of Baseball, rephrased Barzun's insight with double-edged puns that captured the ambivalences of the decade. “I believe that thinking about baseball will tell us a lot about ourselves as a people,” he wrote: “Baseball is part of America's plot, part of America's mysterious, underlying design — the plot in which we all conspire and collude, the plot of the story of our national life.”

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Nichol, Matt. "Is Labor in Sport a Commodity? The Case of American and Japanese Professional Baseball." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 33, no. 2 (August 29, 2023): 114–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/27461.

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An important rule that underpins international and domestic labor law is the principle that labor is not a commodity. This principle has interesting application to the labor regulation in professional team sports such as baseball that utilize drafts, salary restraints, the reserve system, and free agency. The article will examine whether these and other labor controls in Major League Baseball in the United States and Nippon Professional Baseball League in Japan commodify labor. Baseball’s labor controls and practices will be assessed to determine if labor is treated as a commodity, and if so, whether there is undue commodification. In doing so, a construct will be created of labor practices that commodify labor on a spectrum. These labor practices and controls will also be evaluated in the context of antitrust law and restraint of trade. The article concludes by suggesting ways to improve the treatment of players that will decommodify labor.

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Nicholls, Rochelle Llewelyn, Karol Miller, and Bruce C. Elliott. "Modeling Deformation Behavior of the Baseball." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 21, no. 1 (February 2005): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.21.1.18.

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Regulating ball response to impact is one way to control ball exit velocity in baseball. This is necessary to reduce injuries to defensive players and maintain the balance between offense and defense in the game. This paper presents a model for baseball velocity-dependent behavior. Force-displacement data were obtained using quasi-static compression tests to 50% of ball diameter (n = 70 baseballs). The force-displacement curves for a very stiff baseball (Model B) and a softer type (Model C) were characterized by a Mooney-Rivlin model using implicit finite element analysis (ANSYS software, version 6.1). Agreement between experimental and numerical results was excellent for both Model B (C10 = 0, C01 = 3.7e6 Pa) and Model C (C10 = 0, C01 = 2.6e6 Pa). However, this material model was not available in the ANSYS/LSDYNA explicit dynamic software (version 6.1) used to quantify the transient behavior of the ball. Therefore the modeling process was begun again using a linear viscoelastic material. G∞, the long-term shear modulus of the material, was determined by the same implicit FEA procedure. Explicit FEA was used to quantify the time-dependent response of each ball in terms of instantaneous shear modulus (G0) and a decay term (β). The results were evaluated with respect to published experimental data for the ball coefficient of restitution at five velocities (13.4–40.2 ms–1) and were in agreement with the experimental values. The model forms the basis for future research on baseball response to impact with the bat.

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Caldwell, Jon-Michael E., Frank J. Alexander, and Christopher S. Ahmad. "Weighted-Ball Velocity Enhancement Programs for Baseball Pitchers: A Systematic Review." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 232596711882546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118825469.

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Background: Weighted-implement training utilizing over- or underweight baseballs has increased in popularity at all levels in competitive baseball. However, there is no consensus on the efficacy or safety of these training methods. Hypothesis: This systematic review was intended to answer the following questions: Does weighted-ball training improve pitching velocity? Does weighted-ball training increase the risk of injury? Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Searches were conducted with MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the ProQuest Physical Education Index. Articles were included if the study population consisted of adult, adolescent, or youth baseball pitchers training with under- or overweight baseballs, with velocity as a measured outcome. Articles were excluded if they were review articles, examined sports other than baseball, utilized weighted implements other than baseballs, or were not published in peer-reviewed journals. Included articles were at least level 4 evidence. Data extracted for qualitative analysis included training protocol parameters (such as ball weight, number of pitches, duration of training), velocity change, and injuries or complications reported. Results: A total of 4119 article titles were retrieved, of which 156 were selected for abstract review. After manual removal of duplicates, 128 abstracts were reviewed. Of these, 17 met the inclusion criteria, and the full text was obtained. After full-text review, 7 additional articles were excluded, leaving 10 articles that met inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. Conclusion: Weighted-implement training increased pitching velocity in the majority of the included studies. However, the quality of available evidence was determined to be very poor, and there was marked heterogeneity in training protocols, ball weights, and study populations. There was inadequate evidence reported to determine the risk of injury with this type of training.

