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1
Rahman, Milna, Agustina Agustina, and Ngusman Abdul Manaf. "JENIS DAN PROSES PEMBENTUKAN ADJEKTIVA DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU DI KENAGARIAN SUNGAI ABANG KECAMATAN LUBUK ALUNG KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81008970.
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This study aimed to describe (1) type adjectives in Minangkabau language in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman, and (2) the process of forming adjective in Minangkabau language in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistric Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive method. The method of data collection was using the method of referring and recording technique. Analyzing the data was done in the form of activities as follows: (1) describes the recording data into written language, (2) identify the data in accordance with the format provided, (3) classify the data into the type and process of the formation of the adjective, and (4) do data deduction based on research result. The data of this research are sentence containing the adjectives expressed by the community in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman. The source of this research is Minangkabau language especially oral language of society in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman. Based on the results of the research obtained the following results, first adjectives in Minangkabau language in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman is as follows: (1) characteristic adjective (character or temperament), (2) color adjectives, (3) shape adjectives, (4) size adjectives, (5) sensory adjectives, (6) time adjectives, (7) distance adjectives, (8) speed adjectives, (9) power adjunctive adjectives, (10) adjectiva adjectives. Secondly, there are two adjunctive adjunctive processes in the Minangkabau language, which are basic adjectives and derivate adjectives that can be sorted on beraffixed adjectives, duplicated adjectives and compounded adjective adjectives. Keywords: Adjectives, Word-forming, Minangkabau Language
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Fruchter, Joseph, Tal Linzen, Masha Westerlund, and Alec Marantz. "Lexical Preactivation in Basic Linguistic Phrases." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 10 (October 2015): 1912–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00822.
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Many previous studies have shown that predictable words are read faster and lead to reduced neural activation, consistent with a model of reading in which words are activated in advance of being encountered. The nature of such preactivation, however, has typically been studied indirectly through its subsequent effect on word recognition. Here, we use magnetoencephalography to study the dynamics of prediction within serially presented adjective–noun phrases, beginning at the point at which the predictive information is first available to the reader. Using corpus transitional probability to estimate the predictability of a noun, we found an increase in activity in the left middle temporal gyrus in response to the presentation of highly predictive adjectives (i.e., adjectives that license a strong noun prediction). Moreover, we found that adjective predictivity and expected noun frequency interacted, such that the response to the highly predictive adjectives (e.g., stainless) was modulated by the frequency of the expected noun (steel). These results likely reflect preactivation of nouns in highly predictive contexts. The fact that the preactivation process was modulated by the frequency of the predicted item is argued to provide support for a frequency-sensitive lexicon.
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Sigiro, Elisten Parulian. "BENTUK DAN CIRI ADJEKTIVA BAHASA DAYAK NGAJU." MABASAN 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mab.v10i1.80.
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The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative methods and techniques in this study reflect the reality on the facts (fact findings) that is in the field as it is. This research examines how the shape and characteristics of adjectives in BDNg. Thus, the researchers sought to describe objectively and accurately in accordance with the aspects of adjectives BDNg current conditions. In practice, this is done through two methods of data collection techniques, namely by using interview and documentation techniques. The findings of this research, that adjective BDNg can be marked by characteristic, namely (1) there is a possibility to join the particle beken 'not' and dia 'no' (2) can accompany a noun, or (3) may be accompanied by words labih 'more' , pangka 'most', tutu 'very', and labien 'very'. Meanwhile, based on variations in shape, adjectives can be distinguished BDNg its kind on the basis adjectives and adjectival derivative. Basic adjectives are adjectives that only consist of a single morpheme. Meanwhile, the derivative adjective derivative form BDNghave formed through the process of moving on word class and morphological processes, namely affixation, reduplication and compounding. Based their category, there is only one category of adjectives of adjectives BDNg, the adjectives predicative (adjectives that could occupy the position of the predicate in the clause). Furthermore, in its formation, adjectives BDNg formed through some process of affixation, reduplication and compounding.
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Vinogradova, Svetlana. "The Concept of the Relative Adjective." Prague Journal of English Studies 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjes-2014-0018.
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Abstract This article aims to give a cognitive linguistic account of the dual nature of the concept of relative adjectives, and the specific character of their semantic processes. After a brief discussion of the adjectival character of the relative subclass, it will be argued that denominal relative adjectives belong to the class of predicate words (i.e., words denoting property and hence forming a predicate concept), while retaining, on the other hand, the substantive nature of the basic noun’s concept. Further, two subclasses of relative adjectives are contrasted in view of their cognitive processes: substancepredicate, denoting a certain substance of which an object is made, and argumentpredicate, denoting an object the relation to which becomes a property of another object. The substance-predicate group of relative adjectives will be analyzed as having the properties of qualitative adjectives, as they clarify their meanings in discourse due to the operation of profiling the landmark properties on the base of the trajector of the described object. On the other hand, the conceptual entity of argument-predicate relative adjectives can be described by means of the theory of conceptual integration. Argument-predicate adjectives in discourse form a new conceptual blend that is the result of mapping the mental spaces of the predicate concept and the concept of the described noun. The relation between the two objects that appears in the blend forms the context meaning of the adjective
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Sosnina, Lyudmila V. "Onomasiological models typology of Russian adjective composites." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 6 (November 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.6-20.003.
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The subject matter of this article relates to the complex description of adjectives-composites of the Russian language within the onomasiological class “person’s social feature”. There have been analysed organization features of composites formation and ways of onomasiological structure definition as to composite adjectives within the onomasiological class. All adjective-composites of modern Russian are considered as univerbalisation composites, derivation composites and units of quasi-composition. Univerbalisation composites demonstrate a complete semantic identity with a producing word-combination. Derivation composites have shown the relations of external motivation between a basic word-combination and a new composite. Units of quasi-composition are formed on the basis of structural models of univerbalisation and derivation. The analysis of these linguistic units is carried out according to their belonging to a certain onomasiological model consisting of an onomasiological basis and an onomasiological feature that allows to distinguish 17 models of adjective composites. The author comes to the conclusion that the onomasiological class should be understood as a set of nominathems, in which the feature description is realized in one corresponding grammatical class of units (adjectives) with the help of the same structural method, mostly with the help of all kinds of composites. This research has developed the modern nomination theory and provides a basis for complex description of language units.
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Berg, Thomas. "How nominal compounds are modified by two adjectives." Folia Linguistica 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2014.001.
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Abstract Basing itself on a corpus of one thousand complex NPs, this study investigates the relationships that two attributive adjectives contract with the constituents of nominal compounds of varying size in English (e.g. new basic safety standards). Essentially, there are four logically possible relationships: (i) both adjectives modify the nominal head, (ii) both adjectives modify the nominal modifier, (iii) the first adjective modifies the head and the second adjective the modifier and (iv) the first adjective modifies the modifier and the second adjective the head (crossed modification). While options (i) and (iii) are strongly represented in the data, crossed modification is not at all present. Across all compound sizes, at least three factors shape the empirical patterns: a functional factor whereby major heads are more easily singled out than minor heads, which in turn are more available than modifiers; a structural factor whereby more deeply embedded constituents are less available than more independent constituents; and a proximity effect which encourages the modification of the first noun by the second adjective. There may be an additional saturation effect which discourages the modification of one noun by two adjectives. On the face of it, the non-occurrence of crossed modification may be connected to the well-known ban on crossing association lines. However, despite its descriptive adequacy, this principle is unconvincing. Instead, a functional explanation is proposed which centres on the possibility of working out modification relationships. Initial steps are taken towards developing a model of when (and why) the no-crossing constraint is inviolable, violable or non-existent
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ERMAN, BRITT. "There is no such thing as a free combination: a usage-based study of specific construals in adverb–adjective combinations." English Language and Linguistics 18, no. 1 (February 6, 2014): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674313000294.
