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Journal articles on the topic 'Basic catalysis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Zhao, Xiaodan, and Lihao Liao. "Modern Organoselenium Catalysis: Opportunities and Challenges." Synlett 32, no. 13 (May 11, 2021): 1262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1506-5532.

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AbstractOrganoselenium catalysis has attracted increasing interest in recent years. This Cluster highlights recent key advances in this area regarding the functionalization of alkenes, alkynes, and arenes by electrophilic selenium catalysis, selenonium salt catalysis, selenium-based chalcogen-bonding catalysis, and Lewis basic selenium catalysis. These achievements might inspire and help future research.1 Introduction2 Electrophilic Selenium Catalysis3 Selenonium Salt Catalysis4 Selenium-Based Chalcogen-Bond Catalysis5 Lewis Basic Selenide Catalysis6 Conclusion

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2

Журавлева, М. В., and Г. Ю. Климентова. "CATALYTIC SYSTEMS OF BASIC PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 3(37) (June 30, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2021.37.3.006.

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Доля каталитических процессов в нефтехимической промышленности ежегодно возрастает. Более 70% разнообразных химических процессов протекают в присутствии катализаторов, в мировой технологии их доля составляет около 90%. Это связано с расширением функциональных возможностей современных катализаторов. Начиная от повышения эффективности и экологичности производства, расширения номенклатуры товарной продукции, получения продуктов с заданными свойствами, до упрощения технологий в некоторых случаях. Кроме этого использование катализаторов существенно определяет уровень энергетических, капитальных и материальных затрат, новизну технологий и их конкурентоспособность. В связи с этим совершенствование индустрии катализаторов и технологий с их использованием относятся к перспективным задачам развития химического и нефтехимического комплексов мировых промышленных лидеров. В числе приоритетных направлений катализа рассматриваются нанокатализ, катализ в сверхкритических растворителях, катализ ионными жидкостями. Основными инструментами совершенствования катализаторов являются модифицирование состава и дизайн структуры. Это определяет обновление ассортимента и рост рынка катализаторов. Последние годы отличаются интенсивностью научных исследований в сфере разработки и изучения катализаторов различных процессов. С целью обобщения информации по разработкам каталитических систем для основных крупнотоннажных нефтехимических процессов подготовлена данная обзорная статья. Систематизированы сведения исследований состава, структуры, способов приготовления, эффективности новых катализаторов процессов гидрирования, дегидрирования, алкилирования, окисления и полимеризации, которые широко применяются в промышленности органического и нефтехимического синтеза. Для разных процессов проведено сравнение новых и используемых катализаторов по критериям экологичности, регенерируемости, а также по выходу и характеристике целевых продуктов. The share of catalytic processes in the petrochemical industry is growing every year. More than 70% of various chemical processes take place in the presence of catalysts; their share in world technology is about 90%. This is due to the expansion of the functionality of modern catalysts. Starting from increasing the efficiency and environmental friendliness of production, expanding the range of commercial products, obtaining products with desired properties, to simplifying technologies in some cases. In addition, the use of catalysts significantly determines the level of energy, capital and material costs, the novelty of technologies and their competitiveness. In this regard, the improvement of the industry of catalysts and technologies with their use are among the promising tasks of the development of chemical and petrochemical complexes of world industrial leaders. Nanocatalysis, catalysis in supercritical solvents, and ionic liquid catalysis are considered among the priority areas of catalysis. The main tools for improving catalysts are composition modification and structure design. This determines the renewal of the assortment and the growth of the catalyst market. Recent years have been distinguished by the intensity of scientific research in the development and study of catalysts for various processes. In order to generalize information on the development of catalytic systems for the main large-scale petrochemical processes, this review article has been prepared. The data of studies of the composition, structure, preparation methods, efficiency of new catalysts for the processes of hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, alkylation, oxidation and polymerization, which are widely used in the industry of organic and petrochemical synthesis, are systematized. For different processes, a comparison was made between new and used catalysts in terms of environmental friendliness, regenerability, as well as the yield and characteristics of target products.

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3

Hattori, Hideshi. "Heterogeneous Basic Catalysis." Chemical Reviews 95, no. 3 (May 1995): 537–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00035a005.

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4

Trunschke, Annette, Giulia Bellini, Maxime Boniface, Spencer J. Carey, Jinhu Dong, Ezgi Erdem, Lucas Foppa, et al. "Towards Experimental Handbooks in Catalysis." Topics in Catalysis 63, no. 19-20 (October 6, 2020): 1683–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-020-01380-2.

