Academic literature on the topic 'Based on movie of same name'

The study is aimed to generally identify the types of lexical hedges used in the movie script and to determine the function of lexical hedges used. The data of this study were taken by using documentation method and note-taking technique from the movie Mamma Mia!, which firstly released in 2008. The movie is originally conducted by Phyllida Lloyd and also written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name, which is based on the songs of famous pop group ABBA. The data were analyzed descriptive qualitatively using Lakoff’s theory about women’s language features (1973). This study revealed that there were four examples of lexical hedges found in Mamma Mia! movie.

The Rainmaker is a 1997 American legal drama film based on John Grisham's 1995 novel of the same name, and written and directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It stars Matt Damon, Danny DeVito, Danny Glover, Claire Danes, Jon Voight, Roy Scheider,Mickey Rourke, Virginia Madsen, Mary Kay Place and Teresa Wright in her final film role. Differences from the novel. The film follows the book in most details, but changes the order of events: in the book, the confrontation ending with Rudy's self-defense killing of Kelly's abusive husband occurs after the end of the trial, not during. Also, the film leaves out an important piece of information from the book that was a central point of Rudy's case: the fact that the leukemia victim had an identical twin, which would have made a transplant virtually certain to work as it would have been a perfect genetic match.

The Malayalam film industry, prominently known as “Mollywood,” is one of the fast-changing faces in Indian cinema. This paper tries to examine one of the Malayalam movies, Chemeen, through the lens of Marxist Feminism. The primary text chosen for the study is the movie, Chemeen, an adaptation of Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai’s novel with the same name. The story revolves around the lives of Karuthamma and Pareekutt, lovers whose life cannot be led together because of the strong influence of caste and class in their society. This is one of the liberal texts in Malayalam Literature narrating the Kerala fishing community’s lives, customs, traditions, and beliefs. The research paper’s primary focus will be on society’s hierarchy through the reflection of Mollywood cinema, the stereotyping of certain characters based on their class and caste, the aftermath of marriage, and the domineering male-centric society female fellowships through deities.

Movie scene event extraction is a practical task in media analysis, which aims at extracting structured events from unstructured movie scripts. However, although there have been many studies regarding open domain event extraction, there have only been a few studies focusing on movie scene event extraction. Specifically aimed at instances where different argument roles have the same characteristics in a movie scene, we propose the utilization of the correlation between different argument roles, which is beneficial for both movie scene trigger extraction (trigger identification and classification) and movie scene argument extraction (argument identification and classification) in event extraction. To model the correlation between different argument roles, we propose the superior role concept (SRC), a high-level role concept based upon the ordinary argument role. In this paper, we introduce a new movie scene event extraction model with two main features: (1) an attentive high-level argument role module to capture SRC information and (2) an SRC-based graph attention network (GAT) to fuse the argument role correlation information into semantic embeddings. To evaluate the performance of our model, we constructed a movie scene event extraction dataset named MovieSceneEvent and also conducted experiments on a widely used dataset to compare the results with other models. The experimental results show that our model outperforms competitive models, and the correlation information of argument roles helps to improve the performance of movie scene event extraction.

In today’s market, AI is taking place globally in the world. The AI and voice system are published multiple times in various movies like IRON-MAN, SKYSCRAPER, etc. Unlike the original origin, artificial intelligence was developed as a system that can think like a human or better than a human and can help directly or indirectly to develop, learn, and perform system-oriented operations like in the movie of Iron-Man is a version of the AI called Jarvis which is an intelligent computer that can perform the system-oriented operations that converses in a large scale with the humans, the AI monitors his lifestyle and helps to build its computer program for his superhero suit. The SAARUSH AI system was inspired by the Jarvis AI system. Saarush is a digital life assistant that primarily leverages human communication methods which establish two-way contact with humans and aid them with chores such as cooking, facebook alerts, and many more. Because we mostly communicate by voice in our project, Saarush is essentially a speech recognition program. The term "speech technology" refers to two technologies: synthesizers and recognizers. The human voice is a signal that contains an endless quantity of data. Jarvis is the name of Tony Stark's assistant in the Superhero films. This one is frequently the result of multiple contributors' overcontribution, such as the usability but also the capability of AIML dynamic merging with portals such as Python [pyttsx] but instead gTTS, which results in the same JARVIS standard, structure with general reusability but little or no maintainability.

This article aims to examine the process of Na Hye-seok’s reproduction by comparing Cha Bum-seok’s <Fire Bird> and Kim Soo-yong’s <Fire Bird>, which were not covered in the previous study, and the results are as follows. First, Cha Beom-seok’s play <Fire Bird> focuses on revealing her beliefs and passion as an artist in the process of recreating the real Na Hye-sok. To this end, by using stage equipment, However, as an artist, he does not directly express the process of Na Hye-sok’s downfall, but briefly reveals it through the narration of Lee Ki-ja. As a result, it reveals the problem that it was tailored from a male point of view. Second, in Kim Su-yong’s movie <Fire Bird>, there is a difference in the way Na Hye-sok, the object of reproduction, is handled, even though it is based on the original play of the same name. However, by dealing with the triangular relationship centered on Na Hye-seok after the middle, the problem of the writing is not properly revealed. As such, Cha Bum-seok’s play <Fire Bird> and Kim Soo-yong’s movie <Fire Bird> can be found to be significant in that both works tried to faithfully show their lives as artists or new women who tried to fight in their own ways without surrendering to the dominant patriarchal concept of the time.

The Hughes brothers first gained critical attention for their intelligent investigations of the African-American experience in films like Menace II Society (1993) and American Pimp (2000). In From Hell (2001)——based on the graphic novel of the same name——the brothers attempt to examine the Jack the Ripper murders within a similar framework, but also with the goal of maki" different from their "black movies."Unfortunately, in doing so, they lost the social critique of both the source material and their previous films. The brothers' ideas about black movies and about themselves as filmmakers and the critical response to From Hell illustrate how black movies continue to exist in a cinematic ghetto.