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The study is aimed at revealing collocational adverb–adjective patterns in the British National Corpus (BNC). The adverbs selected for the study include the maximizers absolutely, completely, entirely, fully, perfectly, totally, utterly, wholly. The study involves searches on both the selected adverbs and the adjectives they modify in a bi-directional fashion. It is claimed that only a cognitive and usage-based approach in terms of underlying conceptual structures can provide an accurate description of collocational patterns. The results show that a large proportion of the adjectives have strong bonds with particular maximizers. This is explained through the basic conceptual structure of Boundedness/Scalarity, i.e. the degree to which the adjective lends itself to a bounded or a scalar construal and the adverb is biased towards a totality construal (which is the kind of construal to be expected from maximizers). The results support the hypothesis that a substantial part of the adverb–adjective combinations investigated are (semi)-prefabricated units, presumably easily accessed by native speakers because the combinations are the result of specific construals and their members have close associative and conceptual links in the mental lexicon.
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Hutri, Kemala, Deliana Deliana, and Khairina Nasution. "BENTUK DAN MAKNA REDUPLIKASI ADJEKTIVA DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU DIALEK SUNGAYANG DI KAB.TANAH DATAR." HUMANIKA 27, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/humanika.v27i2.33074.
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This study aims to describe the forms and meanings of adjectival reduplication in the Minangkabau language, the Sungayang dialect in Kab. Tanah Datar. One of the regional languages in Indonesia. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, the data source is from oral and written data with data techniques using the listening method and proficient method, then data analysis using the matching method and the separate method through the markup reading technique. The results showed that the form of adjective reduplication in the Minangkabau language, Sungayang dialect, was (1) whole repetition, (2) partial repetition (3) repetition with phoneme changes, and (4) affix repetition. The meaning contained in the Minangkabau language reduplication is (1) the reduplication of the Minangkabau adjective in the basic form shows the plural meaning, (2) the meaning of reduplication which states the nature of a person who states what is meant by the root word, (3) the reduplication of the adjective in the Minangkabau language which Showing someone stating facts about the inheritance of the root word, (4) reduplication of the adjective in Minangkabau which shows the plural meaning of the root in question. Besides having a grammatical meaning, the reduplication of the Minangkabau language adjective also has idiomatic, metaphorical meanings and for refining or obscuring statements.
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Oktami, Nila, Ngusman Abdul Manaf, and Novia Juita. "NUANSA MAKNA SINONIM ADJEKTIVA SIKAP BATIN DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA." RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 12, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v12i1.6578.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the pair of synonyms and nuances of the meaning of the pair of synonyms of the Indonesian mental attitude adjective. This research is qualitative research using the descriptive method. The data of this study are the basic adjectives of the inner attitude of Indonesian. The results of this study indicate that (1) there are 26 pairs of Indonesian mental attitude adjectives that are proven to be synonymous and (2) all pairs of Indonesian mental attitude adjectives that prove synonymous with meaning nuances. Not all Indonesian mental attitude adjectives that have synonym and most synonymous pairs are adjunctive nuances of meaning on cognitive meaning anda a small part of emotive menaing.
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MANDERS, KATHERINE, and D. GEOFFREY HALL. "Comparison, basic-level categories, and the teaching of adjectives." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 4 (November 2002): 923–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005391.
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We tested 24 caregivers of preschool children to determine whether their strategies for teaching novel adjectives are consistent with children's demonstrated abilities to learn these words (e.g. Waxman & Klibanoff, 2000). On each of four trials, caregivers had to select one of two cards, both of which showed a familiar object bearing an unfamiliar property. On the within-basic card, the object was accompanied by a second object from the same basic-level category; on the across-basic card, this second object came from a different basic-level category. Caregivers' task was to choose the card that would be more helpful to teach a novel adjective for the unfamiliar property. If the second object differed from the first in terms of a novel target property, caregivers (N = 12) stated a strong preference for the within-basic card. If the two objects agreed in terms of the novel property, caregivers (N = 12) indicated a clear preference for the across-basic card. The findings offer new insight into the speed and efficiency of lexical development, by revealing that word teachers, like word learners (cf. Waxman & Klibanoff, 2000), are sensitive to the conditions under which certain contrasts (in property or in basic-level category) are effective in promoting the successful acquisition of novel adjectives.
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Буторин, Сергей Сергеевич. "PREDICATIVE QUALITATIVENESS CATEGORY IN KET: LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSING IT." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 3(29) (December 14, 2020): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-3-32-43.
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В статье рассматриваются основные разновидности семантической категории качественности, в частности, субкатегория предикативной качественности и языковые способы ее выражения с позиций функциональной грамматики. Показано, что в кетском языке выделяются три типа предикативной качественности: адъективно-предикативная, субстантивно-предикативная и глагольно-предикативная. Адъективно-предикативная качественность выражается адъективными предикатами (как правило, прилагательными); субстантивно-предикативная — предикатами-существительными, которые являются ядром составного именного сказуемого и определяются прилагательными; глагольно-предикативная — предикатами, представленными спрягаемыми глагольными формами. Определен основной инвентарь языковых средств, образующих качественные предикаты: непроизводные качественные прилагательные; производные относительные прилагательные, оформленные словообразовательным суффиксом =ту; каритивные прилагательные; неглагольные субстантивные предикаты, выражающие субстантивно-предикативную качественность; причастия или инфинитивы; субстантивированные комплексные модификаторы; сложнопроизводные прилагательные, оформленные суффиксом производных прилагательных =ту. В статье проанализированы неглагольные средства выражения предикативной качественности, т. е. предикаты, имеющие в качестве главного компонента слово, которое не принадлежит классу полнозначных глаголов, вне зависимости от того, содержится ли в составе сказуемого глагол-связка. Выявлены две ведущие стратегии кодирования качественных предикатов: личная стратегия, которая заключается в оформлении ядра неглагольного предиката показателями согласования с подлежащим по категориям лица, числа и класса (рода), и неличная стратегия, предполагающая использование суффикса =сʹ (ед. ч.) ~ =сʹ=ин (множ. ч.), допускающего согласование с подлежащим только по категории числа. Показано, что имеются некоторые случаи альтернативного кодирования неглагольных качественных предикатов посредством либо личной, либо неличной стратегии кодирования. Приводятся аргументы, подтверждающие, что грамматическая категория степеней сравнения у кетских качественных прилагательных отсутствует. Компаратив и суперлатив выражаются синтаксическими конструкциями, образованными на базе адъективных качественных предикатов. The paper deals with the basic types of qualitativeness category particularly predicative qualitativeness and the language means of expressing it from the standpoint of functional grammar approach. It is shown that three types of predicative qualitativeness are identified in Ket. These are adjective-predicative, substantive-predicative and verbal-predicative ones. Adjective-predicative qualitativeness is expressed by adjective predicates, substantive-predicative qualitativeness — by compound nominal predicates and verbal-predicative qualitativeness — by predicates including finite conjugated verb forms. The basic inventory of language means forming predicative qualitative predicates is identified. The inventory includes underived qualitative adjectives, derived relative adjectives formed by means of the derivative suffix =ту, caritive adjectives, nonverbal substantive predicates denoting substantive-predicative qualitativeness; participles or infinitives; substativized complex modifiers; compound adjectives derived by means of the suffix =ту forming adjectives. The paper analyzes non-verbal means of denoting predicative qualitativeness, i.e. the predicates having as a head a word which doesn’t belong to the class of autosemantic verbs irrespective of the fact whether there is a verbal copula in the predicate structure. Two principal strategies of coding qualitative predicates have been identified including a person and number coding strategy which involves marking the non-verbal predicate by the affixes showing agreement with the subject of the qualitative construction in the categories of person, number and class (gender) and non-personal coding strategy implying the use of the suffix =сʹ (singular) — =сʹ=ин (plural) which allows for agreement with the subject only in the category of number. It is shown that there are cases of alternative coding of non-verbal qualitative predicates using either a person and number coding strategy or a non-personal strategy. The evidence that the grammatical category of degrees of comparison is not found in Ket qualitative adjectives is provided. The comparative and superlative notions are expressed by the syntactic constructions formed on the basis of adjectival qualitative predicates.
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Holvoet, Axel, and Birutė Spraunienė. "Towards a semantic map for definite adjectives in Baltic." Baltic Linguistics 3 (December 31, 2012): 65–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.420.