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AbstractThe “Seven Pillars” of oxidation catalysis proposed by Robert K. Grasselli represent an early example of phenomenological descriptors in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Major advances in the theoretical description of catalytic reactions have been achieved in recent years and new catalysts are predicted today by using computational methods. To tackle the immense complexity of high-performance systems in reactions where selectivity is a major issue, analysis of scientific data by artificial intelligence and data science provides new opportunities for achieving improved understanding. Modern data analytics require data of highest quality and sufficient diversity. Existing data, however, frequently do not comply with these constraints. Therefore, new concepts of data generation and management are needed. Herein we present a basic approach in defining best practice procedures of measuring consistent data sets in heterogeneous catalysis using “handbooks”. Selective oxidation of short-chain alkanes over mixed metal oxide catalysts was selected as an example.

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5

Cortés-Ortiz, William G., and Carlos A. Guerrero-Fajardo. "Guiding questions for the synthesis of catalyst and its application in selective catalytic oxidation reactions." Applied Chemical Engineering 5, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/ace.v5i1.1451.

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This paper presents a brief history of catalysis, as well as the processes of selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the basic concepts involved in heterogeneous catalysis are mentioned, emphasizing the role of catalytic materials in chemical oxidation processes and posing a series of guiding questions to be followed when approaching a process catalyzed by solid materials. In the same way, the methods of synthesis of catalysts known in the literature as sol-gel and impregnation are shown, identifying the influence of each stage of preparation with the physical and chemical properties of the materials. Finally, a case study applied to the selective catalytic oxidation of methane and methanol using iron, molybdenum, and vanadium catalytic materials synthesized by the sol-gel method is presented.

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6

Cortés-Ortiz, William Giovann, and Carlos A. Guerrero-Fajardo. "Guiding questions for catalyst synthesis and use in selective catalytic oxidation reactions." Applied Chemical Engineering 5, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/ace.v5i2.1636.

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This paper presents a brief history of catalysis, as well as of the processes of selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the basic concepts involved in heterogeneous catalysis are mentioned, emphasizing the role of catalytic materials in chemical oxidation processes and posing a series of guiding questions to be followed when approaching a process catalyzed by solid materials. In the same way, the methods of synthesis of catalysts called in the literature as sol-gel and impregnation are shown, identifying the influence of each stage of preparation with the physical and chemical properties of the materials. Finally, a case study applied to the selective catalytic oxidation of methane and methanol using iron, molybdenum and vanadium catalytic materials synthesized by the sol-gel method is presented.

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7

Carlucci, Claudia, Michael Andresini, Leonardo Degennaro, and Renzo Luisi. "Benchmarking Acidic and Basic Catalysis for a Robust Production of Biofuel from Waste Cooking Oil." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9121050.

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The production of biodiesel at the industrial level is mainly based on the use of basic catalysts. Otherwise, also acidic catalysis allowed high conversion and yields, as this method is not affected by the percentage of free fatty acids present in the starting sample. This work has been useful in assessing the possible catalytic pathways in the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), starting from different cooking waste oil mixtures, exploring particularly acidic catalysis. It was possible to state that the optimal experimental conditions required concentrated sulfuric acid 20% w/w as a catalyst, a reaction time of twelve hours, a temperature of 85 °C and a molar ratio MeOH/oil of 6:1. The role of silica in the purification method was also explored. By evaluating the parameters, type of catalyst, temperature, reaction time and MeOH/oil molar ratios, it has been possible to develop a robust method for the production of biodiesel from real waste mixtures with conversions up to 99%.

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8

Zhou, Zheng-Wei, and Guang-Can Guo. "Basic limitations for entanglement catalysis." Physics Letters A 277, no. 2 (November 2000): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(00)00701-5.

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9

Hattori, H. "Catalysis by basic metal oxides." Materials Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 5-6 (January 1988): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0254-0584(88)90021-1.

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10

HATTORI, H. "ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Basic Catalysis." ChemInform 26, no. 37 (August 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199537304.

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11

Taran, O. P., V. V. Sychev, and B. N. Kuznetsov. "γ-Valerolactone as a promising solvent and basic chemical product. Catalytic synthesis from components of vegetable biomass." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 1, no. 1-2 (March 18, 2021): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2021-1-2-97-116.

