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1
Jurriens, Theo. "Reduction of Variable-Star Observations Using Basicode." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092472.
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The Dutch variable star section of the ‘Nederlandse Vereniging voor Weer-en Sterrenkunde’, founded in 1960, has about 10 to 15 regular observers. Depending on the weather conditions they perform 5 to 10 thousand observations a year. Our observation-recorder Henk Feijth collects the observations on paper and, since 1985, also on computer-cassette. From these contributions Feijth compiles a list on paper for the A.A.V.S.O. The cassette is written in a special format using the BASICODE program, see 2.The reduction of the observations can be described as following:1.Every observer and computer-owner enters each observation as a DATA statement in a BASIC program. So each DATA statement is a record representing one observation, each DATA statement contains 20 characters:1- 6 Starname7-10 int(JD-2440000)11-13 fractional part (3 decimals)14: or <15-17 estimate without decimal point18-20 observer codeSo a month of observations is simply a BASIC program consisting of just DATA statements.2.The Dutch broadcasting organization (NOS) has designed a kind of ‘Universal’ BASIC called BASICODE (version 2). With the aid of BASICODE computer X can read the programs of computer Y. The observer translates his data statements (the observations) into the BASICODE format. This is saved on cassette and sent to our recorder.3.Our recorder enters the monthly observations onto the BBC micro with the aid of the BASICODE translation program. Now the recorder runs a program that changes the star name into the Harvard number. This is done for the observations of every observer. After that the whole bunch of observations is sorted in ascending order of Harvard number and JD.4.The file of observations obtained in 3 is used as a source for our own reports, a graphic representation of the observations, and for simulating A.A.V.S.O. record sheets. This ‘end product’ we send to the A.A.V.S.O.
2
Walker, N. R., T. L. Kirkpatrick, and C. S. Rothrock. "Influence of Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola Populations on Early-Season Disease Development and Cotton Growth." Plant Disease 84, no. 4 (April 2000): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.4.449.
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Microplot studies were used to examine the effect of various population densities of Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola on cotton-plant development and disease severity. Plots were infested with 0, 20, or 100 T. basicola chlamydospores/g and 0, 5, or 10 M. incognita eggs and juveniles/cm3 of soil in a factorial arrangement in 1997 and 1998. Combinations of M. incognita and T. basicola reduced plant survival in both years compared to the noninfested control, except in 1998 for the high rate of T. basicola over all nematode rates. Plant height-to-node ratios were reduced by pathogen combinations compared to the noninfested control or to either pathogen alone. Plant dry weight was reduced by M. incognita in 1998 and the high rate of T. basicola in 1997. Root necrosis was increased by increasing rates of T. basicola in 1997 and by M. incognita over all rates of T. basicola in both years. Colonization of root tissue by T. basicola was increased by the low inoculum density of the nematode at 20 CFU/g soil in 1997 and 100 CFU/g in 1998. Nematode reproduction with the high M. incognita treatment rate was reduced in both years of the study by the high T. basicola rate. This study suggests the importance of population level of each pathogen to the severity of disease and confirms the potential of this disease interaction to impact cotton production.
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Walker, N. R., T. L. Kirkpatrick, and C. S. Rothrock. "Effect of Temperature on and Histopathology of the Interaction Between Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola on Cotton." Phytopathology® 89, no. 8 (August 1999): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.8.613.
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Controlled environments were used to study the relationship between the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and Thielaviopsis basicola on cotton. Temperature treatments were continuous 20, 24, and 28°C or two cyclic linear regimes with ranges of 14 to 32 or 18 to 28°C over 24 h. Cotton seeds were planted in fumigated soil infested with T. basicola, M. incognita, or both. After 42 days, pathogen effects on plant growth and pathogen development were evaluated. Histology was conducted on roots collected 14, 28, and 42 days after planting in the continuous 24°C treatment. Reductions in plant height-to-node ratio and total fresh weight were observed for soils infested with both pathogens compared with the control or with soils infested with either pathogen, except for M. incognita-infested soil at 28°C. T. basicola reduced root galling and reproduction of the nematode at all temperatures. Vascular discoloration caused by T. basicola was greater in the presence of M. incognita compared with that by T. basicola alone. At 2 and 4 weeks, histological studies showed that plants grown in all T. basicola-infested soils contained chlamydospore chains on the root surface and in cortical cells. The fungus was not observed inside the vascular cylinder. Roots from 4-week-old plants from soils infested with T. basicola and M. incognita showed fungal sporulation in vascular tissue and localized necrosis of vascular tissue adjacent to the nematodes. At 6 weeks, plants grown in soil infested with T. basicola alone exhibited no remaining cortical tissue and no evidence of vascular colonization by the fungus. Six-week-old plants grown in T. basicola + M. incognita-infested soils exhibited extensive vascular necrosis and sporulation within vascular tissue. These studies suggest that coinfection expands the temperature ranges at which the pathogens are able to cause plant damage. Further, M. incognita greatly increases the access of T. basicola to vascular tissue.
4
Hood, M. E., and H. D. Shew. "Reassessment of the Role of Saprophytic Activity in the Ecology of Thielaviopsis basicola." Phytopathology® 87, no. 12 (December 1997): 1214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.12.1214.
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The ability of Thielaviopsis basicola to survive saprophytically in soil was investigated using root tissue from susceptible hosts as organic substrates. Inoculum densities were lower in soils amended with root tissue than in nonamended controls after 2 and 4 weeks of incubation. The greatest decrease occurred in soils containing the highest concentration of root tissue or in soils in which root tissue included the soluble components of the living root. Reproduction by T. basicola also was examined in axenic media containing either killed root pieces or various carbohydrates as the sole carbohydrate source. T. basicola utilized killed root tissue as a carbohydrate source in axenic media, particularly in cultures in which root tissue included the soluble components. Enzymatic activities of T. basicola, however, did not result in maceration of the root tissue. T. basicola utilized sucrose and cellobiose, but did not utilize structural carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, or pectin. Based on the absence of significant saprophytic ability, T. basicola should be classified ecologically as an obligate parasite.
5
Jaraba, J., C. S. Rothrock, T. L. Kirkpatrick, and K. R. Brye. "Soil Texture Influence on Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola and Their Interaction on Cotton." Plant Disease 98, no. 3 (March 2014): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-13-0357-re.
