To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Basidiomycet.
Journal articles on the topic 'Basidiomycet'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Basidiomycet.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Schulze, M., and M. Rühl. "Rekombinante Enzymproduktion im Basidiomycet Coprinopsis cinerea." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 90, no. 9 (2018): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201855286.
Full text
2
Auxier, Ben, Karin Scholtmeijer, Arend F. van Peer, Johan J. P. Baars, Alfons J. M. Debets, and Duur K. Aanen. "Cytoplasmic Mixing, Not Nuclear Coexistence, Can Explain Somatic Incompatibility in Basidiomycetes." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (2021): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061248.
Full textAbstract:
Nonself recognition leading to somatic incompatibility (SI) is commonly used by mycologists to distinguish fungal individuals. Despite this, the process remains poorly understood in basidiomycetes as all current models of SI are based on genetic and molecular research in ascomycete fungi. Ascomycete fungi are mainly found in a monokaryotic stage, with a single type of haploid nuclei, and only briefly during mating do two genomes coexist in heterokaryotic cells. The sister phylum, Basidiomycota, differs in several relevant aspects. Basidiomycete fungi have an extended heterokaryotic stage, and SI is generally observed between heterokaryons instead of between homokaryons. Additionally, considerable nuclear migration occurs during a basidiomycete mating reaction, introducing a nucleus into a resident homokaryon with cytoplasmic mixing limited to the fused or neighboring cells. To accommodate these differences, we describe a basidiomycete model for nonself recognition using post-translational modification, based on a reader-writer system as found in other organisms. This post-translational modification combined with nuclear migration allows for the coexistence of two genomes in one individual while maintaining nonself recognition during all life stages. Somewhat surprisingly, this model predicts localized cell death during mating, which is consistent with previous observations but differs from the general assumptions of basidiomycete mating. This model will help guide future research into the mechanisms behind basidiomycete nonself recognition.
3
Swann, Eric C., and John W. Taylor. "Phylogenetic perspectives on basidiomycete systematics: evidence from the 18S rRNA gene." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (1995): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-332.
Full textAbstract:
Basidiomycete systematics has a history of dramatic change with the introduction of new forms of information. We present a new class level taxonomy for basidiomycetes consisting of the Urediniomycetes emend., Ustilaginomycetes, and Hymenomycetes. The primary source of characters for this analysis is the 18S rRNA gene. Other characters such as cellular carbohydrate composition, major ubiquinone system, 5S rRNA sequence, basidium morphology, and septum and spindle pole body ultrastructure are considered. Comparison of the new class system to other basidiomycete taxonomies is made. Use of 18S sequence to test the monophyly of an order is made in an examination of the Filobasidiales. Key words: basidiomycetes, molecular systematics, taxonomy, Filobasidiales, basidiomycetous yeasts.
4
Nishida, Hiromi, Katsuhiko Ando, Yasuo Ando, Aiko Hirata, and Junta Sugiyama. "Mixia osmundae: transfer from the Ascomycota to the Basidiomycota based on evidence from molecules and morphology." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (1995): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-308.
Full textAbstract:
To determine phylogenetic placement of Mixia osmundae (T. Nishida) Kramer (Mixiaceae, Protomycetales), we sequenced the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene from M. osmundae IFO-32408 and compared it with that from 4 archiascomycetes (Ascomycota) and 24 basidiomycetes. Our molecular phylogeny indicates that M. osmundae and the basidiomycetes Rhodosporidium toruloides, Leucosporidium scottii, Sporobolomyces roseus, Sporidiobolus johnsonii, Cronartium ribicola, Peridermium harknessii, and Erythrobasidium hasegawianum group together in 100% of bootstrap replicates. The M. osmundae spores on the host fern Osmunda japonica have been regarded as ascospores (i.e., endogenously produced within an ascus), but our light microscopic, SEM, and TEM observations for fresh materials of M. osmundae on O. japonica in Japan clearly demonstrated that these are produced exogenously, blastically, and simultaneously from the sporogenous cell. Evidence from both molecular and morphological characters suggests that M. osmundae is not a member of the ascomycetes and is not related to either the Taphrinales or Protomycetales. Obviously Mixia osmundae is a member of the basidiomycetes and placed within the simple septate basidiomycete lineage. Key words: fungal evolution, basidiomycete phylogeny, Mixia osmundae, Taphrinales, Protomycetales, 18S rRNA.
5
Lynch, Michael D. J., and R. Greg Thorn. "Diversity of Basidiomycetes in Michigan Agricultural Soils." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 11 (2006): 7050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00826-06.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT We analyzed the communities of soil basidiomycetes in agroecosystems that differ in tillage history at the Kellogg Biological Station Long-Term Ecological Research site near Battle Creek, Michigan. The approach combined soil DNA extraction through a bead-beating method modified to increase recovery of fungal DNA, PCR amplification with basidiomycete-specific primers, cloning and restriction fragment length polymorphism screening of mixed PCR products, and sequencing of unique clones. Much greater diversity was detected than was anticipated in this habitat on the basis of culture-based methods or surveys of fruiting bodies. With “species” defined as organisms yielding PCR products with ≥99% identity in the 5′ 650 bases of the nuclear large-subunit ribosomal DNA, 241 “species” were detected among 409 unique basidiomycete sequences recovered. Almost all major clades of basidiomycetes from basidiomycetous yeasts and other heterobasidiomycetes through polypores and euagarics (gilled mushrooms and relatives) were represented, with a majority from the latter clade. Only 24 of 241 “species” had 99% or greater sequence similarity to named reference sequences in GenBank, and several clades with multiple “species” could not be identified at the genus level by phylogenetic comparisons with named sequences. The total estimated “species” richness for this 11.2-ha site was 367 “species” of basidiomycetes. Since >99% of the study area has not been sampled, the accuracy of our diversity estimate is uncertain. Replication in time and space is required to detect additional diversity and the underlying community structure.
6
Nakagiri, Akira, and Tadayoshi Ito. "Basidiocarp development of the cyphelloid gasteroid aquatic basidiomycetes Halocyphina villosa and Limnoperdon incarnatum." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 10 (1991): 2320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-292.
Full textAbstract:
Basidiocarp structure and development in the aquatic basidiomycetes Halocyphina villosa and Limnoperdon incarnatum were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Halocyphina villosa produces completely closed gasteroid basidiocarps at the early developmental stage while it shows cyphelloid hymenium distribution and ballistosporic basidiospore formation. Alternatively, the basidiocarp of L. incarnatum is cyphelloid at the initial stage but becomes closed at maturity. Basidia and basidiospores are gasteroid and nonballistosporic and are distributed on a loosely formed hymenium. These observations suggest that a cyphelloid hymenomycete and a gasteromycete, terrestrial Basidiomycetes by origin, have evolved into the two aquatic species by now possessing similar closed basidiocarps adapted to aquatic habitats. Key words: Halocyphina villosa, Limnoperdon incarnatum, aquatic basidiomycete, gasteroid basidiocarp.
7
Jasalavich, Claudia A., Andrea Ostrofsky, and Jody Jellison. "Detection and Identification of Decay Fungi in Spruce Wood by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Amplified Genes Encoding rRNA." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 11 (2000): 4725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.11.4725-4734.2000.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT We have developed a DNA-based assay to reliably detect brown rot and white rot fungi in wood at different stages of decay. DNA, isolated by a series of CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) and organic extractions, was amplified by the PCR using published universal primers and basidiomycete-specific primers derived from ribosomal DNA sequences. We surveyed 14 species of wood-decaying basidiomycetes (brown-rot and white-rot fungi), as well as 25 species of wood-inhabiting ascomycetes (pathogens, endophytes, and saprophytes). DNA was isolated from pure cultures of these fungi and also from spruce wood blocks colonized by individual isolates of wood decay basidiomycetes or wood-inhabiting ascomycetes. The primer pair ITS1-F (specific for higher fungi) and ITS4 (universal primer) amplified the internal transcribed spacer region from both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes from both pure culture and wood, as expected. The primer pair ITS1-F (specific for higher fungi) and ITS4-B (specific for basidiomycetes) was shown to reliably detect the presence of wood decay basidiomycetes in both pure culture and wood; ascomycetes were not detected by this primer pair. We detected the presence of decay fungi in wood by PCR before measurable weight loss had occurred to the wood. Basidiomycetes were identified to the species level by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the internal transcribed spacer region.