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The paper deals with semantic developments in the Lithuanian and Latvian definite adjectival forms. The basic function of definite adjectival forms in Baltic is to mark the definiteness of the noun phrase. However, the adjectival marking of definiteness creates an interesting situation in which the noun phrase has several slots for the marking of (in)definiteness. In certain cases, different values for definiteness may appear in different slots: the adjective may be in the definite form whereas the noun phrase as a whole may be viewed as indefinite and can occur with formal markers of indefiniteness such as indefinite pronouns. These cases afford certain insights into the periphery of definiteness and the mechanisms of extension of definiteness markers into the domain of indefiniteness. The factors involved in this spill-over of definiteness markers are (i) genericity, realised in the form of so-called definite generics, whose definite markers are often retained when descending from the level of kind-reference to that of individual reference (this is referred to here as rigid or fossilised generic definiteness), and (ii) nominalisation of the adjective, which enables the retention of definite marking when a noun phrase shifts from definite plural description to singular or plural indefinite description. An important factor in the spread of definite adjectives beyond the domain of definiteness of the noun phrase seems to be their ability to evoke ad hoc taxonomies. The instances of extended definiteness marking discussed in this paper have parallels in article languages that have only one slot for (in)definiteness marking. The presence of two slots for definiteness marking in Baltic brings to light the layered nature of the definiteness of many noun phrases,which leads to what is here called ‘definiteness conflicts’ and indeterminacy between the semantic zones of definiteness and indefiniteness.
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Nam, Jeesun. "Lexique-Grammaire des Adjectifs Symétriques." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 21, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 263–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.21.2.02nam.
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In this paper, we examine the adjectives that seem to require two arguments in symmetric relation. To syntactically define these elements, we observed whether an adjective can appear in the following transformational relation or not: N0 N1-wa Adj = N1 N0-wa Adj. Those that allow this relation are classified in the class AWS and named Symmetric Adjectives. They constitute a semantically and syntactically homogeneous class. Two types of problematical structutures were considered: one is the construction containing a complement in -ei, replaceable by a symmetric complement in -wa; the other is the construction with complement in -wa which is not a symmetric one. Besides, we came across one more complicated structure concerning symmetric construction, that is, N0 N1-wa N2-i Adj. However, it cannot be considered as the basic structure for symmetric adjectives, since N2-i is either a restructured element or a symmetric noun: in the first case, this structure is a derived one; in the second case, it is this noun that requires a symmetric complement Nj-wa, and not the adjective. Therefore, this structure cannot characterize symmetric adjectives. In this way, we obtained 120 adjectives for the class AWS among 5300 Korean simple adjectives. The result of our study is represented in the form of a matrix in the Appendix. More detailed studies on symmetric verbs and nouns are also required as well as more advanced analyses about semantic and logic constraints in the distribution of arguments.
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NINIO, ANAT. "Young children's difficulty with adjectives modifying nouns." Journal of Child Language 31, no. 2 (May 2004): 255–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006191.
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In two experiments we tested the hypothesis that children have a basic problem in mastering the attributive relation because it involves a two-step logical–semantic integration process of the head-noun and the attributive adjective. Hebrew-speaking children were asked to interpret highly familiar adjective–noun combinations by selecting a photo that depicted the correct referent. In Experiment 1 there were four choices for each adjective–noun pair: correct object/correct property, correct object/wrong property, wrong object/correct property, wrong object/wrong property. 170 children (1;6–4;4) participated. Analyses of errors and spontaneous self-corrections indicated that children initially ignored the adjective and based their responses only on the noun. In Experiment 2, in addition to the 4-choice condition, there were two simpler conditions with only two choices: the correct object/correct property, and either the correct object/wrong property, or the wrong object/correct property. 30 children (1;9–4;11) were tested. The children, and in particular the lowest-scoring third of the sample, did significantly better in the 2-pictures conditions. The results suggest that young children do possess a basic adjective vocabulary and can use it in simple discriminations, but have a considerable difficulty in integrating the information furnished by the adjective with information furnished by the noun.
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Karasiński, Artur. "Albańskie odczasownikowe derywaty przymiotnikowe." Slavia Meridionalis 10 (August 31, 2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2010.010.
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Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbsThe aim of this article is the analysis of the Albanian adjective derivatives which are derived from verbs. The main assumption made by the author is the existence of structural isomorphism (parallelism in language elements system in which structuring of one level parallels or is made to parallel that of another) between the structure of the derivative and the structure of the sentence. The proposed model of the analysis is directed from content to form. All examined adjective derivatives derived from verbs are being analyzed with their noun context which displays their semantic structure. Nominal phrases containing adjective derivatives are interpreted as the representation of predicate–argument structures. The kind of relation between defined noun and derivational base of the adjective is a criterion of the division of Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbs. These main types of relations are:relation in which the base of an adjective represents basic predicate;relation in which the base of an adjective represents additional predicate.Classes which are the results of the main division are the subject to detailed description.
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Ninio, Anat. "Complement or adjunct? The syntactic principle English-speaking children learn when producing determiner–noun combinations in their early speech." First Language 39, no. 1 (September 11, 2017): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723717729276.
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In children acquiring various languages, the early mastery of determiners strongly predicts syntactic development. What makes determiners important is not yet clear as there is a linguistic controversy regarding their syntactic behaviour. Some consider determiners to be similar to adjectives and to modify common nouns, while others consider the common nouns their complements. This article aims to find out which of the two basic syntactic operations, complementation or adjunct attribution, children learn when they master determiner–noun combinations in their early speech. Pearson correlations of determiner–nominal combinations with verb–noun combinations and attributive adjective–noun combinations were computed in early two-word-long sentences of a large sample of young English-speaking children. Determiner–nominal combinations were very highly correlated with verb–noun sentences, whereas the correlation with adjective–noun combinations was much lower. It appears that determiner–noun combinations are a type of complementation. When children learn them early, they apparently learn the syntactic principle underlying such combinations which then can be transferred to other syntactic constructions.
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Darlina, Lien. "Derivational affixes in Japanese and Indonesian." Journal of Applied Studies in Language 2, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v2i1.813.
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Japanese and Indonesian seen from morphological typology is an agglutinative language in which the morphological processes are done by affixation, ie by adding prefixes, suffixes and infixes. While the basic sequence sentence structure has a SOV sequence pattern for Japanese and SVO for Indonesian language. The predicate filled by the verb is capable of binding arguments in constructing the clause structure, so that there are verbs with one, two and three arguments, it depends on the type of verb. This study is a preliminary study of Japanese and Indonesian derivative verbs: the study of linguistic typology. The Theory of Linguistic Typology is used to analyze the formation of Japanese and Indonesian derivative verbs in which the verb serves as the core of the predicate to bind the argument in constructing the clause structure. From the perspective of linguistic typology, the results of the analysis show that (1) the basic form of Japanese derivative verb formers are adjectives (keiyoushi) and noun verbs, whereas Indonesian derivative verbs are derived from adjectives, nouns and pre-categorical. (2) The Japanese derivation affixes joining the adjective (keiyoushi) are -める meru, -まるmaru, -がるgaru’, -むmu and which joins the noun verb is -するsuru. While the derivational affix of the Indonesian language that joined the nouns are meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, ber-kan, per-, -i, per-i, per-kan, the affix that joins the adjective are meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, ber-kan, per-, -kan, per-i, dan –i and the affixes that join the pre-categorical are meng-, ter-, ber-, ber-an, -i,-kan.
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Suparno, Darsita, Santje Inneke Iroth, Syifa Fauzia Chairul, and Muhammad Azwar. "Comparative Basic-Words of Standard Arabic Palestinian and Tunisian." Insaniyat: Journal of Islam and Humanities 4, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/insaniyat.v4i2.14509.
