Academic literature on the topic 'Basis waters of the Araguaia river'

This study aims to determine which of twelve environmental parameters (five physicochemical and seven hydromorphological) influence on the fish assemblage structure of the lower Mortes River basin located in the Bananal floodplain of the Araguaia River basin, Central Brazil. Sampling was conducted in six stretches of 1000 m each during the high and low waters. Fish were captured using gill nets and environmental parameters were measured by portable equipment or determined visually. The co-inertia analysis indicated that two physicochemical (dissolved oxygen and water transparency), and four hydromorphological (channel width and depth, riparian vegetation cover and type of the riverside substrate) parameters structure the fish assemblages, both driven by the regional hydrological patterns (flood pulse). These results are explained by fish-environmental parameters relationship characteristic of the aquatic Neotropical systems.

Until recently, the distribution of Dactylomys dactylinus was considered to be restricted to forest habitats from the western Amazon to the east of the Xingu River in Brazil. Individuals of D. dactylinus were rescued in January 1997 from the rising waters of the hydroelectric dam of Serra da Mesa, in Central Brazil. This record extends the southern limit of the distribution of D. dactylinus, and represents also the first occurrence of this species in the Cerrado biome. The specimens were collected in patches of gallery forest of the Tocantins River and its tributaries. The Tocantins is the main river of the Araguaia-Tocantins basin. Its headwaters are located in the Cerrado biome and it is a tributary of the delta of the Amazonas River. The presence of D. dactylinus, a characteristic Amazonian lowland forest species, in the core area of the Cerrado is an evidence of the role of forested environments as mesic corridors that have been contributing to the increase of mammalian diversity in this biome.

The ichthyofaunistic studies from the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin are mainly concentrated in the main channel of the Araguaia and Tocantins rivers, due to faunal studies required for hydroelectric projects. Brooks and streams are usually neglected, though they represent the habitats most threatened by human activities. These small water courses present a great diversity of fishes, and they also have high rates of endemic species. The study was conducted from December 2009 to January 2010. For the inventory, the methodology used was the Rapid Assessment Program (RAP). In each sampled area three types of data collection were utilized: open interviews with local fishermen, naked eye fish surveying, and fishing with cast nets and gill nets. This study aimed to identify the main fish species that occur in the Mutum and Caba Saco streams, that form the Pau D’Arco River, and in the Carrapato Stream that flows to the Preto River, both belonging to the Araguaia River Basin.

O entendimento dos efeitos climáticos e do uso do solo em conjunto é crucial para análise ambiental e prevenções de desastres naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a vulnerabilidade à erosão hídrica do solo na bacia hidrográfica do rio Araguaia. Usou-se dados de precipitação (Agência Nacional das Águas); uso e ocupação da terra (Projeto MapBiomas); declividade (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) e de solo (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisas Agropecuária) no cálculo de mapas através do geoprocessamento para obter-se a representação da erosão hídrica do solo. A bacia hidrográfica do rio Araguaia caracteriza-se na maior parte por zonas de transição de estabilidade e vulnerabilidade, porém destaca-se as áreas estáveis nas proximidades da foz, regiões críticas á sudoeste (Rio das Mortes), nos limites (leste) do Alto Araguaia, nas partes sudeste e sudoeste do Baixo Araguaia. Na escala climática, a precipitação não apresenta riscos significativos. No entanto, o intenso uso e ocupação da terra na região foi a forçante que maior agravou a vulnerabilidade, principalmente em áreas (declives e solo) naturalmente instáveis. Assim, algumas cidades precisam estar em alerta para possíveis eventos erosivos. Vulnerability to soil water erosion, Araguaia basin riverA B S T R A C TThe Understanding climate effects and land use together is crucial for environmental analysis and natural disaster prevention. The objective of this work is to analyze the vulnerability to soil water erosion in the hydrographic basin of the Araguaia river. Rainfall data (National Water Agency) was used; land use and occupation (MapBiomas Project); slope (National Institute for Space Research) and soil (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) in the calculation of maps through geoprocessing to obtain the representation of soil water erosion. The hydrographic basin of the Araguaia river is characterized in the most part by transition zones of stability and vulnerability, however the stable areas in the vicinity of the mouth stand out, critical regions to the southwest (Rio das Mortes), on the (eastern) limits of the Alto Araguaia, in the southeast and southwest parts of the Lower Araguaia. On the climate scale, the rainfall does not present significant risks. However, the intense use and occupation of land in the region was the forcing that increased the risk, mainly in naturally unstable areas (slopes and soil). Thus, some cities need to be alert to possible erosive events.