PurposeAny business that opts to adopt a recommender engine (RE) for various potential benefits must choose from the candidate solutions, by matching to the task of interest and domain. The purpose of this paper is to choose RE that fits best from a set of candidate solutions using rule-based automated machine learning (ML) approach. The objective is to draw trustworthy conclusion, which results in brand building, and establishing a reliable relation with customers and undeniably to grow the business.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental quantitative research method was conducted in which the ML model was evaluated with diversified performance metrics and five RE algorithms by combining offline evaluation on historical and simulated movie data set, and the online evaluation on business-alike near-real-time data set to uncover the best-fitting RE.FindingsThe rule-based automated evaluation of RE has changed the testing landscape, with the removal of longer duration of manual testing and not being comprehensive. It leads to minimal manual effort with high-quality results and can possibly bring a new revolution in the testing practice to start a service line “Machine Learning Testing as a service” (MLTaaS) and the possibility of integrating with DevOps that can specifically help agile team to ship a fail-safe RE evaluation product targeting SaaS (software as a service) or cloud deployment.Research limitations/implicationsA small data set was considered for A/B phase study and was captured for ten movies from three theaters operating in a single location in India, and simulation phase study was captured for two movies from three theaters operating from the same location in India. The research was limited to Bollywood and Ollywood movies for A/B phase, and Ollywood movies for simulation phase.Practical implicationsThe best-fitting RE facilitates the business to make personalized recommendations, long-term customer loyalty forecasting, predicting the company's future performance, introducing customers to new products/services and shaping customer's future preferences and behaviors.Originality/valueThe proposed rule-based ML approach named “2-stage locking evaluation” is self-learned, automated by design and largely produces time-bound conclusive result and improved decision-making process. It is the first of a kind to examine the business domain and task of interest. In each stage of the evaluation, low-performer REs are excluded which leads to time-optimized and cost-optimized solution. Additionally, the combination of offline and online evaluation methods offer benefits, such as improved quality with self-learning algorithm, faster time to decision-making by significantly reducing manual efforts with end-to-end test coverage, cognitive aiding for early feedback and unattended evaluation and traceability by identifying the missing test metrics coverage.