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Microplots were used to evaluate the impact of soil texture on Meloidogyne incognita, Thielaviopsis basicola, and their interaction on cotton. A native silt loam soil (48% sand) and four different artificial soil textures produced by mixing native soil with sand (53, 70, 74, and 87% sand) were studied. Each soil texture was infested with 0, 4, or 8 M. incognita eggs and 0 or 20 T. basicola chlamydospore chains per gram of soil in a factorial treatment arrangement. Plots were watered when soil moisture fell below –10 joules/kg for the first 21 days and –30 joules/kg from 22 days to harvest. Plant growth was suppressed early in the season and midseason by T. basicola. M. incognita suppressed plant growth and delayed plant development late in the season across all soil textures. Cotton yield was lower in the presence of either T. basicola or M. incognita. An interaction between M. incognita and T. basicola, which decreased plant growth and yield, occurred in 2006 when neither pathogen caused substantial plant damage. Plant growth, development, and yield were lowest in soils with >74% sand. Root colonization by T. basicola and fungal reproduction and survival decreased in soil having 87% sand. M. incognita generally caused more galling and reproduction in soils as sand content increased. Root galling severity and M. incognita reproduction were suppressed by the presence of T. basicola in soil at sand contents lower than 87%. Soil texture had a greater impact on T. basicola than on M. incognita in this study.
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Rector, Brian G., Alessio De Biase, Massimo Cristofaro, Simona Primerano, Silvia Belvedere, Gloria Antonini, and Rouhollah Sobhian. "DNA Fingerprinting to Improve Data Collection Efficiency and Yield in an Open-Field Host-Specificity Test of a Weed Biological Control Candidate." Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, no. 4 (December 2010): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-10-00019.1.
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AbstractAn open-field test was conducted in southern France to assess the host-specificity of Ceratapion basicorne (Illiger), a candidate for biological control of yellow starthistle. Test plants were infested by naturally occurring populations of C. basicorne but were also exposed to sympatric herbivore species, including other Ceratapion spp. Insects from the test plants were collected directly into tubes of ethanol and were subsequently identified to species according to DNA sequence similarity with morphologically identified reference specimens. This integrated, morphological and molecular identification method was used in an effort to maximize the amount of data gained in the field bioassay and to minimize the number of taxonomist–hours necessary to complete the study. The results obtained showed that the French C. basicorne population only attacked yellow starthistle and cornflower, another known host of C. basicorne. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the insects collected from all other nonhost plants rejected the possibility that any were C. basicorne.
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Toksoz, Harun, Craig S. Rothrock, and Terrence L. Kirkpatrick. "Efficacy of Seed Treatment Chemicals for Black Root Rot, Caused by Thielaviopsis basicola, on Cotton." Plant Disease 93, no. 4 (April 2009): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-4-0354.
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The efficacy of triazole and host resistance–inducing seed treatment chemicals was examined for black root rot on cotton caused by Thielaviopsis basicola in both artificially and naturally infested soils with and without nematodes. In naturally infested soil, myclobutanil was effective in reducing root and hypocotyl discoloration over a wide range of soil population densities. Treatments containing high rates (42 g a.i./100 kg seed) of myclobutanil provided greater reductions in disease than low rates (21 g a.i./100 kg seed) in some experiments. Acibenzolar-S-methyl applied to the seed reduced black root rot or colonization by T. basicola on seedlings in artificially infested soils. Rates of acibenzolar-S-methyl did not differ in efficacy. In controlled studies, root colonization by T. basicola was significantly lower when seeds were treated with both myclobutanil and acibenzolar-S-methyl than with either chemical alone. In naturally infested soil under low (24 CFU/g soil) and high (154 CFU/g soil) populations of T. basicola, a combination of myclobutanil and acibenzolar-S-methyl at the high rate resulted in the lowest root discoloration and colonization. The nematicide seed treatment abamectin improved the control of black root rot in the presence of Meloidogyne incognita. The semi-selective medium TB-CEN allowed the importance of T. basicola to be evaluated in the presence of other pathogens that contribute to the seedling disease complex on cotton by quantifying the isolation frequency and percent colonization of T. basicola.
8
Hood, M. E., and H. D. Shew. "Initial Cellular Interactions Between Thielaviopsis basicola and Tobacco Root Hairs." Phytopathology® 87, no. 3 (March 1997): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.3.228.
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Cellular events that occur during the initial interactions between Thielaviopsis basicola and root hairs of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) were examined microscopically. Time-course documentation of the infection process indicated a dynamic interaction between T. basicola and the living host cell. Upon root hair contact and recognition, the vegetative apex of T. basicola rapidly differentiated to form infection structures, and the host cell responded cytologically. Penetration was achieved by threadlike hyphae that subsequently developed distal swellings, and intracellular hyphae of sickle-shaped morphology advanced from the distal swelling and colonized the cell. Streaming of the host cytoplasm became aggregated near the infection site prior to penetration and accumulated around the infecting hyphae as long as the host cell was viable. Substantial callose deposition, in the form of a bell-shaped collar around infection structures, resulted from the cytological activity at the infection site. Penetration of dead root hairs was common, but did not lead to the development of infection structures or to a sustained association with the host tissue; T. basicola exited dead root hairs and resumed vegetative growth. The establishment of the parasitic relationship by T. basicola was characteristic of hemibiotrophic fungi in that, initially, biotrophic infection led to tissue colonization, and host cell survival was limited under parasitism.
9
Ma, Jianbing, Juan Jaraba, Terrence L. Kirkpatrick, and Craig S. Rothrock. "Effects of Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola on Cotton Growth and Root Morphology." Phytopathology® 104, no. 5 (May 2014): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-12-0120-r.
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Effects of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the fungal pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola on cotton seedling growth and root morphology were evaluated in controlled environmental experiments. Four pathogen treatments, including noninfested soil, soil infested with M. incognita, soil infested with T. basicola, and soil infested with both pathogens were evaluated at soil bulk densities (BDs) of 1.25 and 1.50 g/cm3. Plant growth and the morphology of the root systems were evaluated 44 days after planting. Infestation with M. incognita and T. basicola together significantly reduced seedling emergence, number of stem nodes, and root system volume compared with either pathogen alone. Either M. incognita or T. basicola reduced plant height, root fresh weight, top dry weight; root parameters total root length, surface area, and links; and root topological parameters magnitude, altitude, and exterior path length. M. incognita infection increased root radius. Root colonization by T. basicola increased with the presence of M. incognita at the lower soil BD. In contrast to previous research with Pythium spp., root topological indices (TIs) were similar with all of the treatments. Root TIs were near 1.92, indicating a herringbone (less branching) root architectural structure. Studying root architecture using a topological model offers an additional approach to evaluating fungi and nematodes and their interactions for soilborne-pathogen systems.
10
Pereg, Lily L. "Black root rot of cotton in Australia: the host, the pathogen and disease management." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 12 (2013): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13231.
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Black root rot is a seedling disease caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola, a species with a worldwide distribution. Diseased plants show blackening of the roots and a reduced number of lateral roots, stunted or slow growth, and delayed flowering or maturity. It was first detected in cotton in Australia in 1989, and by 2004, T. basicola reached all cotton-growing regions in New South Wales and Queensland and the disease was declared as an Australian pandemic. This review covers aspects of the disease that have implications in black root rot spread, severity and management, including the biology and ecology of T. basicola, host range and specificity, chemical and biological control of T. basicola in cotton cropping systems, and crop rotations and host resistance. This review is of special interest to Australian readers; however, the incorporation of ample information on the biology of the pathogen, its interactions with plants and it relation to disease management will benefit readers worldwide.