8
Nieuwenhuis, Bart P. S., Alfons J. M. Debets, and Duur K. Aanen. "Sexual selection in mushroom-forming basidiomycetes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1702 (2010): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1110.
Full textAbstract:
We expect that sexual selection may play an important role in the evolution of mushroom-forming basidiomycete fungi. Although these fungi do not have separate sexes , they do play female and male roles : the acceptance and the donation of a nucleus, respectively. The primary mycelium (monokaryon) of basidiomycete fungi, growing from a germinating sexual spore, is hermaphroditic, but it loses female function upon the acceptance of a second nucleus. The resulting dikaryon with two different nuclei in each cell retains a male potential as both nuclei can fertilize receptive mycelia. We tested the occurrence of sexual selection in the model species of mushroom-forming basidiomycetes, Schizophyllum commune , by pairing monokaryons with fully compatible dikaryons. In most pairings, we found a strong bias for one of the two nuclei although both were compatible with the monokaryon when paired alone. This shows that sexual selection can occur in mushroom-forming basidiomycetes. Since the winning nucleus of a dikaryon occasionally varied depending on the receiving monokaryon, we infer that sexual selection can operate through choosiness of the receiving individual (analogous to female choice). However, in other cases the same nucleus won, irrespective of the receiving monokaryon, suggesting that competition between the two nuclei of the donating mycelium (analogous to male–male competition) might also play a role.
9
Sudarson, Jenefar, Shenbhagaraman Ramalingam, Premalatha Kishorekumar, and Kaviyarasan Venkatesan. "Expeditious Quantification of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes from Indigenous Wood Rot and Litter Degrading Fungi from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests of Tamil Nadu." Biotechnology Research International 2014 (February 26, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/127848.
Full textAbstract:
In this study thirty wood rotting and litter degrading basidiomycetes were screened for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes such as, laccase, peroxidase, and cellulase using rapid micro quantification assay. Out of the 30 indigenous isolates Trametes gibbosa was identified to be a potential lignocellulolytic enzyme producer, producing a maximum amount of cellulase (299.66±1.59 IU/L) and laccase (257.94±1.79 U/L). Moreover, it is the second leading producer of peroxidase enzyme (170.19±1.98 U/L). Tricholomopsis sp. a wood rot basidiomycete was found to be the leading lignin decomposer with maximum peroxidase activity (287.84±2 U/L) and second maximum laccase activity (250.19±1.83 U/L). However, its cellulolytic potential was found to be moderate (100.04±1.13 U/L). A higher level of lignocellulolytic enzymes was recorded in wood rotting basidiomycetes, whereas very low levels of lignolytic enzymes were found in litter inhabiting basidiomycetes. However, their cellulolytic potential was found to be moderate.
10
Isikov, V. P. "Xylotrophic Basidiomycetes of protected species of woody plants of the Crimea." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 151 (December 30, 2019): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2019-2-151-120-131.
Full textAbstract:
The species composition of xylotrophic basidiomycetes on woody plants listed in Red Book of the Crimea was studied. Xylotrophic basidiomycetes were detected on 10 species of protected woody plants of the Crimea: Arbutus andrachne - 3 species, Crataegus pojarkovae - 13, Juniperus deltoides - 2, Juniperus excelsa - 7, Malus sylvestris - 9, Pinus brutia - 3, Pistacia mutica - 15, Taxus baccata - 5, Tilia dasystyla - 2, Vitex agnus-castus - 1 species. A total of 46 species were identified. All discovered species of fungi belong to 8 orders, 20 families and 39 genera of Basidiomycota division. The order Polyporales dominates by the number of species of fungi - 18 species. There are 9 species in the orders Agaricales and Hymenochaetales. Xylotrophic basidiomycetes of the orders Hymenochaetales and Polyporales (27 species) are the most dangerous to protected species of woody plants. The greatest danger to growing trees are 12 species of fungi from the orders Hymenochaetales and Polyporales. Among the xylotrophic macromycete polyphagans, the most dangerous are Phellinus torulosus and Ganoderma applanatum , with a range of 100 and 82 host plants, respectively. Among the specialized xylotrophic basidiomycetes, Pyrophomes demidofii on Juniperus excelsa is the most common in park and forest plantations of the Southern Coast of the Crimea.
11
Hood, I. A., P. N. Beets, J. F. Gardner, M. O. Kimberley, M. W. P. Power, and T. D. Ramsfield. "Basidiomycete decay fungi within stems of Nothofagus windfalls in a Southern Hemisphere beech forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 7 (2008): 1897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-041.
Full textAbstract:
Fungi were isolated to determine the predominant decomposer species active in the coarse woody debris in a beech forest in the central North Island of New Zealand. Basidiomycetes were obtained in 55% of 4569 isolation attempts from discs cut from six trees each of Nothofagus fusca (Hook. F.) Oerst. and Nothofagus menziesii (Hook. F.) Oerst. uprooted during a storm 24 years earlier. Percentage yields varied significantly among trees but not between tree species. However, for N. fusca, basidiomycetes were obtained less frequently from stems of greater mean diameter. In total, 96% of basidiomycete isolates were composed of 18 species, the most abundant being Armillaria novae-zelandiae (G. Stev.) Herink, mainly present in the outer 12 cm, and Ganoderma cf. applanatum sensu Wakef. and Cyclomyces tabacinus (Mont.) Pat., which penetrated more deeply. These fungi were distributed along the stems as somatically incompatible colonies reaching lengths of 11, 2, and 3 m for each species, respectively; those of G. cf. applanatum were separated by brown pseudosclerotial plates. Fruiting of these species was significantly associated with isolation of cultures and, for G. cf. applanatum and C. tabacinus, provided a reliable guide to stem colonization. Basidiomycete diversity in the Nothofagus stems was greater than in two podocarp species in an earlier study. Data from this investigation are being used to assess how decay fungi, together with other factors, influence rates of decomposition of indigenous coarse woody debris.
12
Bowen, R. M., and S. H. T. Harper. "A comparison of fungal communities in straw decomposing in different soil types and under different cultivation practices." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 94 (1988): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007211.
Full textAbstract:
SynopsisThe composition of the mycoflora growing on wheat straw decomposing in three arable soil types and following two methods of incorporation was monitored throughout one cropping season. Fusarium species, Trichoderma species and Chaetomium globosum were the most frequently isolated cellulose-decomposers during the autumn and early spring on all treatments. Around some straws the brown colour of lignin was replaced by a dark red coloration: if this was cleared subsequently, it was considered to indicate the presence of lignin-decomposing species. Colonies of a Typhula sp., a lignin-decomposing basidiomycete, developed from some of the straws surrounded by cleared zones. In late spring more lignin-decomposing basidiomycetes were isolated, none of which had previously been described on, nor isolated from, wheat straw decomposing in the field. These basidiomycetes, characterised by slower extension rates than Typhula, were more frequent on straw ploughed-in at two sites. Typhula was more numerous where the straw had been incorporated by tined implements. The composition of the cellulolytic fungal community differed between treatments. Inoculation of straw with pure and mixed cultures of Fusarium culmorum, Trichoderma viride, Chaetomium globosum and the lignin-decomposing basidiomycetes had varied effects on the decay rate.
13
Baltazar, Juliano Marcon, Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira, and Clarice Loguercio-Leite. "A checklist of xylophilous basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota) in mangroves." Mycotaxon 107, no. 1 (2009): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/107.221.
Full text
14
Begerow, Dominik, Robert Bauer, and Franz Oberwinkler. "Phylogenetic studies on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of smut fungi and related taxa." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 12 (1997): 2045–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-916.
