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1
Raudenbush, Bryan, and Brian Meyer. "Muscular Dissatisfaction and Supplement Use among Male Intercollegiate Athletes." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 25, no. 2 (June 2003): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.2.161.
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Body image satisfaction was measured among college male athletes participating in track/cross-country, soccer, basketball, swimming, and lacrosse through the use of figure drawings varying in level of muscularity. All the athletes chose significantly different figure drawings to best represent their actual physique, ideal physique, and the physique they believed was most attractive to the opposite sex. For each sport, athletes’ actual physique was less muscular than both their ideal physique and the one they thought was attractive to the opposite sex. Soccer and lacrosse players chose an ideal physique larger than the one they thought was attractive to the opposite sex, while swimmers chose an ideal physique smaller than the one they thought was attractive to the opposite sex. Lacrosse players wanted to gain the most muscle. Those athletes who used muscle mass/weight-gain supplements spent more time per week in weight training and viewed their actual physique as larger than did athletes who did not use weight-gain supplements. The present results further reveal the desire of athletes to gain muscle, possibly to the extent of abusing weight-gain supplements and thus providing the foundation for faulty body image or dysfunctional eating.
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Uzun, Ahmet, and Atilla Pulur. "The effect of shooting training on the development of the shot hit rate for basketball players." Journal of Human Sciences 15, no. 4 (December 25, 2018): 2426. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i4.5563.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of shooting training for young basketball players and the development of shot percentage of special shot training. 30 male students-athletes participated in this study voluntarily participated in College Teams (age= 14,82 ± 1,0; height= 183,44 ± 6,13; body weight= 68,06 ± 5,38). Subjects were divided into 2 groups, consisting of continuous shooting training (experiment) (n = 15) and general basketball training group (control) (n = 15).Both training groups were subjected to a training program for 10 weeks, 4 days in a week. In this study, 60 minutes of normal basketball training plus shot training and 100-110 minutes of normal basketball training were applied to the control group. During the 10-week period, two-points jump shot (2000 pieces), three-points jump shot (2000 pieces) and in the Zig-Zag run (two-points jump shot-1000 pieces , three-points jump shot-1000 pieces) and totally 6000 shots used as moving. There was no statistically significant difference in the pre-test results between the control and the experimental group in the study, and 2-points, 3-points and zig-zag between the control and the experimental group. However there is a statistically significant difference in all parameters in the final test. In the study, 2-points, 3-points and zig-zag drills 2 and 3-points shots pre-test and post-test results were found to be statistically significant in the experimental group. As a result; general basketball training has shown little improvement in young basketball players' shooting performance, but it has been proven that the long shot training with accurate shot technique training has significantly improved shot performance.
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Omi, Yorikatsu, Dai Sugimoto, Setsurou Kuriyama, Tomohisa Kurihara, Kenji Miyamoto, Songjo Yun, Tatsuhiro Kawashima, and Norikazu Hirose. "Effect of Hip-Focused Injury Prevention Training for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Reduction in Female Basketball Players: A 12-Year Prospective Intervention Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 4 (January 23, 2018): 852–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517749474.
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Background: Programs to prevent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female basketball players are scarce. Also, ACL injury prevention training that focuses on hip joint function has not been reported. Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of a hip-focused ACL injury prevention program in female basketball players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A prospective intervention study was conducted for 12 years. Incidence rates of ACL injuries were collected in the first 4 years (observation period) from college female basketball players. After the observation period, a hip-focused ACL injury prevention program was implemented for 8 years (intervention period). A total of 309 players (mean ± SD age, 19.6 ± 1.2 years; height, 163.7 ± 5.6 cm; weight, 59.1 ± 5.1 kg; body mass index, 22.0 ± 1.4) were tracked in the observation period and compared with 448 players (age, 19.6 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.6 ± 5.8 cm; weight, 58.0 ± 5.7 kg; body mass index, 21.9 ± 1.5) who participated in the intervention period. Athlete-exposures (AEs), ACL numbers and mechanisms of injury (MOIs), relative risk (RR), absolute risk reduction (ARR), numbers needed to treat (NNT), and compliance were analyzed. Results: There were 16 ACL injuries (13 noncontact MOIs) in the 4-year observation period, whereas 9 ACL injuries (8 noncontact MOIs) were recorded in the 8-year intervention period. The overall ACL injury incidence was 0.25/1000 AEs in the 4-year observation period compared with 0.10/1000 AEs in the 8-year intervention period, respectively. Compared with the 4-year observation period, significant RR reduction was observed (0.38; 95% CI, 0.17-0.87; P = .017) with ARR and NNT of 0.032 (95% CI, 0.027-0.037) and 31.6 (95% CI, 27.1-37.7), respectively, in the 8-year intervention period. The noncontact ACL injury incidence was 0.21 per 1000 AEs during the 4-year observation period compared with 0.08/1000 AEs in the 8-year intervention period, which also showed significant RR reduction (0.37; 95% CI, 0.15-0.92; P = .026), with ARR and NNT of 0.024 (95% CI, 0.020-0.029) and 41.3 (95% CI, 34.6-51.3), respectively. The mean compliance rate during the intervention periods (8 years) was 89%. Conclusion: A hip-focused injury prevention program demonstrated significant reduction in the incidence of ACL injury in female collegiate basketball players.