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Candole, B. L., and C. S. Rothrock. "Characterization of the Suppressiveness of Hairy Vetch-Amended Soils to Thielaviopsis basicola." Phytopathology® 87, no. 2 (February 1997): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.2.197.
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Factor(s) involved in soil suppressiveness to Thielaviopsis basicola when hairy vetch was used as a green manure were studied in a cotton production system. Soil suppressiveness was assessed in vitro at hairy vetch amendment levels of 0, 0.25, and 0.75% (wt/wt) by observing chlamydospores, using a nylon fabric technique. Chlamydospore germination in all soils was below 5%, and microscopic examination showed no germ tube lysis or visible propagule destruction. Viability (chlamydospore germination on T. basicola-carrot-etridiazol-nystatin [TB-CEN] medium) was reduced by 29% within 48 h after hairy vetch amendment. Viability also was reduced in atmospheres of amended soils, suggesting that the suppressiveness was due to a volatile factor. In a field study, chlamydospore viability in amended soils was reduced by 16%. T. basicola hyphal growth was more sensitive to ammonia than Rhizoctonia solani or Pythium ultimum, and chlamydospore mortality of T. basicola was 100% in petri dish atmospheres with 0.4 ppm of ammonia (50% lethal dose = 0.15 ppm). Soil atmospheric ammonia was 0.08 and 0.10 ppm for 0.25 and 0.75% amendment levels, respectively, both at 3 and 7 days after incorporation. In the field, 0.11 and 0.14 ppm of ammonia were detected in soil atmospheres 3 and 7 days after incorporation, respectively. The levels of ammonia detected were sufficient to account for the loss in T. basicola chlamydospore viability, indicating that ammonia is responsible for the suppressiveness observed.
12
Fichtner, E. J., D. L. Hesterberg, T. J. Smyth, and H. D. Shew. "Differential Sensitivity of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae and Thielaviopsis basicola to Monomeric Aluminum Species." Phytopathology® 96, no. 3 (March 2006): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0212.
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Aluminum (Al) is toxic to many plant pathogens, including Thielaviopsis basicola and Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Because fungi-toxicity of Al has been described in soils over a wide pH range, multiple species of Al may be responsible for pathogen suppression. The goals of this work were to determine the sensitivity of T. basicola and P. para-sitica var. nicotianae to Al over a range of pH values, quantify the toxicity of monomeric Al species to production of sporangia of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and chlamydospores of T. basicola, and detect the accumulation of Al in pathogen structures. A complete factorial treatment design was used with Al levels ranging from 0 to 100 μM and pH levels ranging from 4 to 6 in a minimal salts medium. The chemistry of test solutions was modeled using GEOCHEM-PC. Colonies were grown in 5% carrot broth, and after 1 or 2 days, the nutrient solution was removed, colonies were rinsed with water, and Al test solutions were added to each of four replicate plates. After 2 days, propagules were counted and colonies were stained with the Al-specific, fluorescent stain lumogallion. The oomycete P. parasitica var. nicotianae was sensitive to multiple monomeric Al species, whereas sensitivity of T. basicola to Al was pH-dependent, suggesting that only Al3+ is responsible for suppression of this fungal pathogen. Chlamydospore production by T. basicola was inhibited at pH values <5.0 and Al levels >20 μM, whereas sporangia production by P. parasitica was inhibited at Al levels as low as 2 μM across all pH values tested. The lumogallion stain was an effective technique for detection of Al in fungal tissues. Aluminum accumulated in sporangia and zoospores of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and in nonmelanized chlamy-dospores of T. basicola, but not in cell walls of either organism. The differential sensitivity of the two organisms may indicate that true fungi respond differently to Al than members of the oomycota, which are more closely related to plants.
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Monfort, W. S., A. G. Carroll, M. J. Emerson, J. Fortner, and C. S. Rothrock. "First Report of Black Root Rot Caused by Thielaviopsis basicola on Soybean (Glycine max) in Arkansas." Plant Disease 94, no. 9 (September 2010): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-9-1168a.
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Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris (synonym Chalara elegans Nag Raj & Kendrick) is a soilborne plant-pathogenic fungus reported in many parts of the world. In Arkansas, T. basicola is found commonly in cotton fields (4). This fungus colonizes cortical tissue of seedlings under cool wet conditions, causing a dark brown or black discoloration of the roots and hypocotyls, resulting in stunted, slow-developing plants (4). In 2008, large areas of stunted soybean plants with shortened internodes were reported in a field in Phillips County, AR, where cotton had previously been produced. Soybean was planted in this field in early April when cool soil temperatures (~21 to 24°C) prevailed. Soybean plants at the v3 to v5 growth stages were observed to have extensive areas of black cortical root necrosis. Plant samples were collected and roots were excised, washed, and surface disinfested in a 10% NaOCl solution. Root segments were incubated on the carrot-based selective medium TB-CEN (3). T. basicola was isolated from incubated segments after 2 weeks at 21°C in the dark. Chlamydospore chains (44.8 to 56.0 × 8.4 to 11.2 μm) consisting of an average of six spores and endoconidia (8 to 30 × 3 to 5 μm) were observed with a compound microscope. In addition to plant tissue, soil was assayed and confirmed to be positive for T. basicola by the pour plate technique (3) with the medium TB-CEN. Greenhouse trials were conducted to confirm field observations. Soil from the Phillips County field was sterilized and reinfested with 100 CFU of chlaymdospore suspension per gram (dry weight) of soil. Fifty soybean seeds (cv. Schillinger 457) were planted in infested and sterilized soil and grown for 29 days. Results showed that 38% of plants germinated and survived in the T. basicola-infested soil compared with 71% in the sterile soil treatment. Fifteen of the nineteen plants that survived in the infested soil were positive for T. basicola, while all plants in the sterilized soil were negative for the fungus. Soybean has previously been reported to be a host of T. basicola worldwide, but North American reports have been confined to Canada and Michigan, where cool soil temperatures persist for longer periods during the early part of the growing season (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. basicola being important in the growth of soybean in warmer latitudes where the pathogen has been observed frequently on cotton and tobacco. In areas where cotton has historically suffered seedling damage from T. basicola, black root rot may become important on soybean as production of the latter crop increases. Since the initial field observation and confirmation in 2008, multiple soybean fields in 10 Arkansas counties have been documented with black root rot, with an estimated 5 to 30% of plants in each field infected. References: (1) T. R. Anderson. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 6:71, 1984. (2) J. L. Lockwood et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 54:849, 1970. (3) L. P. Specht and G. J. Griffin. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 7:438, 1985. (4) N. R. Walker et al. Phytopathology 89:613, 1999.
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Wick, Robert L. "Occurrence of Thielaviopsis basicola and Phytopathogenic Nematodes on Healthy and Declining Landscape-Grown Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-5.3.131.