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This paper studies comparative linguistics on the process of word-formation that occurs in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Palestinian Arabic (PLS), and Tunisian Arabic (TNS). It is addressed to portray the process of the verb, adjective, and noun formation in three Arabic languages by using Plag’s theory and to identify sameness and contrariness of basic words by using Hock’s theory. This study used 220 of Morris Swadesh's basic vocabulary as the main guidelines for obtaining data. The criteria were adopted to analyze the data were orthographic, sound-change, phonological and morpheme contrast. This research used descriptive qualitative. The source of the data was basic-word vocabulary. The data were gathered by conducting an in-depth interview with five post-graduate students of the Arabic Department at Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta as informants to get information. The data were analyzed by using structural linguistics, especially phonology, morphology, and semantics. This investigation informed several aspects of findings such as processes of cognates, back-formation, phonological variations, prefixes, clipping, derivation, acronym, loanword, blending, and metathesis of MSA, PLS and TNS. Using the Swadesh vocabulary list, the results of this study found 207 vocabularies for each language, such as MSA, Tunisian, and Palestinian. Using word categorization, it has found that these vocabularies have categorized into five words classes, namely, nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, determiner.
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Keon-hee Kim. "The adverb-transformation of ‘adjective+key’ -Focused on the analysis of ((mainly used 'adjective+key')) in the basic Korean dictionary-." Korean Language Research ll, no. 41 (September 2016): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.16876/klrc.2016..41.5.
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Plank, Frans. "Variable direction in zero-derivation and the unity of polysemous lexical items." Word Structure 3, no. 1 (April 2010): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750124510000498.
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The adjective, noun, and verb fett/Fett/fett- ‘fat’ in German are polysemous in each word class. The zero-derivational relationships that hold between them are described. The theoretical points are made (i) that, in cases of polysemy, individual senses rather than lexical items as a whole are involved in zero-derivation, and (ii) that, in this particular case, the direction of derivation differs depending on which of the senses are implicated, going from noun to adjective (substance to contentiveness) or from adjective to noun (dimension to state), and thereby precluding the designation of one lexical classification as basic tout court. The implication of such cases is that, with their individual semantic components so autonomous as to be alternately basic and derived in different morphological oppositions, ‘lexical entries’, categorised in terms of word class, cannot be the integral principal organising units of mental lexicons and dictionaries they are commonly taken to be.
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Berehovenko, Natalia, and Natalia Demchenko. "Peculiarities of use and methods of translation of english adjectives of dimension to denote the general small size (based on the films of the BBC channel “The Blue Planet” and “Life”)." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine 29, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2021.245.
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Aim of investigation. This scientific research aims to describe English adjectives of dimension to denote the general small size and ways to reproduce them in Ukrainian and Russian based on BBC films “The Blue Planet” and “Life”. The main research methods are a complex translation, inductive and deductive methods for generalization of the selected language material and derivation of new provisions on the basis of well-known ones. In addition, the method of continuous sampling was also used – to form the body of the studied material; method of comparative and translation analysis of original texts and translations and contextual analysis; method of linguistic description – for direct study of the phenomenon in the text, systematization and generalization of adjectives of dimension translation features. The scientific novelty of the article is that, despite the significant achievements of domestic and foreign linguistics in the study of English adjectives of dimension, the problem of their field semantics with a fairly wide range of lexical compatibility still remains insufficiently studied. Therefore, this study highlights the problem of adequate translation and selection of a lexical equivalent from a wide range of synonyms that are part of the lexical and semantic group of adjectives of dimension. Also new is the research material – English-language films and their simultaneous interpretation, which we recorded in writing. Conclusions. Thus, adjectives of dimension of the micro field to denote the small overall size such as small, little, tiny, minute, microscopic, miniature, slight are translated in an appropriate way. Unlike other adjectives of dimension of the same micro field, small and tiny are used with a large number of comparative structures. Adjective of dimension small is often combined with collective nouns and words meaning representatives of flora and fauna. In contrast to the above- mentioned adjectives, adjective of dimension tiny has a wider range of equivalents, lexical and grammatical transformations are rarely used in its translation. In addition, the article identifies differences in the structures of the conceptual space of English adjectives of dimension to denote the general small size. Besides this, the basic stylistic and semantic differences between English adjectives of dimension that belong to the same micro field are established. The main methods and translation techniques of the adjectives of dimension to denote the general small size from English into Ukrainian and Russian are determined. The use of such lexical and grammatical transformations in translation as replacement of a word of one part of speech with a word of another (nominalization, adverbialization), lexical (contextual) replacement, semantic development, antonymous translation is mostly noticed.
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Nikonova, Zhanna, Valery Bukharov, and Inna Yastremskaya. "Political Coloring of Adjectives in German Political Discourse." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, Special issue (December 31, 2020): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-si-73-92.
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The article analyzes the functional potential of basic adjective color-coding in modern German political discourse, illustrating cases of its political connotation. Using a variety of linguistic research methods, the authors examine functional peculiarities of color adjectives such as rot, orange, gelb, grün, blau, and violett in German-language texts related to politics. Specific examples show that all these adjectives are politically colored, demonstrating the realization of both traditional and contemporary meanings that reflect modern realities of German socio-political life. The research also reveals the frequency of conveying specific values through the usage of color adjectives in the German political discourse. It is established, for instance, that the most frequent is the color adjective grün, used in non-fiction political texts to designate the political party Die Grünen and shedding some light on its style of governing and the political position of its electorate. Within the political discourse of modern Germany this color designation is also a verbal marker of ecological and environmental concerns as well as the color of hope. The authors also discuss such additional meanings of grün as “extracted from natural sources, renewable” in the phrase grüne Energie and “misleading in terms of environmental effects or environmental influence something causes” in the phrase grün waschen. The second most frequently used basic color meaning in German political dis-course is the color designation rot, traditionally symbolizing blood, terror, revolution, and war, as well as struggle, protest movements, mass demonstrations, and campaigns. It also denotes a specific form of a country’s political system and remains the main color of left-wing parties, expressing adherence to certain political parties and the style of their government. In addition, this color code serves as a strong warning in situations of grave danger and, in texts on political topics, often symbolizes the Russian Federation and everything related to it. The least frequent is the color designation violett, which can express membership in the political party Die Violetten. It is the color of the German public association Aktionsbündnis Amoklauf Winnenden and retains vital importance as a sign of warning in emergency situations (such as natural disasters, etc.). The results of the study contribute new information on the semantic space of color codes to the field of political linguistics and modern German studies, illustrating political connotations of basic color codes in German.
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Kalymon, Yuliia. "ADJECTIVES FOR COLOUR NOMINATION IN SHORT STORIES BY VASYL STEFANYK: A CORPUS-BASED APPROACH." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 11(79) (September 29, 2021): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-11(79)-128-130.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of adjectives that denote tokens for colours in the short stories byVasyl Stefanyk. That is also traditionally considered as one of the manifestations of individual manner of writing and as a marker of the nation’s view of the world. The short stories under study were published during the author’s lifetime and were designed in the corpus of texts. The names of colours perform a special semantic and aesthetic function in the outline of the literary work, and the corpus-based approach and concordance make it possible to comprehensively and holistically analyze this layer of lexicon. The corpus of Vasyl Stefanyk’s literary works comprises 57 short stories published during his lifetime and was created in accordance with the basic requirements for the compilation of text corpora. A comparative analysis of the use of the adjective zhovtyi/yellow with the corpus of contemporary novelists was conducted. The obtained results have made it possible to identify peculiar individual examples of the use of the adjective zhovtyi/yellow by Vasyl Stefanyk and to determine which of the meanings given in the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (SUM) should be placed as the first one when compiling a dictionary article for the dictionary of Vasyl Stefanyk’s literary works.
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Boleda, Gemma, Sabine Schulte im Walde, and Toni Badia. "Modeling Regular Polysemy: A Study on the Semantic Classification of Catalan Adjectives." Computational Linguistics 38, no. 3 (September 2012): 575–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00093.
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We present a study on the automatic acquisition of semantic classes for Catalan adjectives from distributional and morphological information, with particular emphasis on polysemous adjectives. The aim is to distinguish and characterize broad classes, such as qualitative (gran ‘big’) and relational (pulmonar ‘pulmonary’) adjectives, as well as to identify polysemous adjectives such as econòmic (‘economic ∣ cheap’). We specifically aim at modeling regular polysemy, that is, types of sense alternations that are shared across lemmata. To date, both semantic classes for adjectives and regular polysemy have only been sparsely addressed in empirical computational linguistics. Two main specific questions are tackled in this article. First, what is an adequate broad semantic classification for adjectives? We provide empirical support for the qualitative and relational classes as defined in theoretical work, and uncover one type of adjective that has not received enough attention, namely, the event-related class. Second, how is regular polysemy best modeled in computational terms? We present two models, and argue that the second one, which models regular polysemy in terms of simultaneous membership to multiple basic classes, is both theoretically and empirically more adequate than the first one, which attempts to identify independent polysemous classes. Our best classifier achieves 69.1% accuracy, against a 51% baseline.