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γ-Valerolactone (GVL), which is a valuable chemical compound and a platform molecule, is considered as an intermediate product for the synthesis of chemical compounds with high added value, components of motor fuels and biopolymers. GVL is successfully used as an environmentally friendly solvent, fuel additive, fragrance and food additive. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of catalytic methods for the production of GVL from levulinic acid (LA), alkyl levulinates (AL), carbohydrates and vegetable polymers. Particular attention is paid to heterogeneous catalysts based on metals and metal oxides, which are more promising for practical application. The proposed mechanisms of processes are considered in detail, and prospects of using hydrogen-donor solvents in the production of GVL are discussed. Catalysts with the best catalytic performance were compared in terms of their productivity, which is an important parameter for industrial catalysis.

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12

Lari, G. M., K. Desai, C. Mondelli, and J. Pérez-Ramírez. "Selective dehydrogenation of bioethanol to acetaldehyde over basic USY zeolites." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 8 (2016): 2706–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy02020d.

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Alkali-activated zeolites are active, selective and stable catalysts for ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde. Molecular oxygen eases hydrogen abstraction from the adsorbed ethoxide intermediate boosting the catalytic performance.

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13

Alaba, Peter Adeniyi, Yahaya Muhammad Sani, and Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud. "Kaolinite properties and advances for solid acid and basic catalyst synthesis." RSC Advances 5, no. 122 (2015): 101127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra18884a.

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14

Sial, Atif, Afzal Ahmed Dar, Yifan Li, and Chuanyi Wang. "Plasmon-Induced Semiconductor-Based Photo-Thermal Catalysis: Fundamentals, Critical Aspects, Design, and Applications." Photochem 2, no. 4 (October 2, 2022): 810–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photochem2040052.

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Photo-thermal catalysis is among the most effective alternative pathways used to perform chemical reactions under solar irradiation. The synergistic contributions of heat and light during photo-thermal catalytic processes can effectively improve reaction efficiency and alter design selectivity, even under operational instability. The present review focuses on the recent advances in photo-thermal-driven chemical reactions, basic physics behind the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) formation and enhancement, pathways of charge carrier generation and transfer between plasmonic nanostructures and photo-thermal conversion, critical aspects influencing photo-thermal catalytic performance, tailored symmetry, and morphology engineering used to design efficient photo-thermal catalytic systems. By highlighting the multifield coupling benefits of plasmonic nanomaterials and semiconductor oxides, we summarized and discussed several recently developed photo-thermal catalysts and their catalytic performance in energy production (CO2 conversion and H2 dissociation), environmental protection (VOCs and dyes degradation), and organic compound synthesis (Olefins). Finally, the difficulties and future endeavors related to the design and engineering of photo-thermal catalysts were pointed out to draw the attention of researchers to this sustainable technology used for maximum solar energy utilization.

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15

Topsoee, Henrik, Bjerne S. Clausen, Nan Yu Topsoee, and Erik Pedersen. "Recent basic research in hydrodesulfurization catalysis." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals 25, no. 1 (February 1986): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i100021a004.

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16

Zhou, Li, Datai Liu, Haiyi Lan, Xiujian Wang, Cunyuan Zhao, Zhuofeng Ke, and Cheng Hou. "The origin of different driving forces between O–H/N–H functional groups in metal ligand cooperation: mechanistic insight into Mn(i) catalysed transfer hydrogenation." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 1 (2020): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy02112d.

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17

Aceto, Domenico, Maria Carmen Bacariza, Arnaud Travert, Carlos Henriques, and Federico Azzolina-Jury. "Thermal and Plasma-Assisted CO2 Methanation over Ru/Zeolite: A Mechanistic Study Using In-Situ Operando FTIR." Catalysts 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2023): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13030481.

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CO2 methanation is an attractive reaction to convert CO2 into a widespread fuel such as methane, being the combination of catalysts and a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma responsible for synergistic effects on the catalyst’s performances. In this work, a Ru-based zeolite catalyst, 3Ru/CsUSY, was synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by TGA, XRD, H2-TPR, N2 sorption and CO2-TPD. Catalysts were tested under thermal and plasma-assisted CO2 methanation conditions using in-situ operando FTIR, with the aim of comparing the mechanism under both types of catalysis. The incorporation of Ru over the CsUSY zeolite used as support induced a decrease of the textural properties and an increase of the basicity and hydrophobicity, while no zeolite structural damage was observed. Under thermal conditions, a maximum CO2 conversion of 72% and CH4 selectivity above 95% were registered. These promising results were ascribed to the presence of small Ru0 nanoparticles over the support (16 nm), catalyst surface hydrophobicity and the presence of medium-strength basic sites in the catalyst. Under plasma-catalytic conditions, barely studied in similar setups in literature, CO2 was found to be excited by the plasma, facilitating its adsorption on the surface of 3Ru/CsUSY in the form of oxidized carbon species such as formates, aldehydes, carbonates, or carbonyls, which are afterwards progressively hydrogenated to methane. Adsorption and surface reaction of key intermediates, namely formate and aldehydic groups, was observed even on the support alone, an occurrence not reported before for thermal catalysis. Overall, similar reaction mechanisms were proposed for both thermal and plasma-catalysis conditions.