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Examination of the soil and root systems of 34 landscape-grown Japanese holly, (17 rated as healthy/17 as declining) was undertaken to determine the role of Thielaviopsis basicola and phytopathogenic nematodes in plant decline. One hundred roots per plant were cultured on carrot discs and the recovery of T. basicola was recorded. Soil was assayed for phytopathogenic nematodes and tested for P, K, Ca, Mg, soluble salts and pH. Thielaviopsis basicola was found to have colonized 33 of the 34 plants and the extent of occurrence was positively correlated with the presence of decline symptoms. Declining plants had a total of 34% of intact roots colonized while healthy plants had 17%. Only one plant had a significantly high number of nematodes. Nematodes, soil pH, soluble salts, P, K, Ca, and Mg were not correlated with decline.
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Monfort, W. S., T. L. Kirkpatrick, and C. S. Rothrock. "Effects of Nocturnal Soil Temperatures and Meloidogyne incognita Densities on Cotton Seedling Growth and the Interaction with Thielaviopsis basicola." Plant Disease 90, no. 4 (April 2006): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0519.
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Controlled studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil temperatures typical of field conditions during the first 6 weeks of the growing season in Arkansas and different population densities of Meloidogyne incognita on damage to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedlings associated with the interaction between M. incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola. Treatments consisted of varying nocturnal temperatures that approximated the temperatures that occurred during the 2001, 2002, and 2003 growing seasons in southeastern Arkansas. Nocturnal temperatures in the study were as follows: high, the first week at 15°C, followed by 3 weeks at 17°C, 1 week at 21°C, and 1 week at 17°C (approximating the 2002 season); medium, 3 weeks at 15°C and 3 weeks at 19°C (approximating the 2003 season); and low, 1 week at 15°C, 1 week at 13°C, 2 weeks at 17°C, 1 week at 15°C, and 1 week at 17°C (approximating the 2001 season). Pathogen population densities were either 0 or 100 chlamydospores of T. basicola per gram of soil and 0, 2,000, 4,000, or 8,000 eggs of M. incognita per 500 cm3of soil. Plant height and fresh top weight increased with an increase in nocturnal temperature across treatments. There were significant reductions in plant growth and development with T. basicola, but not with M. incognita, at these nocturnal temperatures, but decreased plant height and weight were seen where both pathogens were present in comparison with either pathogen alone. Trends of increased disease associated with T. basicola were observed with increasing inoculum rates of M. incognita, indicating that the interaction between T. basicola and M. incognita occurs even at soil temperatures below the minimum temperature reported as necessary for damage from M. incognita.
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Martino, Julia A., Liliana del Valle Di Feo, Mauro Paccioretti, Clara Adriana Contardi, Miguel A. Sanchez, Leandro I. Ortega, and Silvina E. Pastor. "First report of Berkeleyomyces basicola (synonymous: Thielaviopsis basicola) on roots of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) in Argentina." Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 53, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.027.
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Symptomatic sweet potato cv Arapey INIA samples were collected from a commercial production field in Colonia Molina, Guaymallén department, Mendoza province, Argentina. They showed dark rounded lesions, sometimes coalescing with white granular mycelium. Fungus was obtained from symptomatic sweet potatoes, which represented the generalized infection that affected the crop. They were seeded in PDA with streptomycin sulfate and incubated for seven days at 21°C, alternating white/black (UV400nm) light. Observations with an optical microscope revealed the presence of hyaline, not septated, cylindrical endoconidia with rounded ends. They were 8-16 μm length and 4–6 μm width. Phialides were 43-46 μm length, rounded bases (7-9 μm width) and tapering to the neck´s tip (4-6 μm width). Brown chlamydospores (aleuriospores), 9-13 μm length and 8-12 μm width, in chains of 2-8 spores were observed. For molecular identification, total genomic DNA was extracted. ITS fragment of 565 pb was amplified using ITS5/ITS4 primers and sequenced. The sequence indicated 99% identity with Berkeleyomyces basicola (synonymous: Thielaviopsis basicola). This was deposited in GenBank as (KX580957) (CBS: C430.74, Gen Bank accession number AF275482.1). This is the first report of B. basicola in sweet potato in Argentina, a potential threat to storage root yields. Highlights: Sweet potato black root rot, new disease in Argentina. First report of Berkeleyomyces basicola causing black root rot on sweet potato in Mendoza, Argentina.
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McGovern, R. J., and T. E. Seijo. "Outbreak of Black Root Rot in Catharanthus roseus Caused by Thielaviopsis basicola." Plant Disease 83, no. 4 (April 1999): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.4.396c.
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A bedding plant grower in southwest Florida reported severe losses in potted Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) transplanted on various dates in December 1997. Symptoms included yellowing of lower leaves, defoliation, black root rot, and plant death. Thielaviopsis basicola was consistently isolated from blackened roots on a selective medium (1). A disease survey was conducted during mid March 1998 of 7,500 periwinkle plants in the two cultivar series Pacific (cvs. Punch, Red, and White) and Cooler (cvs. Grape, Icy, Peppermint, Pink, and Raspberry). Black root rot symptoms were observed in 21 to 53% of periwinkles transplanted between 3 and 11 December, and in 0 to 19% of plants transplanted between 21 and 29 December. The two cultivar series did not appear to differ in their susceptibility to T. basicola. The fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic periwinkle roots, from roots of chlorotic violas (Viola cornuta), and from a potting medium used for early December transplanting. Pathogenicity of isolates of T. basicola from periwinkle, viola, and the contaminated medium was investigated. Inocula were produced by growing the fungus on acidified potato dextrose agar for 18 days. Conidia, chlamydospores, and hyphae of T. basicola were suspended in deionized water (100 ml/95 mm culture plate). One milliliter of inoculum suspensions of each of the three isolates was used to inoculate 12 plants of pansy (Viola × Wittrockiana) cv. Majestic Giant Blue Shade. An equal number of plants served as noninoculated controls. In addition, 5 ml of each isolate suspension was used to inoculate three six-plant replications of periwinkle cv. Pink Cooler. Plants were incubated in a controlled environment chamber at day/night temperatures of 24/22°C with a 12-h photoperiod. After 22 days, moderate to severe root discoloration was produced in pansy by the viola isolate of the fungus, while periwinkle and potting medium isolates produced only minimal discoloration. Chlamydospores typical of T. basicola were observed in the roots of all inoculated pansies, and in the roots of one of 12 non-inoculated controls. After 38 days, periwinkle plants were rated for foliar yellowing (0 = no yellowing, to 3 = severe yellowing) and percent defoliation, and fresh weights of shoots and roots were obtained. T. basicola was recovered on the selective medium from roots of all inoculated plants and from 68% of the noninoculated controls, indicating that secondary spread had occurred. All three isolates of the fungus caused yellowing and defoliation, but only the periwinkle and potting medium isolates significantly reduced both shoot and root weights in periwinkle, compared with control plants. T. basicola has not been previously reported to cause black root rot in C. roseus, and a contaminated potting medium used during early December may have provided initial inocula for the outbreak. The unseasonably cool and rainy weather prevalent during winter 1997 and spring 1998 (“El Niño”) may have also promoted the unusual appearance of the disease. Reference: (1) L. P. Specht and G. J. Griffin. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 7:438, 1985.