Full textAbstract:
To show phylogenetic relationships among the smut fungi and their relatives, we sequenced a part of the nuclear LSU rDNA from 43 different species of smut fungi and related taxa. Our data were combined with the existing sequences of seven further smut fungi and 17 other basidiomycetes. Two sets of sequences were analyzed. The first set with a representative number of simple septate basidiomycetes, complex septate basidiomycetes, and smut fungi was analyzed with the neighbor-joining method to estimate the general topology of the basidiomycetes phylogeny and the positions of the smut fungi. The tripartite subclassification of the basidiomycetes into the Urediniomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, and Hymenomycetes was confirmed and two groups of smut fungi appeared. The smut genera Aurantiosporium, Microbotryum, Fulvisporium, and Ustilentyloma are members of the Urediniomycetes, whereas the other smut species tested are members of the Ustilaginomycetes with Entorrhiza as a basal taxon. The second set of 46 Ustilaginomycetes was analyzed using the neighbor-joining and the maximum parsimony methods to show the inner topology of the Ustilaginomycetes. The results indicated three major lineages among Ustilaginomycetes corresponding to the Entorrhizomycetidae, Exobasidiomycetidae, and Ustilaginomycetidae. The Entorrhizomycetidae are represented by Entorrhiza species. The Ustilaginomycetidae contain at least two groups, the Urocystales and Ustilaginales. The Exobasidiomycetidae include five orders, i.e., Doassansiales, Entylomatales, Exobasidiales, Georgefischeriales, and Tilletiales, and Graphiola phoenicis and Microstroma juglandis. Our results support a classification mainly based on ultrastructure. The description of the Glomosporiaceae is emended. The Doassansiopsaceae, Melanotaeniaceae, and Urocystaceae are proposed as new taxa. Key words: basidiomycete systematics, LSU rDNA, Microbotryales, molecular phylogeny, smut fungi, Ustilaginomycetes.
15
He, Mao-Qiang, Rui-Lin Zhao, Kevin D. Hyde, et al. "Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota." Fungal Diversity 99, no. 1 (2019): 105–367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
16
Okhuoya, J. A., and S. O. Itaman. "Mycoflora of sawn timbers in Benin City." Acta Mycologica 23, no. 2 (2014): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1987.016.
Full textAbstract:
In a fungal suryey of sawn timbers in scattared localities in Benin City, fungal species isolated were mainly members of <i>Hyphomycetes</i>, with few <i>Ascomycetes</i> and<i> Basidiomycetes</i>. Cellulolytic abilities of isolates were determined and found to be highest in a basidiomycete, <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>. The high incidence of these isolates was traced to the poor ventillation in the shades where the timbers arę sold and the high moisture content of timber before display for sale.
17
May, G., and J. W. Taylor. "Patterns of mating and mitochondrial DNA inheritance in the agaric Basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus." Genetics 118, no. 2 (1988): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/118.2.213.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Patterns of mating and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) inheritance were investigated for the Basidiomycete, Coprinus cinereus in order to better understand the relationship of reproductive biology and mtDNA evolution in fungi. Results showed that the unique mating system of basidiomycetes can lead to the formation of mitochondrial mosaics (i.e., colonies composed of sectors differing in mtDNA). Mitochondria do not migrate along with nuclei during mating. Intracellular mixed or recombinant mtDNA molecules were not observed. Interestingly, it was found that mating asymmetry, caused by nonreciprocal nuclear migration, may be an important part of the reproductive biology of C. cinereus.
18
Hood, Ian A., Rebecca L. McDougal, Chanatda Somchit, Mark O. Kimberley, Aymee S. R. Lewis, and Joy O. L. Hood. "Fungi decaying the wood of fallen beech (Nothofagus) trees in the South Island of New Zealand." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 1 (2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0179.
Full textAbstract:
To extend present knowledge of communities of wood decay fungi in native forests, basidiomycetes and ascomycetes were isolated from within 15 fallen stems in beech (Nothofagus, Nothofagaceae) forests in the South Island of New Zealand. Fungal species were identified as precisely as possible using traditional culturing and molecular approaches. The internal distribution of species within stems was determined. Common fungi that occupied significant portions of stems were Ganoderma applanatum sensu Wakefield, Australoporus tasmanicus, Inonotus nothofagi, Pleurotus purpureo-olivaceus, and an unidentified hymenochaetaceous species. Richness and diversity of basidiomycete species were greater in stems of red beech (Nothofagus fusca (Hook. f.) Oerst.) and silver beech (Nothofagus menziesii (Hook. f.) Oerst.) than in those of matai (Prumnopitys taxifolia (Banks & Sol. ex D. Don) de Laub.; Podocarpaceae) and tawa (Beilschmiedia tawa (A. Cunn.) Kirk; Lauraceae), as determined from earlier studies in podocarp hardwood and beech indigenous forests. There was greater similarity in the species composition of basidiomycete fungi colonising the three beech species compared with those colonising rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum Sol. ex Lamb.; Podocarpaceae), tawa, and matai. Based on observations in this study and on international research on the effects of selective logging on basidiomycete biodiversity, the decision to restrict to 50% the extraction of wood following storm damage in beech forests on the West Coast of the South Island appears to have been appropriate.
19
Duckett, Jeffrey G., and Roberto Ligrone. "Basidiomycetous endophytes in New Zealand Aneuraceae (simple thalloid liverworts, Metzgeriidae) and the derived status of the monotypic genus Verdoornia." Botany 86, no. 4 (2008): 346–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-004.
Full textAbstract:
The ultrastructure of endophytic basidiomycetes in two New Zealand species of Aneura and the endemic genus Verdoornia is compared with that in northern hemisphere members of the Aneuraceae. The discovery of a basidiomycete colonization in Verdoornia and a reappraisal of earlier morphological data confirms molecular evidence that this is a derived genus nested within the Aneuraceae rather than a primitive isolated taxon, as considered previously. Throughout the Aneuraceae, the basidiomycetes exhibit similar colonization patterns; initial proliferation of dikaryotic, non-clamp-forming hyphal coils within the host cells is followed by senescence and aggregation of collapsed hyphae into large masses. Multiple cycles of colonization are common. Dolipores with imperforate parenthesomes indicate that the fungi are all heterobasidiomycetes. In line with earlier cross-colonization experiments showing complete host specificity, differences in hyphal diameters and dolipore dimensions suggest that the fungi belong to different taxa. The New Zealand aneuracean fungi have multilayered walls similar to their northern hemisphere counterparts. Within the Aneuraceae there appears to be a trend from very limited or no endophyte colonization in Riccardia to colonization of the entire thallus in Cryptothallus. The cytology of the fungal associations in Aneura and Verdoornia is highly suggestive of mixotrophy.
20
Sahu, Neha, Zsolt Merényi, Balázs Bálint, et al. "Hallmarks of Basidiomycete Soft- and White-Rot in Wood-Decay -Omics Data of Two Armillaria Species." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010149.
Full textAbstract:
Wood-decaying Basidiomycetes are among the most efficient degraders of plant cell walls, making them key players in forest ecosystems, global carbon cycle, and in bio-based industries. Recent insights from -omics data revealed a high functional diversity of wood-decay strategies, especially among the traditional white-rot and brown-rot dichotomy. We examined the mechanistic bases of wood-decay in the conifer-specialists Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria cepistipes using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Armillaria spp. (Fungi, Basidiomycota) include devastating pathogens of temperate forests and saprotrophs that decay wood. They have been discussed as white-rot species, though their response to wood deviates from typical white-rotters. While we observed an upregulation of a diverse suite of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, unlike white-rotters, they possess and express an atypical wood-decay repertoire in which pectinases and expansins are enriched, whereas lignin-decaying enzymes (LDEs) are generally downregulated. This combination of wood decay genes resembles the soft-rot of Ascomycota and appears widespread among Basidiomycota that produce a superficial white rot-like decay. These observations are consistent with ancestral soft-rot decay machinery conserved across asco- and Basidiomycota, a gain of efficient lignin-degrading ability in white-rot fungi and repeated, complete, or partial losses of LDE encoding gene repertoires in brown- and secondarily soft-rot fungi.
21
Sahu, Neha, Zsolt Merényi, Balázs Bálint, et al. "Hallmarks of Basidiomycete Soft- and White-Rot in Wood-Decay -Omics Data of Two Armillaria Species." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010149.