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Selvaratnam, Vinu. "Recovering From the Houston Astros’ Sign-Stealing Scandal: A Case Study on Protecting a Professional Sport Organization’s Reputation Through Crisis Communication." Case Studies in Sport Management 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2020-0028.

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In early 2020, the Commissioner of Major League Baseball, Rob Manfred, announced the Houston Astros sign-stealing scandal after months of investigation. It was one of the biggest scandals in baseball since the steroid era. After the fallout of this scandal, Major League Baseball’s reputation has suffered as stakeholders have increasingly lost faith in the organization’s ability to function ethically. This case study focuses on Manfred’s newly appointed Chief Communications Officer, Bhavna Krishnamurthy, who is tasked with repairing the organization’s reputation. The case presents a real-life incident as a backdrop to discuss crisis communication, particularly from a North American professional sport organization perspective.

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Hakes, Jahn K., and Raymond D. Sauer. "An Economic Evaluation of the Moneyball Hypothesis." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.3.173.

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Michael Lewis's book, Moneyball, describes how an innovative manager working for the Oakland Athletics successfully exploited an inefficiency in baseball's labor market over a prolonged period of time. We evaluate Lewis's claims by applying standard econometric procedures to data on player productivity and compensation from 1999 to 2004. These methods support Lewis's argument that certain baseball skills were valued inefficiently in the early part of this period, and that this inefficiency was profitably exploited by managers with the ability to generate and interpret statistical knowledge. Consistent with Lewis's story and economic reasoning, as knowledge of the inefficiency became increasingly dispersed across baseball teams the market corrected the original mispricing.

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Noble, Larry, and Hugh Walker. "Baseball Bat Inertial and Vibrational Characteristics and Discomfort Following Ball–Bat Impacts." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10, no. 2 (May 1994): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.10.2.132.

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This study examined the relationship between selected mechanical characteristics of aluminum baseball bats and sensations on the hands resulting from impacts. Sixteen skilled male Little League baseball players held each of two bats while they were impacted at the following locations by baseballs at speeds of approximately 27 m/s: near barrel end, center of percussion (COP), distal node of the fundamental mode, and 4 in. toward the hands from the COP. Results of a questionnaire regarding annoyance and discomfort were correlated with selected bat characteristics and vibrational characteristics associated with each impact condition. Results indicated that perceptions of annoyance and discomfort were related to the level of excitation of the fundamental mode and first overtone mode and that annoyance and discomfort were less with impacts on the COP and fundamental vibrational node.

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Ciccotti, Michael G., Keisha M. Pollack, Michael C. Ciccotti, John D’Angelo, Christopher S. Ahmad, David Altchek, James Andrews, and Frank C. Curriero. "Elbow Injuries in Professional Baseball: Epidemiological Findings From the Major League Baseball Injury Surveillance System." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 10 (June 2, 2017): 2319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517706964.