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DAVIDSE, KRISTIN, TINE BREBAN, and AN VAN LINDEN. "Deictification: the development of secondary deictic meanings by adjectives in the English NP." English Language and Linguistics 12, no. 3 (November 2008): 475–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674308002724.
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In this article we make a case for recognizing deictification as a type of grammaticalization and semantic shift in the NP analogous to auxiliarization in the VP. The specific analogy we point out is between lexical verbs that grammaticalize into secondary auxiliaries bound by the finite, as in is going to, has to + verb, and lexically full adjectives that grammaticalize into postdeterminers bound by the primary determiner, as in a different, the same + noun. We present five case studies of the development of postdeterminer meanings, based on the analysis of diachronic and synchronic data. The adjectives studied are opposite, complete, old, regular and necessary, whose postdeterminer uses relate to the basic deictic systems of space, quantity, time and modality. Our analysis of the data shows that the mechanism of secondary deictification can be given a unified characterization as the semantic shift by which a general relation expressed by the adjective is given a subjective reference point in or relative to the speech event.
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Aryanika, Septa, Ratih Henisah, Dewi Kurniawati, and Is Susanto. "DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES ON JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH FOR ENGLISH EDUCATION." English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris 14, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ee-jtbi.v14i2.10035.
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This study aims to determine the frequency and process of derivational and inflectional morphemes in Joko Widodo's speech at the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. The study used descriptive qualitative analysis methods. The data were analyzed using Fromkin's principle. The data analysis yielded 133 terms made up of derivational and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes accounted for 50.37 percent of all occurrences in this study, while inflectional morphemes accounted for 49.63 percent. The researchers discovered several derivation processes that modify grammatical classes while remaining unchanged, such as noun form, adjective form, verb form, adverb form, adjective form, noun to noun, and adjective to adjective. In this study, five types of Inflectional morphemes were found: -s (plural and third-person singular), -ing (progressive), -ed (past tense), and -er (comparative). Morphemes are an important feature of language so it is important for students to learn in school, especially for language learners. Morphological awareness, which we describe as a basic understanding of the morphemic structure of words, is required of the learner. Finally, the implications of this research will be an inspiration for further research in morphological processing, especially regarding derivational and inflectional morphemes.
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Kovshova, M. L. "Semantics of Adjective 'radostny' and Conceptualization of the Emotional Evaluation." Critique and Semiotics 39, no. 1 (2021): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2021-1-159-175.
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The article deals with the development and modification of the emotional evaluation of the adjective radostny (English – joyful) in terms of conceptualisation of emotions. The paper includes the comparison of its dictionary definitions, etymological data and interpretation in terms of emotional evaluation. Special attention is paid to the processes of conceptualisation of emotional evaluation by means of the extension of the adjective denotation sphere, denotative shift from perceptible objects to invisible objects, from form to content. As a result, the adjective radostny receives intellectual and aesthetic shades of meaning. The denotative shift referring to negative denotation modifies the dominant category feature – a positive evaluation component. It leads to the weakening and neutralization of the positive evaluation. The analysis of use, as applied to the examples in the Russian National Corpus, verifies the basic characteristics of emotional evaluation (subjectivity and uncertainty) and helps to identify its important characteristics (communicativeness, efficiency, attractiveness). The study takes into account the forms of objectification of radostny evaluation, time factor and typical genres.
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Asanova, Zera. "The origins of theoretical comprehension of adjective as a part of speech." Litera, no. 12 (December 2020): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.12.34393.
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The subject of this article is the examination theoretical approaches towards studying adjective as a part of speech, since the description of this lexical and grammatical group in the Crimean Tatar linguistics is incomplete. The aim goal consists in tracing the origins of theoretical comprehension of adjective as an independent part of speech. This linguistic research is based on the descriptive method. Methodological framework is comprised of the fundamental writing of prominent scholars: O. Jespersen, A. Potebnja, V. V. Vinogradov, A. M. Shcherbak, D. N. Shmelyov, and others. As a result, it was determined that the the word is attributed to a particular part of speech is in accordance with the scripted rules introduced by the linguists in the past. Languages and methods of their research have undergone significant changes. Accentuation of adjective among the parts of speech was related to the logical separation of the characteristic of thing from itself, on the level of understanding self-sufficiency of the characteristic as an empirical phenomenon, and the existence of special adjective words as names of quality. The acquired results and materials can be applied in basic and specialized educational courses on theoretical and practical grammar of the modern Crimean Tatar language in the section of “Morphology”.
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Hafidz, Mutaallim, Fahmi Reza Alfani, La Mahidin, Yuana Dwi Agustin, and Damon Wicaksi. "FUNGSI ADJEKTIVA KOMPARATIF DALAM BAHASA MADURA DIALEK KANGEAN DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI MASYARAKAT KANGEAN: KAJIAN PRAGMATIK [The Function of Comparative Adjectives in Kangean Dialect of Madurese Language and its Impact]." TOTOBUANG 9, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/ttbng.v9i2.299.
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Comparative adjectives of Kangean Dialect of Madurese Language (KDML) are the basic adjectives that has A+D+(-an) stucture or lebbi. This study explored the function of comparative adjectives in KDML and its impact for the Kangean community. The theories used to explore and determine the comparative adjective function are descriptive and pragmatic theories. The research is a qualitative research. The method used in this research is the participatory observation method. The data were obtained from interviews with the dialect speakers by voice recording and field note-taking. Besides, researchers used the introspectiveve method (reflective-introspection method). The data that has been collected were transcribed into written form of orthographic transcription, then translated and classified according to its function. The method applied for analyzing the data are equivalent and distributional method. Meanwhile, the methods used for displaying the results of data analysis are informal and formal steps. The results showed that in KDML, there are several functions of comparative adjectives, namely to motivate, praise, admonish, command, insinuate, advise, criticize and accuse. Meanwhile, the impact of adjective utterances, people become more optimistic, comfortable, easy to appreciate, entertained, strong, cautious, deterred, and humble. Adjektiva komparatif bahasa Madura dialek Kangean (BMDK) merupakan adjektiva dasar yang memiliki struktur A+D+(-an) atau lebbi. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi fungsi adjektiva komparatif dalam BMDK dan dampaknya bagi komunitas Kangean. Teori yang digunakan untuk menggali dan menentukan fungsi adjektiva komparatif adalah teori deskriptif dan pragmatik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi partisipatif. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan penutur dialek Kangean melalui rekaman dan catatan lapangan. Selain itu, peneliti menggunakan metode introspektif (metode reflektif-introspekturis). Data yang sudah terkumpul ditranskrip ke dalam bentuk tulisan dengan transkripsi ortografis, kemudian diterjemahkan dan diklasifikasikan sesuai fungsinya. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data adalah metode ekuivalen dan metode agih dan metode yang digunakan untuk menampilkan hasil analisis data adalah langkah-langkah formal dan nonformal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam BMDK terdapat beberapa fungsi adjektiva komparatif yakni untuk memotivasi, memuji, menegur, memerintah, menyindir, menasihati, mencela dan menuduh. Sedangkan dampaknya adalah masyarakat lebih optimis, peka, mudah menghargai, terhibur, kuat, berhati-hati, jera, dan rendah diri.
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Agajie, Berhanu Asaye. "SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF ADJECTIVE, ADVERB AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES OF AWGNI." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 23, no. 2 (September 14, 2020): 368–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v23i2.2527.