Full textAbstract:
Wood-decaying Basidiomycetes are among the most efficient degraders of plant cell walls, making them key players in forest ecosystems, global carbon cycle, and in bio-based industries. Recent insights from -omics data revealed a high functional diversity of wood-decay strategies, especially among the traditional white-rot and brown-rot dichotomy. We examined the mechanistic bases of wood-decay in the conifer-specialists Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria cepistipes using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Armillaria spp. (Fungi, Basidiomycota) include devastating pathogens of temperate forests and saprotrophs that decay wood. They have been discussed as white-rot species, though their response to wood deviates from typical white-rotters. While we observed an upregulation of a diverse suite of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, unlike white-rotters, they possess and express an atypical wood-decay repertoire in which pectinases and expansins are enriched, whereas lignin-decaying enzymes (LDEs) are generally downregulated. This combination of wood decay genes resembles the soft-rot of Ascomycota and appears widespread among Basidiomycota that produce a superficial white rot-like decay. These observations are consistent with ancestral soft-rot decay machinery conserved across asco- and Basidiomycota, a gain of efficient lignin-degrading ability in white-rot fungi and repeated, complete, or partial losses of LDE encoding gene repertoires in brown- and secondarily soft-rot fungi.
22
MLECZKO, PIOTR, BARTOSZ J. PŁACHNO, and PIOTR ŚWIĄTEK. "Septal-pore-associated structures of Hysterangium clathroides and Hysterangium nephriticum (Hysterangiales, Basidiomycota, Fungi)." Phytotaxa 348, no. 2 (2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.348.2.12.
Full textAbstract:
The hyphae of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota are divided into compartments by the cross-walls (septa). In mushroom-forming fungi, members of subphylla Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka (Ascomycota) and Agaricomycotina Doweld (Basidiomycota), the septa are associated with specific intracellular structures, which play a role in maintaining the integrity of hyphae in case of injury but also in cell differentiation (Webster & Weber 2007, Moore et al. 2011). In basidiomycetes, these structures may also be involved in certain intracellular processes and the formation of sporocarps (Van Peer et al. 2010, Moore et al. 2011). In this fungal group they are the reticulum-connected and -derived membranous structures called septal pore caps (SPC) or parenthesomes, associated with a dolipore (Moore 1985, 1996, van Driel 2007). The pores may also be occluded by a range of materials of different form. The septal-pore-associated structures may differ considerably between species of different evolutionary lineages. This quality was used as a differentiating factor in the taxonomy at both species and higher-order levels (Lutzoni et al. 2004, McLaughlin et al. 2009).
23
Wanschura, Regina, Matthias Baumgartner, Claudia U. Linder, Elisabeth Windeisen, J. Philipp Benz, and Klaus Richter. "Direct bioautography for the screening of selected tropical wood extracts against basidiomycetes." Holzforschung 74, no. 8 (2020): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0153.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTo understand the reasons for the high durability of tropical wood species, the chemistry of the extractives needs to be elucidated. As these extractives consist of a great variety of components differing in quantity and composition, the analysis is often time-consuming. To focus on the key bioactive substances, bioassay-guided fractionation is helpful, but the established bioassay methods cannot be readily adapted to basidiomycete fungi that are commonly used for the respective durability tests, because they do not sporulate easily in laboratory settings. The research therefore aims at developing a direct bioautography using homogenized hyphae from basidiomycetes, to overcome this restriction. Extracts from four tropical wood species were analyzed regarding their potential bioactivity on two selected basidiomycete fungi. To this end, the chemically complex mixtures and extract constituents were resolved by a two-dimensional planar chromatography and the metabolites were located by characteristic zones of fungal growth inhibition, which was accentuated by a color reaction. The bioactive fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Potentially responsible compounds could be identified, such as the alkaloid bicuculline from Mezilaurus itauba, which has not been described in this species yet. The presented bioassay method can be used as a rapid screening method for bioactive components from wood.
24
Lee, Hsin-Han, Huei-Mien Ke, Chan-Yi Ivy Lin, Tracy J. Lee, Chia-Lin Chung, and Isheng J. Tsai. "Evidence of Extensive Intraspecific Noncoding Reshuffling in a 169-kb Mitochondrial Genome of a Basidiomycetous Fungus." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 10 (2019): 2774–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz181.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Comparative genomics of fungal mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have revealed a remarkable pattern of rearrangement between and within major phyla owing to horizontal gene transfer and recombination. The role of recombination was exemplified at a finer evolutionary time scale in basidiomycetes group of fungi as they display a diversity of mitochondrial DNA inheritance patterns. Here, we assembled mitogenomes of six species from the Hymenochaetales order of basidiomycetes and examined 59 mitogenomes from 2 genetic lineages of Phellinus noxius. Gene order is largely collinear, while intergene regions are major determinants of mitogenome size variation. Substantial sequence divergence was found in shared introns consistent with high horizontal gene transfer frequency observed in yeasts, but we also identified a rare case where an intron was retained in five species since speciation. In contrast to the hyperdiversity observed in nuclear genomes of Phellinus noxius, mitogenomes’ intraspecific polymorphisms at protein-coding sequences are extremely low. Phylogeny network based on introns revealed turnover as well as exchange of introns between two lineages. Strikingly, some strains harbor a mosaic origin of introns from both lineages. Analysis of intergenic sequence indicated substantial differences between and within lineages, and an expansion may be ongoing as a result of exchange between distal intergenes. These findings suggest that the evolution in mitochondrial DNAs is usually lineage specific but chimeric mitotypes are frequently observed, thus capturing the possible evolutionary processes shaping mitogenomes in a basidiomycete. The large mitogenome sizes reported in various basidiomycetes appear to be a result of interspecific reshuffling of intergenes.
25
Son, E., J. J. Kim, Y. W. Lim, T. T. Au-Yeung, C. Y. H. Yang, and C. Breuil. "Diversity and decay ability of basidiomycetes isolated from lodgepole pines killed by the mountain pine beetle." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 1 (2011): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-102.
Full textAbstract:
When lodgepole pines ( Pinus contorta Douglas ex Louden var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) that are killed by the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae ) and its fungal associates are not harvested, fungal decay can affect wood and fibre properties. Ophiostomatoids stain sapwood but do not affect the structural properties of wood. In contrast, white or brown decay basidiomycetes degrade wood. We isolated both staining and decay fungi from 300 lodgepole pine trees killed by mountain pine beetle at green, red, and grey stages at 10 sites across British Columbia. We retained 224 basidiomycete isolates that we classified into 34 species using morphological and physiological characteristics and rDNA large subunit sequences. The number of basidiomycete species varied from 4 to 14 species per site. We assessed the ability of these fungi to degrade both pine sapwood and heartwood using the soil jar decay test. The highest wood mass losses for both sapwood and heartwood were measured for the brown rot species Fomitopsis pinicola and the white rot Metulodontia and Ganoderma species. The sap rot species Trichaptum abietinum was more damaging for sapwood than for heartwood. A number of species caused more than 50% wood mass losses after 12 weeks at room temperature, suggesting that beetle-killed trees can rapidly lose market value due to degradation of wood structural components.
26
Kim, Yoon Soo, and Adya P. Singh. "MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD BIODEGRADATION IN WET ENVIRONMENTS: A REVIEW." IAWA Journal 21, no. 2 (2000): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000241.
Full textAbstract:
Wood in wet environments is attacked and degraded by soft rot fungi and erosion and tunnelling bacteria, which are more tolerant to high moisture and reduced oxygen conditions than basidiomycetes, such as white and brown rot fungi. Since wood decaying basidiomycete fungi are normally more aggressive and can degrade wood faster than soft rot fungi and bacteria, wood in wet environments can survive for a relatively long time. Archaeological investigations show that wood buried deep in ocean sediments can survive for hundreds and even thousands of years. In this review degradation patterns of various types of microbial wood decay are briefly described, and examples of decay type(s) in wood exposed in various wet environments presented. It is important to understand biological wood decay in wet environments in order to find appropriate ways to prolong woodʼs service life and properly restore wooden artefacts.
27
Veligodska, А. К., та О. V. Fedotov. "ВПЛИВ ПЕВНИХ ВІТАМІНІВ НА СИНТЕЗ ПОЛІФЕНОЛЬНИХ РЕЧОВИН ДЕЯКИМИ БАЗИДІОМІЦЕТАМИ". Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 3, № 03 (2013): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/20133_39.