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Wrather, J. A., B. Phipps, and C. S. Rothrock. "Fungi Associated With Postemergence Cotton Seedling Disease in Missouri." Plant Health Progress 3, no. 1 (January 2002): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2002-0722-01-rs.
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Surveys were conducted to identify fungi associated with postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. Samples consisted of 10 cotton seedlings, 2 to 3 weeks after emergence, with symptoms of seedling diseases collected from a 0.25 ha area in each of 60 fields in 1997 and 1998. Four genera of fungi were cultured from the roots (Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Thielaviopsis) and three species were identified: Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola, and Pythiumultimum. Rhizoctonia solani, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were cultured from seedlings in 70%, 47%, and 15% of fields sampled in 1997, respectively, and 55%, 17%, and 5% of fields sampled in 1998, respectively. Repeated tests of pathogenicity confirmed that R. solani AG-4, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were major causal agents of postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. This study provides the first documentation on the distribution and frequency of fungi associated with postemergence seedling disease complex of cotton based on a survey of randomly selected fields. Accepted for publication 9 July 2002. Published 22 July 2002.
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Peres, Natália A. R., Soonho Kim, Howard W. Beck, Nilton L. Souza, and Lavern W. Timmer. "A Fungicide Application Decision (FAD) Support System for Postbloom Fruit Drop of Citrus (PFD)." Plant Health Progress 3, no. 1 (January 2002): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2002-0731-01-rv.
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Surveys were conducted to identify fungi associated with postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. Samples consisted of 10 cotton seedlings, 2 to 3 weeks after emergence, with symptoms of seedling diseases collected from a 0.25 ha area in each of 60 fields in 1997 and 1998. Four genera of fungi were cultured from the roots (Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Thielaviopsis) and three species were identified: Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola, and Pythiumultimum. Rhizoctonia solani, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were cultured from seedlings in 70%, 47%, and 15% of fields sampled in 1997, respectively, and 55%, 17%, and 5% of fields sampled in 1998, respectively. Repeated tests of pathogenicity confirmed that R. solani AG-4, T. basicola, and P. ultimum were major causal agents of postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. This study provides the first documentation on the distribution and frequency of fungi associated with postemergence seedling disease complex of cotton based on a survey of randomly selected fields. Accepted for publication 10 July 2002. Published 31 July 2002.
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Gonzales-Berry, Erlinda, Richard A. Spears, Linda Schinke-Llano, Betty Kirkpatrick, and Julio Ollero. "Diccionario Basico Norteamericano." Modern Language Journal 70, no. 4 (1986): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/326859.
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Sala, Fernando C., and Cyro P. da Costa. "'Gloriosa': cultivar de alface americana tropicalizada." Horticultura Brasileira 26, no. 3 (September 2008): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362008000300024.
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'Gloriosa' é uma cultivar de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) americana tropicalizada e resistente a Thielaviopsis basicola. Foi selecionada a partir de variantes da cultivar Lucy Brown, pelo método genealógico. Progênies S1 a S6 foram selecionadas para resistência a T. basicola, características hortícolas, tolerância ao pendoamento precoce e adaptação ao cultivo de verão. Apresenta ciclo precoce de 40 a 50 dias pós-transplante, pendoamento lento, cabeças grandes e três camadas de folhas externas. Possui tolerância a Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians e suporta o cultivo nos períodos de elevadas temperaturas e pluviosidade. Trata-se da primeira cultivar de alface americana tropicalizada no Brasil.
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Mims, Charles W., Warren E. Copes, and Elizabeth A. Richardson. "Ultrastructure of the Penetration and Infection of Pansy Roots by Thielaviopsis basicola." Phytopathology® 90, no. 8 (August 2000): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.8.843.
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Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the penetration and infection of pansy roots by Thielaviopsis basicola. Events observed in 7- to 10-day-old roots produced on moist filter paper differed slightly from those in roots from 4-week-old plants washed free of potting media prior to inoculation. By 3 h postinoculation (PI), epidermal cells of roots produced on filter paper exhibited aggregated cytoplasm and papilla formation in response to germ tube tips. The presence of callose in papillae was demonstrated using immunogold labeling. Papilla formation was not effective in preventing host cell penetration. A slender infection hypha emerged from a germ tube tip and grew through a papilla. Its tip then expanded to form a globose infection vesicle. By 6 h PI, infection hyphae emerged from infection vesicles, and invaded host cells showed signs of necrosis. By 8 h PI, infection hyphae had grown into cortical cells in spite of papilla formation in these cells. By 24 h PI, distinctive intracellular hyphae were present in necrotic cortical cells. In washed roots, most epidermal cells failed to respond to invasion. Hyphae simply grew through these cells and contacted cortical cells that exhibited aggregated cytoplasm and papillae formation. Infection structures similar to those produced in epidermal cells from roots grown on filter paper then formed in cortical cells of washed roots. The fact that T. basicola formed infection structures only in cells that responded to invasion suggests that T. basicola has a more complex relationship with its host than would be expected in a nectrotrophic pathogen. We believe that T. basicola is best described as a necrotrophic hemibiotroph.
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Braga, Debora Cordeiro. "Editorial Vol. 26 No. 4." Revista Turismo em Análise 26, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 743–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v26i4p743-744.
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Medina, G. "Bioquímica Humana (Curso Basico)." Biochemical Education 13, no. 3 (July 1985): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(85)90222-5.
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Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Root Rot Incited by Thielaviopsis basicola on Lamb's Lettuce (Valerianella olitoria) in Europe." Plant Disease 89, no. 2 (February 2005): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0205b.
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Lamb's lettuce (Valerianella olitoria) is increasingly grown in Italy and used in the preparation of processed salad. In the fall of 2003, plants of lamb's lettuce cvs. Trophy and Palmares showing symptoms of severe stunting were observed in several commercial plastic greenhouses near Bergamo in northern Italy. The distribution of the disease was generally uniform in the greenhouses and 10 to 30% of the plants were affected. The first symptoms, consisting of reduced growth of the plants and extensive chlorosis, developed in October at temperatures ranging between 10 and 20°C on 30-day-old plants. The roots of diseased plants showed extensive necrosis that extended to the crown of the plants. The diseased tissue was disinfested for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar amended with 100 µg/l streptomycin sulfate. A fungus with the morphological characteristics of Thielaviopsis basicola was consistently and readily isolated from symptomatic tissues (1). Catenulate, cylindrical, hyaline endoconidia and catenulate, subrectangular, thick-walled chlamydospores (aleuriospores) were observed. Ten-day-old plants of cvs. Trophy and Palmares were artificially inoculated by dipping three isolates of T. basicola obtained from infected plants for 15 min in a spore suspension (1 × 106 CFU/ml). Noninoculated plants served as control treatments. Each treatment consisted of 30 plants. Plants were maintained at 20°C in a growth chamber, with 12 h of light/day. Symptoms developed 25 days after the artificial inoculation on both cultivars, and T. basicola was consistently reisolated from diseased plants. The noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. basicola on lamb's lettuce in Italy as well as in the world. The same disease was described on corn salad (Valerianella locusta) in the United States (2). References: (1) D. E. Mathre and A.V. Ravenscroft. Phytopathology 56:337, 1966. (2) M. E. Stanghellini et al. Plant Dis. 74:81, 1990.