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18

Liu, Xin, Changgong Meng, and Yu Han. "Understanding the Enhanced Catalytic Performance of Ultrafine Transition Metal Nanoparticles–Graphene Composites." Journal of Molecular and Engineering Materials 03, no. 01n02 (March 2015): 1540002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s225123731540002x.

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Catalysis, as the key to minimize the energy requirement and environmental impact of today's chemical industry, plays a vital role in many fields directly related to our daily life and economy, including energy generation, environment control, manufacture of chemicals, medicine synthesis, etc. Rational design and fabrication of highly efficient catalysts have become the ultimate goal of today's catalysis research. For the purpose of handling and product separation, heterogeneous catalysts are highly preferred for industrial applications and a large part of which are the composites of transition metal nanoparticles (TMNPs). With the fast development of nanoscience and nanotechnology and assisted with theoretical investigations, basic understanding on tailoring the electronic structure of these nanocomposites has been gained, mainly by precise control of the composition, morphology, interfacial structure and electronic states. With the rise of graphene, chemical routes to prepare graphene were developed and various graphene-based composites were fabricated. Transition metal nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide (TMNPs–rGO) composites have attracted considerable attention, because of their intriguing catalytic performance which have been extensively explored for energy- and environment-related applications to date. This review summarizes our recent experimental and theoretical efforts on understanding the superior catalytic performance of subnanosized TMNPs–rGO composites.

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19

Cypryk, Marek, Bartłomiej Gostyński, and Mateusz Pokora. "Hydrolysis of trialkoxysilanes catalysed by the fluoride anion. Nucleophilic vs. basic catalysis." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 38 (2019): 15222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03719e.

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20

Buluchevskiy, E. A., T. R. Karpova, L. F. Sayfulina, and A. V. Lavrenov. "Direct Synthesis of Propylene from Ethylene: catalysts and process es." Российский химический журнал 62, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2019): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/rcj.2018621-2.8.

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Promising technologies for a one-stage production of propylene from ethylene were considered. The basic types of catalysis systems used as heterogeneous catalysts for the one-stage production of propylene from ethylene were presented. These are zeolites, silicoaluminophosphates, mesoporous molecular sieves, nickel-, tungsten-, molybdenum- and rhenium-containing catalysts.

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21

Zhu, Li, Xiao-Qin Liu, Hai-Long Jiang, and Lin-Bing Sun. "Metal–Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous Basic Catalysis." Chemical Reviews 117, no. 12 (May 25, 2017): 8129–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00091.

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22

Adriana, Maldonado, Essayem Nadine, Christ Lorraine, and Figueras François. "Transesterification of acrylates by heterogeneous basic catalysis." Applied Catalysis A: General 468 (November 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2013.08.001.

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23

Gómez, José María, María Dolores Romero, and Victoria Callejo. "Heterogeneous basic catalysis for upgrading of biofuels." Catalysis Today 218-219 (December 2013): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2013.04.027.

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24

Wang, Dong, and Didier Astruc. "Dendritic catalysis—Basic concepts and recent trends." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 257, no. 15-16 (August 2013): 2317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2013.03.032.

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25

Behr, Arno, and Peter Neubert. "Piperylene-A Versatile Basic Chemical in Catalysis." ChemCatChem 6, no. 2 (October 24, 2013): 412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201300523.

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26

Perozo-Rondón, E., V. Calvino-Casilda, R. M. Martín-Aranda, B. Casal, C. J. Durán-Valle, and M. L. Rojas-Cervantes. "Catalysis by basic carbons: Preparation of dihydropyridines." Applied Surface Science 252, no. 17 (June 2006): 6080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.11.017.

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27

Zhang, Lian Zi, and Hao Yuan Sun. "Development of Catalysts for Synthesizing Methanol from Syngas." Materials Science Forum 1053 (February 17, 2022): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-0eor9r.