Hydraulic projects and water management require reliable hydrological data. The Araguaia-Tocantins River basin, in addition to agricultural use, has great potential for hydroelectric exploitation. However, the streamflow monitoring network in the Araguaia River basin is composed of only a few stations, resulting in a lack of hydrological data. The regionalization of the reference streamflows is a technique that can help circumvent this lack of data, enabling the estimation of streamflows from easily obtainable explanatory variables. In this context, the objective of this study was to develop regional functions for the maximum streamflow (Qmax) applicable to different Return Periods (RP), the long-term mean streamflow (Qmlt) and the 95% streamflow permanence (Q95) of the upper and middle Araguaia River sub-basins. The dimensionless streamflow methodology was adopted with the drainage area as an explanatory variable. The tested regressive models were the linear, potential and quotient models. Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to assess the quality of the regional models. Ten statistical distributions of 2 to 5 parameters were used. (i) Satisfactory results were obtained for all reference streamflows. (ii) The cross-validation technique proved to be essential for the selection of the most robust model. (iii) The quotient model was shown to be superior to the potential linear model in most cases.

ABSTRACT In this study, we estimated the evapotranspiration from orbital images - MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) for assimilation in the hydrological modeling of the SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tools) model. The data used include the period between October 2003 and December 2006 of the sub-basin of the Lajeado River, located in the Tocantins-Araguaia River basin in Tocantins state. Overall, the results of the use of heat flows estimated by remote sensors in the SWAT model can be considered satisfactory. The values of the COE (coefficient of efficiency of Nash-Sutcliffe) ranged from -0.40 to 0.91 in the comparison with the daily flow data and from 0.17 to 0.77 with the monthly flow data, with the assimilation of evapotranspiration from orbital images. These results indicate benefit to the model adjustment due to improvement in the data assimilated of approximately 0.91 in the COE on daily scale and 0.60 in the CEO on monthly scale.

SUMMARYConserving natural vegetation cover is of critical importance for maintaining the ecological integrity and hydrological properties of large river basins (more than 100 000 km2). Recent estimates indicate that more than 700 000 km2 of Brazilian Amazon have already been deforested, and to reduce further losses and preserve the important natural and cultural resources in this region, large conservation areas have been created by the Brazilian government. The present study analysed land cover and land use change in the major watersheds of the Brazilian Amazon, in order to evaluate the current balance between deforestation and conservation of natural areas in the region. The results show that watersheds draining the southern part of the basin have suffered the highest deforestation rates, with the largest losses (8.3–20% of total basin area) occurring in the Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu, Araguaia and Tocantins river basins. Most large watersheds already have significant deforestation in their headwaters, which can affect hydrological functions and ecological sustainability. The greatest allocation of land for conservation was encountered in the Trombetas, Xingu and Negro watersheds, where conservation areas occupied 92.5, 56.9 and 50.6% of the total basin, respectively. While extensive areas of the Amazon biome have been deforested, on the scale of large watersheds there is a positive balance between conservation areas and deforestation, and on average the area delimited by conservation areas is more than three times larger than the deforested areas. An analysis by subwatersheds, however, indicates that certain regions have achieved more critical levels of deforestation, in some situations affecting more than 80% of the subwatersheds.