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CASSINELLI, Aline Barbosa, Fábio Luís MACIEL, Juliana FRONZA, and Joséli SCHWANBACH. "Atividade antifúngica in vitro dos óleos essenciais Eugenia uniflora e Psidium cattleianum contra o fitopatógeno Thielaviopsis basicola." Revista Eletrônica Científica da UERGS 5, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21674/2448-0479.53.250-256.
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O fungo Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferr é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas em diversas culturas agrícolas. O uso de óleos essenciais é uma técnica de controle alternativo de doenças fitopatogênicas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar os compostos bioquímicos de óleos essenciais extraídos de folhas de Eugenia uniflora L (Pitanga) e Psidium cattleianum ‘Sabine (Araçá Vermelho) e avaliar se concentrações crescentes desses óleos essenciais aumentam a inibição do crescimento do fitopatógeno T. basicola. A caracterização dos compostos bioquímicos ocorreu pela análise em GC/MS em cromatógrafo gasoso. Para o teste in vitro foram utilizadas concentrações de 0,1%, 1,0% e 1,5% de cada óleo essencial extraído, sendo este diluído em meio BDA mantendo-se um tratamento controle (ausência dos óleos essenciais). Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. As placas foram incubadas por 19 dias à 25°C. As avaliações foram realizadas através de medições dos diâmetros das colônias. Verificou-se inibição de crescimento do fungo nas concentrações de 1,0% e 1,5% para ambos os óleos testados. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que shiobunona e espatulenol são os compostos bioquímicos com maiores concetrações em óleo essencial de folhas de E. uniflora, enquanto 1.8-cineol é o composto bioquímico com maior concetração em óleo essencial de folhas de P. cattleianum. Ainda, os resultados obtidos confirmam a eficácia dos óleos essenciais no controle do crescimento de T. basicola, onde concentrações crescente desses óleos essenciais aumentam a inibição do crescimento desse fungo.
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Wang, Heping, and R. Michael Davis. "Susceptibility of Selected Cotton Cultivars to Seedling Disease Pathogens and Benefits of Chemical Seed Treatments." Plant Disease 81, no. 9 (September 1997): 1085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.9.1085.
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The susceptibility of 12 Upland cotton cultivars to three soilborne fungi, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Thielaviopsis basicola, was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Based on symptom development and seedling survival, cultivars highly resistant to P. ultimum included Delta Pine (DP) 6166, Prema, DP 6100, and Maxxa. A relatively low incidence of pre-emergence damping-off caused by R. solani occurred in ChemBred 7, DP 6100, and Royale, although all cultivars subsequently suffered significant post-emergence damping-off. All cultivars were equally susceptible to T. basicola. In both greenhouse and field evaluations, there were no benefits of metalaxyl seed treatment in Pythium-resistant cultivars. Seed treatment with carboxin-pentachloronitrobenzene for the control of Rhizoctonia-induced damping-off resulted in stand increases in all 12 cultivars in greenhouse tests and in 3 of 6 cultivars in field trials.
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Manara, Bruno. "Latin y Griego basicos para botanicos." Kew Bulletin 48, no. 3 (1993): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4118739.
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Koike, S. T. "Black Root Rot Caused by Thielaviopsis basicola on Lettuce in California." Plant Disease 92, no. 9 (September 2008): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-9-1368a.
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In 2005 and 2006, field-grown iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in California's coastal Salinas Valley (Monterey County) was affected by a previously unreported disease. Symptoms were observed on iceberg lettuce at the post-thin rosette stage (8 to 12 leaves). Plants were stunted and slightly chlorotic. Fine feeder roots had numerous, small (4 to 8 mm long), elongated, dark brown-to-black lesions. Larger secondary roots and taproots lacked lesions. No vascular discoloration was present. Isolations from root lesions consistently resulted in gray fungal colonies that formed catenulate, cylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline endoconidia and catenulate, subrectangular, thick-walled, dark aleuriospores. The fungus was identified as Thielaviopsis basicola (2). Conidial suspensions (5.0 × 105) of eight isolates from iceberg lettuce were used for pathogenicity tests. Iceberg cv. Ponderosa and romaine cv. Winchester were grown for 3 weeks in soilless peat moss rooting mix. Roots of 20 plants per cultivar were washed free of the rooting mix and soaked in conidial suspensions for 5 min. Plants were repotted and grown in a greenhouse. Control plant roots were soaked in sterile distilled water (SDW). After 3 weeks, inoculated iceberg exhibited slight chlorosis in comparison with control plants. Feeder roots of all iceberg plants inoculated with the eight isolates exhibited numerous black lesions and T. basicola was reisolated from these roots. Romaine lettuce, however, did not show any foliar symptoms. Small segments of roots had tan-to-light brown discoloration and T. basicola was occasionally reisolated (approximately 40% recovery). Roots of control iceberg and romaine showed no symptoms. Results were similar when this experiment was repeated. To explore the host range of T. basicola recovered from lettuce, two isolates were prepared and inoculated as described above onto 12 plants each of the following: iceberg lettuce (cv. Ponderosa), bean (cv. Blue Lake), broccoli (cv. Patriot), carrot (cv. Long Imperator #58), celery (cv. Conquistador), cotton (cv. Phy-72 Acala), cucumber (cv. Marketmore 76), green bunching onion (cv. Evergreen Bunching), parsley (cv. Moss Curled), pepper (cv. California Wonder 300 TMR), radish (cv. Champion), spinach (cvs. Bolero and Bossanova), and tomato (cv. Beefsteak). Control plant roots of all cultivars were soaked in SDW. After 4 weeks, only lettuce and bean roots had extensive brown-to-black lesions, from which the pathogen was consistently resiolated. Roots of cotton, pepper, spinach, and tomato had sections of light brown-to-orange discoloration; the pathogen was not consistently recovered from these sections. All other species and the control plants were symptomless. This experiment was repeated with similar results except that inoculated peppers were distinctly stunted compared with control plants. To my knowledge, this is the first report of black root rot caused by T. basicola on lettuce in California. Disease was limited to patches along edges of iceberg lettuce fields; disease incidence in these discrete patches reached as high as 35%. Affected plants continued to grow but remained stunted in relation to unaffected plants and were not harvested. Black root rot of lettuce has been reported in Australia (1); that report also showed that lettuce cultivars vary in susceptibility to T. basicola and isolates from lettuce were highly aggressive on bean but not on many other reported hosts of this pathogen. References: (1) R. G. O'Brien and R. D. Davis. Australas. Plant Pathol. 23:106, 1994. (2) C. V. Subramanian. No. 170 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1968.