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Background: Elbow injuries cause significant disability for the throwing athlete. Scant data are available on the distribution and characteristics of these injuries in elite baseball players. No study exists that focuses solely on the epidemiological characteristics of elbow injuries in professional baseball players using a comprehensive injury surveillance system. Hypothesis: Professional baseball players have a high occurrence of elbow injuries influenced by factors including length of time playing, time period within the annual baseball season, and specific position played. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Data on elbow injuries occurring during the 2011-2014 seasons were collected from Major League Baseball’s Health Injury and Tracking System, a comprehensive injury surveillance system. Each specific type of elbow injury was evaluated with respect to overall injury rate, years as a professional player, mechanism of injury, treatment, average time lost, and return to play. Results: During the study period, 3185 elbow injuries (n = 430 Major League; n = 2755 Minor League) occurred. The mean number of days missed and percentage requiring surgery were similar between Major and Minor League players. Overall, 20.0% (650/3185) of the injuries required surgical treatment. Pitchers were the most likely to incur an elbow injury (40.0% of injured athletes were pitchers), were the most likely to require surgery (34.2% of injured pitchers required surgery), and had the greatest mean number of days missed when treated nonsurgically (33.2 days). Medial injuries composed 42.1% (1342/3185) of all elbow injuries. Of all elbow surgeries performed during the study period, the highest percentage involved ligaments (372/650; 57.2%). Conclusion: Elbow injuries are a considerable source of disability in professional baseball players. Pitchers are most likely to incur these injuries, are most likely to require surgery, and have the highest mean number of days missed when treated nonsurgically. The most common injuries involve the medial elbow, with ligament injuries most often requiring surgery. This study represents the only investigation to date using a comprehensive injury surveillance system to examine elbow injuries in professional baseball players. It provides a basis for injury prevention and treatment recommendations, establishes the most thorough framework for determining elbow injury risk, and focuses continued research on elbow injury prevention in the elite baseball player.

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20

Dunham, Paul. "Coincidence-Anticipation Performance of Adolescent Baseball Players and Nonplayers." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3c.1151.

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10 adolescent baseball players and 10 nonplayers made estimates of baseballs' arrival at the front edge of a home plate. Balls were projected 45 ft. by a pitching machine at speeds of 35, 40, 45, and 50 mph. Subjects made estimates with the dominant and nondominant eye closest to the oncoming ball. Analysis indicated that players were no more accurate than nonplayers but did respond significantly earlier and with consistency. Eye dominance had no effect on performance.

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21

Golding, Jordan, Aaron Johnson, and Andrew T. Sensenig. "Experimental Manipulation of Psychological Momentum in Baseball Pitching: No Evidence for Short-Term Psychological Momentum in Baseball Throw Speeds." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 11, no. 2 (June 2017): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2016-0009.

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Psychological momentum in sports is a series of high or low human performances that seem to defy statistical randomness, and instead is often attributed to a positive feedback system in the athlete’s physiology and psyche. Quantitative approaches have found some evidence of psychological momentum. We measured the throw speeds and accuracy of adult males throwing baseballs while subjecting them to verbal criticism (positive or negative). Our study of short-term momentum suggested evidence of psychological momentum only in top-performing university baseball players, and not in the lower-performing players or in nonathletes.

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Kirsch, George B., and Ken Burns. "Baseball." Journal of American History 82, no. 3 (December 1995): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945286.

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Paul, Rodney J., and Andrew P. Weinbach. "Baseball." Journal of Sports Economics 14, no. 2 (September 2, 2011): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002511417630.

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Escamilla, Rafael, Glen Fleisig, Steven Barrentine, James Andrews, and Claude Moorman. "Baseball." Sports Biomechanics 1, no. 2 (July 2002): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140208522798.

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Nicholls, Rochelle, Glenn Fleisig, Bruce Elliott, Stephen Lyman, and Edmund Osinski. "Baseball." Sports Biomechanics 2, no. 2 (July 2003): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140308522819.

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Wight, Jeff, James Richards, and Susan Hall. "Baseball." Sports Biomechanics 3, no. 1 (January 2004): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140408522831.

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Ishida, Kazuyuki, Masahiro Murata, and Yuichi Hirano. "Baseball." Sports Biomechanics 5, no. 2 (July 2006): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140608522873.

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Jinji, Tsutomu, and Shinji Sakurai. "Baseball." Sports Biomechanics 5, no. 2 (July 2006): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140608522874.

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Wasserstein, Israel. "Baseball." Prairie Schooner 89, no. 4 (2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2016.0035.

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Maier, Elan. "Baseball." Appalachian Review 50, no. 4 (September 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2022.a899171.