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At present, methanol is one of the most basic organic chemical raw materials and energy storage media. With the development of chemical technology and energy storage technology, its application becomes more and more extensive, and the methanol market prospects are unlimited. Industrial-scale methanol is generally prepared by using synthesis gas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide as raw materials and reacting under a certain pressure, temperature, and catalyst. Therefore, the development of the methanol industry largely depends on the development of catalysts and the improvement of their performance. Metal catalysts are mainly used in the industry for reaction. This article reviews several metal catalysts used to synthesize methanol from syngas. Copper-based and iron-based catalysts are widely used, and the emerging rhodium and its ligand catalysts exhibit good catalytic performance in low-temperature catalysis. In the future, the scientific research team will focus on in-depth research on preparation methods, active centers, catalytic reaction kinetics, durability, metal ligands, raw material prices, etc., to lay a solid foundation for the industrial application of syngas to methanol in advance.

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Marinkovic, Milos, Nikola Stojkovic, Marija Vasic, Radomir Ljupkovic, Sofija Rancic, Boban Spalovic, and Aleksandra Zarubica. "Synthesis of biodiesel from sunflower oil over potassium loaded alumina as heterogeneous catalyst: The effect of process parameters." Chemical Industry 70, no. 6 (2016): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind150807001m.

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Heterogeneous catalysis is in recent focus of research for biodiesel production from vegetable oils because of advantages such as easy separation and reuse of catalysts, although homogeneous catalysis is most commonly used method. The aim of this study was preparation of ?-Al2O3 support by modified sol-gel procedure, synthesis of the KI/Al2O3 catalyst and testing its activity in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol. Influences of different process parameters on conversion of sunflower oil to methyl esters were examined. The gained results implicate that the potassium iodide incorporation into/onto the structure of ?-Al2O3 significantly influences textural and structural properties of the catalyst. Additionally, the catalyst basic strength is increased and all together those properties are positively affecting the activity of the catalyst in the reaction of transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol. The impregnation of alumina with potassium iodide resulted in the additional formation of basic catalytically active sites. The surface properties of the catalyst have an essential impact on its catalytic performance. Under relatively mild process conditions and relatively short reaction time, the usage of the KI/Al2O3 catalyst resulted in very high conversion to fatty acids methyl esters (i.e. 99.99 %).

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Cirujano, Francisco G., Rafael Luque, and Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy. "Metal-Organic Frameworks as Versatile Heterogeneous Solid Catalysts for Henry Reactions." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051445.

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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have become one of the versatile solid materials used for a wide range of applications, such as gas storage, gas separation, proton conductivity, sensors and catalysis. Among these fields, one of the more well-studied areas is the use of MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts for a broad range of organic reactions. In the present review, the employment of MOFs as solid catalysts for the Henry reaction is discussed, and the available literature data from the last decade are grouped. The review is organized with a brief introduction of the importance of Henry reactions and structural properties of MOFs that are suitable for catalysis. The second part of the review discusses the use of MOFs as solid catalysts for the Henry reaction involving metal nodes as active sites, while the third section provides data utilizing basic sites (primary amine, secondary amine, amides and urea-donating sites). While commenting on the catalytic results in these two sections, the advantage of MOFs over other solid catalysts is compared in terms of activity by providing turnover number (TON) values and the structural stability of MOFs during the course of the reaction. The final section provides our views on further directions in this field.

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Verdoliva, Valentina, Michele Saviano, and Stefania De Luca. "Zeolites as Acid/Basic Solid Catalysts: Recent Synthetic Developments." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030248.

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The zeolites are porous solid structures characterized by a particular framework of aluminosilicates, in which the incorporation of the Al+3 ions generates an excess of negative charge compensated by cations (usually alkali or alkali earth) or protons. In the latter case, they are employed as catalysts for a wide variety of reactions, such as dehydration, skeletal isomerization and cracking, while the catalytic activity of basic zeolites has not found, up to now, any industrial or whatever relevant application in chemical processes. In the present review, we firstly intend to give an overview of the fundamental chemical composition, as well as the structural features of the zeolite framework. The purpose of this paper is to analyze their key properties as acid, both Lewis and Brønsted, and basic solid support. Their application as catalysts is discussed by reviewing the already published works in that field, and a final remark of their still unexplored potential as green, mild, and selective catalyst is also reported.

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31

Nisar, Shafaq, Muhammad Asif Hanif, Umer Rashid, Asma Hanif, Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Trends in Widely Used Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production: A Review." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091085.