This research studies about flouting maxim in The B.F.G movie. The research concerns on finding the flouting maxims in The B.F.G movie. This research employed mainly descriptive qualitative method to support in interpreting and analysing the data. The data of this research were utterances produced by Sophie and BFG as main characters in The B.F.G movie. The context of the research was the dialogues of the movie. The data sources of this research were The B.F.G and its script. Meanwhile, the primary instrument of this research was the researcher ourselves. The data were collected by downloading the movie and the script, watching the movie, and then collecting the data which reflects the phenomena of maxim flouting. The paper examines the use of flouts in different situations and explores in what situations the different characters flout the maxims for any conversation. The results show that there were 10 flouting maxims of quantity (42%); 10 flouting maxims of relevance (42%); 2 flouting maxims of quality (8%); and 2 flouting maxims of manner (8%). Hence the total number of flouting maxims is 24. These results suggest that the use of flouts has to do with their different personalities and communities.Keywords: Cooperative Principle, Grice’s Maxim, Flouting MaximHow to Cite: Ulfah-1, R.A.A.N.U.-1., Afrilia, R-2. (2018). An Analysis of Fluting Maxim in BFG Movie. Project, X (X), XX-XX. INTRODUCTIONCommunication is a medium to convey meaning from one to another. As stated by Yule (2006) that communication involves word recognition and meaning recognition. There could be hidden intention in some utterances. Failing to recognize those intentions may lead to misunderstanding and even a dispute. Nevertheless, listener is not always to be in guilt. Sometimes in communication, the speaker may provide incomplete or unclear utterance hence the listener found difficulties to comprehend. Thus it is claimed that language as a tool for communication serves as an instrument to maintain a good relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Dealing with language and communication, cooperative principle proposed by Grice serves as means to achieve effective communication. It is described that speakers and listeners must give contribution as required by each other so that both of them may come to the same understanding of the meaning they are trying to convey. Grice elaborates four conversational maxims: maxim of relevance, maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, and maxim of manner. During conversation, speakers may break the rule of the maxims. The flouting of the maxims may occur in daily life or in movies. Movies as one of literary works mostly functions to entertain the audience. The flouting maxims in movies may be intentionally created to achieve the purpose of entertaining. The BFG is one fantasy adventure film released in 2016 by Walt Disney. It tells about the journey of two different species, a human (Sophie) and a giant (that Sophie called Big Friendly Giant). Since they are from different group of communities, their communication may run ineffective. This study aims at analyzing the flouting maxims occurred in The BFG movie.The Cooperative Principle Cooperative Principle is the basic principle in pragmatics. The Cooperative Principle is principle of conversation that was proposed by Grice. He called The Cooperative Principle as when we try to talk to be cooperative by elevating. He says, “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of talk exchange in which you are engaged.” Within this principle, he intended four maxims.(Grundy, 1998) (in Ginarsih, 2014)Grice’s MaximMaxim of RelevanceMaxim of relation: This maxim may seem clear in the first look but as Grice himself mentioned it is very difficult to define it exactly: "Though the maxim itself is terse, its formulation conceals a number of problems that exercise me a good deal: questions about what different kinds and focuses of relevance there may be, how these shift in the course of a talk exchange, how to allow for the fact that subjects of conversations are legitimately changed, and so on. I find the treatment of such questions exceedingly difficult, and I hope to revert to them in later work." Grice ( in Kheirabadi, 2012).Maxim of Quantity Maxim of quantity requires that participants of a conversation give their contribution as is required in terms of the quantity of information. To say beyond the quantity of information needed in the conversation is to break the maxim. In making their contribution to the conventional talk, participants should gauge the amount information that is really sought for and give it as much as is necessary. They should not make their contribution either more informative or less informative. (Seken, n.d.2015)Maxim of QualityMaxim of quality requires conventional participants to say things that are true or things that they believe to be true. That is, they do not say anything than they believe to be false or anything of which they do not have any evidence. In other words, to comply with this maxim, a speaker in a conventional exchange must speak on the basis of facts, or he/she must have factual evidence by which to sufficiently support what he/she says as truth. (Seken, n.d.2015)Maxim of Manner Utterances may conform to the maxims or may disobey them by infringing, opting out, and flouting or violating. The infringement of the maxims is because of the speaker‟s imperfect knowledge of linguistic. When speakers decided to be uncooperative, they opt out of observing the maxims. ( Thomas 1995 in Jafari, 2013) Maxim Flouting Flouting a maxim is the case when a speaker purposefully disobeys a maxim at the level of what is said with the deliberate intention of generating an implicature. In this case, the speaker’s choice not to observe the maxim by the words he/she utters may be related to the some motive (such as politeness, style of speaking, etc.) (Seken, n.d.2015).According to Thomas (1995:64 in Mohammed & Alduais, 2012) flouting a maxim occurs where a participant in a conversation chooses to ignore one or more of the maxims by using a conversational implicature. Ignoring maxims by using conversational implicatures means that the participant adds meaning to the literal meaning of the utterance. He further explains the conversational implicature that is added when flouting is not intended to deceive the recipient of the conversation, but the purpose is to make the recipient look for other meaning. Moreover Black (2006:25 in Mohammed & Alduais, 2012) explains that a speaker who flouts maxims is actually aware of the Cooperative Principles and the maxims. In other words, it is not only about the maxims that are broken down but that the speaker chooses an indirect way to achieve the cooperation of the communication.Types of Flouting Maxim In ( Grice’s theory in Nur & Fatmawati, 2015) there are four types of maxim flouting. They are quantity maxim flouting, quality maxim flouting, relevance maxim flouting, and manner maxim flouting. Quantity Maxim FloutingWhen a speaker flouts the maxims under the category of Quantity, she/he blatantly gives either more or less information than the situation demands.For example: A : The other giants. Are they nice, like you a nice?B : No, I regret to say that the guys would eat you alive bite. My twenty four foot, but not in Giant country, and that's where you are. In Giants country now.In the example above, it is not appropriate, because when A asks the B about another giant, B does not answer according to the question. He give more information that not needed by A.Quality Maxim Flouting Thomas (in Fami 2015:15) said that flout maxim of quality occur when the speaker say something which is blatantly untrue or for which he/she lack adequate evidence.For example:A : Not as it happens to me, it is most terrible speakB : Well, I think you speak beautifullyIn the example above, B say untrue or lie. She do this, because she doesn’t want B sad with his speaking.Relevance Maxim FloutingFlouting of maxim relevance, (Ginarsih 2014, n.d.) said that by changing the subject or by failing the address the topic directly is encountered very frequently. For example:A : You mean of my life. For the rest of my life?B : Hey, do not you cold?In this case B did not answer according to the question, B changes the topic of conversation. Manner Maxim FloutingAccording to (Ginarsih 2014, n.d.) The maxim under the category of manner is exploited by giving ambiguity and obscure expressions, failure to be brief and orderly. It is often trying to exclude a third party, as in this sort of exchange between husband and wife.A : Where are you off to?B : I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny white stuff for somebody.A : OK, but don’t be long – dinner is nearly readyB speaks in an ambiguous way, saying “that funny white stuff” and“somebody”, because he is avoiding saying “ice cream” and “her/his Daugther”, so that his little daughter does not become excited and ask for the ice cream before her meal. Sometimes the speakers play with words to heighten the ambiguity, in order to make a point.Movie(Chandra Yuliasman 2014) Movie is happen based on script, but it reflect to our daily life activity mostly. That is why the researcher interested to use movie as media to increase the researcher understanding about flouting maxim. Movie also affect masses in childhood and youth. Movie is also called a film or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. Based on the theories above, the researcher chose “The BFG (Big Friendly Giant)” as the object of the research.The B.F.GThe B.F.G is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, written by Melissa Mathison and based on the 1982 novel of the same name by Roald Dahl. In the film, an orphan human girl be friends a benevolent giant, dubbed the "Big Friendly Giant", who takes her to Giant Country, where they attempt to stop the man-eating giants that are invading the human world. The writers chose The B.F.G, because in the film contain about friendship and courage, in that movie also have morality and ethics quotes. Steven