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Ozete, Oscar, and Juan Luis Onieva Morales. "Diccionario basico de terminologia gramatical." Hispania 72, no. 2 (May 1989): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/343142.
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Sala, Fernando C., Cyro P. da Costa, Liliane de D. Teixeira, Eliane G. Fabri, and Sally F. Blat. "Reação de cultivares de alface a Thielaviopsis basicola." Horticultura Brasileira 26, no. 3 (September 2008): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362008000300021.
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A alface é a folhosa de maior importância no Brasil. O presente trabalho visou determinar a reação de cultivares de alface à murchadeira provocada pelo fungo Thielaviopsis basicola, na fase juvenil. Um experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 37 x 2 (cultivares, com e sem inoculação), com três repetições. Mudas com 30 dias foram transplantadas para bandejas de 128 células preenchidas com 1/3 de substrato colonizado com 7,5 x 10(5) conídios/g de substrato. Logo após o transplante, inoculou-se 3 mL de suspensão de esporos de concentração 2 x 10(6) conídios/mL, próximo ao colo de cada planta. A reação do hospedeiro ao patógeno e sua avaliação foi realizada utilizando escala de nota de 1 (ausência de sintomas) a 5 (mais de 90% das raízes afetadas), com base na severidade da doença. Cultivares do tipo crespa e batavia foram todas resistentes. Cultivares do tipo americana e lisa apresentaram variação inter-varietal quanto à reação da hospedeira ao patógeno.
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Holtz, Brent A. "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection ofThielaviopsis basicola." Phytopathology 84, no. 9 (1994): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-84-977.
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Ghosh, V. K., and J. K. Deb. "Production and characterization of xylanase from Thielaviopsis basicola." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 29, no. 1 (August 1988): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00258349.
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Copes, W. E., G. A. Chastaganer, and R. L. Hummel. "Activity of Chlorine Dioxide in a Solution of Ions and pH Against Thielaviopsis basicola and Fusarium oxysporum." Plant Disease 88, no. 2 (February 2004): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.2.188.
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Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a disinfestant used to control pathogens in water. To determine if interactions between inorganic ions and pH levels effect ClO2 activity in vitro, concentrations of ClO2 (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 22, 24, 46, 58, and 70 mg/liter) were mixed for 10 min in solutions containing a nitrogen and hard water solution with equal concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and synthetic hard water (0 and 100 mg/liter) and a divalent metal ion solution with equal concentrations of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg/liter) at pH 5 and 8. Macro- and microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi or conidia and aleuriospores of Thielaviopsis basicola were injected into each suspension for 30 s, captured on filter paper disks that were flushed with water, and plated on 50% potato dextrose agar. Spore germination was quantified after 1 day. ClO2 activity had a similar effect on both fungal species and all types of propagules with interactions among the divalent metal ion solution, nitrogen and hard water solution, and pH treatments. A higher concentration of ClO2 was required at pH 8 than at pH 5 to achieve a lethal dose resulting in 50% mortality of spores (LD50). The addition of the divalent metal ion solution required an increase in ClO2 concentration to maintain a LD50. When combined with the nitrogen and hard water solution, the divalent metal ion solution placed a higher demand on ClO2 at pH 5 and a lower demand on ClO2 at pH 8, thus requiring an increase and decrease in a ClO2 concentration, respectively, to achieve a LD50. Chlorine dioxide doses resulting in 50% mortality ranged from 0.5 to 7.0 mg/liter for conidia of F. oxysporum, 0.5 to 11.9 mg/liter for conidia of T. basicola, and 15.0 to 45.5 mg/liter for aleuriospores of T. basicola.
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Haji, H. M., S. Mishra, and M. DeVos. "CT681 flue-cured tobacco." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-093.
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CT681 is a flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar with high yield and grade index, and provides significantly higher economic returns togrowers. Company evaluations are higher than the checks, and percent lamina is high. CT681 is resistant to black root rot [Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris] disease. Key words: Nicotiana tabacum L., tobacco, cultivar description
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Asplin, G., G. Kjellby Wendt, and M. Fagevik Olsén. "Traffic Light System-BasicADL (TLS-BasicADL); development and reliability of a new assessment scale to measure basic mobility and self-care." Physiotherapy 101 (May 2015): e93-e94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.226.
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Terker, Andrew, and Juan Luis Onieva Morales. "Como dominar el analisis gramatical basico." Hispania 68, no. 4 (December 1985): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/342011.
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Lipski, John M., and Luis Fernando Lara. "Diccionario basico del espanol de Mexico." Hispania 70, no. 2 (May 1987): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/343363.
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Mondal, A. H., D. B. Nehl, and S. J. Allen. "First report of Thielaviopsis basicola on soybean in Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 33, no. 3 (2004): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap04044.
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Allen, SJ. "Thielaviopsis Basicola, a New Record on Cotton in Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 19, no. 1 (1990): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/app9900024.
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Borghese, A., F. Laurent, J. J. Tondeur, and G. Vandendunghen. "Basicite De L'Hydroxyde De Tetrabutylammonium En Milieu Acetonitrile Eau." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 101, no. 11 (September 1, 2010): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19921011104.
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Wheeler, T. A., J. R. Gannaway, and K. Keating. "Identification of Resistance to Thielaviopsis basicola in Diploid Cotton." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (September 1999): 831–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.831.
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A screening program to find sources of resistance to Thielaviopsis basicola in cotton identified a diploid cotton (Gossypium arboreum, PI 1415) with apparent high resistance to this pathogen. Seedlings were obtained from self-pollinated seed taken from the resistant plant (PI 1415) and grown in growth chamber tests with the cultivars (tetraploid G. hirsutum) Paymaster HS-26 and Paymaster Tejas as controls. Seedlings were grown for 20 days in naturally infested field soil and evaluated for root growth and root necrosis. In all tests, PI 1415 had less (P = 0.001) root necrosis than the cultivars HS-26 and Tejas. A triadimenol seed treatment also resulted in less (P = 0.001) root necrosis for all three cotton genotypes, and the response was additive with level of disease resistance. Incorporation of the resistance factor from PI 1415 into tetraploid upland cotton may greatly reduce damage by black root rot, especially in combination with fungicide seed treatments.