The miniature seasonal killifish Spectrolebiascostae, first described for the middle Araguaia River basin, has been also recorded from two areas in the middle Tocantins River basin, from where male specimens exhibit some differences in their colour pattern. Analyses directed to species delineation (GMYC and bPTP), using a fragment of the mitochondrial gene COI, strongly support two species, S.costae from the Araguaia River basin and a new species from the Tocantins River basin. Spectrolebiasgracilis sp. n. is described on the basis of specimens collected from two localities separated by about 530 km, Canabrava River floodplains near Alvorada do Tocantins and Tocantins River floodplains near Palmeirante. Field inventories were unsuccessful in finding additional populations in the region, which is attributed to the high environmental degradation, including several large dams that have permanently inundated typical killifish habitats. Spectrolebiasgracilis is member of a clade also including S.costae, S.inaequipinnatus, and S.semiocellatus, diagnosed by having the dorsal and anal fins in males with iridescent dots restricted to their basal portion, caudal fin in males hyaline, and caudal-fin base with two pairs of neuromasts. Within this clade, a single miniaturisation event is supported for the most recent common ancestor of the subclade comprising S.costae and S.gracilis, which differ from other congeners by reaching only about 20 mm standard length as maximum adult size.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
The water is an essential resource for the existence of life. The multiple uses of this resource, as well as the type of land use present in areas drained by rivers can affect the quality of its waters. The establishment of a framework on water in Brazil occurred in 1934 with the creation of the Water Code, later the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the National Water Resources Policy 1997 contributed to the standardization of water uses. Classification and use of water based on law allowed the establishment of physical, chemical and biological acceptable quality, according to their class and use. Indicators and Water Quality Indices are important tools for identifying pollution and/or contamination of the water, so present themselves as instruments in the management of water resources. In view of the pressure that water resources are suffering and the intensification of land use for agricultural activities in areas of Cerrado, this research aimed to identify critical sub-basins as the quality of surface waters in Goias sector of basis waters of the Araguaia river. Therefore, the research methodology is based on a literature review on the topic Water Quality, Environmental Processes in River Basin, Water Quality Indicators and Critical Areas; thematic maps, land use, the Water Quality Index - IQA and critical sub-basins were prepared in a GIS environment, through ArcGIS 10 program; Two field work to collect samples were carried out in eleven sub-basins at the beginning and end of the rainy season with multiparameter equipment; reading the temperature parameters, total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen potential (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO) and redox potential (Eh) were performed in the field, and the analysis of nitrate and phosphorus parameters performed in laboratory; to get the results was performed the analysis of water quality and comparison with land use sub-basin; application of the IQA, statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and identification of critical sub-basins. The sub-basins studied exhibited high rates of anthropic use in your area as a whole and in the riparian zone. All subbasins had values above the established by CONAMA to match. The results pointed to the interference of land use, climate seasonality and the physical and natural attributes on water quality. It was noticed that the sub-basins with more expressive use of pasture also showed the worst water quality and sub-basins with more training in forest riparian areas tended to have better water quality. Overall, the methodological procedures used were presented to support efficient research on the quality of water and allowed to verify different levels of impairment of water quality of the sources of the Araguaia river. In this sense, the identification of critical sub-basins, based on the understanding of the interrelationship between the different variables that make up the open system of a watershed is an important mechanism for planning, management, and monitoring of water resources.
A água se constitui em um recurso essencial para a existência da vida. Os usos múltiplos desse recurso, assim como o tipo de uso do solo presente nas áreas drenadas por rios podem afetar a qualidade de suas águas. O estabelecimento de um regime jurídico sobre águas no Brasil ocorreu em 1934, com a criação do Código de Águas, posteriormente, a Constituição Federal de 1988 e a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos de 1997 contribuíram para a normatização dos usos da água. A classificação e utilização da água fundamentada em lei possibilitou estabelecer parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos de qualidade aceitáveis, de acordo com sua classe e uso. Indicadores e Índices de Qualidade da Água são importantes ferramentas para identificação de poluição e/ou contaminação da água, por isso se apresentam como instrumentos na gestão dos recursos hídricos. Tendo em vista a pressão que os recursos hídricos vêm sofrendo e a intensificação do uso do solo por atividades agropecuárias em áreas de Cerrado, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar sub-bacias críticas quanto a qualidade das águas superficiais no setor goiano das nascentes do rio Araguaia. Para tanto, a metodologia da pesquisa é fundamentada por uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da temática Qualidade da Água, Processos Ambientais em Bacias Hidrográficas, Indicadores de Qualidade da Água e Áreas Críticas; os mapas temáticos, de uso do solo, do Índice de Qualidade da Água - IQA e de subbacias críticas foram elaborados em ambiente SIG, por meio do programa ArcGis 10; foram realizados dois trabalhos de campo para coleta de amostras em onze sub-bacias, no início e final da estação chuvosa, com equipamento multiparâmetros; a leitura dos parâmetros temperatura, total de sólidos dissolvidos (TDS), potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e potencial redox (Eh) foram realizadas em campo, enquanto a análise dos parâmetros nitrato e fósforo realizadas em laboratório; para se alcançar os resultados foi realizada a análise da qualidade da água e comparação com o uso do solo das sub-bacias; aplicação do IQA, análise estatística por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, e identificação de sub-bacias críticas. As sub-bacias estudadas exibiram altas taxas de uso antrópico em sua área como um todo e nas zonas ripárias. Todas as sub-bacias apresentaram valores acima do estabelecido pelo CONAMA para fósforo. Os resultados apontaram para a interferência do uso do solo, da sazonalidade climática e dos atributos físico-naturais na qualidade da água. Percebeu-se que as sub-bacias com uso mais expressivo de pastagem também foram as que apresentaram pior qualidade de água, enquanto as sub-bacias com mais formação florestal nas zonas ripárias tenderam a apresentar melhor qualidade da água. De modo geral, os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados se apresentaram eficientes para embasar pesquisas sobre a qualidade da água e permitiram verificar diferentes níveis de comprometimento da qualidade da água das nascentes do rio Araguaia. Nesse sentido, a identificação de sub-bacias críticas, a partir do entendimento da inter-relação entre as diversas variáveis que compõem o sistema aberto de uma bacia hidrográfica constitui importante mecanismo para planejamento, gestão e monitoramento de recursos hídricos.

