Academic literature on the topic 'Basin impact ejecta model'

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Journal articles on the topic "Basin impact ejecta model"

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Ji, Jinzhu, James W. Head, and Jianzhong Liu. "Pre-Orientale Southwest Peak-Ring Basin: Gravity Structure, Geologic Characteristics, and Influence on Orientale Basin Ring Formation and Ejecta Emplacement." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (2021): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132635.

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The Orientale impact basin is the youngest and most well-preserved of the lunar multi-ring basins. The generally well-preserved ring structures and basin facies are distinctly anomalous in the southwestern quadrant; the outer Cordillera ring extends significantly outward, the Outer and Inner Rook mountain rings are more poorly developed and show anomalous characteristics, and the Montes Rook Formation varies widely from its characteristics elsewhere in the basin interior. Based on the gravity, image, and topography data, we confirmed that the southwest region of the Orientale basin represents
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Lin, Honglei, Zhiping He, Wei Yang, et al. "Olivine-norite rock detected by the lunar rover Yutu-2 likely crystallized from the SPA-impact melt pool." National Science Review 7, no. 5 (2019): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz183.

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Abstract Chang’E-4 landed in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin, providing a unique chance to probe the composition of the lunar interior. Its landing site is located on ejecta strips in Von Kármán crater that possibly originate from the neighboring Finsen crater. A surface rock and the lunar regolith at 10 sites along the rover Yutu-2 track were measured by the onboard Visible and Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer in the first three lunar days of mission operations. In situ spectra of the regolith have peak band positions at 1 and 2 μm, similar to the spectral data of Finsen ejecta from the M
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Gorter, J. D. "THE PETROLEUM POTENTIAL OF AUSTRALIAN PHANEROZOIC IMPACT STRUCTURES." APPEA Journal 38, no. 1 (1998): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj97009.

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This paper examines proven, probable, possible and speculative impact structures in Australian Phanerozoic strata and their petroleum potential. There are two classes of crater: simple and complex. The former usually assumes a bowl shaped depression with a raised and overturned rim with a diameter rarely more than three kilometres, with complex structures generally occurring above diameters of two kilometres in sedimentary rocks and four kilometres in crystalline rocks. Complex craters are characterised by a central uplifted area and a classic 'sombrero' structure and can be very large and hav
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Zhu, Meng‐Hua, Kai Wünnemann, and Natalia Artemieva. "Effects of Moon's Thermal State on the Impact Basin Ejecta Distribution." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 22 (2017): 11,292–11,300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075405.

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Buchner, Elmar, and Martin Schmieder. "The Steinheim Basin impact crater (SW-Germany) – Where are the ejecta?" Icarus 250 (April 2015): 529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.12.026.

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Wada, K., K. Ishibashi, H. Kimura, et al. "Size of particles ejected from an artificial impact crater on asteroid 162173 Ryugu." Astronomy & Astrophysics 647 (March 2021): A43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039777.

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A projectile accelerated by the Hayabusa2 Small Carry-on Impactor successfully produced an artificial impact crater with a final apparent diameter of 14.5 ± 0.8 m on the surface of the near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu on April 5, 2019. At the time of cratering, Deployable Camera 3 took clear time-lapse images of the ejecta curtain, an assemblage of ejected particles forming a curtain-like structure emerging from the crater. Focusing on the optical depth of the ejecta curtain and comparing it with a theoretical model, we infer the size of the ejecta particles. As a result, the typical size of t
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Yue, Zongyu, Meiping Yang, Mengna Jia, et al. "Refined model age for Orientale Basin derived from zonal crater dating of its ejecta." Icarus 346 (August 2020): 113804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113804.

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Premovic, Pavle, Nikola Nikolic, Mirjana Pavlovic, and Katja Panov. "Geochemistry of the cretaceous-tertiary transition boundary at Blake Nose (N. W. Atlantic): Cosmogenic Ni." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 69, no. 3 (2004): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0403205p.

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The Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) boundary transition at the Blake Nose Plateau recovered by ODP Leg 171B (site 1049, hole A, core 17X, section 2) contains an ejecta bed (thickness ca. 17 cm) marking a late Cretaceous asteroid impact. The nature and geochemical composition of this bed imply that it originated mainly from the target rocks of the Chicxulub impact site (Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico), the site of the presumed asteroid impact. The ejecta bed of hole 1049A contains relatively high concentrations of Ni (up to 165 ppm) within the carbonate fraction. It is reasoned that this enhancement repres
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Dessart, L., D. J. Hillier, and K. D. Wilk. "Impact of clumping on core-collapse supernova radiation." Astronomy & Astrophysics 619 (October 30, 2018): A30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833278.