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Louisa, Angelo J., and Peter Morris. "Baseball Fever. Early Baseball in Michigan." Michigan Historical Review 29, no. 2 (2003): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20174048.

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Roll, Fred, Jay Omer, and Wally Pontiff. "BASEBALL: Tulane off-season baseball program." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 8, no. 1 (1986): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1986)008<0038:tosbp>2.3.co;2.

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Kim, Byung-Gon, Dong Woo Kim, and Sunga Kong. "Comparison of Differences in Functional Movement Screen Score between Middle and High School Baseball Players and College Baseball Players." Asian Journal of Kinesiology 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15758/ajk.2023.25.2.3.

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OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the functional movement screen (FMS) scores of baseball players according to their careers, for the purpose of injury prevention and healthcare programs.METHODS The study subjects were evaluated by measuring the differences in the seven fundamental movement patterns of FMS between groups according to their baseball career stages. The study included 27 college baseball players and 17 middle and high school baseball players, and analysis was conducted using STATA Version 15.0 (STATA Corp., College Station, TX, USA).RESULTS In the FMS total score, the rate of poor FMS total score (≤14) was statistically higher in 96.3% of the college baseball player than 41.18% of the middle and high school baseball player (p<0.001). In the mobility part, the rate of low FMS score (≤1) in shoulder mobility was statistically higher in 77.78% of the college baseball player than 35.29% of the middle and high school baseball player (p<0.001). In the motor control part, the rate of low FMS score (≤1) in the rotary stability was statistically higher in 62.96% of the college baseball player than 5.88% of the middle and high school baseball player (p<0.001). In the functional patterning part, the rate of low FMS score (≤1) in the in-line lunge was statistically higher in 62.96% of the college baseball player than 5.88% of the middle and high school baseball player(p<0.001). And the rate of low FMS score (≤1) in the hurdle step was statistically higher in 77.78% of the college baseball player than 41.18% of the middle and high school baseball player(p=0.014).CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that college baseball players had lower functional movement scores compared to middle and high school baseball players. The findings confirm that additional training is necessary to improve the functional movement of college baseball players with more experience.

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Barnett, Christopher B. "The “Lonely Game”: Baseball, Kierkegaard, and the Spiritual Life." Horizons 47, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hor.2020.3.

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This essay aims to show that baseball's time-honored emphases on physical and spiritual discipline follow from its metaphysical imaginary. In turn, it will reason that Christian life and thought are capable of illuminating baseball—and vice versa. The argument will proceed as follows: First, both Christianity and baseball frame their worlds in terms of emanation (exitus) and return (reditus): “players” leave home and aim to return home; second, though players belong to a team or community (ecclesia), the task of returning home is ultimately a solitary one; it has to be done by the individual player, even if the team, too, benefits from the individual's undertaking; and third, the spiritual or attitudinal development of the individual is thus crucial: players have to attend to how they approach the “game,” particularly in terms of their internal comportment. This last point will receive special attention: it will be reasoned that Søren Kierkegaard's spiritual writings, tendered for the existential “upbuilding” (Opbyggelse) of “the single individual” (den Enkelte), might likewise offer upbuilding insights for the individuals who play baseball—a sport that John Updike once called “an essentially lonely game.”

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Stein, Abe. "The Sentimental Mood of All Star Baseball 2004." Eludamos: Journal for Computer Game Culture 5, no. 1 (July 21, 2011): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/23.6132.

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All Star Baseball 2004 is a baseball video game made for fans of the sport. It references the rich history that surrounds American baseball, and the grand cultural context that informs the sport. Historic players, ballparks, and a mood of sentimentality set All Star Baseball 2004 apart from other baseball simulations.

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Kaufman, James C., Alan S. Kaufman, and Nadeen L. Kaufman. "Applying Multiple Regression Analysis to Baseball Hall of Fame Membership." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1995): 1328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1328.