Spielberg is known for his quality films, such as Jurrasic Park. He has also received three Oscars, and received a Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute (AFI). Steven hooked some Hollywood actresses to play in the movie B.F.G, such as: Mark Rylance (B.F.G), Ruby Barnhill (Sophie), Penelope Wilton, Jemani Clement, Rebecca Hall, Rafe Spall, and Bill Hader. Steven Spielberg films this In the premiere of premiere The BFG managed to triumph in the Top 10 Box Office by collecting revenues of USD 31 million. Although not a chance to taste the top of the Box Office but The BFG still loved by his fans, especially for lovers of fantasy and adventure movies.METHODThis research uses a descriptive qualitative method to analyse the flouting maxim in The B.F.G movie directed by Steven Spielberg. According to Holloway (in Nur & Fatmawati, n.d.) qualitative research is a form of social inquiry focusing on the interpretation of experience and the world by people.” Therefore, this research is conducted systematically through the technique of data collecting and data analysis. The data are taken from the script, the writers analysed of flouting maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner based on Grice’s theories, being used to choose the most frequently method among them, the writer used percentage category based on Multihajz’s formula, in Selvia (2014) as follows: P = Percentage F = Frequency n = Number of Maxims RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONResultsThere are 24 conversations from 100 conversations that found in The B.F.G Movie between the main characters, Sophie and B.F.G that flouted the Grice’s cooperative principle. They flouted the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner. In the calculation the writers employed percentage technique as described below:Table 1The Classification of Maxim:NoTypes of MaximQuantityPercentage1.The Maxim of Quantity1042 %2. The Maxim of Quality28 %3The Maxim of Relevance1042 %4The Maxim of Manner28 %Total24100 %From the classification above, it could be seen clearly that among four types of maxim in conversation between the main characters, Sophie and B.F.G in “The B.F.G” Movie, the maxim of Quantity and Relevance were the most identifiable types. First is Quantity. There are 10 conversations or cover 42 %. The second was the maxim of Relevance; there are 10 conversations or cover 42 %. The third was maxim of Quality; there are 2 conversations or cover 8 %. The fourth was the maxim of Manner; there are 2 conversations or cover 8 %. Based on the table above, here are the explanations of each maxim that the main character, Sophie and B.F.G flouted in The B.F.G Movie. The maxim of quantitySophie : The other giants. Are they nice, like you a nice?B.F.G : No, I regret to say that the guys would eat you alive bite. My twenty four foot, but not in Giant country, and that's where you are. In Giants country now.Analysis: It is not appropriate, because when Sophie asks the BFG about another giant, the BFG does not answer according to the question. He give more information that not needed by Sophie.Sophie : We can’t have secrets. I'll tell you mine. I sneak around at night too, and that still sometimes theft and lying. So I’m alone at the time. I've never had a best friend, I told you all thatB.F.G : We got over.Analysis: The BFG did not give the right reasons to reply to a statement from Sophie.Sophie : You should not let them treat you like that. You should notB.F.G : Live with nine giant eats beans. They take so I return. Murmur good dreams. It's what I can do, I do something. I do something.Analysis: The BFG ignored Sophie’s suggestion of another giant treating the BFG badly and he changed the subject.Sophie : No I’m not.B.F.G : Yes you here. If you are a human being and human being is a strawberry cream for giants. They are the prey of those giants out there, so you stay in a nice safe place right here. Analysis: BFG answer does not fit with the context of the conversation at that time.B.F.G : Someone called me a big, friendly giant. How should I call you? Sophie : My name is SophieAnalysis: Sophie does not understand about a nickname, so she just answers with her name only "Sophie".B.F.G: So you're an orphan?Sophie: Yes. You took me to an orphanage. You did not know?Analysis: Sophie did not give the right reasons to reply to a statement from B.F.G.B.F.G: I did not know that. Are you happy there?Sophie: No! I hate that. The lady who runs it is incompetent and she’s crazy rules and you get punish a lot.Analysis: In this conversation, Sophie should answer yes or no , because the question is are you happy there ?.Sophie : Being is not be ing .What is that green thing ?B.F.G : Frobscuttel. All giant drink frobscottel.Analysis: BFG answer does not fit with the context of the conversation at that time.Sophie : Where are you going now ?B.F.G : A dreams blow .It's what I do next.Analysis: BFG answer does not fit with the context of the conversation at that time. In this conversation Sophie asks where, it means that ask about place.Sophie : But why did you bring me here? Why did you take me?B.F.G : I had did to take you, because the first thing you, you would do spread the news you actually saw a giant and then there would be a big fuss and all human beans would be looking for the giant dresses all excited, and then I would be locked up in a cage to look at me with all the noisy hypo-fat and crocodiles and giraffes. And then there would be a huge hunt for all the boy giantsAnalysis: The BFG gives too much give reason to Sophie, should the BFG give Sophie a simple and precise reason for the question.The maxim of RelevanceSophie : Then, who are you? What kind of monster are you?B.F.G : You as me wrongAnalysis: BFG does not honestly reply to Shopie that he is a giant kind.Sophie : You mean of my life. For the rest of my life. B.F.G : Hey, do not you cold?Analysis: BFG did not answer according to the questionSophie : What did you work? B.F.G : And now she asks me to tell you very big secrets.Analysis: BFG did not answer according to the questionSophie : Flesh head ,he comes to eat me, my blood will be on your hands. B.F.G : Everything about you going against my better judgment.Analysis: BFG tries to make Shopie calm by diverting the conversationSophie : Look at all the stars! B.F.G : Often when it is clear I hear distant music living of the stars in the skyAnalysis: When Shopie wants to show something, BFG answer it with things that are not appropriate.Sophie: Really? B.F.G : You think I'm kidding, right? Analysis: BFG should simply answer "yes" or "no".Sophie : Are there bad dreams here too? B.F.G : It will a TrogglehumperAnalysis: BFG did not answer the question correctly.Sophie : Make them all happy. BFG, your father and your mother taught you about dreams? B.F.G : The Giants do not have mothers or fathers. Analysis: BFG should simply answer “has” or “has not”.Sophie : What is the Sophie’s dream? B.F.G : A golden Phizzwizard. I had not seen in a while. Analysis: BFG does not explain what dreams Sophie will experience.Sophie : You snapped me.B..F.G : Well, you are right. After all, you're just a little thing. I can’t help thinking what your poor mother and father must be …Analysis: BFG should simply answer "yes" and "no", and not discuss the unnecessaryThe maxim of QualityB.F.G : You do, you really do?Sophie : Simply beautifully.Analysis: In this situation of conversation, Sophie gives untrue respond to B.F.G or she lies, because she didn’t want make B.F.G sad with B.F.G’s sentence.B.F.G : Not as it happens to me, it is most terrible speak.Sophie : Well, I think you speak beautifully.Analysis: In this conversation, Sophie say untrue or lie. She did it, because she didn’t want B.F.G sad with his statement.The maxim of mannerSophie : Blood bottler ? B.F.G : Yes and butcherSophie : The butcher. Please don’t eat me.Analysis: BFG does not explain in detail about Bottler.Sophie : But then I wake up.B.F.G : And you wake up.Sophie : But not here.Analysis: There is no alignment in the conversationDiscussionThe writer found total numbers of flouting maxim that produce by main character in “The B.F.G” movie those were 24 utterances. Then divided into four types of flouting, they were quality which had 10 data or 42%, quantity had 2 data or 8%, relevance had 10 data or 42% and manner had 2 data or 8%. Thus the most frequent category of flouting maxim produce is the main character was maxim of quality and maxim of relevance. It means that in this movie, The BFG tended to conduct his flouted utterance for move the conversations. CONCLUSIONThe aim of this research is to find out the flouting maxim by the main characters in “The B.F.G” movie. The result show the most frequent category of flouting maxim by the main character was quality and relevance. It indicates that based on the maxim of quantity, there are some conversations that giving more or less information. Based on the semantics theory it is wrong, because giving more information than the need is flouting the maxim of quantity. For the maxim of relevance, there are some conversations that are not relevance, it is related with Ginarsih statement relevance maxim flouting by changing the subject or by failing the address the topic directly is encountered very frequently. There are only two flouting maxims of quality and manner was less frequent. It indicates mostly the conversation in The B.F.G movie is cooperative. It is different with the previous study, from Iniyanti, A et.al (2014) they found two flouting maxims, there are: maxim of relation and maxim of manner. And from Al-Qaderi (2015) he found that the maxim of quantity was most frequently flouted.After the research, the researcher took a conclusion that even the famous movie, the flouting maxims are can’t be avoid. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSPlace Acknowledgments, including information on the source of any financial support received for the work being published. Place Acknowledgments, including information on the source of any financial support received for the work being published.