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There is both observational and theoretical evidence that the ejecta of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) are structured. Rather than being smooth and homogeneous, the material is made of over-dense and under-dense regions of distinct composition. Here, we have explored the effect of clumping on the SN radiation during the photospheric phase using 1D non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer and an ejecta model arising from a blue-supergiant explosion (yielding a Type II-peculiar SN). Neglecting chemical segregation, we adopted a velocity-dependent volume-filling factor approach that
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Nozaki, Kenta, Masahiro Nishida, Koichi Hayashi, and Sunao Hasegawa. "Ejecta Size Distribution Resulting from Hypervelocity Impacts between Aluminum Alloys." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.338.

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We investigated the effects of impact velocity on ejecta size when aluminum alloy 2017-T4 spheres with a diameter of 3.2 mm impacted aluminum alloy 6061-T6 targets with a thickness of 30 mm at velocities of 2 to 7 km/s. We used a two-stage light-gas gun at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). To examine the scattering angles of the ejecta, the following was placed 50 mm in front of the target: a witness plate (150 mm × 150 mm, 2 mm in thickness) made of copper with a hole of 30 mm. The ejection behaviors of fragments were observed u
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Basin impact ejecta model"

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Jackson, Noel William. "A compositional study of the lunar global megaregolith using Clementine orbiter data a dissertation /." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2005. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001452/.

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This thesis presents new information about the global megaregolith of the Moon, using 2059 craters (5 to 50 km diameter) as natural probes. Iron (FeO) and titanium (TiO2) concentrations were obtained from crater ejecta blanket data over an area between 600 North to 600 South latitude derived from the 1994 Clementine mission. The average iron and titanium weight percentages for lunar crater ejecta were calculated using the US Geological Survey's ISIS software, and used to determine the variation with depth of iron (FeO) and titanium (TiO2) in the highlands, mare areas and the South Pole Aitken
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Norreys, Richard. "Water quality river impact model (RIM) for river basin management." Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305863.

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Yang, Yongqian. "Impact of Patchy Vegetation on Wave and Runup Dynamics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72278.

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Coastal regions are vulnerable to various natural processes, ranging from normal waves to extreme events. Given the flourishing development and large population along coastlines, various measures have been taken to mitigate the water-induced damage. Nature-based coastal protection, especially vegetation, has attracted unprecedented studies over the past two decades. To enhance understanding of this subject, this dissertation evaluates the impact of patchy vegetation on wave and runup dynamics along coastlines. Selecting from a prototype in Dalehite Cove, Galveston Bay, TX, results from a Bouss
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Shem, Willis Otieno. "The impact of Congo basin deforestation on precipitation and other climate parameters -(a Common Land Model simulation)." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25811.

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Wichakul, Supattana. "Development and applications of a distributed hydrological model for water resources assessment at the Chao Phraya River Basin under a changing climate." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192155.

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Kassa, Asfaw Kebede [Verfasser]. "Downscaling Climate Model Outputs for Estimating the Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability over the Baro-Akobo River Basin, Ethiopia / Asfaw Kebede Kassa." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045276510/34.

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Zech, Alraune [Verfasser], Sabine [Akademischer Betreuer] Attinger, and Olaf [Akademischer Betreuer] Kolditz. "Impact of Aqifer Heterogeneity on Subsurface Flow and Salt Transport at Different Scales : from a method determine parameters of heterogeneous permeability at local scale to a large-scale model for the sedimentary basin of Thuringia / Alraune Zech. Gutachter: Sabine Attinger ; Olaf Kolditz." Jena : Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1048047229/34.

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Ndoumbe, Berock Isaac Bernard. "Construction de la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) dans les pays en développement : une application dans les entreprises d'exploitations forestières au Cameroun." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAB004.