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Multiple regression procedures were used to predict membership in baseball's Hall of Fame. The sample included 62 former baseball players, 31 who were elected to the Hall of Fame and 31 good players who were not elected. Using a variety of predictors, it was possible to account for about 50 to 66% of the variance in Hall of Fame selection.

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Post, Eric G., Michael D. Rosenthal, and Mitchell J. Rauh. "Attitudes and Beliefs towards Sport Specialization, College Scholarships, and Financial Investment among High School Baseball Parents." Sports 7, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7120247.

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Adolescent athletes are increasingly encouraged to specialize in a single sport year-round in an effort to receive a college scholarship. For collegiate baseball, only 11.7 scholarships are available for a 35-player team. The beliefs of the parents of baseball athletes towards sport specialization are unknown, along with whether they have an accurate understanding of college baseball scholarship availability. The parents of high school baseball athletes were recruited to complete an anonymous questionnaire that consisted of (1) parent and child demographics, (2) child baseball participation information, and (3) parent attitudes and beliefs regarding sport specialization and college baseball scholarships. One hundred and fifty-five parents participated in the questionnaire (female: 52.9%, age: 49.4 ± 5.5 years old). The parents spent a median of 3000 USD [Interquartile Range (IQR): 1500–6000] on their child’s baseball participation. Most parents believed that specialization increased their child’s chances of getting better at baseball (N = 121, 79.6%). The parents underestimated the number of college baseball scholarships available per team (median [IQR]: 5 [0–5]), but 55 parents (35.9%) believed it was likely that their child would receive a college baseball scholarship. Despite having a realistic understanding of the limited college scholarships available, the parents were optimistic that their child would receive a baseball scholarship.

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Post, Eric G., Michael D. Rosenthal, and Mitchell J. Rauh. "SPORT SPECIALIZATION AND COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP BELIEFS AND FINANCIAL INVESTMENT AMONG HIGH SCHOOL BASEBALL PARENTS." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00219.

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BACKGROUND: Youth athletes are increasingly encouraged to specialize in a single sport and participate on club teams year-round to be offered a college scholarship. For collegiate baseball, only 11.7 scholarships are available for a 35-player team. Presently, the beliefs of parents of baseball athletes towards sport specialization are unknown along with whether they have an accurate understanding of college baseball scholarship availability. PURPOSE: To describe the beliefs of parents of high school baseball players regarding sport specialization and college scholarships. A secondary purpose was to compare child baseball participation characteristics by parent median household income (MHI) categories. METHODS: During the 2019 spring baseball season, 155 parents (female N=82 (52.9%), age: 49.45.5 years) of high school baseball players from six San Diego county high schools completed an anonymous questionnaire concerning parent and child demographics, child baseball participation information (e.g., club baseball team participation), money spent on their child’s baseball participation, sport specialization status, and parent beliefs regarding sport specialization and college scholarships. Sport specialization status was determined using a validated 3-point specialization scale. Parent MHI was estimated using residence zip code and categorized into MHI tertiles (low, middle, high). RESULTS: Seventy-three parents (47.7%) classified their children as highly specialized and 110 parents (71.0%) reported their child played club baseball in addition to their high school team. Parents reported spending a median of $3000 [$1500-6000] on their child’s baseball participation during the previous year. Only 44 parents (28.4%) reported being concerned about sport specialization. Most parents (69.9%) believed that specialization would increase their child’s chances of making a college team. Parents underestimated the number of college baseball scholarships available per team (median [IQR]: 5 [0-5]), but 55 parents (35.9%) believed it was “somewhat” or “very likely” their child would receive a college baseball scholarship. Compared to low MHI parents, high MHI parents were more likely to classify their child as highly specialized (65.8% vs. 31.7%, p=0.02), and have a child participating in club baseball (82.1% vs. 58.3%, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Parents who reported a greater financial investment in their child’s baseball participation believed it would improve their child’s sport performance to play college baseball. Despite having a realistic understanding of the limited college scholarships available, parents were optimistic that their child would receive a baseball scholarship. The current year-round, highly specialized environment of youth sports in the United States may favor families with more financial resources.