Measurements of trace metals in rivers are of substantial interest for researchers examining basic scientific questions related to geochemical weathering and transport and to scientists involved in pollution control evaluation. Trace metals in natural waters include essential elements such as cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, molybdenum, nickel, which may also be toxic at higher concentrations, and nonessential elements, which are toxic, such as cadmium, mercury and lead. Recent findings indicate that iron and, to a lesser extent, zinc and manganese play an important role in regulating the growth and ecology of phytoplankton (Martin et al. 1991), while in contrast, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury have long been recognized as poisonous to living organisms (see Pfeiffer et al. 1993, for a description of mercury problem in the Amazon basin). The release of potentially large quantities of these toxic metals, particularly in the river systems of industrialized countries, but also in tropical rivers, is an acute problem of great environmental concern. An understanding of the weathering and transport processes controlling the fate and flux of trace metals in pristine environments is important in evaluating the capacity of receiving waters to accommodate wastes without detrimental effects. The Amazon River system, which is relatively free of industrial and agricultural interference, represents an ideal case for the investigation of the origin and transport of trace metals. This understanding may also provide a scientific basis for the anticipated development of the Amazon basin. With regard to trace metals, Amazon River is still poorly documented. Martin and Meybeck (1979) and Martin and Gordeev (1986) presented a global tabulation of trace metal concentrations in particulate matter of major rivers including the Amazon, and Palmer and Edmond (1992) measured dissolved Fe, Al, and Sr concentrations in the Amazon mainstream and a number of its tributaries. Boyle et al. (1982) and Gordeev et al. (1990) published some data on Cu, Ni, Cd, and Ag dissolved concentrations at the mouth of the Amazon River and in its oceanic plume. Konhauser et al. (1994) reported the trace and rare earth elemental composition of sediments, soils and waters, mainly in the region of Manaus.