As a result of vehicle platooning, advantages including decreased traffic congestion and improved fuel economy are expected. Vehicles in a platoon move in a single line, closely spaced, and at a constant speed. Vehicle-to-vehicle communications and sensor data help keep the platoon formation in place, and the CACC system is responsible for maintaining it. In reality, V2V transmissions are essential for reducing platooning distances while still ensuring their safety and security. It is far more difficult to confirm the veracity of a V2V message’s content than it is to verify its integrity and source authentication. Only platoon members can send and receive V2V communications by implementing a practical access control mechanism. The goal is to link a prospective platoon member’s digital identification to their actual location inside the unit. A physical challenge–response interaction is used in the CAVVPM process to verify that a prospective platoon member respects the rules. The applicant is asked to perform a series of random longitudinal movements, thus, the protocol’s name. Remote attackers cannot join the platoon or send bogus CACC communications because CAVVPM blocks them. CAVVPM is more resistant to pre-recording assaults than previous work, and it can validate that the candidate is precisely behind the verifier in the same lane compared to previous studies.

碩士
開南大學
企業與創業管理學系
102
Online games have been a highly popular form of entertainment for a long time, especially for university students. The advanced technologies (e.g., wireless network) even facilitate this trend. Users can play games through their handheld devices, such as smartphone, PDA, tablet computer, or portable media player, anytime and anyplace. According to a survey by FIND (Institute for information industry) in the Institute for information industry in April 2012, game software category (55.4%) is the highest preferences of mobile device application usage behavior for people in Taiwan. Among the mobile games, movie games have gradually received great attention. Unlike traditional mass marketing for movie promotions, such as trailer, premiere, the official website, the same name movie game app is novel and can attract consumers’ attention. Thus, the same name movie game app could have certain interactive effect with movies. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of experiential marketing on movie-watching intention with the case of the same name mobile movie game. The influential effects of users’ satisfaction and loyalty toward the same name mobile movie game on movie-watching intention are also under investigation. Online survey method with structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the proposed model. As a result, a total of 268 usable student samples were collected for subsequent analysis. The results show that perceived enjoyment of Mobile Movie Game has significant effect on satisfaction and loyalty toward the game. Flow experience also impacts loyalty positively. Finally, visual attractiveness of Mobile Movie Game has significant effect on satisfaction toward the game and movie-watching intention. Implications for practitioners for both movie industry and mobile game industry are discussed and proposed.

Der Sammelband basiert auf einer gleichnamigen digitalen Ringvorlesung, die im Wintersemester 2020/2021 und Sommersemester 2021 an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel stattfand. In 16 Beiträgen und drei Vortragszusammenfassungen äußern sich anerkannte Expertinnen und Experten zu verschiedenen Fragen und Themenfeldern rund um die Coronavirus-Pandemie und ihre Folgen. Dabei weitet der transdisziplinäre Band die Perspektive über die medizinischen und gesundheitspolitischen Kernbereiche hinaus auf Aspekte der Ethik, der Ökonomik, des Rechts, der Geschichte und der Kunst aus. Die Pandemie wird begriffen als das, was sie ist: ein gesamtgesellschaftliches Phänomen. Das Ergebnis ist eine vielseitige Dokumentation der dynamischen Entwicklung des pandemischen Geschehens der Jahre 2020 bis 2022 und der gesellschaftlich-wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung damit. Das Buch ist ein Beitrag zur Erinnerung, aber auch zur Vorsorge hinsichtlich kommender Pandemien. Zugleich tritt es der um sich greifenden Wissenschaftsskepsis, Desinformation und Unvernunft mit dem Mittel des wissenschaftlich fundierten, offenen Diskurses entgegen. The anthology is based on a digital lecture series of the same name, which took place in the winter semester 2020/2021 and summer semester 2021 at Kiel University. In 16 papers and three extended summaries, recognized experts comment on various questions and topics related to the coronavirus pandemic and its consequences. In doing so, this transdisciplinary work broadens the perspective far beyond the core areas of medicine and health policy to include aspects of ethics, economics, law, history, and art. The pandemic is understood for what it is: a phenomenon that affects society as a whole. The result is a comprehensive documentation of the dynamic development of the pandemic event from 2020 to 2022 and the social and scientific debate about it. The book is a contribution to remembrance, but also to precaution with regard to coming pandemics. At the same time, it counters the rampant scientific skepticism, disinformation and irrationality with the means of scientifically based, open discourse.

The monography presents the fundamentals of the theory of construction new-generation modems. Modems are built on the principles of statistical communication theory, based on the use of a random signal (chaos) as a carrier of information. In such a signal, a characteristic function is modulated, which is a fundamental characteristic of a random process. The signal modulation and demodulation method is patented and allows you to create modems with efficiency and noise immunity indicators several orders of magnitude higher than those of the known devices of the same name. New-generation modems immediately improve the technical characteristics of digital IT equipment by several orders of magnitude, since they work without errors in wired and radio channels when receiving one hundred duodecillion of binary symbols. The book is recommended for scientists and specialists in the field of digital communication systems, statistical radio engineering and instrumentation, and may be useful for graduate students, masters and students of relevant specialties.

The monography presents the fundamentals of the theory of construction new-generation modems. Modems are built on the principles of statistical communication theory, based on the use of a random signal (chaos) as a carrier of information. In such a signal, a characteristic function is modulated, which is a fundamental characteristic of a random process. The signal modulation and demodulation method is patented and allows you to create modems with efficiency and noise immunity indicators several orders of magnitude higher than those of the known devices of the same name. New-generation modems immediately improve the technical characteristics of digital IT equipment by several orders of magnitude, since they work without errors in wired and radio channels when receiving one hundred duodecillion of binary symbols. The book is recommended for scientists and specialists in the field of digital communication systems, statistical radio engineering and instrumentation, and may be useful for graduate students, masters and students of relevant specialties.

The monography presents the fundamentals of the theory of construction new-generation modems. Modems are built on the principles of statistical communication theory, based on the use of a random signal (chaos) as a carrier of information. In such a signal, a characteristic function is modulated, which is a fundamental characteristic of a random process. The signal modulation and demodulation method is patented and allows you to create modems with efficiency and noise immunity indicators several orders of magnitude higher than those of the known devices of the same name. New-generation modems immediately improve the technical characteristics of digital IT equipment by several orders of magnitude, since they work without errors in wired and radio channels when receiving one hundred duodecillion of binary symbols. The book is recommended for scientists and specialists in the field of digital communication systems, statistical radio engineering and instrumentation, and may be useful for graduate students, masters and students of relevant specialties.