Full textAbstract:
<p>We studied the influence of certain vitamins on the intensity of the synthesis of polyphenolic compounds and carotenoids by some Basidiomycetes strains, such as <em>Laetiporus sulphureus</em> Ls-08, <em>Fomes fomentarius </em>Ff-1201 and <em>Fistulina hepatica</em> Fh-18. The registration of accumulation of dry biomass and content of polyphenols and carotenoids in the mycelia and culture filtrate of strains that were cultivated on glucose-peptone substrates (GPS) with vitamins was performed. The vitamins A, E, C, B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>12</sub>, and PP at the concentration of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 g/l were applied as modification of GPS. We founded the species effect on the synthesis of vitamins, polyphenols, and carotenoids. We suggested separate application of vitamins A, E, B<sub>1</sub>, and B<sub>12</sub> at concentration of 0.01 g/ l to induce the synthesis of polyphenols and carotenoids. Results of the study will be used to develop a modification of GPS for the cultivation of strains of polyphenolic substances of basidiomycete origin.</p> <p><em>Keywords: Basidiomycetes, mycelium, culture filtrate, polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins.</em></p>
28
Kozhevnikova, E. Yu, A. V. Shnyreva, A. V. Barkov, et al. "Biodegradation of Guar Gum in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid under the Action of Enzyme Preparations of Basidiomycetes." Biotekhnologiya 37, no. 4 (2021): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2021-37-4-96-105.
Full textAbstract:
Guar gum is a polymer that is widely used as a gelling agent for technological liquids in the petroleum industry. In this paper, we have studied the potential for the environmentally friendly biodegradation of guar gum by enzymes of basidiomycetes for efficient disposal of oil industry wastes. For the first time, we compared the enzymatic activity towards guar gum of seven basidiomycete strains, namely Trametes hirsuta MT-24.24, Lactarius necator, Trametes hirsuta MT-17.24, Schizophyllum commune MT-33.01, Fomes fomentarius MT-4.05, Fomitopsis pinicola MT-5.21, and Trametes versicolor It-1. This comparison showed that the preparation based on Fomitopsis pinicola MT-5.21 fungal mycelium at a concentration of 0.05% provides the most efficient decomposition of a frac fluid containing guar gum. By varying the enzyme concentration in this fluid it is possible to control the decrease in its viscosity over time. The developed enzyme preparation is an efficient and environmentally friendly guar gum biodegradant and can be used to process waste fracturing fluids based on polysaccharides in order to reuse water resources. Key words: biodegradants, basidiomycetes, guar gum, enzymatic hydrolysis, enzyme destructors, fracturing fluids. Funding - The work was financially supported by the National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University" (Internal grant no. 120720 "Development of New Biotechnological Methods and Materials for Environmental Protection and Biomedicine").
29
Vallavan, Vimalah, Getha Krishnasamy, Noraziah Mohamad Zin, and Mazlyzam Abdul Latif. "A Review on Antistaphylococcal Secondary Metabolites from Basidiomycetes." Molecules 25, no. 24 (2020): 5848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245848.
Full textAbstract:
Fungi are a rich source of secondary metabolites with several pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer to name a few. Due to the large number of diverse structured chemical compounds they produce, fungi from the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Muccoromycota have been intensively studied for isolation of bioactive compounds. Basidiomycetes-derived secondary metabolites are known as a promising source of antibacterial compounds with activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The continued emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major challenge to patient health as it leads to higher morbidity and mortality, higher hospital-stay duration and substantial economic burden in global healthcare sector. One of the key culprits for AMR crisis is Staphylococcus aureus causing community-acquired infections as the pathogen develops resistance towards multiple antibiotics. The recent emergence of community strains of S. aureus harbouring methicillin-resistant (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant (VRSA) genes associated with increased virulence is challenging. Despite the few significant developments in antibiotic research, successful MRSA therapeutic options are still needed to reduce the use of scanty and expensive second-line treatments. This paper provides an overview of findings from various studies on antibacterial secondary metabolites from basidiomycetes, with a special focus on antistaphylococcal activity.
30
Rasha E, Selim, and Khalil Mohamed S. "Strobilurins: New group of fungicides." Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology 5, no. 2 (2021): 063–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001062.
Full textAbstract:
Strobilurin is a group of natural products and their synthetic analogs have been widely used to control and prevent fungal diseases. Strobilurins were firstly isolated in 1977 from the mycelium of Strobilurus tenacellus, a saprobic Basidiomycete fungus causing wood-rotting on forest trees. This group of pesticides was designed to manage fungal pathogens classes such as Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Also, Strobilurin commercialized included derivatives such as are azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, oryzastrobin, dimoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin. This group is a part of the larger group of QoI inhibitors, which act to inhibit the respiratory chain at the level of Complex III. Strobilurins group control an unusually wide array of fungal diseases, included water molds, downy mildews, powdery mildews, leaf spotting and rusts. This group are used on cereals, field crops, fruits, tree nuts, vegetables, turfgrasses and ornamentals. Also, Strobilurins found to enhance the plant growth in some cases.
31
Baars, Johan J. P., Karin Scholtmeijer, Anton S. M. Sonnenberg, and Arend van Peer. "Critical Factors Involved in Primordia Building in Agaricus bisporus: A Review." Molecules 25, no. 13 (2020): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25132984.
Full textAbstract:
The button mushroom Agaricus bisporus is an economically important crop worldwide. Many aspects of its cultivation are well known, except for the precise biological triggers for its fructification. By and large, for most basidiomycete species, nutrient availability, light and a drop in temperature are critical factors for fructification. A. bisporus deviates from this pattern in the sense that it does not require light for fructification. Furthermore its fructification seems to be inhibited by a self-generated factor which needs to be removed by microorganisms in order to initiate fruiting. This review explores what is known about the morphogenesis of fruiting initiation in A. bisporus, the microflora, the self-inhibitors for fruiting initiation and transcription factors involved. This information is subsequently contrasted with an overall model of the regulatory system involved in the initiation of the formation of primordia in basidiomycetes. The comparison reveals a number of the blank spots in our understanding of the fruiting process in A. bisporus.
32
Surup, Frank, Florian Hennicke, Nadine Sella, et al. "New terpenoids from the fermentation broth of the edible mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (April 30, 2019): 1000–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.98.
Full textAbstract:
The strophariaceous basidiomycete Cyclocybe aegerita (synonyms Agrocybe aegerita and A. cylindracea) is one of the most praised cultivated edible mushrooms and is being cultivated at large scale for food production. Furthermore, the fungus serves as a model organism to study fruiting body formation and the production of secondary metabolites during the life cycle of Basidiomycota. By studying the secondary metabolite profiles of C. aegerita, we found several terpenoids in submerged cultures. Aside from the main metabolite, bovistol (1), two new bovistol derivatives B and C (2, 3) and pasteurestin C as a new protoilludane (4) were isolated by preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The relative configurations of 2–4 were assigned by ROESY correlations, and 3 J H,H coupling constants in the case of 4. Applying quantitative PCR for gene expression validation, we linked the production of bovistol and its derivatives to the respective biosynthesis gene clusters.
33
Frieders, Elizabeth M., and David J. McLaughlln. "Mitosis in the yeast phase of Agaricostilbum pulcherrimum and its evolutionary significance." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 9 (1996): 1392–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-169.
Full textAbstract:
Agaricostilbum pulcherrimum is an anomaly and is difficult to place systematically. It possesses a yeast phase, and as in most basidiomycetous yeasts, mitosis has not been investigated cytoiogically. Yeast cells of A. pulcherrimum were prepared for immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy by a freeze-substitution method. A cladistic analysis of cell cycle characters among A. pulcherrimum and two ascomycetous and two basidiomycetous yeasts, performed with phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, revealed that A. pulcherrimum is basal within these basidiomycetes. Spindle pole bodies are multilayered discs and appear to be intranuclear during early division, similar to meiotic division. Spindle initiation and early elongation occur in the parent, a situation unreported in basidiomycetous yeasts. The site of spindle initiation, the position of the nucleus during division, and the pattern of astral microtubules demonstrate that the mode of nuclear division in A. pulcherrimum is intermediate between those of the investigated ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. Keywords: basidiomycete, cell cycle, cytoskeleton, immunofluorescence, phylogeny, spindle pole body.