<em>Abstract</em>.—In the 1990s, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Section, responded to angler requests to manage the state’s waters on a more individual basis. Individual waters management often included the development of length-based regulations and/or bag limit reductions. Although the move towards individual waters management was biologically sound and by and large supported by anglers, it also created some problems. By the late 1990s, there were more than 150 specialized regulations for northern pike <em>Esox lucius</em>, walleyes <em>Sander vitreus</em>, largemouth bass <em>Micropterus salmoides</em>, smallmouth bass <em>M. dolomieu</em>, black crappies <em>Pomoxis nigromaculatus</em>, white crappies <em>P. annularis</em>, and bluegills <em>Lepomis macrochirus</em>. With management responsibility on more than 6,000 lakes, it became clear that some type of regulation streamlining or standardization was needed. Public input meetings indicated that anglers wanted continued individualized management of lakes and the opportunity to catch quality-sized fish but were concerned about the growing number and complexity of regulations. In response, species-specific work groups consisting of research and management biologists were formed to identify what biological information was available and what was needed to develop a set of species-specific regulations. Standardized regulations were developed for northern pike, walleyes, largemouth and smallmouth bass, bluegills, and both species of crappies. We discuss the development of the standardized regulations for crappies, where size and bag limit categories were established based on growth and natural mortality targets. Future field collections will be required to measure the effectiveness of these regulations.

<em>Abstract</em>.-The five species of shads (Clupeidae: <em>Tenualosa</em>) that form the basis of important fisheries in the estuaries and coastal waters of tropical Asia are subject to a variety of management regimes in the countries of the region. The most widespread species, hilsa <em>T. ilisha</em>, is managed differently in Bangladesh, India, Burma, Pakistan, and Kuwait. The fishery for Reeves shad <em>T. reevesii </em>along the south China coast and far up the Yangtze, Pearl, and Qiantang rivers has collapsed and the species is being cultured, while Laotian shad <em>T. thibaudeaui</em>, in the lower and middle Mekong system, was a component of co-managed multispecies fisheries, but is now almost extinct. The fishery for toli <em>T. toli </em>in the estuaries and coastal areas of Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) is now successfully co-managed, while fisheries for Terubuk (also known as longtail shad) <em>T. macrura</em>, in the coastal waters of Sumatra are currently unmanaged. The degree to which agencies in the various countries have been successful in managing shad fisheries for sustainability is analyzed in relation to the socioeconomic and governance environments in which they operate. The key to the future of tropical shad fisheries may be determined by the extent to which fishery management plans can be integrated into overall coastal or river basin management plans and is discussed in relation to population pressures and widespread environmental changes, as well as biopolitical and social linkages that could facilitate actions leading to concrete measures to re-establish migration pathways for the fish.

This paper first reviews the principal monitoring requirements of the WFD and discusses the monitoring network for diffuse pollution in Albania in the context of implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Considerations on water quality of surface waters from main Albanian rivers based on ecological and chemicals indicators are reported. Quality measurement are essential to demonstrate the comparability of obtained data and they form the basis for correct decisions related to management of water resources. The existing surface water quality monitoring network provides only restricted information to select between different management options when implementing river basin management plans (RBMP) under the WFD. We then clearly define and exemplify the roles, the functions and the need for a new set of monitoring tools support of implementing the WFD, using the case studies based on datasets that we obtained during recurrent monitoring campaigns in the Rivers Ishmi, Erzeni, Shkumbini and Mati.