The monography presents the fundamentals of the theory of construction new-generation modems. Modems are built on the principles of statistical communication theory, based on the use of a random signal (chaos) as a carrier of information. In such a signal, a characteristic function is modulated, which is a fundamental characteristic of a random process. The signal modulation and demodulation method is patented and allows you to create modems with efficiency and noise immunity indicators several orders of magnitude higher than those of the known devices of the same name. New-generation modems immediately improve the technical characteristics of digital IT equipment by several orders of magnitude, since they work without errors in wired and radio channels when receiving one hundred duodecillion of binary symbols. The book is recommended for scientists and specialists in the field of digital communication systems, statistical radio engineering and instrumentation, and may be useful for graduate students, masters and students of relevant specialties.

The monography presents the fundamentals of the theory of construction new-generation modems. Modems are built on the principles of statistical communication theory, based on the use of a random signal (chaos) as a carrier of information. In such a signal, a characteristic function is modulated, which is a fundamental characteristic of a random process. The signal modulation and demodulation method is patented and allows you to create modems with efficiency and noise immunity indicators several orders of magnitude higher than those of the known devices of the same name. New-generation modems immediately improve the technical characteristics of digital IT equipment by several orders of magnitude, since they work without errors in wired and radio channels when receiving one hundred duodecillion of binary symbols. The book is recommended for scientists and specialists in the field of digital communication systems, statistical radio engineering and instrumentation, and may be useful for graduate students, masters and students of relevant specialties.

The monography presents the fundamentals of the theory of construction new-generation modems. Modems are built on the principles of statistical communication theory, based on the use of a random signal (chaos) as a carrier of information. In such a signal, a characteristic function is modulated, which is a fundamental characteristic of a random process. The signal modulation and demodulation method is patented and allows you to create modems with efficiency and noise immunity indicators several orders of magnitude higher than those of the known devices of the same name. New-generation modems immediately improve the technical characteristics of digital IT equipment by several orders of magnitude, since they work without errors in wired and radio channels when receiving one hundred duodecillion of binary symbols. The book is recommended for scientists and specialists in the field of digital communication systems, statistical radio engineering and instrumentation, and may be useful for graduate students, masters and students of relevant specialties.

The monography presents the fundamentals of the theory of construction new-generation modems. Modems are built on the principles of statistical communication theory, based on the use of a random signal (chaos) as a carrier of information. In such a signal, a characteristic function is modulated, which is a fundamental characteristic of a random process. The signal modulation and demodulation method is patented and allows you to create modems with efficiency and noise immunity indicators several orders of magnitude higher than those of the known devices of the same name. New-generation modems immediately improve the technical characteristics of digital IT equipment by several orders of magnitude, since they work without errors in wired and radio channels when receiving one hundred duodecillion of binary symbols. The book is recommended for scientists and specialists in the field of digital communication systems, statistical radio engineering and instrumentation, and may be useful for graduate students, masters and students of relevant specialties.

Abstract This book discusses drywood termites. The characteristics of this group are based on the alates (winged primary reproductives) and includes the presence of ocelli, a left mandible with two marginal teeth, 2-segmented cerci, antennae with 10 to 24 segments, and lack of a fontanelle. The colony of the dry wood termite consists of a labyrinth of gallery systems inside wood that expands with time as the population increases. Unlike subterranean termites, a drywood colony does not need to forage for food; however, with the passing of time the colony can face a serious depletion of food. However, the common name often associated with this family, "dry wood", is misleading. The control of drywood termite starts with visual inspection which is possible when the affected wood is accessible. Drywood termites were first recognized as a distinct group in the late 19th century and assigned to the family Kalotermitidae. The architecture of the gallery system consists of narrow passageways that inter-connect to a number of larger feeding chambers. Colony fusion between two colonies is known to occur after they contact each other in the same wooden material. Fumigation by use of registered fumigants is an efficient and effective method for large infestations. Prevention of infestation from drywood termites is another method of controlling damage.

Playing computer games is an active pastime: players are presented with a dynamic game scenario that requires various inputs in order to engage with its core game loop. To do so, the player must constantly pay attention to the game while performing actions to propel gameplay. However, some games can be experienced over multiple levels of engagement. Such games feature levels of engagement that may not require the constant provision of input to offer a meaningful experience. In these games, atmosphere reveals itself as the underlying structure, intricate enough to be experienced in its own right. Ambient music, a term coined by musician Brian Eno, is a genre that is meant to allow for different levels of engagement. This may reach from ambient music being a background accompaniment in a given setting, to being the center of listener attention. This article will identify a type of game that can be perceived in a similar vein. Such a game offers ambient modes of experience: It allows to be experienced over varying levels of engagement and intensities of interactions. The term ambient game is relevant in this context since the music genre of the same name is referenced here. This article will present existing definitions of ambient games that identify parallels between the creation and perception of ambient music and various modes of experiencing digital games. Based on these findings, this article will propose three ambient modes of experience that represent the varying intensities of player interaction within the diegetic boundaries of games.

AbstractWith the increasing urban densification, balconies are gaining in popularity as they improve the living quality in homes. From a technical point of view, the thermal insulation between balconies and the building’s façade is state of the art. In Germany, the most popular balcony construction is a reinforced concrete balcony, separated from the building by a thermal insulation element (TIE), which is meant to reduce the thermal energy loss and thus ensure the sustainability of intelligent buildings. The impact sound transmission from balconies, however, is a problem that has not been addressed enough to date. The paper is based on a project of the same name within the iCity research with the main goal of providing acoustic quantities, e.g. an impact sound pressure level difference, for a TIE that can be used to compare the acoustical quality of products and used to predict the impact sound pressure levels within the building using the standard EN ISO 12354-2. Experimental and numerical studies have been carried out on various ceiling-balcony mock-ups without and with TIEs, e.g. by means of experimental modal analysis and validated finite element models, respectively. These studies showed that even doubling the width of the ceiling-balcony mock-up does not change the results significantly, suggesting that the proposed test set-up is suitable for standard testing. The analysis method and results presented here are for only one test set-up with and without a TIE that underwent constructive modifications during the tests. The selected TIE shows an effective sound insulation above 400 Hz and achieves a single-number rated impact sound level difference of $$ \Delta {L}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\ast}\approx 10\ \mathrm{dB} $$ Δ L w ∗ ≈ 10 dB .