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Face à un environnement incertain marqué par une instabilité sans cesse croissante, les entreprises s’efforcent de rechercher la performance à la fois globale et durable considérée désormais comme un levier non seulement de pérennité, mais aussi d’avantage concurrentiel primordial (Porter et Kramer, 2006; Crane et Matten, 2004). Ainsi, la responsabilité sociétale de l’entreprise (RSE) est perçue comme un thème fédérateur en sciences de gestion et de par sa dimension sociétale dans les sciences économiques et sociales prenant tout son sens dans le management opérationnel des entreprises. Consid
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Zimmermann, Karsten. "Prognose und bergschadenkundliche Analyse dynamischer Bodenbewegungen durch oberflächennahen Steinkohlenbergbau in den USA." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-65009.

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Der untertägige Abbau von Steinkohle führt zu Bewegungen des überlagernden Gebirges und der Tagesoberfläche. Eine Bewegungsprognose ist im Hinblick auf entstehende Bergschäden weltweit von großer Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, ob eine Prognose von Bodenbewegungen im amerikanischen Steinkohlenbergbau mit einem in Europa bewährten Verfahren, einem dynamischen stochastischen Senkungsmodell, möglich ist. Dazu wurde eine Literaturstudie über den bisherigen Kenntnisstand in den USA durchgeführt, abbaubegleitende Bodenbewegungsmessungen aus dem Steinkohlengebiet der Appalachen ausgewert
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Chawla, Ila. "Hydrologic Response of Upper Ganga Basin to Changing Land Use and Climate." Thesis, 2013. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3416.

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Numerous studies indicate that the hydrology of a river basin is influenced by Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and climate. LULC affects the quality and quantity of water resources through its influence on Evapotranspiration (ET) and initiation of surface runoff while climate affects the intensity and spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature which are major drivers of the hydrologic cycle. Literature reports several works on either the effect of changing LULC or climate on the hydrology. However, changes in LULC and climate occur simultaneously in reality. Thus, there is a need to perform a
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Books on the topic "Basin impact ejecta model"

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Norreys, Richard. Water quality river impact model (RIM) for river basin management. University of Salford, 1991.

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Hanna, R. Blair. Water quality modeling in the systems impact assessment model for the Klamath River basin - Keno, Oregon to Seiad Valley, California. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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A simple model for the light curve generated by a Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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L, Sharpton Virgil, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A model of the Chicxulub impact basin based on evaluation of geophysical data, well logs, and drill core samples. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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L, Sharpton Virgil, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A model of the Chicxulub impact basin based on evaluation of geophysical data, well logs, and drill core samples. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Busuioc, Aristita, and Alexandru Dumitrescu. Empirical-Statistical Downscaling: Nonlinear Statistical Downscaling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.770.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Please check back later for the full article.The concept of statistical downscaling or empirical-statistical downscaling became a distinct and important scientific approach in climate science in recent decades, when the climate change issue and assessment of climate change impact on various social and natural systems have become international challenges. Global climate models are the best tools for estimating future climate conditions. Even if improvements can be made in state-of-the art
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Book chapters on the topic "Basin impact ejecta model"

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Byrne, Charles J. "A Model of Large Impact Craters and Basins: Their Cavities, Rims, and Ejecta Deposits." In The Moon's Near Side Megabasin and Far Side Bulge. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6949-0_4.

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Du, Hongyan, Xiaoping Bai, Qiming Wei, and Yawei Mao. "Application Method Study of Erica Model and R&D128 Model in Radiological Impact Assessment of Terrestrial Organisms." In Proceedings of The 20th Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2314-9_38.

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Bhunia, Partha Sarathi, and Kanhu Charan Patra. "Impact of Land Use–Land Cover Changes on the Streamflow of the Kolab River Basin Using SWAT Model." In Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64202-0_28.

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Siderius, Christian, Robel Geressu, Martin C. Todd, et al. "High Stakes Decisions Under Uncertainty: Dams, Development and Climate Change in the Rufiji River Basin." In Climate Risk in Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61160-6_6.