In 2021, Dordrecht, the oldest city in the Netherlands, will be commemorating the 600th anniversary of the St. Elizabeth flood. This disaster flood event inundated the entire Dordrecht and separated the city from Geertruidenberg. After the flood Dordrecht was left with only the old city center that the city had to reclaim their land. To date Dordrecht has remained an island surrounded by water. The city’s vulnerability to flooding have prompted the city to actively participate in climate adaptation strategies and innovative design methodologies to help the island city cope with changing climatic conditions. Dordrecht is one of the cities participating in the Room for the River project which allows vast tracks of land to be flooded in the event of a big flood. The city is also surrounded by dikes that protect parts of the city from any impending flood danger. Still the historic city center which lies in the unembanked area occasionally experience flooding. Every two to five years residents of Dordrecht especially in the old city center experience some low level flooding due to high waters and heavy rainfall. Yearly the city conducts a drill in the city center to train people on how to place flood barriers and sandbags in front of their homes. However, there is also a sense of complacency especially for the areas in the city where the structural measures were heavily constructed (those that are within the dike). This feeling of complacency may have been placed due to their strong belief that the city is indeed safe due to the structural measures that have been carefully integrated to ensure that flooding will never happen again. Memory-based disaster experience can be the starting point in building knowledge on disasters. Most often people who have experienced a disaster can provide experiential knowledge in dealing with disasters in the future. Further people who experience disasters on a more regular basis have more built in memory and knowledge. Using interviews from key stakeholders of Dordrecht, the paper will draw out how this memory-based disaster experience and living with water helps Dordrecht towards its vision to become a self-reliant island.

Abstract The shale industry has changed beyond recognition over the last decade and is once again in rapid transition. While we are unsure about the nature of innovations to make US shale ever more competitive, we are certain that the current downturn will drive a further reduction in $/BO – the total cost to lift a barrel of US shale oil to the surface. As a result of an increase in scale and industry efficiency gains, the all-in price charged by service companies to place a pound of proppant downhole has come down from more than $0.50/lb in 2012 to about $0.10/lb today. In this paper, we discuss what components have contributed to this reduction to date and use several case studies to illustrate the potential for further cost reductions. The authors used FracFocus data to study a variety of placement and production chemicals for about 100,000 horizontal wells in US liquid rich basins, including the Williston, Powder River, DJ, Permian basins, as well as SCOOP/STACK and Eagle Ford. All chemicals used were averaged on a per-well basis into a gallon-per-thousand gallons (gpt) metric. In the paper, we first provide an overview of trends by basin since 2010 for these chemical additives. Then, we perform Multi-Variate Analysis (MVA) to determine if groups of these chemicals show an impact on production performance in specific basins or formations. Finally, through integration of lab testing (on fluid systems and proppants), a liquid-rich shale production database and FracFocus tracking of industry trends, the authors developed a list of case histories that show modest to significant reductions in $/BO. In this paper we focus on proppant delivery cost – the cost to place a pound of proppant in a fracture downhole, where it can contribute to a well's production for years to come. The last decade saw a 10-fold increase in horsepower, a 20-fold increase in yearly stages pumped and a 40-fold yearly proppant mass increase. One result of this increase in scale, was a gain in efficiencies, which led to an average 3-fold fracturing cost decrease to place a pound of proppant downhole. We will document this trend in detail in the paper. A significant industry trend over the last decade has been a "viscosity for velocity" trade. The change to smaller mesh regional proppants, in combination with an increase in pump rates on frac jobs in the US, has allowed fluid systems to become more "watery". At the same time, the industry is moving from guar systems to polyacrylamide-based systems that exhibit higher apparent viscosities at low to ultra-low shear rates. These newer High Viscosity Friction Reducer (HVFR) systems show superior proppant carrying capacity over traditional slickwater fluid systems. Regained conductivity testing has shown that these HVFR systems are generally cleaner for fracture conductivity than guar systems. Along with changes to base chemistry, a 2- to 5-fold increase in disposal costs and an overall "green initiative" over the last decade have resulted in a push to maximize recycled water usage on these HVFR jobs. These waters can be in excess of 150,000 TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) which present challenges across the board when designing a compatible fluid system that fits the needs in terms of viscosity yield, scale inhibition and microbial mitigation etc. – all while keeping costs low. Specialty chemicals, such as Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) substitutes that have similar efficacy as HCl but significantly lower reactivity with human skin, have helped significantly to improve operational safety around previously-categorized hazardous chemicals, and have helped reduce cost and improve pump time efficiency. Measurement of bacterial activity during and after fracture treatments can help with the best economic selection of the appropriate biocide. These simple measurements can help further reduce what is spent on the necessary chemical package to effectively treat a well. This paper provides a holistic view of fluid selection issues and shows a real-data focused methodology to further support a leaner approach to hydraulic fracturing.