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The objective of this study is to agree to a logical inspection of syntactic structures of Awgni Adjective, Adverb and Preposition Phrases. The article attempts descriptive research design. Through purposive sampling, 12 texts were selected. Six informants (tree females and three males) were involved in group discussion to crosscheck these data. The scheme of data analysis employed in this study was x-bar syntax. Results indicated that Awgni Adjective, Adverb and Preposition Phrases were pending in a variety of head, complement, specifier and adjunct utterances. The Selections of complement, adjunct, and specifier in between phrases were to some extent syntactically similar. The study showed that syntactic structures have dominance, and precedence relationships. Finally, the study recommended a further research on some basic properties of Awgni labeling algorisms.
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Kroner, Daryl G., Ronald R. Holden, and John R. Reddon. "Validity of the Basic Personality Inventory in a Correctional Setting." Assessment 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107319119700400204.
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This study investigates the validity of the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI) with a sample of 101 adult male offenders in a medium security institution. The criterion measures consisted of self-ratings (i.e., bipolar dimensional and adjective ratings), correctional officer ratings, and institutional adjustment (i.e., contact with medical staff, verbal warnings, institutional charges, days segregated, and cell maintenance). The majority of the scales corresponded well to the self-ratings. The Denial, Persecutory Ideation, Anxiety, and Thinking Disorder scales had poor convergent and discriminant validity with the correctional officer ratings. Interpersonal Problems, Alienation, and Impulse Expression scales predicted behavioral adjustment indexes. The results are summarized in relation to the higher order factors of emotional adjustment, antisocial orientation, cognitive functioning, and social or self-perception. Overall, the BPI scales adequately measure psychopathology and adjustment within a correctional setting.
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Kusuma, Invandri, and Moh Khoirul Anam. "JAVANESE ADJECTIVE INTENSIFIER DIPHTHONG IN PONOROGO: GENERATIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL PHONOLOGY STUDY." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v13i2.106750.
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Intensifying words commonly use word like very, absolutely, etc. However, Javanese people not only use the words but also change the sound of the word. This study aims to examine the diphthong pattern of the adjective intensifier in Javanese in Ponorogo. The pattern was examined using the Transformational Generative Phonology to describe the phonological rules of adjective intensifiers. The number of the data was 65 of the most commonly used adjective words. When collecting data, the techniques used were random sampling by taking 35 informants from five districts in Ponorogo. The literature and note-taking technique functions to document the speech of the speaker, while to analyze the data the distributional method is used. The results of the study found that the patterns of diphthong sound are [ua], [uə], [ue], [uɛ], [uo], [uɔ], [ui] and [ɔu]. The diphthongs are divided into three types based on the classification of basic vocal sounds that undergo phonological changes, namely ascending, centering and descending. The vowel phoneme /u/ becomes the underlying to express the 'intensifying' nature into all the vowels afterwards, while the allophonic vowel [ɔ] is more accepted as variations of the phoneme /u/ to 'intensify' when appearing before the sound [u] because they have the distinctive features [α back] and [β round]. This study also revealed that sound insertion happened only in the first syllable of a word. Keywords: Javanese Language, transformational generative, diphtong, adjective
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M.I., Boichuk. "CONVERSION AND COMPOUND MODELS OF RELIGIOUS VOCABULARY FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-3.
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The article outlines the concept of “conversion”, which is defined as an affixless, derivational way of word formation, in which a new word formed from another part of the language does not acquire an external word-forming rearrangement. The concept of “word formation” has also been analyzed and the phonetic component of compounds of religious vocabulary characterized. The structural classification has been distinguished taking into account the structure of compoundings. It has been found that among the layer of religious vocabulary derivational connections of conversion occur between two, three or more words, and the main ways of direction of this process have been identified. Five main models of conversion of lexical units of the religious sphere have been determined, such as: Noun – Verb, which further is divided into three categories, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. The process of substantivization of religious vocabulary as a variant of conversion has also been analyzed. Under substantivization we understand the process of changing the paradigm of the basic word and a part of speech. Analysis of religious vocabulary shows that the transition is from adjectives to nouns, the first acquires the characteristic features of the latter.The article presents an analysis of religious vocabulary based on the dictionary of O. O. Azarov “Comprehensive English-Russian dictionary of religious terminology” which allows to identify such productive models of word formation of religious vocabulary in English: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle. These models are most actively involved in the creation of religious vocabulary in English, as they have the largest number of words in their structure. Compounds of religious lexis are divided into root compounds and compound derivatives, the structural integrity of which allows to distinguish them from phrases. Considering the components of compound words, the main element can be both the first and second part. According to the relationship between the components, compounds are divided into endocentric and exocentric types. The first is expressed by a compound word, the meaning of which is derived from the sum of the meanings of the compound’s components, the latter includes complex words, the meaning of which is not determined by any of its constituent elements. Among the layer of religious vocabulary of the English language we distinguish the following endocentric models: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N and exocentric models: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Key words:compounding, endocentric and exocentric compound words, substantivization, conversion. У статті обґрунтовано поняття «конверсія», яке визначається як безафіксальний, дериваційний спосіб словотвору, за якого нове слово, що утворюється з іншої частини мови, не набуває зовнішньої словотвірної перебудови. Також у роботі проаналізовано поняття «словоскладання», охарактеризовано фонетичний складник композитів релігійної лексики та виділено структурну класифікацію з урахуванням структури композитів складених слів. З’ясовано, що серед пласту релігійної лексики конверсивні дериваційні зв’язки відбуваються між двома, трьома та більшою кількістю слів, та визначено основні способи спрямованості цього процесу. Виділяємо п’ять основних моделей конверсії лексичних одиниць релігійної сфери: Noun – Verb, яка своєю чергою поділяється на три категорії, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. Також проаналізовано процес субстантивації релігійної лексики як варіант конверсії. Під субстантивацією розуміємо процес зміни парадигми твірного слова й частини мови. Аналіз релігійної лексики показує, що перехід відбувається від прикметників у іменники, прикметник набуває характерних ознак іменника. У статті представлено аналіз релігійної лексики на основі словника О.О. Азарова «Большой англо-русский словарь религиозной лексики», який дає змогу виокремити такі продуктивні моделі словоскладання релігійної лексики в англійській мові: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle.Ці моделі беруть найактивнішу участь у творенні релігійної лексики в англійській мові, оскільки налічують найбільшу кількість слів у своїй структурі. Композити релігійної лексики поділяються на власне складні та склад-нопохідні, структурна цілісність яких дозволяє відмежувати їх від словосполучень. Щодо компонентів складних слів, то головним елементом може бути як перша, так і друга частина. Відповідно до відносин між компонентами складні слова поділяються на ендоцентричний та екзоцентричний типи. Перший виражається складним словом, значення якого виводиться із суми значень компонентів композита, до останнього відносяться складні слова, значення яких не визначається жодним із його складових елементів. Серед пласту релігійної лексики англійської мови виокремлюємо такі ендоцентричні моделі: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N та екзоцентричні моделі: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Ключові слова:словоскладання, ендоцентричні та екзоцентричні складні слова, субстантивація, конверсія.
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권영성. "A basic study about the semantics description of a beginner's adjective seen in a Japanese dictionary." Japanese Language and Literature Association of Daehan ll, no. 57 (February 2013): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18631/jalali.2013..57.010.
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Kobczenko, Natalia. "Сфера поширення напівпредикативного синтаксичного зв’язку." Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia 6 (April 20, 2018): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7865.
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The paper deals with the analysis of syntactic connection between unattached phrases (with characterizing semantics, but without detailing semantics) and the structure of the basic sentence. The author proves that various structural-semantic types of unattached phrases have diff erent grammatical ways of connection with the basic sentence. The semipredicative syntactic connection occurs between an unattached component of properlyattribute semantics and any substantive of the basic sentence. Unattached adverbial modifiers and also unattached attributes of attribute-adverbial semantics and unattached appositions of characterizing-adverbial semantics join the predicative centre of the basic sentence with the determinative subordinate syntactic connection. And the syntactic connection in sentences with an unattached adjective component of dual-predicate (predicative attribute, duplexes) is a transitional between unitary and dual types.
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Greene, Steven B., and Gail McKoon. "Telling Something we can't Know: Experimental Approaches to Verbs Exhibiting Implicit Causality." Psychological Science 6, no. 5 (September 1995): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00509.x.