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AbstractThe need to stress test designs and decisions about major infrastructure under climate change conditions is increasingly being recognised. This chapter explores new ways to understand and—if possible—reduce the uncertainty in climate information to enable its use in assessing decisions that have consequences across the water, energy, food and environment sectors. It outlines an approach, applied in the Rufiji River Basin in Tanzania, that addresses uncertainty in climate model projections by weighting them according to different skill metrics; how well the models simulate important climate features. The impact of different weighting approaches on two river basin performance indicators (hydropower generation and environmental flows) is assessed, providing an indication of the reliability of infrastructure investments, including a major proposed dam under different climate model projections. The chapter ends with a reflection on the operational context for applying such approaches and some of the steps taken to address challenges and to engage stakeholders.
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SALLES, T., S. LOPEZ, R. ESCHARD, T. MULDER, T. EUZEN, and M. C. CACAS. "A Turbidity-Current Model to Simulate Impact of Basin-Scale Forcing Parameters." In External Controls of Deep-Water Depositional Systems. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/sepmsp.092.363.

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Alemaw, Berhanu F., and Thebeyame Ronald Chaoka. "Climate Change Impact on the Water Resources of the Limpopo Basin." In Advances in Geospatial Technologies. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3440-2.ch012.

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This chapter aims to evaluate the impacts of climate change on both hydrologic regimes and water resources of the Limpopo River Basin in southern Africa. Water resources availability in the basin, in terms of, seasonal and annual runoff (R), soil moisture (S) and actual evapotranspiration (Ea) is simulated and evaluated using the hydrological model, HATWAB. These water balances were computed from precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (Ep) and other variables that govern the soil-water-vegetation-atmospheric processes at 9.2km latitude/ longitude gird cells covering the basin. The 1961-90 simulated mean annual runoff reveals mixed patterns of high and low runoff across the region. Although relatively small changes in runoff simulations are prevalent among the three climate change scenarios, generally the OSU simulated relatively high runoff compared to the UKTR and HADCM2 GCMs.
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Sharpton, Virgil L., Luis E. Marin, John L. Carney, et al. "A model of the Chicxulub impact basin based on evaluation of geophysical data, well logs, and drill core samples." In The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History. Geological Society of America, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2307-8.55.

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Bayissa, Yared Ashenafi. "Developing a combined drought index and prediction model to monitor drought-related crop yield reduction 3." In Developing an Impact-Based Combined Drought Index for Monitoring Crop Yield Anomalies in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429399510-4.

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Bayissa, Yared Ashenafi. "Application of Earth observation data for developing a combined drought index and crop yield prediction model 4." In Developing an Impact-Based Combined Drought Index for Monitoring Crop Yield Anomalies in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429399510-5.

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Inogwabini, Bila-Isia. "Congo Basin's Shrinking Watersheds." In Reconsidering the Impact of Climate Change on Global Water Supply, Use, and Management. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1046-8.ch012.

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Rainfall time series data from three sites (Kinshasa, Luki, and Mabali) in the western Democratic Republic of Congo were analyzed using regression analysis; rainfall intensities decreased in all three sites. The Congo Basin waters will follow the equation y = -20894x + 5483.16; R2 = 0.7945. The model suggests 18%-loss of the Congo Basin water volume and 7%-decrease for fish biomasses by 2025. Financial incomes generated by fishing will decrease by 11% by 2040 compared with 1998 levels. About 51% of women (N= 408,173) from the Lake Tumba Landscape fish; their revenues decreased by 11% between 2005 and 2010. If this trend continues, women's revenues will decrease by 59% by 2040. Decreased waters will severely impact women (e.g. increasing walking distances to clean waters). Increasing populations and decreasing waters will lead to immigrations to this region because water resources will remain available and highly likely ignite social conflicts over aquatic resources.
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Conference papers on the topic "Basin impact ejecta model"

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Zheng, Wei, and Baojun Pang. "The ejecta model for hypervelocity impact on 5A06 aluminum sheet." In Fourth International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, edited by Chenggen Quan, Kemao Qian, Anand K. Asundi, and Fook S. Chau. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.851269.

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Nypaver, Cole, Bradley J. Thomson, Devon M. Burr, and Caleb I. Fassett. "RADAR PROPERTIES OF IMPACT EJECTA ON THE LUNAR MARIA: A MODEL FOR DEGRADATION AND AGE." In 67th Annual Southeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018se-313217.

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Petrović, Branislav, Milan Gojak, and Đorđe Kozić. "Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Basic Operating Parameters on the Performance Characteristics of Solar-Driven Ejector Cooling." In 51st International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.020.51.1.129.