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The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.

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Vanni, Matteo, Maria Caporali, Manuel Serrano-Ruiz, and Maurizio Peruzzini. "Catalysis Mediated by 2D Black Phosphorus Either Pristine or Decorated with Transition Metals Species." Surfaces 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 132–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces3020012.

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Among the novel class of mono-elemental two-dimensional (2D) materials, termed Xenes, phosphorene is emerging as a great promise for its peculiar chemical and physical properties. This review collects a selection of the recent breakthroughs that are related to the application of phosphorene in catalysis and electrocatalysis. Noteworthy, thanks to its intrinsic Lewis basic character, pristine phosphorene turned out to be more efficient and more selective than other non-metal catalysts, in chemical processes as the electroreduction of nitrogen to ammonia or the alkylation of nucleophiles with esters. Once functionalized with transition metals nanoparticles (Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au), its catalytic activity has been evaluated in several processes, mainly hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. Under visible light irradiation, it has shown a great improvement of the activity, demonstrating high potential as a photocatalyst.

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Kidwai, Mazaahir, Priya, Shweta Rastogi, and Kavita Singhal. "A new microwave-assisted synthetic approach to novel pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 85, no. 7-8 (July 1, 2007): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-065.

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An environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of novel 7-substituted 5-aryl-1H-pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones, using mineral supports for their catalytic role and as energy transfer media, is described. The methodology eliminates the usage of solvent during the reaction. The rate enhancement and high yield is attributed to the coupling of solvent-free conditions with microwaves. Further, the role of various supports is studied during the reaction and it is concluded that a MW-assisted basic alumina catalysed reaction is the best in terms of catalysis as well as reaction time and yield.Key words: microwave (MW) irradiation, SBT, pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines, alumina, environmentally benign.

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Wallau, Martin, and Ulf Schuchardt. "Catalysis by Metal Containing Zeolites. I: Basic Sites." Journal Of The Brazilian Chemical Society 6, no. 4 (1995): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.19950068.

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35

Beller, M. "Doing Homogeneous Catalysis between Basic Research and Application." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 78, no. 8 (August 2006): 1061–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.200600043.

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Häussermann, Dorothea, Richard Schömig, Barbara Gehring, and Yvonne Traa. "Influence of the Synthesis Protocol on the Catalytic Performance of PHI-Type Zeolites for the Dehydration of Lactic Acid." Catalysts 13, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13020261.

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Acrylic acid is an important basic chemical and a key starting compound for a variety of consumer products. Today, acrylic acid is still produced from fossil-based propene. If acrylic acid were produced from bio-based lactic acid, this would be an important step towards sustainability. The gas-phase dehydration reaction of lactic acid to acrylic acid was performed over eight-membered ring PHI-type zeolites in the Na+ and K+-form. A few variations in the synthesis procedure of PHI-type zeolite made a big difference in the performance during the catalytic reaction due to differences in the physical and chemical properties, especially the accessibility of the pores. The catalysts were characterized with ICP-OES, XRD, CO2 physisorption, SEM and 27Al MAS NMR. The calcination resulted in a partial collapse of the PHI structure. In the case of Na,K-PHI with a low surface area, the catalysis tends to take place on the outer surface, while in the case of Na,K-PHI with a high surface area the catalysis can also take place within the pore system. This has a considerable influence on the selectivity of the catalysts.

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Kaminski, Piotr. "The Application of Copper-Gold Catalysts in the Selective Oxidation of Glycerol at Acid and Basic Conditions." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010094.

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The crude glycerol is produced during the transesterification of animal fats and vegetable oils, but it is a by-product of this process. Currently, its elimination is a problem in the chemical industry. The main goal of this work was the preparation, characterization and application of mesoporous cerium-zirconium oxide as supports for copper and gold species and the comparison of selected factors on the properties of catalysts in glycerol oxidation in the liquid phase. The samples were characterized using adsorption and desorption of nitrogen, XRD, UV-vis, XPS, TEM, SEM, and STEM-EDXS. The obtained results of glycerol oxidation show that the bimetallic copper-gold catalysts are more active and selective to glyceric acid in this reaction than analogous monometallic gold catalysts. Additionally, bimetallic catalysts are also characterized by the catalytic stability, and their application leads to the increase of selectivity to glyceric acid during their reusing in glycerol oxidation in alkali media. In this work, the influence of selected factors, e.g., oxygen source and its pressure, solution pH, and base content on the catalytic activity of bimetallic catalysts is discussed.