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Turgut, Murat, and Onur Mutlu Yasar. "Mental Training of College Student Elite Athletes." Journal of Education and Learning 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n1p51.
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In order to achieve the expected high performance, athletes must be physically, technically, tactically and socially ready as well as being psychologically ready and strong (Erdoğan & Kocaekşi, 2015). In this context, mental training of athletes is also important. Mental training means that athletes adjust and control their own sports behavior by adopting specific ways to promote psychological state. Aim of this research was to determine the level of mental training application of professional athletes and differences according to some variables. The sample consisted of 485 professional athletes (University Students) who are still competing in 4 different sports in Turkey (football, handball, basketball and volleyball). Data collection tool consisting of two parts was used in the research. In the first part of the data collection tool, a questionnaire consisting of the personal information of the participants was used. In the second part, Developed by Benkhe et al. (2017) and adapted to Turkish by Yarayan and İlhan (2018), “Mental Training in Sports Inventory” consisting of 5 sub-dimensions and a total of 20 items was used. Non-parametric tests were used for data analysis. Mann-Whitney U was used to determine the difference between two groups, Kruskall-Wallis analysis method was used to determine the difference between more than two groups. The average of total score of Mental Training Scale of the participants was determined as X̄ = 3.97. In other words, the level of mental training of the participants was found to be high. The sub-dimension with the highest average was found to be the Interpersonal Skills sub-dimension with the average of X̄ = 4.32, and the sub-dimension with the lowest average was the Mental Performance Skills sub-dimension with the average of X̄ = 3.70. In addition, different results were determined according to gender and ritual variables.
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Jessri, Mahsa, Maryam Jessri, Bahram RashidKhani, and Caryn Zinn. "Evaluation of Iranian College Athletes’ Sport Nutrition Knowledge." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 20, no. 3 (June 2010): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.257.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrition knowledge and the factors determining this knowledge in Iranian college basketball and football athletes. By highlighting gaps in nutrition knowledge of these athletes, sport nutrition professionals may begin to address these gaps by educating athletes with a view toward minimizing injury and enhancing sport performance. Sixty-six basketball and 141 football players (response rate 78.4%) from 4 medical and 8 nonmedical universities in Tehran agreed to participate in this cross-sectional study. A 2-part questionnaire was used; the first part comprised questions identifying demographic information, and the second part comprised a previously well-validated questionnaire on sport nutrition knowledge. The overall knowledge score was 33.2% (± 12.3%). Men scored 28.2% (± 12.7%), and women, 38.7% (± 14.2%). In both genders, the highest score was obtained for the nutrients subcategory, and the supplements subcategory was the most poorly answered. When compared with their peers, a significantly higher score was obtained by women (p < .001), athletes at medical universities (p < .001), and those obtaining nutrition information from reputable sources (p = .03). The coach was cited by 89.4% of athletes as their main source of nutrition information. This study showed that the sport nutrition knowledge of these athletes is inadequate. Considering that this substandard level of knowledge may contribute to poor dietary behaviors, these athletes would benefit from nutrition-related training and education.
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Pašalić, Arzija, Fatima Jusupovic, Aida Rudić, Jasmina Mahmutović, Suada Branković, and Amila Jaganjac. "Habits of fluid and electrolytes intake in elite athletes." Journal of Health Sciences 5, no. 1 (April 18, 2015): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2015.238.