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Researchers are becoming growingly interested in the development of solar-driven ejector cooling systems, primarily due to their potential to be used as renewable energy sources. Absorption and adsorption refrigeration systems not only involve considerable investment but are also much less reliable than the ejector refrigeration sys-tems, which do not contain any movable parts. In adition, ejector refrigeration has the advantage of low capital cost, simple design, reliable operation, long lifespan and almost no maintance. The only weakness of this system is the low efficiency and its intoleran
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Petrović, Branislav, Milan Gojak, and Đorđe Kozić. "Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Basic Operating Parameters on the Performance Characteristics of Solar-Driven Ejector Cooling." In 51st International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.020.51.1.129.

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Researchers are becoming growingly interested in the development of solar-driven ejector cooling systems, primarily due to their potential to be used as renewable energy sources. Absorption and adsorption refrigeration systems not only involve considerable investment but are also much less reliable than the ejector refrigeration sys-tems, which do not contain any movable parts. In adition, ejector refrigeration has the advantage of low capital cost, simple design, reliable operation, long lifespan and almost no maintance. The only weakness of this system is the low efficiency and its intoleran
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Sollier, Arnaud, and Emilien Lescoute. "Characterization of the ballistic properties of ejecta from laser shock-loaded samples using high resolution picosecond imaging." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-097.

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Abstract Anticipating the generation of high velocity debris from shock-loaded specimens and the damage that their impacts may cause to nearby equipment is a major safety issue in applications involving shock waves, such as pyrotechnics [1] or inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments on large scale laser facilities [2]. Microjetting is one of the processes governing such debris generation. It is due to the interaction of a shock wave with a free surface presenting geometrical defects such as pits, cavities, scratches, or grooves, leading to material ejection from these defects, in the for
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Robb, Kevin R., and Michael L. Corradini. "Towards Understanding Melt Eruption Phenomena During Molten Corium Concrete Interactions." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30116.

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A defense-in-depth feature for advanced light water reactors to cope with beyond design basis accidents is the ability to cool and stabilize ex-vessel core melt debris. Several international experimental programs have investigated core-concrete interactions and debris cooling of ex-vessel core melts. These experimental programs have identified various phenomena which affect melt coolability and may enhance it. One such phenomenon, melt eruptions, occurs when gas from the underlying decomposing concrete entrains melt up through and onto a solidified crust, which separates the molten melt from t
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Schwab, A. L., and M. Wisse. "Basin of Attraction of the Simplest Walking Model." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21363.

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Abstract Passive dynamic walking is an important development for walking robots, supplying natural, energy-efficient motions. In practice, the cyclic gait of passive dynamic prototypes appears to be stable, only for small disturbances. Therefore, in this paper we research the basin of attraction of the cyclic walking motion for the simplest walking model. Furthermore, we present a general method for deriving the equations of motion and impact equations for the analysis of multibody systems, as in walking models. Application of the cell mapping method shows the basin of attraction to be a small
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Sudeshika, Pavithra, and Lalith Rajapakse. "Impact of Digital Elevation Model on Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation modelling - A Case Study of Lower Kelani River Basin." In 2021 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mercon52712.2021.9525704.

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Chuang, Wei-Liang, Kuang-An Chang, and Richard Mercier. "Green Water on a Fixed Model in a Large Wave Basin: Flow Velocity, Void Fraction, and Impact Pressure Distributions." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61229.

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Green water impact due to extreme waves impinging on a fixed, rectangular shaped model structure was investigated experimentally. The experiment was carried out in the large wave basin of the Offshore Technology Research Center at Texas A&M University. In the study, two wave conditions were considered: a plunging breaking wave impinging on the frontal vertical wall (referred as wall impingement) and a breaking wave directly impinging on the deck surface (referred as deck impingement). The aerated flow velocity was measured by employing the bubble image velocimetry (BIV) technique with high
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Huang, Zhenjia (Jerry), Don Spencer, Robert Oberlies, Gracie Watts, and Wenting Xiao. "Wave Impact Experiment of a GBS Model in Large Waves." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61473.

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For the design of offshore structures in harsh wave environments, model testing continues to be the recommended industry practice for determining wave impact forces on offshore structures. Accurate measurements of wave impacts in model tests have been a challenge for several decades. Transducers are required to accurately capture the short duration, high magnitude, and dynamic nature of impact loads. The structural model, transducers, and the transducer mountings need to be designed such that mechanical vibrations in the integrated transducer-mounting-structural model system do not contaminate
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