This chapter brings new insights to Wicked, the most successful attempt to rework Baum’s story since the 1939 movie. Wicked is the biggest musical hit of the early twenty-first century, but its phenomenal success would never have been possible without its close ties to The Wizard of Oz. Based on Gregory Maguire’s novel by the same name that turns L. Frank Baum’s story on its head, the musical Wicked makes the Wicked Witch of the West a misunderstood young woman doing battle with a wizard who is an interloper from another world that has taken over Oz and made the Talking Animals scapegoats for all of the land’s ills. Despite their new interpretation of the familiar tale, the show’s creators wanted to include as many resonances as possible from the famed MGM film, a crusade that took them into difficult legal waters that resulted in unwelcome changes to the show courtesy of lawyers at Universal Pictures, the show’s principal producer. This chapter is a consideration of how Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman, the writers of Wicked, appropriated narrative and musical aspects of Baum’s original book and the 1939 film, where they ran into problems in doing so, and how some of those problems were solved.

Throughout human history of mankind, many epidemics have arisen, and these diseases have been frequently the subject of novels and movies. The spread of the Covid-19 virus has caused the works on epidemic diseases to come back to the agenda and it has caused to be reconsidered for this issue in the new period works. One of these literary works, the novel “Ensaio Sobre a Cegueira” (Blindness) which is written by Saramago in 1995, is essentially a dystopian work that seeks an answer to “Well, what if all people suddenly went blind for no reason?”. While the author deals with the conflicts in the modern world, the collapse of conscience and moral values through the image of blindness, at the same time he is striving to give aesthetic pleasure to the reader. The work, which has also been adapted to cinema with the same name, maintains actuality even today. This study consists of comparison between the novel “Ensaio Sobre a Cegueira” (Blindness) and the movie Blindness (2008) which was originally adapted to the novel. Literature review, textual analysis and content analysis were used as methods. The comparison is based on the discussion of the social effects of the COVID-19 virus which emerged in 2020 and spread all over the world.

In addition to its primary, objective function of individual identification, anthroponyms can also fulfil a social function, which implies the inclusion of several entities in a class based on their sharing – due to their belonging to the same ethnolinguistic culture – similar beliefs, habits, customs etc. This paper aims at recording the main names that Romanians employ in jokes (taken from the local onomasticon or from the name stocks of various ethnicities as a result of direct or indirect contact) and to identify their pragmatic functions. The name forms analysed are culture-bound specifying markers, i.e. names that are considered representative of the peoples to which this investigation refers. The author examines first names in humorous discourse, particularly in jokes. These onyms tend to lose their individual character and appellativise by means of deonymisation, as they metonymically define an ethnic/national community. At the same time, there are certain name substitutes, i.e. generic appellatives which behave as signs that identify every denotatum in a given community. Thus, several conclusions can be drawn about the way in which the Romanian people expresses/experiences multiculturalism on the level of the understanding/interpretation of the names (name substitutes) analysed.

The paper outlines some phenomena that may influence the popularity of saints’ names in Christian societies. The diachronic overview focuses on the Hungarian given name stock and its changes and alternations in time, space and society. The multidisciplinary approach is mainly based on historical and onomastic literature and large databases of given names from the Middle Ages to modern days. Among the religious factors, the study presents the impact of religious taboos, the interference between cults of saints of the same name, and the collective veneration of saints. Political factors are also introduced: the effects of the Reformation, Catholic Revival, and wars against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th–18th centuries.

This article aims to identify voter attitudes, based on the results of the 2020 parliamentary elections, towards European integration, religious attitudes in politics, universal left-right integration, the rights of ethnic minorities, the position between cosmopolitan and national sentiments, and political decentralization in favour of regions at the district level of Slovakia, while considering factors that affect voter's selection. In the first step, we calculated the position of the district through the results of individual political parties (district level) in the elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic in 2020 and data from the 2019 Chapel Hill expert survey. In the second step, we used these results as dependent variables for regression analysis, examining their dependence on the variables average wage, unemployment rate, ethnic composition, and time availability of the district's seat from the regional centre and Bratislava (capital). A retrospective analysis of voter attitudes at individual districts has shown that concerns about possible covert support for anti-system parties are warranted. “Negative” results, especially on religious principles in politics, ethnic minority rights, inclination to national values, and centralized power, show that if expectations from standard (or liberal democratic) parties are not met, there is a risk of voters diverting to radical parties.

As a result of the interpretation of the well–logging data, represented by electric, radioactive and acoustic logging, it was found that the Tarkosalinsky type of section of the Bazhenov Formation is wider in the western direction than was shown earlier and is also distinguished in the Apakapursky, Vengayakhinsky, Yaraynerskaya and South–Yarainerskaya areas, in the east of New Year's area. The Nizhnevartovsk type, on the contrary, has a narrower distribution and stands out directly within the arc of the same name.