34
Wick, Jonas, Daniel Heine, Gerald Lackner, et al. "A Fivefold Parallelized Biosynthetic Process Secures Chlorination of Armillaria mellea (Honey Mushroom) Toxins." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 4 (2015): 1196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03168-15.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe basidiomycetous tree pathogenArmillaria mellea(honey mushroom) produces a large variety of structurally related antibiotically active and phytotoxic natural products, referred to as the melleolides. During their biosynthesis, some members of the melleolide family of compounds undergo monochlorination of the aromatic moiety, whose biochemical and genetic basis was not known previously. This first study on basidiomycete halogenases presents the biochemicalin vitrocharacterization of five flavin-dependentA. melleaenzymes (ArmH1 to ArmH5) that were heterologously produced inEscherichia coli. We demonstrate that all five enzymes transfer a single chlorine atom to the melleolide backbone. A 5-fold, secured biosynthetic step during natural product assembly is unprecedented. Typically, flavin-dependent halogenases are categorized into enzymes acting on free compounds as opposed to those requiring a carrier-protein-bound acceptor substrate. The enzymes characterized in this study clearly turned over free substrates. Phylogenetic clades of halogenases suggest that all fungal enzymes share an ancestor and reflect a clear divergence between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
35
Kalb, Daniel, Gerald Lackner, and Dirk Hoffmeister. "Functional and Phylogenetic Divergence of Fungal Adenylate-Forming Reductases." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 19 (2014): 6175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01767-14.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTA key step in fungall-lysine biosynthesis is catalyzed by adenylate-formingl-α-aminoadipic acid reductases, organized in domains for adenylation, thiolation, and the reduction step. However, the genomes of numerous ascomycetes and basidiomycetes contain an unexpectedly large number of additional genes encoding similar but functionally distinct enzymes. Here, we describe the functionalin vitrocharacterization of four reductases which were heterologously produced inEscherichia coli. TheCeriporiopsis subvermisporaserine reductase Nps1 features a terminal ferredoxin-NADP+reductase (FNR) domain and thus belongs to a hitherto undescribed class of fungal multidomain enzymes. The second major class is characterized by the canonical terminal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain and represented byCeriporiopsis subvermisporaNps3 as the first biochemically characterizedl-α-aminoadipic acid reductase of basidiomycete origin.Aspergillus flavusl-tyrosine reductases LnaA and LnbA are members of a distinct phylogenetic clade. Phylogenetic analysis supports the view that fungal adenylate-forming reductases are more diverse than previously recognized and belong to four distinct classes.
36
Hamadouche, Yasmine Ait, Soulef Dib, and Zohra Fortas. "Antifungal Basidiomycete Extracts with Phytosanitary Potential." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 11, no. 1 (2021): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.11(1).p86-95.
Full textAbstract:
Excessive use of chemical fungicides continues to drive research towards biological alternatives, as natural products are enjoying increasing interest in many areas and have the potential to control biological agents that cause various diseases in agricultural crops. On the other hand, the biodiversity of Basidiomycetes fungi is well recognized as an untapped source of potential bioactive of natural origin, with original chemical and biological characteristics, having prospective activities of medical and biological interest. These macro-fungi are among the main biological agents used to fight against phy-topathogenic fungi. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of ethyle acetate extracts of 16 edible and no edible basidiomycetes. These mushrooms are: Lactarius zonarioides, Amanita proxima, A.virosa, Agaricus bisporus, Suillus mediterraneensis, Coprinus atramentari-us, Pleurotus pulmonarius, P. eryngi, P. dryinus, P. ostreatus, Lepiota sp., Cortinarius orellanus, Boletus sp., Xerocomus sp., Armillaria mellea, and Trametes quercina. Their phytosanitary potential was tested against three phytopathogenic fungi: Aspergillus niger; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis and Verticillium dahliae Kleb. The chemical extraction by the apparatus Soxhlet was used to obtain ethyl acetate extracts from different basidiocarps, and the disc diffusion method was done in order to achieve antifungal activity. The results showed that; among the studied extracts; those of A. proxima, A. virosa, Xerocomus sp. and Trametes quercina have a potential antifungal activity compared with standard Fluconazol. These results clearly indicated that basidiomycete extracts are a reservoir of bioactive components of antimicrobial fungal metabolites, which could be used for the devel-opment of new agents against phytopathogenic fungi.
37
Acker, J. Van, H. Militz, and M. Stevens. "The Significance of Accelerated Laboratory Testing Methods Determining the Natural Durability of Wood." Holzforschung 53, no. 5 (1999): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.075.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Under laboratory conditions basidiomycete and soft rot tests were carried out on more than 20 hardwood species and 3 softwood species together with reference species to evaluate their natural durability according to the European standard EN 350 part 1. The basidiomycetes tests were carried out using Gloeophyllum trabeum, Coniophora puteana, Poria placenta and Coriolus versicolor, all fungal strains in malt agar tests and in agreement with the EN 113. Such tests did not provide a solid basis to classify all wood species according to known durability classes (EN 350, part 2). There was only a distinct differentiation noted between those species belonging to the group with a durability classified 1 to 3 and those classified 4 to 5. Conclusively, only limited additional information on durability of tropical hardwoods was gained from brown rot tests. Despite both types of laboratory tests on soft rot, prescribed in ENV 807 (vermiculite and soil) which show the essential differences to the basidiomycete test results, it has not been possible to classify the durability subdivisions in a more substantial way. Adding to these tests the durability classification, based upon a field stake test (EN 252) and a greenhouse accelerated stake test, was also carried out. Using this last method, results can be gathered more rapidly and consequently confirm the efficiency of lab tests. Generally it is perceived that lab tests and accelerated tests are important tools in the prediction of the natural durability of wood. To further improve the predictability value, durability testing would be enhanced when using a hazard class orientation. Therefore the function of the conclusive end product can be identified in a more obvious way.
38
Lee, Jungho, Yi-Ming Shi, Peter Grün, et al. "Identification of Feldin, an Antifungal Polyyne from the Beefsteak Fungus Fistulina hepatica." Biomolecules 10, no. 11 (2020): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10111502.
Full textAbstract:
Fruiting body-forming members of the Basidiomycota maintain their ecological fitness against various antagonists like ascomycetous mycoparasites. To achieve that, they produce myriads of bioactive compounds, some of which are now being used as agrochemicals or pharmaceutical lead structures. Here, we screened ethyl acetate crude extracts from cultures of thirty-five mushroom species for antifungal bioactivity, for their effect on the ascomycete Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the basidiomycete Ustilago maydis. One extract that inhibited the growth of S. cerevisiae much stronger than that of U. maydis was further analyzed. For bioactive compound identification, we performed bioactivity-guided HPLC/MS fractionation. Fractions showing inhibition against S. cerevisiae but reduced activity against U. maydis were further analyzed. NMR-based structure elucidation from one such fraction revealed the polyyne we named feldin, which displays prominent antifungal bioactivity. Future studies with additional mushroom-derived eukaryotic toxic compounds or antifungals will show whether U. maydis could be used as a suitable host to shortcut an otherwise laborious production of such mushroom compounds, as could recently be shown for heterologous sesquiterpene production in U. maydis.
39
Nugroho, Nuki Bambang. "AKTIVITAS LIGNINOLISIS DARI BASIDIOMYCETES YANG DAPAT DIPAKAI UNTUK BIODEGRADASI DIOKSIN." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 2, no. 1 (2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v2i1.529.
Full textAbstract:
Chemical compounds belonging to dioxin group are known to be highly toxic environmental pollutant. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran are produced during organic materials burning process. Pentachlorophenol, a compound similar to dioxin, is widely used as wood preservative, fungicide, bacteriocide, herbicide, algicide and insecticide. Some white-rot fungi have potential to produce lignin degrading enzyme and degrade dioxin compounds. The diversity of white-rot fungi in Indonesia provides potential source for environmental pollutant-degrading microorganisms. In this study, basidiomycetes were isolated from fruiting body and rotted wood samples which were collected from seven provinces in Indonesia. Three hundred seventy basidiomycete isolates were screened for dioxin degrading activity using dye-decolorization method. The result indicated that sixty isolates had dioxin degrading activity, three of which showed significant activity.Keywords: Ligninolytic, basidiomycetes, biodegradation, dioxin, fungus ABSTRAKSenyawa-senyawa kimia dalam kelompok dioksin telah diketahui sebagai polutan lingkungan yang sangat beracun. Dibenzo-p-dioksin terpoliklorinasi dan dibenzofuran terpoliklorinasi dihasilkan selama proses pembakaran bahan-bahan organik. Pentaklorofenol, suatu senyawa mirip dioksin, banyak digunakan sebagai pengawet kayu, fungisida, bakterisida, herbisida, algisida dan insektisida. Beberapa jamur pelapuk putih memiliki potensi untuk menghasilkan enzim pengurai lignin dan mendegradasi senyawa-senyawa dioksin. Keanekaragaman jamur pelapuk putih di Indonesia yang tinggi merupakan sumber potensial mikroorganisme pengurai polutan lingkungan. Pada kajian ini, basidiomisetes diisolasi dari sampel-sampel tubuh buah dan kayu lapuk yang diambil dari tujuh provinsi di Indonesia. Tiga ratus tujuh puluh isolat basidiomisetes telah diseleksi aktivitasnya sebagai pendegradasi dioksin. Metode dye-decolorization digunakan pada seleksi ini. Hasil seleksi menunjukkan bahwa enam puluh isolat basidiomisetes memiliki aktivitas sebagai pendegradasi dioksin, tiga isolat di antaranya menunjukkan aktivitas tertinggi.Kata kunci: Ligninolisis, basidiomisetes, biodegradasi, dioksin, jamur
40
Wojewoda, Władysław. "Morphology of some rare and threatened Polish Basidiomycota." Acta Mycologica 38, no. 1-2 (2014): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2003.001.