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An interpersonal verb such as annoy or admire can be categorized according to whether its grammatical subject or grammatical object initiates the interaction described by the verb Such a verb can also be categorized according to whether a derived adjective describes its grammatical subject (e g, annoying) or its grammatical object (e g, admirable) Although there has been much speculation (e g, Brown & Fish, 1983) that these and other characteristics of these verbs shed light on basic principles of human social interaction, we argue that research to date has failed to demonstrate directly any real-time consequences of these verbs during language comprehension We present evidence that the initiating-reacting distinction predicts on-line changes in the accessibility of these verbs' arguments, but that the existence of a derived adjective does not We conclude that tasks that question subjects explicitly about language may fail to reflect the ordinary processes of language comprehension
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Gerhalter, Katharina, and Stefan Koch. "Adverbials with Adjectival Basis in Brazilian Portuguese and Their Frequency in Spoken and Written Language." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.12.
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Adverbials with Adjectival Basis in Brazilian Portuguese and Their Frequency in Spoken and Written Language. The present paper focuses on the use of adverbs with an adjectival lexical base in spoken and written present-day Brazilian Portuguese. We compare the frequencies of three different types of adverbials: adverbs in mente (e.g. absolutamente), adjective-adverbs (e.g. alto in falar alto ‘speak loudly’) and prepositional phrases with adjectives as the post-prepositional element (e.g. de novo), the latter being the main focus of this study. The analysis is based on the Discurso & Gramática-corpus, which consists of oral interviews of 170 informants and their written texts on the same topic as the one in the interviews. The data shows that prepositional phrases are less frequent (in terms of type and token frequency) than adjective-adverbs and adverbs ending in mente. Regarding the difference between spoken and written language, adverbs in mente occur remarkably more often in written texts while adjective-adverbs are more frequent in spoken language. Prepositional phrases, instead, occur equally in both codes. Finally, we draw the conclusion that prepositional phrases form a small but stable inventory of lexicalised forms, which are not marked for any code.
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Kishimoto, Hideki. "On the grammaticalization of Japanese verbal negative marker." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 34, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 65–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2018-0005.
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Abstract In Japanese, the verbal negative marker nai appears in both negated verbs (as a sentential negator) and compound negative adjectives (as an affix). Negative nai used as a sentential negator is a syntactically independent word devoid of adjectival properties despite its adjectival inflection, whereas negative nai appearing in negative adjectives is a derivational affix. On the basis of idiomatic expressions, the present article argues that the lexical word nai ‘null, empty’ has developed into the affix nai while retaining its lexical properties via morphologization. On the other hand, the functional negator nai is argued to have emerged from the same lexical word nai via decategorialization, which induces a shift from a lexical to a functional category. The analysis taking the two uses of nai to trace back to the common source of the lexical negative adjective word nai provides a natural account for why nai has these two totally different uses.
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Luraghi, Silvia. "Basic valency orientation and the middle voice in Hittite." Studies in Language 36, no. 1 (May 14, 2012): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.36.1.01lur.
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This paper discusses basic valency orientation in Hittite, based on the typology proposed in Nichols et al. (2004). Verb pairs usually employed to test basic valency indicate the clearly transitivizing character of this language; a closer scrutiny of intransitive verbs further reveals the existence of a three-fold distinction featuring two intransitive verbs, a basic stative one (or an adjective), and an overtly marked intransitive change-of-state, in addition to a transitive counterpart overtly marked as causative. The high productivity of causative derivation is shown by the fact that morphologically marked causatives are not only derived from stative verbs, but also from telic intransitives and from transitive verbs. In the case of telic intransitive verbs, a minor pattern is also attested, whereby valency alternation is encoded through voice alternation, with intransitive forms inflected in the middle voice and transitive forms in the active. Since neither voice can be considered to be derived with respect to the other, verbs that display this behavior are indeterminate as to basic valency orientation. In spite of the limited extent to which voice indicates valency alternation, this finding becomes more significant when set into the framework of valency alternation in the early Indo-European languages, and sheds some light (or raises more questions) on the original function of the Hittite and of the Indo-European middle voice, a typologically puzzling category.
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Antonova, Marina B. "The Cognitive Aspect of English Polysemantic Adjectives." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, no. 1 (2021): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-1-15-29.
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This paper presents an analysis of the deep language factors that predetermine polysemy of English adjectives denoting moral and mental qualities of human beings. In line with a well-established point of view in cognitive linguistics, this study treats the semantics of a word as a two-level phenomenon possessing the semantic (external) level and the conceptual (internal) level. Given polysemy belongs to the external level, this study aims to reveal the internal language factor allowing for umbrella adjectives to develop meanings of moral and mental qualities. This is the first research that has analyzed English adjectives from this perspective; it is proposed to unearth the deep language foundation of polysemy by modeling the conceptual foundation of polysemantic adjectives, which is undertaken via analysis of their etymological data. The choice of the adjectives encoding moral and mental qualities is substantiated by the following reasons: first, these words name the major human characteristics, whose recognition and verbalization can be traced back to the Pre-Old English period; second, they denote abstract qualities unperceivable by senses but estimated due to their indirect manifestation in individuals’ judgments, conduct and activity; third, since these adjectives convey evaluation of the quality, they reflect cultural axiological standards. The findings show that the semantics of the English adjectives in question is governed by a certain set of conceptual metaphors. The commonality of the adjectives’ conceptual basis seems to be the internal language factor that accounts for polysemy, i.e. an ability for an adjective to comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics. In addition, the results demonstrate that the unearthed concepts form oppositions, namely, LIFE - DEATH, MOTION - STILLNESS, FRIEND - FOE. The opposed concepts are endowed with the positive or negative value that appears to determine the evaluative meaning of the adjectives. Besides, the research has shown that, while participating in the formation of adjectival semantics, the concepts can demonstrate ambiguous value, which enables a concept to underlie both the positive and negative evaluative meanings of an adjective; therefore, an adjective may comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics that are opposite in their evaluation.
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Spahiu, Isa, and Edita Kamberi Spahiu. "CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN ADJECTIVES." International Journal of Applied Language Studies and Culture 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34301/alsc.v2i1.14.
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Language is a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. Learning a foreign language is never easy especially when we try to express our thought, opinions, feelings and ideas from mother language to target language. Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a “world language” or “lingua franca’. While it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language. Since English language is taught as foreign language in our country learning its grammar is still challenging. Proper grammar is essential for learning and comprehending the second language knowing that grammar is a guide how language should be written and spoken. As basic Grammar deals with parts of speech this paper will concentrate on adjective both in English and Albanian their formation, function, degree, order and semantic classification. This seminar paper deals with contrastive analyses of English and Albanian adjectives and aims at describing and analyzing similarities and differences that exist between them. The methodology of the study is descriptive and contrastive. Even though the English and Albanian languages belong to the Indo-European family they do share similarities and differences both in morphological and syntactical terms.
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Wang, Li, and Fei Pei. "Types and Features of Noun Phrase in Chinese Scholars’ Abstracts." International Journal of English Linguistics 5, no. 6 (November 30, 2015): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v5n6p84.
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<p>Noun phrases, as the basic components of sentences, carry large amounts of information. Based on corpus-based research method, this study aims to explore the use of nouns in the journal abstracts written by Chinese scholars. Statistically significant difference was found in the noun <em>effect</em> between Chinese scholars’ dissertation abstracts (CSDA) and English-speaking scholars’ dissertation abstracts (ESDA), so <em>effect </em>was chosen as an example word throughout the research. The results show that (1) Chinese scholars tend to use more simple noun phrases while international journal scholars are inclined to use complex noun phrases in their articles. (2) As for the use of the colligation <em>adjective+effect, </em>Chinese scholars are likely to use synonyms or to replace the more appropriate adjectives, which cause non-native expressions. (3) As for the colligation of <em>effect+preposition</em>, <em>in </em>is most frequently used by Chinese scholars, but seem to be untypical to the international journal scholars. The study found that interlingual transfer (mother tongue transfer) and intralingual transfer appear to be the main causes of these discrepancies.</p>
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Lovrović, Leonarda, and Anita Pavić Pintarić. "Transfer in the use of intensifiers." Journal for Foreign Languages 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vestnik.11.103-118.