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Hultman, Kristi, Patrick F. Szukics, Adrienne Grzenda, Frank C. Curriero, and Steven B. Cohen. "Gastrocnemius Injuries in Professional Baseball Players: An Epidemiological Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 10 (July 21, 2020): 2489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520938759.

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Background: Gastrocnemius injuries are a common lower extremity injury in elite baseball players. There are no current epidemiological studies focused on gastrocnemius injuries in professional baseball players that provide information on the timing, distribution, and characteristics of such injuries. Hypothesis: Gastrocnemius injury in professional baseball players is a common injury that is influenced by factors such as age, player position, and time of season. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Based on Major League Baseball’s (MLB’s) Health and Injury Tracking System (HITS) database, gastrocnemius injuries that caused time out of play for MLB and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players during the 2011-2016 seasons were identified. Player characteristics, including age, level of play, and position at time of injury, were collected. Injury-specific factors analyzed included date of injury, time of season, days missed, and activity leading to injury. Results: A total of 402 gastrocnemius injuries (n = 145, MLB; n = 257, MiLB) occurred during the 2011-2016 seasons. MLB players were significantly older at the time of injury (30.1 years, MLB; 23.9 years, MiLB; P < .001). Base running (36.1%) was the most common activity causing the injury, followed by fielding (23.6%), with 50.3% of base-running injuries sustained on the way to first base. In MLB players, gastrocnemius injuries were most common in infielders (48.3%), followed by pitchers (27.6%) and then outfielders (17.9%), while for MiLB players the injuries were more evenly distributed (33.5%, 28.8%, and 30.7%, respectively). The frequency of injuries in MLB players dropped off after the start of the regular season, whereas MiLB players had a consistent injury rate throughout the year. Conclusion: Gastrocnemius injuries are a common cause of lower extremity injury in professional baseball players, resulting in significant time out of play. Base running, particularly to first base, was the most common activity during injury. Outfielders had the fewest injuries; however, they required the longest time to recover. This study provides the first investigation to date with the HITS database to examine the characteristics and distribution of gastrocnemius injuries in professional baseball players, offering insight into risk factors, injury prevention, and recovery expectations.

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Yezhova, Olga. "BASEBALL TEAM CORPORATE IDENTITY DESIGN: ARTISTIC AND TRADITIONAL CULTURE ASPECTS." New Design Ideas 8, no. 1 (April 6, 2024): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.62476/ndi.8181.

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The purpose of the article is to analyze the design of baseball team logos and create an original baseball club logo based on the identified trends. The analysis of the logos of baseball teams in the United States, China and Ukraine showed that the logos mainly depict elements related to baseball; elements of national cultural heritage; the name or monogram of the team. At the same time, the logos of baseball teams in the United States and China have pronounced features of shape, icon and color scheme. Baseball team logos in the USA often use a round shape. Blue and red are popular colors. The logos of Chinese baseball clubs mainly have a combined structure of the emblem, which accommodates the mascot of the club (zoomorphic or anthropomorphic), a baseball tool and the name of the club. The logo colors of Chinese baseball teams are black, white and warm colors: red, orange and yellow. Blue is also used. Based on the results of the analysis, elements of the corporate identity of a baseball club were developed: logo, branded colors, branded font. The main components of the corporate identity project are sports equipment, printing and souvenir products.

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Hill, Grant M. "Youth Sport Participation of Professional Baseball Players." Sociology of Sport Journal 10, no. 1 (March 1993): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.10.1.107.

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The youth athletic backgrounds of professional baseball players were assessed to determine whether there was early specialization in baseball, and to determine the influence of both their high school baseball coaches and parents on their baseball careers. Players were also asked to comment on the ideal activities for aspiring young baseball players. Questionnaires were administered to 152 players from six teams in the Northwest Rookie League. Players were generally multisport athletes during high school. Specialization by playing position appeared to be delayed until the professional level, with most players playing several defensive positions during their elementary, junior high, and high school years. Players generally concurred with the advice they had received from their high school baseball coaches, that young, talented baseball players should practice and train for baseball on a year-round basis and should also participate in other school sports.