Full textAbstract:
Morphological analysis and orginal illustrations of microscopic elements of 20 species of <i>Basidiomycota</i> (19 of <i>Basidiomycetes</i> and 1 of <i>Urediniomycetes</i>) are the subject of this article. The species arc rare in Poland according to recent distributional maps. The maps of 17 of them: <i>Amylocorticium cebennese, A. subincamatum, A. subsulphureum, Bovista paludosa, Clavariadelphus truncatus, Clavulicium macounii, Conohypha albocremea, Daedaleopsis tricolor, Fomitiporia hippophaeicola, Hymenochaele cruenta, Irpicodon pendulus, Punclularia strigisozonata, Scotomyces subviolaceus, Syzygospora pallida, Thanatephorus sterigmaticus, Trichaptum biforme</i> and <i>Tubulicrinis borealis</i>, were published by Wojewoda (2002) in the "Atlas of the geographical distribution of fungi in Poland", Fasc. 2. The further 3 maps of <i>Coniophora olivacea, Helicobasidium pupureum</i> and <i>Veluticeps ambigua</i> will be published soon in the same series in Fasc. 3.
41
Fedotov, O. V. "Phenolic substances as regulators of the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes of the strains Pleurotus eryngii, Fistulina hepatica and Agrocybe cylindracea." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 11, no. 2 (2020): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022034.
Full textAbstract:
The work is devoted to the calculation, comparison of indicators and the development of a method for regulating the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes (LPP) of strains of basidiomycetes. The purpose of the investigation is to study the effect of phenolic type chemicals and hydrogen peroxide on the lipid peroxidation of certain strains of basidiomycetes under laboratory cultivation. Cultivation of strains of basidiomycetes was carried out by periodic surface method on glucose-peptone medium (GPM) in flasks. The influence of sodium lignosulfonate, tannin, gallic acid and hydrogen peroxide at 0.1% concentration at 24 and 48 hours of exposure on the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes of the strains Pleurotus eryngii P-er, Fistulina hepatica Fh-08 and Agrocybe cylindracea 960, fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota, orderAgaricales has been investigated. It was established that the used phenolic-type chemical compounds that are part of the lignocellulose complex of wood or are the products of its decomposition to a certain extent affect the lipid peroxidation processes of mycelial cell lipids in the studied cultures of basidium fungi. The individual reaction of LPP of cultures to the applied substance and the time of its exposure are determined. The highest degree of LPP induction was recorded upon addition of tannin – by 161%, after 48 hours of exposure in the mycelium of strain Fh-08; sodium lignosulfonate – by 192%, after 48 hours in the mycelium of strain P-er; gallic acid – by 182%, after 24 hours, in the mycelium of strain P-er; hydrogen peroxide – by 257%, after 24 hours, in the CR of strain 960. The biotechnological significance of this is the possibility of regulation (induction or repression) of LPP of producer strains. From a biomedical point of view, the possibility of changing the activity of lipid peroxidation processes of mycelium and culture fluid makes it possible to obtain and use more effective functional products of fungal origin.
42
Sánchez, Óscar J., and Sandra Montoya. "Assessment of Polysaccharide and Biomass Production from Three White-Rot Fungi by Solid-State Fermentation Using Wood and Agro-Industrial Residues: A Kinetic Approach." Forests 11, no. 10 (2020): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101055.
Full textAbstract:
Research Highlights: For the first time, a model was developed and applied for polysaccharide production from Trametes versicolor grown in agro-industrial and woody residues under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions. Background and Objectives: Fungal biomass is an important biological resource for biotechnological applications. Basidiomycetes fungi can be grown and developed on lignocellulosic materials such as forestry, wood, and agro-industrial residues in order to produce value-added products like bioactive polysaccharides. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the C/N ratio and copper concentration on biomass and polysaccharide production during solid state fermentation (SSF), as well as on the consumption of cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin degradation, and to propose and validate a mathematical model to describe the overall SSF process. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out by growing three Basidiomycetes species (T. versicolor, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus) on twelve formulations of solid substrates using mixtures of different inexpensive lignocellulosic residues such as oak sawdust, coconut fiber (hairs), coffee husks, and corn bran plus soybean oil, calcium carbonate, and two levels of copper(II) sulfate. Results: The three fungal species grew well on all substrate formulations. The statistical analysis of experimental data showed no significant effects on polysaccharide production, in the range of C/N and copper concentrations evaluated. Taking into account that the best polysaccharide production was obtained with T. versicolor (96.09 mg/g solid substrate), a mathematical model was proposed for this fungus to describe the behavior of the fermentation system from the obtained data of all the resulting combinations to reach the highest polysaccharide production by the fungus. Conclusions: The mathematical model disclosed in this work enabled to describe the growth and development of a higher basidiomycete under solid-state fermentation conditions on lignocellulosic substrates as well as the production of value-added products like polysaccharides with medicinal properties.
43
Grinbergs, D., J. Chilian, J. Carrasco-Fernández, A. France, E. Moya-Elizondo, and M. Gerding. "A PCR-Based Method for the Rapid Detection of Chondrostereum purpureum in Apple." Plant Disease 104, no. 3 (2020): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-19-2086-re.
Full textAbstract:
Silverleaf caused by the basidiomycete Chondrostereum purpureum affects numerous woody species, including fruit tree crops like apple, resulting in wood necrosis and foliar silvering. There are no curative alternatives for this disease, and its management is by prevention methods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a rapid diagnostic tool for the detection and identification of C. purpureum directly from woody tissues to help distinguish the pathogen from other basidiomycetes that are commonly found on apple. The silverleaf pathogen was isolated from different hosts and locations, and Koch’s postulates were performed by inoculating the isolates on apple cuttings and measuring internal necrosis. A previously described APN 1 pair of primers specificity was also tested against 25 C. purpureum isolates in this study, using other wood rotting species as negative controls. Seven virulent isolates were inoculated on apple cuttings, and DNA was extracted from the cuttings’ sawdust and amplified using APN 1, after 22 days of incubation. To prove the efficiency of the method in the field, DNA from healthy nursery plants inoculated with two virulent isolates, and naturally infected plants showing different levels of foliar symptoms, were tested. Presence of the fungus was verified by reisolation on APDA in all assays. Koch’s postulates indicated that all C. purpureum isolates were pathogenic, showing different virulence levels, and APN 1 primers were able to discriminate them from other basidiomycetes. The method was also able to detect C. purpureum from artificially inoculated plants as well as naturally infected ones, demonstrating that the protocol may become a rapid minimally destructive diagnostic tool to detect the pathogen without the need to isolate it from tissues, and thus taking measures to prevent its dissemination.
44
Han, Mei-Ling, Qi An, Kai-Yue Ma, et al. "A comparative study on the laccase activity of four basidiomycete fungi with different lignocellulosic residues via solid-state fermentation." BioResources 16, no. 2 (2021): 3017–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3017-3031.