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Villa, Jaime D., Fernando Chávez Mora, Jorge Alvarado Alvarado, Rodrigo Aymerich Bien, Alejandro Solórzano López, Fernando Chavez Mora, and Alejandro Solorzano Lopez. "Aspectos Basicos Sobre Las Serpientes de Costa Rica." Copeia 1993, no. 3 (August 18, 1993): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1447276.
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Xiang LIU, Jinhai SUN, Yimin LIU, Li CAO, and Jie ZHANG. "Anti-Doping System Basiced On Prohibited List of." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 6, no. 8 (August 31, 2011): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol6.issue8.32.
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Bayabil, Haimanote K., Kati W. Migliaccio, Michael Dukes, Laura Vasquez, and Carlos Balerdi. "Consejos Basicos para Diseñar Sistemas Eficientes de Riego." EDIS 2020, no. 6 (December 16, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ae549-2020.
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Los recursos de agua potable están escaseando debido a aumentos en problación y aumentos en la demanda de agua, comida y energía. El estado de Florida proyecta añadir 6 millones de habitantes para el 2030 (Royer and Wang 2017). Además, eventos extremos del tiempo (p.e. inundaciones y sequías) ya son un fenómeno común. Por lo tanto a medida que el agua potable escasea y las sequias son frecuentes hay más necesidad de ser eficientes en el uso de recursos hidraulicos. Han habido importantes adelantos en tecnologías de regadíos (p.e. válvulas eléctricas, controles inteligentes, sensores de humedad de suelos, etc.) que ahorran agua (Dukes 2012). Sin embargo, la efectividad de estas tecnologías depende de varios factores como el diseño de sistemas de regadío. Diseñar equipos y sistemas de regadío eficientes no sólo ahorran dinero pero también ahorran agua.
This is a Spanish language translation of:
Bayabil, Haimanote, Kati Migliaccio, Michael Dukes, and Laura Vasquez. 2020. “Basic Tips for Designing Efficient Irrigation Systems”. EDIS 2020 (1). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ae539-2020.
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Koike, S. T., and D. M. Henderson. "Black Root Rot, Caused by Thielaviopsis basicola, on Tomato Transplants in California." Plant Disease 82, no. 4 (April 1998): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.4.447c.
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In 1997, greenhouse-produced transplants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) exhibited stunting, yellowing of leaves, and lack of vigorous growth. Roots of affected plants had numerous small (2 to 10 mm long), brown lesions. Isolations from symptomatic roots onto acidified potato dextrose agar and TBM-V8 medium (1) consistently resulted in gray fungal colonies that formed catenulate, cylindrical, hyaline endoconidia and catenulate, subrectangular, thick-walled, dark aleuriospores. The fungus was identified as Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris based on colony characteristics and conidial morphology. Pathogenicity was tested by producing endoconidial suspensions of representative isolates and applying them as root drenches to 2-month-old tomato (cv. Early Girl) plants in soil-less, peat-based potting mix. Sterile, distilled water was applied to control plants. After 14 days in a greenhouse, symptoms similar to those originally observed developed and the pathogen was reisolated from lesions on the roots. Control plants developed no disease symptoms. The test was repeated and the results were similar. This is the first documentation of black root rot caused by T. basicola on tomato transplants in California. Disease incidence reached as high as 50 to 60% in certain plantings. Reference: (1) J. N. C. Maduewesi et al. Phytopathology 66:526, 1976.
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Haji, H. M., and J. E. Brandle. "Evaluation of Host Resistance and Soil Fumigation for the Management of Black Root Rot of Tobacco in Ontario." Plant Disease 85, no. 11 (November 2001): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.11.1145.
Full textAbstract:
Black root rot of tobacco, caused by the soilborne fungus Thielaviopsis basicola, is a serious problem in many tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)-growing regions of the world. In Ontario, the disease is favored by cool, wet soil conditions and heavy textured or poorly drained soils. Yield loss can be severe under these conditions and fumigants containing chloropicrin are used extensively for controlling the disease. Usually, fumigants control the disease reasonably well, but they are costly and could cause a negative environmental impact. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate the performance of resistant (AC Gayed) and moderately susceptible (Delgold) tobacco cultivars and soil fumigation to black root rot. T. basicola reduced yield of the susceptible Delgold cultivar. The interaction between genotype and fumigation was significant for most traits examined, indicating that the two genotypes responded differently. Orthogonal comparisons indicate that yield from nonfumigated AC Gayed was higher than that of nonfumigated Delgold. Yield of nonfumigated AC Gayed was also not significantly different from the yield of AC Gayed treated either with Vorlex Plus (1,3-dichloropropene+methyl isothiocyanate) or with Vorlex Plus CP (1,3-dichloropropene+methyl isothiocyanate+chloropicrin). In contrast, the yield of nonfumigated Delgold was lower than Delgold treated with Vorlex Plus CP.
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Almario, Juliana, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Daniel Muller, and Yvan Moënne-Loccoz. "Effect of Clay Mineralogy on Iron Bioavailability and Rhizosphere Transcription of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol Biosynthetic Genes in Biocontrol Pseudomonas protegens." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 5 (May 2013): 566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-12-0274-r.
Full textAbstract:
Pseudomonas strains producing 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) can protect plants from soilborne phytopathogens and are considered the primary reason for suppressiveness of morainic Swiss soils to Thielaviopsis basicola-mediated black root-rot disease of tobacco, even though they also occur nearby in conducive sandstone soils. The underlying molecular mechanisms accounting for this discrepancy are not understood. In this study, we assessed the hypothesis that the presence of iron-rich vermiculite clay (dominant in suppressive soils) instead of illite (dominant in neighboring conducive soils) translates into higher levels of iron bioavailability and transcription of Pseudomonas DAPG synthetic genes in the tobacco rhizosphere. Rhizosphere monitoring of reporter gene systems pvd-inaZ and phlA-gfp in Pseudomonas protegens indicated that the level of iron bioavailability and the number of cells expressing phl genes (DAPG synthesis), respectively, were higher in vermiculitic than in illitic artificial soils. This was in accordance with the effect of iron on phlA-gfp expression in vitro and, indeed, iron addition to the illitic soil increased the number of cells expressing phlA-gfp. Similar findings were made in the presence of the pathogen T. basicola. Altogether, results substantiate the hypothesis that iron-releasing minerals may confer disease suppressiveness by modulating iron bioavailability in the rhizosphere and expression of biocontrol-relevant genes in antagonistic P. protegens.
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Georgieva, O., and S. Sofkova-Bobcheva. "REACTION OF INTRODUCED BEAN (PHASEOLUS) ACCESSIONS TO THE INFESTATION BY THIELAVIOPSIS BASICOLA (BERKELEY & BROOME) UNDER NATURAL EPIPHYTOTIC CONDITIONS." VEGETABLE CROPS OF RUSSIA, no. 2(27) (2015): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2015-2-84-90.
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NISHIKAWA, J. "Black root rot on pansy geranium caused by Thielaviopsis basicola in Japan." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 73, no. 4 (2007): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.73.309.
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