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Spivey, Donald. "Baseball in America and America in Baseball." History: Reviews of New Books 37, no. 2 (January 2009): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2009.10527304.

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Drane, Patrick, and James Sherwood. "Baseball studies: Baseball bat testing protocol development." Procedia Engineering 2, no. 2 (June 2010): 2681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.051.

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Parker, Roberto W. "Baseball: In-season strength training for baseball." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 7, no. 5 (1985): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1985)007<0064:isstfb>2.3.co;2.

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Burgener, Mike, and Mike Abruzzo. "BASEBALL: Palomar Community College baseball conditioning program." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 11, no. 3 (1989): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1989)011<0050:pccbcp>2.3.co;2.

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46

Gerlach, Larry R. "Baseball in Columbus: Images of Baseball (review)." NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 12, no. 2 (2004): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2004.0016.

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Dorward, Jane Finnan. "Baseball Fever: Early Baseball in Michigan (review)." NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 13, no. 1 (2004): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2004.0037.

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Kim, Young-Woo, Min-Seok Lee, and Chul-Won Lee. "A phenomenological study on the adaptation process of independent baseball team players." Korean Society for Leisure Sciences 15, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37408/kjls.2024.15.2.35.

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This study used a phenomenological method to explore the adaptation process of players in an independent baseball team. A snowball sampling method was used to select a total of 12 players who had been playing in an independent baseball team for at least one year, and the data collected was categorized using Giorgi's phenomenological research method. In total, five essential themes emerged. First, the conflict between practical difficulties and individualistic tendencies within independent baseball organizations. Second, the process of entering an independent baseball organization as a possibility and a final challenge. Third, the journey to become a professional baseball player was overcoming adversity while experiencing improvement through continuous efforts. Fourth, they experienced a separation between identity as a baseball player and social identity as a worker. Fifth, the players adapted to the independent baseball organization, reflected on themselves, and prepared for life after retirement. By studying the various life adaptation processes that independent baseball players go through, this study can serve as a cornerstone for the future development of independent baseball organizations.

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Rhea, Matthew R., and Derek Bunker. "Baseball-Specific Conditioning." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 4, no. 3 (September 2009): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.3.402.

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Baseball demands speed, power, and quickness. To perform at a high level, and avoid injuries that are common among baseball players, an evaluation of current trends in strength and conditioning practices is helpful. Based on the demands of the sport and the injury risks, qualified strength and conditioning professionals can develop effective baseball-specific conditioning programs. This commentary briefly covers historical aspects of baseball conditioning, recent injury trends, current practices among elite baseball professionals, and provides suggestions for future improvements in training.

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Gomaz, Larisa, DirkJan Veeger, Erik van der Graaff, Bart van Trigt, and Frank van der Meulen. "Individualised Ball Speed Prediction in Baseball Pitching Based on IMU Data." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 7442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227442.

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Ball velocity is considered an important performance measure in baseball pitching. Proper pitching mechanics play an important role in both maximising ball velocity and injury-free participation of baseball pitchers. However, an individual pitcher’s characteristics display individuality and may contribute to velocity imparted to the ball. The aim of this study is to predict ball velocity in baseball pitching, such that prediction is tailored to the individual pitcher, and to investigate the added value of the individuality to predictive performance. Twenty-five youth baseball pitchers, members of a national youth baseball team and six baseball academies in The Netherlands, performed ten baseball pitches with maximal effort. The angular velocity of pelvis and trunk were measured with IMU sensors placed on pelvis and sternum, while the ball velocity was measured with a radar gun. We develop three Bayesian regression models with different predictors which were subsequently evaluated based on predictive performance. We found that pitcher’s height adds value to ball velocity prediction based on body segment rotation. The developed method provides a feasible and affordable method for ball velocity prediction in baseball pitching.

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