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Zhang, Yunlei, Pei Jin, Minjia Meng, Lin Gao, Meng Liu, and Yongsheng Yan. "Acid-Base Bifunctional Metal-Organic Frameworks: Green Synthesis and Application in One-Pot Glucose to 5-HMF Conversion." Nano 13, no. 11 (November 2018): 1850132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292018501321.

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The direct synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with acidic and basic active sites is challenging due to the introduction of functional groups by post-functionalization method often jeopardize the framework integrity. Herein, we report the direct synthesis of acid-base bi-functional MOFs with tuning acid-base strength. Employing modulated hydrothermal (MHT) approach, microporous MOFs named UiO-66-NH2 was prepared. Through the ring-opening reaction of 1,3-propanesultone with amino group, UiO-66-NH2-SO3H-type catalysts can be obtained. The synthesized catalysts were well characterized and their catalytic performances were evaluated in one-pot glucose to 5-HMF conversion. Results revealed the acid-base bi-functional catalyst possessed high activity and excellent stability. This work provides a general and economically viable approach for the large-scale synthesis of acid-base bi-functional MOFs for their potential use in catalysis field.

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Martínez-Edo, Gabriel, Alba Balmori, Iris Pontón, Andrea Martí del Rio, and David Sánchez-García. "Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous Silicas (MCM-41): Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120617.

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Mesoporous silica sieves are among the most studied nano-objects due to their stable pore structure and easy preparation. In particular, MCM-41 have attracted increasing research attention due to their chemical versatility. This review focuses on the synthesis and regioselective functionalization of MCM-41 to prepare catalytic systems. The topics covered are: mono and di-functionalized MCM-41 as basic and acid catalysts, catalysts based on metallic complexes and heteropolyacids supported onto MCM-41, metallic nanoparticles embed onto functionalized MCM-41 and magnetic MCM-41 for catalytic purposes.

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Álvarez, Mayra, Dana Crivoi, Francesc Medina, and Didier Tichit. "Synthesis of Chalcone Using LDH/Graphene Nanocatalysts of Different Compositions." ChemEngineering 3, no. 1 (March 9, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3010029.

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Layered double hydroxides (LDH) or their derived mixed oxides present marked acid-base properties useful in catalysis, but they are generally agglomerated, inducing weak accessibility to the active sites. In the search for improving dispersion and accessibility of the active sites and for controlling the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance in the catalysts, nanocomposite materials appear among the most attractive. In this study, a series of nanocomposites composed of LDH and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), were successfully obtained by direct coprecipitation and investigated as base catalysts for the Claisen–Schmidt condensation reaction between acetophenone and benzaldehyde. After activation, the LDH-rGO nanocomposites exhibited improved catalytic properties compared to bare LDH. Moreover, they reveal great versatility to tune the selectivity through their composition and the nature or the absence of solvent. This is due to the enhanced basicity of the nanocomposites as the LDH content increases which is assigned to the higher dispersion of the nanoplatelets in comparison to bulk LDH. Lewis-type basic sites of higher strength and accessibility are thus created. The nature of the solvent mainly acts through its acidity able to poison the basic sites of the nanocatalysts.

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Solinas, Vincenzo, and Italo Ferino. "Microcalorimetric characterisation of acid–basic catalysts." Catalysis Today 41, no. 1-3 (May 1998): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(98)00048-0.

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42

Li, Nancy, Thomas P. Keane, Samuel S. Veroneau, Ryan G. Hadt, Dugan Hayes, Lin X. Chen, and Daniel G. Nocera. "Template-stabilized oxidic nickel oxygen evolution catalysts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 28 (July 7, 2020): 16187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001529117.

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Earth-abundant oxygen evolution catalysts (OECs) with extended stability in acid can be constructed by embedding active sites within an acid-stable metal-oxide framework. Here, we report stable NiPbOxfilms that are able to perform oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysis for extended periods of operation (>20 h) in acidic solutions of pH 2.5; conversely, native NiOxcatalyst films dissolve immediately. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that PbO2is unperturbed after addition of Ni and/or Fe into the lattice, which serves as an acid-stable, conductive framework for embedded OER active centers. The ability to perform OER in acid allows the mechanism of Fe doping on Ni catalysts to be further probed. Catalyst activity with Fe doping of oxidic Ni OEC under acid conditions, as compared to neutral or basic conditions, supports the contention that role of Fe3+in enhancing catalytic activity in Ni oxide catalysts arises from its Lewis acid properties.