Full textAbstract:
The laccase producing abilities of four Basidiomycete fungi species were compared using solid-state fermentation using four different lignocellulosic residues. The biosynthetic potential of the Basidiomycetes was highly dependent on the type of fungi. In general, the laccase secreting ability of Cerrena unicolor Han 849 was greater than Lenzites betulinus Han 851, Stropharia rugosoannulata Han 1321, and Auricularia heimuer Han 1333. The maximum laccase production of C. unicolor Han 849 was approximately 11.25, 122.26, and 15.27 times higher than L. betulinus Han 851, S. rugosoannulata Han 1321 and A. heimuer Han 1333, respectively. Different species of fungi had a preference in lignocellulosic residues. The presence of Firmiana platanifolia was conducive to secreting laccase via C. unicolor Han 849 during solid-state fermentation. A continuous and stable laccase production via C. unicolor Han 849 was an obvious advantage of solid-state fermentation with any of the four lignocellulosic residues used. The maximum laccase production of C. unicolor Han 849 using Firmiana platanifolia was approximately 2.12, 1.68, and 6.13 times higher than Populus beijingensis, Sorghum bicolor, and Oryza sativa, respectively. These findings will be helpful for developing new productivity strains in industrial applications and selecting suitable lignocellulosic residues for laccase production.
45
Horner, W. E., A. Helbling, and S. B. Lehrer. "Basidiomycete allergens." Allergy 53, no. 12 (1998): 1114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03830.x.
Full text
46
O'donnell, Kerry. "A reevaluation of the mitotic spindle pole body cycle in Tilletia caries based on freeze-substitution techniques." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 10 (1994): 1412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-174.
Full textAbstract:
Mitosis in the wheat pathogen Tilletia caries (Basidiomycota, Tilletiales) was investigated by electron microscopy of serially sectioned, fast-frozen, freeze-substituted mitotic cells called ballistospores. A duplicated spindle pole body consisting of two identical, three-layered globular elements connected by a middle piece was attached to the extranuclear face of each nucleus at interphase. During mitosis, astral and spindle microtubules radiated from the globular elements that form the poles of an intranuclear spindle. At metaphase, chromosomes were interspersed with the nonkinetochore microtubules, and they were spread along the central two-thirds of the spindle. Each chromatid was attached to a spindle pole by a single, continuous, kinetochore microtubule. Postmitotic replication of the spindle pole body occurred during late telophase to interphase. Results from this study are presented in the form of a model of the mitotic spindle pole body cycle in Tilletia, and this model is compared with the one previously reported for Tilletia and other basidiomycetes. Key words: electron microscopy, freeze substitution, mitosis, spindle pole body, Tilletia.
47
Kottke, Ingrid, Juan Pablo Suárez, Paulo Herrera, et al. "Atractiellomycetes belonging to the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina) form mycorrhizae with terrestrial and epiphytic neotropical orchids." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1685 (2009): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1884.
Full textAbstract:
Distinctive groups of fungi are involved in the diverse mycorrhizal associations of land plants. All previously known mycorrhiza-forming Basidiomycota associated with trees, ericads, liverworts or orchids are hosted in Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Atractiellomycetes, members of the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina), are mycobionts of orchids. The mycobionts of 103 terrestrial and epiphytic orchid individuals, sampled in the tropical mountain rainforest of Southern Ecuador, were identified by sequencing the whole ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and part of 28S rDNA. Mycorrhizae of 13 orchid individuals were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Simple septal pores and symplechosomes in the hyphal coils of mycorrhizae from four orchid individuals indicated members of Atractiellomycetes. Molecular phylogeny of sequences from mycobionts of 32 orchid individuals out of 103 samples confirmed Atractiellomycetes and the placement in Pucciniomycotina, previously known to comprise only parasitic and saprophytic fungi. Thus, our finding reveals these fungi, frequently associated to neotropical orchids, as the most basal living basidiomycetes involved in mycorrhizal associations of land plants.
48
Bondartseva, M. A., I. V. Zmitrovich, N. I. Kalinovskaya, M. V. Makarova (Stolyarskaya), V. F. Malysheva, and A. G. Myasnikov. "New data on macromycetes of the Nizhne-Svirsky Reserve (Leningrad Region)." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 49 (2015): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2015.49.127.
Full textAbstract:
New records of macromycetes from the Nizhne-Svirsky Reserve (Leningrad Region) are presented. Data on locality, substrate and plant association are given for each species. The data on macromycetes diversity of Nizhne-Svirsky Reserve were enriched by 96 new records (to date the list has uncluded 591 species). A new form, Skeletocutis odora f. investiens Zmitr. et Malysheva which differs from the type by larger tubes, smaller pores and also unusual growth organization is described. The phylum Ascomycota is presented by 3 species, the most interesting record among them is Hypocreopsis lichenoides. Within Basidiomycota revealed, 17 species belong to the group of agaricoid basidiomycetes, and 76 species — to the group of aphyllophoroid basidiomycetes. Within the species revealed, 6 ones (Antrodia macra, Junghuhnia collabens, Mycoacia fuscoatra, Pycnoporellus fulgens, Rigidoporus crocatus, Sistotrema confluens) are included in the «Red Data Book of Nature of Leningrad Region» (Krasnaya…, 2000) that indirectly testifies a good safety of forest ecosystems in the area preserved. Along with listed rare species, it is necessary to note a new record of Hydnellum gracilipes for the European Russia and also such new findings for Lenin grad Region as Antrodiella fragrans, Ceriporia tarda, Granulobasidium vellereum, Hyphoderma transiens, Leptosporomyces septentrionalis, Postia parva, Piloderma olivaceum, Scytinostromella olivaceoalba, Tretomyces lutescens, Yuchengia narymica. The 15-years monitoring on Lactarius deliciosus shows that in the course of pine forests aging and substitution of their grass cover by green mosses, this species is obviously forced out by L. deterrimus, which sufficiently increases the records number. As a whole, the substrate and community preferences of species revealed are characteristic to boreal zone of the Russian North West.
49
Zhang, Xue, Ang Ren, Meng-Jiao Li, et al. "Heat Stress Modulates Mycelium Growth, Heat Shock Protein Expression, Ganoderic Acid Biosynthesis, and Hyphal Branching of Ganoderma lucidum via Cytosolic Ca2+." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 14 (2016): 4112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01036-16.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTHeat stress (HS) influences the growth and development of organisms. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of how organisms sense HS and respond to it is required.Ganoderma lucidum, a higher basidiomycete with bioactive secondary metabolites, has become a potential model system due to the complete sequencing of its genome, transgenic systems, and reliable reverse genetic tools. In this study, we found that HS inhibited mycelium growth, reduced hyphal branching, and induced the accumulation of ganoderic acid biosynthesis and heat shock proteins (HSPs) inG. lucidum. Our data showed that HS induced a significant increase in cytosolic Ca2+concentration. Further evidence showed that Ca2+might be a factor in the HS-mediated regulation of hyphal branching, ganoderic acid (GA) biosynthesis, and the accumulation of HSPs. Our results further showed that the calcium-permeable channel gene (cch)-silenced and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase gene (plc)-silenced strains reduced the HS-induced increase in HSP expression compared with that observed for the wild type (WT). This study demonstrates that cytosolic Ca2+participates in heat shock signal transduction and regulates downstream events in filamentous fungi.IMPORTANCEGanoderma lucidum, a higher basidiomycete with bioactive secondary metabolites, has become a potential model system for evaluating how environmental factors regulate the development and secondary metabolism of basidiomycetes. Heat stress (HS) is an important environmental challenge. In this study, we found that HS inhibited mycelium growth, reduced hyphal branching, and induced HSP expression and ganoderic acid biosynthesis inG. lucidum. Further evidence showed that Ca2+might be a factor in the HS-mediated regulation of hyphal branching, GA biosynthesis, and the accumulation of HSPs. This study demonstrates that cytosolic Ca2+participates in heat shock signal transduction and regulates downstream events in filamentous fungi. Our research offers a new way to understand the mechanism underlying the physiological and metabolic responses to other environmental factors inG. lucidum. This research may also provide the basis for heat shock signal transduction studies of other fungi.
50
TAMAKI, Hajime, Seisuke TAKAOKA, Shiro KISHIHARA, and Satoshi FUJII. "Decolorization of cane sugar molasses by action of basidiomycetes. Part IV. Decolorization of molasses by using immobilized growing basidiomycete cells." NIPPON SHOKUHIN KOGYO GAKKAISHI 36, no. 10 (1989): 827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk1962.36.10_827.
Full text