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This paper investigates transfer in the use of English intensifiers by Croatian students of English. Since transfer is an important factor in second language acquisition and is very common in different areas of language use, it has been the subject of various studies. In this paper, we focus on lexical transfer investigating its effects on the use of intensifiers among first-year undergraduate university students of English at Zadar University, Croatia. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to examine whether there is a connection between the use of intensifiers in L2 and L1, i.e. whether the knowledge of intensifiers in L1 Croatian influences learners' use or knowledge of intensifiers in L2 English. Intensity is a basic human cognitive category and has an important function in communication. Specifically, the speaker expresses emotions or an attitude towards a topic using intensifiers. Furthermore, intensifiers are used in different collocations modifying adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. However, this study focuses only on intensifiers that appear in adverb-adjective collocations, and their use is observed in a relatively large group of language learners at a single point in time. Relevant data are collected using questionnaires as well as cloze-tests and translation tasks which focus on semantics and collocation.
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TRIBUSHININA, ELENA, and WILLEM M. MAK. "Three-year-olds can predict a noun based on an attributive adjective: evidence from eye-tracking." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 2 (April 24, 2015): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000173.
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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates whether three-year-olds are able to process attributive adjectives (e.g., softpillow) as they hear them and to predict the noun (pillow) on the basis of the adjective meaning (soft). This was investigated in an experiment by means of the Visual World Paradigm. The participants saw two pictures (e.g., a pillow and a book) and heard adjective–noun combinations, where the adjective was either informative (e.g., soft) or uninformative (e.g., new) about the head-noun. The properties described by the target adjectives were not visually apparent. When the adjective was uninformative, the looks at the target increased only upon hearing the noun. When the adjective was informative, however, the looks at the target increased upon hearing the adjective. Three-year-olds were as fast as adult controls in predicting the upcoming noun. We conclude that toddlers process adjective–noun phrases incrementally and can predict the noun based on the prenominal adjective.
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Van Whitlock, Rod, and Bernard Lubin. "Psychometric Properties of the Grade 4 Reading Level Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised with Offenders." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 2 (April 1998): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.2.551.
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The reliability and validity of the Grade 4 reading level Multiple Affect Adjective Check List was assessed with offenders in four settings within the criminal justice system. With the exception of the Sensation Seeking Scale, the MAACL-R4 scales showed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability and adequate convergent and discriminant validity, but not for the Depression scale for 53 female arrestees and the Hostility scale with 51 male arrestees. Correlations with self-ratings of health and stress and with the Family Environment scales were in expected directions. It is concluded that the MAACL-R4 has the basic qualities necessary for use in research with offenders.
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Mulyono and Agus Subiyanto. "Productivity of New Indonesian Vocabulary in the Pandemic Time of Covid-19." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 02029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131702029.
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The phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic has caused many problems, starting from the health, economic, and socio-cultural field. However, in the field of language, the outbreak of Covid-19 has actually increased the productivity of the new Indonesian vocabulary. The rapid and massive development of Covid-19 to many countries has made the public and the government panic. Covid-19 has become the central topic of mass media coverage and various new terms/vocabularies are widely used. This study aims to describe the productivity of Indonesian’s new vocabulary during the Covid-19 pandemic, its category classification, frequency of use, and the factors that cause its emergence. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Data collection was done by observation method with note-taking technique. Data analysis used the intralingual equivalent method. The results showed that the productivity of new vocabulary during the Covid-19 pandemic was in the form of basic words, affixed words, abbreviations/acronyms, compound words, and phrases. Based on the category, the new vocabulary is in the form of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns. Based on the frequency of use, the most consecutive are nominal phrases, verbal phrases, and adjective phrases. The factors causing the emergence of Indonesian’s new vocabulary were extraordinary events related to the outbreak of Covid-19, the influence of foreign languages, and community creativity.
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Assaf, Dan, Yochai Cohen, Marcel Danesi, and Yair Neuman. "Opposition theory and computational semiotics." Sign Systems Studies 43, no. 2/3 (November 30, 2015): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2015.43.2-3.01.
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Opposition theory suggests that binary oppositions (e.g., high vs. low) underlie basic cognitive and linguistic processes. However, opposition theory has never been implemented in a computational cognitive-semiotics model. In this paper, we present a simple model of metaphor identification that relies on opposition theory. An algorithm instantiating the model has been tested on a data set of 100 phrases comprising adjective-noun pairs in which approximately a half represent metaphorical language-use (e.g., dark thoughts) and the rest literal language-use (e.g., dark hair). The algorithm achieved 89% accuracy in metaphor identification and illustrates the relevance of opposition theory for modelling metaphor processing.
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Sazonova, Ya Yu. "Semantics of privativity as a reflection of modern Ukrainian socio-political realia." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 70 (3) (2021): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2021.3.08.
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The article aims to analyse the mechanisms of semantic shifts in nominative phrases with the attribute a privative adjective, or in their synonymous constructions, which name the realia of the modern political map of Ukraine. A method of proving the communicative influence of these nominations on delegitimizing the opponent is proposed. The object of the study is the names of the temporarily occupied territories of Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Ukraine and their representatives, elements of state formation, etc. Linguistic pragmatics with elements of logical semantics and discourse analysis became the theoretical and methodological basis of this work. In particular, the analysis bases on the theory of «double content» and the analysis of the Qualia structures of selected nominations, as well as the linguistic analysis of the discursive strategy of delegitimization of the opponent. We conclude that the use of privative adjectives and their equivalents restructures the semantic basis of the head-noun at the level of intentional meaning, namely, it does not deny the existence of these realia, but their ability to stand in line with other denotations of the nomination республіка, because the functional component undergoes constant semantic changes; the formal component is situationally restructured; the constitutive component does not change. The basic AdjprivN фейкова республіка and synonymous nominations, as well as derivative nominations of related realia, are communicatively aimed at delegitimizing the opponent and are widely used in official communication and in the media. Under the conditions of political uncertainty of the status of these formations and hybrid war, which poses a significant threat to the statehood of Ukraine, the use of AdjprivN prevents speakers from unconscious shifts of axiological accents and / or allows to recognize manipulations.
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Petrov, А. V. "CORRELATION OF THE DERIVATIVES WITH COMPOSITES, DEVELOPING THE FEATURE OF SIMILARITY." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Philological sciences 6(72), no. 1 (2020): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1679-2020-6-1-137-160.
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The article examines the semantic structure of simple adjectives with the suffix -at- (-ат-) in their relationship with single-root composites visible, —vidnij, -obraznij, podobnij (-видный, -образный, подобный) developing the meaning of similarity. The card file of linguistic facts was compiled on the basis of the «Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language», «The Dictionary of the Russian Language» in 4 volumes and the internet resources. Mono- and polysemic adjectives were selected with the suffix —at— (-ат-), which is combined with 28 bases. Derivation paradigms are formed, which include adjectives with the suffix -at- (-ат-) and single-root composites with suffixes of -vidnij, -obraznij, podobnij (-видный, -образный, подобный), integrable by one or another basis. Derivatives with the suffix —at— (-ат-) comprise seven fourmembered paradigms with composites. Based on internet resources, in each derivational paradigm, compatible series of adjectives were formed, in which the number of adjective actors varies. The maximum number of lexical distributors was recorded in a paradigm with the basics of tarelk— (тарелк-) and shishk— (шишк-). Name distributors are included in various thematic groups. The compatibility analysis of single-root lexical units is intended to reveal certain semantic nuances in the transmission of the attribute of an object and answer the question of whether adjective composites with a similarity value are doublets. Thus, the leading study is the valency analysis.
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Grashchenkov, P., and E. Lyutikova. "Adjectives in typology and linguistic theory: Semantics, distribution, derivation." Rhema, no. 4, 2018 (2018): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2018-4-9-33.
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The paper discusses major theoretical issues concerning the adjectival category in both intralinguistic and crosslinguistic aspects. The basic semantic oppositions in the system of property-denoting lexical items are revealed; grammatical categories characteristic for adjectives are identified, generalizations on the syntactic distribution of adjectives are drawn. Special attention is paid to the issue of the structural position of adjectives and adjectival phrases within nominals.