An urgent lesson learned from Fukushima Daiichi accident is what can happen by natural disaster can also occur by human design. The accident raised a fear that terrorists could cause a similar accident by acts of sabotage against nuclear power plant (NPP) and it is noticeable that threats of terrorism for nuclear security are increased after the accident. When considering sabotage, the prime threat to nuclear power plants, due attention should be paid to sabotage by insiders. Generally, insiders are the individuals with authorized access to nuclear facilities in transport who could attempt unauthorized sabotage. They could take advantage of their access authority and knowledge, to bypass dedicated physical protection elements or other provisions [1]. Thus, we should value the catastrophic consequences of the attack or act of insider sabotage which may lead to loss of safety functions of NPP. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) indicated that the physical protection system (PPS) of a nuclear facility should be integrated and effective against both sabotage and unauthorized removal. The primary PPS functions are deterrence, detection, delay and response. It is noticeable that if detection failed, delay and response would become invalid. Thus, detection of insiders’ sabotage should be enhanced. Considering current countermeasures of PPS to insiders’ sabotage, the most significant challenge is how to distinguish ordinary maintenance behaviors and malicious behaviors since some malicious behaviors may hidden in ordinary maintenance behaviors. It appears that hand behavior has high contribution to human activity and a significant portion of maintenance behaviors and malicious behaviors. In this study, we proposed a hand behavior detection algorithm for insiders’ malicious behaviors for nuclear security [2]. We focused on the fact that the hand shape is uniquely determined by the fingertip coordinates. First, the depth image of the hand was captured with Kinect v2, and after removing the five fingers were remained by removing the palm and wrist parts, and the five fingers were identified using the K-means clustering [3], and the farthest point of each finger from wrist pixel was taken as the fingertip coordinates. The fingertip coordinates of the five fingers were combined for 60 frames to be time-series data, and this was used as the training data of the neural network. Time-series data obtained from five kinds of behaviors of five hands was used for training data. For the machine learning method, the Stacked-Auto Encoder (SAE) [4–5] which is one of popular methods was used. It extracts the feature of input data at intermediate layer of the first stage. In the second layer, the extracted feature is input and its feature is extracted to be used as the input of the softmax layer for pattern classification. Meanwhile, a real-time fingertip tracking system was developed and time-series data of each fingertip was successfully obtained with 29.8fps using MATLAB whose CPU was Intel Xeon Processor E5-2630v4 (25M Cache, 2.20 GHz). Moreover, a time-series data analysis based behavior recognition method was developed and all assumed malicious behaviors were detected with high accuracy (82.555% in overall) and speed (0.0023 seconds per frame) in the same computing environment. Also, robustness of the behavior recognition method was verified.

Modern experiments in nuclear physics last for years and require enormous human and energyresources. There are various methods for monitoring engineering, network and computer systems ofthe experiment. As a rule, they have a common name for all - the Event Display and include a wholerange of monitoring and control systems. The operator must receive comprehensive information aboutthe course of the experiment in an understandable and intuitive form. The ability to obtain informationin three-dimensional form that most fully reflects real physical processes is one of the current trends inexperimental nuclear physics. In this work, a prototype of the Event Display was created using a highlevel language - JavaScript, built into any standard Internet browser. Modern technologies make itpossible not to take into account the platform and type of operating system on which the Internetbrowser is launched. A program written in JavaScript will execute in the same way on every platform,including mobile devices with Internet access. The work was carried out for the MPD (Multi-PurposeDetector) detector at the NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) accelerator complex at theJoint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Dubna, Russia).

Based on archival and data of Russian historiography, the article analyzes the course and main results of the cantonment of the 20th East Siberian Regiment of the 2nd Army Corps of the Russian Imperial Army in Troitskosavsk (now Kyakhta) in 1908–1909, XX century. The main problems associated with the deployment of this military unit, the consequences of this event for the economy of Troitskosavsk and the county of the same name are analyzed. For the first time, data on the number of rank-and-file and regiment officers placed at the time of the study (1908–1909) in Troitskosavsk are being put into scientific circulation.

Abstract At the end of 2019, we were challenged by an international Operator company in Argentina to provide technical support for a complex fishing operation on a recently fracked well in Vaca Muerta unconventional shale reservoir. The well intervention objective was to recover a downhole device used to isolate the annulus to the production conduit on the well, named production retrievable packer (PKR), with a confirmed fluid leak through it, that PKR was set with the objective to isolate 52 frac stages after a coil tubing plugs mill out intervention and well flow back. Refer to figure #1 – Well diagram. The lower completion was set on 5 1/2in Production Casing and it was composed of the following items: mechanical Packer with stinger on-off pin connection device, 2 3/8 inch pup joint × 2 ft length, 1.81 RN nipple and pump out shear out plug. The lower completion array was configured to be set on a wireline at 9,500 ft MD @30-degree deviation as per completion design. In general, when a leak is detected on production packers, it is a fairly common industry practice to run and set a second PKR on top of the first one (bridge PKR) to get proper wellbore pressure isolation and at the same time to save time and efforts by avoiding complex maneuvers to recover the failed PKR. In this case, that general solution wasn't an option because two main reasons: There were 7 frac stages not properly cleaned up on coiled tubing because of casing deformation issues detected during the coil tubing clean out phase, therefore the operator wanted to keep an alternative to be able to safely retrieve production TBG string & PKR to get full wellbore access without restrictions, in case an additional well cleanout job was required based on production performance evaluation. The operator's completion engineering department decided to retrieve the first well barrier and conduct an extensive failure analysis, as this PKR model was the selected one for many other similar interventions. Once the leak was confirmed by negative pressure leak test, a retrievable bridge plug was set to secure the well and allow the operator for wellhead change out as planned and move on with mill out interventions on the other inline wells from the pad.

Aus der Einleitung: Given two ontologies/terminologies collections of terms and their 'meanings' as used in some universe of discourse (UofD), our general task is to integrate them into a single ontology, which captures the meanings of the original terms and their inter-relationships. This problem is motivated by several application scenarios: • First, such ontologies have been and are being developed independently by multiple groups for knowledge-based and other applications. Among others, medicine is an area in which such ontologies already abound [RZStGC, CCHJ94, SCC97]. • Second, a traditional step in database design has been so-called 'view integration': taking the descriptions of the database needs of different parts of an organization (called 'external views'), and coming up with a unified central schema (called the 'logical schema') for the database [BLN86]. Although the database views might be expressed in some low-level formalism, such as the relational data model, one can express the semantics (meta-data) in a more expressive notation, which can be thought of as an ontology. Then the integration of the ontologies can guide the integration of the views. • Finally, databases and semistructured data on the internet provide many examples where there are multiple, existing heterogeneous information sources, for which uniform access is desired. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to relate the contents of the various information sources. The approach of choice has been the development of a single, integrated ontology, starting from separate ontologies capturing the semantics of the heterogeneous sources[Kas97, CDGL+98]. Of course, we could just take the union of the two ontologies, and return the result as the integration. However, except for the case when the ontologies had absolutely nothing to do with each other, this seems inappropriate. Therefore part of our task will to be explore what it means to 'integrate' two ontologies. To help in this, we will in fact assume here that the ontologies are describing exactly the same aspects of the universe of discourse (UofD), leaving for a separate paper the issue of dealing with partially overlapping ontologies.

We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.