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de Lima, Lilian C. M., Daniela M. A. F. Navarro, and Lília P. Souza-Santos. "Methyl esters from the copepod Tisbe biminiensis assayed by two transesterification methods." Crustaceana 86, no. 11 (2013): 1343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003242.

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The present study assessed the efficiency of two transesterification methods for the identification of fatty acids in the copepodTisbe biminiensisVolkmann-Rocco, 1973. In the first method, the samples were esterified by basic catalysis with KOH in methanol, and in the second method they were esterified by acid catalysis with BF3. Fatty acids were identified by comparison of retention times and co-injection with standard Mix C4-C24, using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine fatty acids were detected in samples transesterified by basic catalysis or acid catalysis. The predominant fatty acids were C18 (19.18%), C16 (13.02%), and C12 (11.39%) for samples transesterified by acid catalysis; and C13 (25.24%), C21 (11.32%), and C18 (10.65%) for samples transesterified by basic catalysis. The results show that fatty acid analysis for copepods may be affected by the transesterification method. Sample transesterification by acid catalysis was efficient to identify monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas transesterification by basic catalysis was efficient to identify saturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids were present in the copepod, which suggests thatT.biminiensisis a useful food to be used in larviculture.

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44

Xu, Feng, Chuang Li, and Shao Yang Jia. "The Basic Investigation on Catalytic Oxidation of Mine Gas to Methanol in Liquid Phase." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.51.

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A set of experimental system was self-designed and made for liquid phase catalytic oxidation of gas to methanol. It was used to investigate the impacts of catalyst and reaction conditions on catalytic oxidation of gas to methanol in acetic acid solution, and to analyze its reaction mechanism. It has been showed that the yield of the methanol is 1840 μmol under the catalysis of 0.5 g of 0.5% Pd-CuPc/Y and the following conditions: CH3COOH:H2O = 4:1 (v/v), 1000 μmol of p-benzoquinone; reaction time, 3 h; reaction temperature, 150°C; gas composition, 2.5MPa CH4+0.4MPaO2 +0.4MPa N2; in acetic acid solution, catalytic oxidation of mine gas to methanol follows mechanisms of electrophilic substitution and oxidation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

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45

Dwulet, Gregory E., Benjamin J. Coscia, Michael R. Shirts, and Douglas L. Gin. "A nanostructured bifunctional acid–base catalyst resin formed by lyotropic liquid crystal monomers." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 98, no. 7 (July 2020): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2019-0408.

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An ordered, nanoporous polymer resin was prepared from the self-assembly of lyotropic liquid crystal monomers and employed as a heterogeneous, bifunctional catalyst. This material contains antagonistic acid and base sites in the periodic nanopores and efficiently catalyzes a model tandem reaction (i.e., the deacetalization–nitroaldol reaction between benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and nitromethane to yield β-nitrostyrene) with excellent product selectivity. This lyotropic liquid crystal-based solid catalyst represents one of the few examples of polymeric tandem catalysts synthesized by a “bottom-up” strategy that imparts control over the stoichiometry of acidic and basic monomers and is the only reported example of a lyotropic liquid crystal-based polymer that contains mutually incompatible catalytic groups. Furthermore, this heterogeneous catalyst is highly active, exhibiting a turnover frequency for this tandem test reaction that exceeds other reported catalytic polymeric materials.

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Makosza, Mieczyslaw, and Michal Fedorynski. "Phase Transfer Catalysis – Basic Principles, Mechanism and Specific Features." Current Catalysise 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211544711201020079.

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BARTHOMEUF∗, DENISE. "Basic Zeolites: Characterization and Uses in Adsorption and Catalysis." Catalysis Reviews 38, no. 4 (November 1996): 521–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01614949608006465.

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Iglesias, Emilia, and Aurora Fernández. "Cyclodextrin catalysis in the basic hydrolysis of alkyl nitrites." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2, no. 7 (1998): 1691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a707647i.

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Nijhuis, Xander, and Bert Weckhuysen. "Basic Principles in Applied Catalysis. Edited by Manfred Baerns." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43, no. 38 (September 27, 2004): 4979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200485195.

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Nijhuis, Xander, and Bert Weckhuysen. "Basic Principles in Applied Catalysis. Herausgegeben von Manfred Baerns." Angewandte Chemie 116, no. 38 (September 27, 2004): 5087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200485195.

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