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Introduction: Dehydration develops when the body fluid losses exceed fluid intake. It may occur during exercise, heat stress, restricted fluid intake, or any combination of these. Marginal dehydration (loss of > 2% body weight) can compromise aerobic exercise performance, particularly in hot weather conditions, and may disturb fluid and electrolyte balance. The aim of the study was to determine the quantity, type and dynamic of fluid intake during athletic performance in endurance sports (football and basketball) in two age categories: juniors (under the age of 18) and seniors (over the age of 18).Methods: Research included 100 athletes playing in Premier League in Bosnia-Herzegovina. We formed groups by sport type (football and basketball) and age (<18 and ≥18 years). Questionnaire with questions about the fluid intake habits was used for data collection. Results: There were 53 football players and 47 basketball players. All the participants were male. Average age of the participants was 19.3 ± 4.58. Habit of weighing before and after training was present in less than 44% of players among all the groups. Seniors were more frequently measuring their weight compared to junior players (p=0.01). Basketball players and players younger than 18 years were most frequently taking more than 2L of water per day. Most of the players, regardless of sport type or age group were not taking at least ½ L of isotonic fluid before the training. Signs of dehydration were more frequently observed in players under 18 years old, with most frequent sign being dry throat and sudden fatigue.Conclusion: Water and electrolytes intake before, during and after training of the athletes were inadequate regardless of type of sports and the age of athletes.
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Gül, Mine, Kemal Gazanfer Gül, and Ömer Ataç. "The Effect of Plyometric Trainings on Vertical-Horizontal Jump and Some Motor Skills in U13 Basketball Players." Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 7 (May 20, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i7.4252.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Plyometric training on vertical-horizontal jump and some motor skills for children aged 13 years who play basketball. In this study voluntary 20 male athletes playing at 23 Nisan Sports Club as aged 13 basketball team whose ages are 13,00 ± 0 (year), body weight 53,86 ± 9,31 (kg), the average size of 162,5 ± 9,68 (cm) and body indexes of 20,34 ± 2,77 kg / m2 participated. All athletes were tested on the first measurements, after randomly divided into control (n=7) and experimental (n=7) groups. 2 days/week during 8 weeks, while the control group was doing basketball training only; the experimental group performed plyometric jump work in addition to basketball technique - tactical training, in the last 15 minutes of the training. All players height, body weight, vertical jump, horizontal jump, hand grip performance and elasticity performance tests were obtained at the beginning and end of the study; by these data using SPSS 18,0 programme with 0,05 significance level, Wilcoxon within group and Mann Withney-U statistical analysis was performed. There was no statistically significant difference in all the variables p> 0.05 level between first and last measurements of the control and experimental groups. In this study, it was understood that the effect of 15-minute plyometric program in basketball technique-tactical training for 2 days/week for 8 weeks in 13 years age group basketball players, vertical-horizontal jumping, hand grip, seated reach& extended flexibility test measurements has no effects.
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Chang, Yun-Chi, Yu-Ching Lan, Mei-Wun Tsai, and Li-Wei Chou. "Effects of 3-week Respiratory Muscle Training on Sport Performance in College Basketball Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000487817.91902.2e.
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Ashenden, Michael J., David T. Martin, Geoffrey P. Dobson, Colin Mackintosh, and Allan G. Hahn. "Serum Ferritin and Anemia in Trained Female Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 8, no. 3 (September 1998): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.8.3.223.
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The aim of this study was to establish whether extremely low serum ferritin values in female athletes were associated with indications of iron deficiency anemia and whether serum ferritin values were influenced by the type of training or participants' body size. Hematological data collected during 6 years at the Australian Institute of Sport were reviewed to quantify changes in serum ferritin concentration associated with training and to establish whether decrements in serum ferritin were associated with any change in hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, or mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Mean serum ferritin concentrations of 7.5 μg ⋅ L−1 were not associated with any indication of iron-deficiency anemia. Serum ferritin declined by approximately 25% with the onset of rigorous daily training (p <.01) whether training was predominantly weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing. Rowers had significantly higher ferritin concentrations than basketball players of similar stature (p = .02). We conclude that considerable background information such as the stage of training, specific sport, and previous blood results should be sought when interpreting serum ferritin concentrations in female athletes.
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Carvalho, Pedro, Bruno Oliveira, Renata Barros, Patrícia Padrão, Pedro Moreira, and Vítor Hugo Teixeira. "Impact of Fluid Restriction and ad Libitum Water Intake or an 8% Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage on Skill Performance of Elite Adolescent Basketball Players." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 21, no. 3 (June 2011): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.3.214.
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Twelve adolescent athletes underwent, in a crossover-design study, 3 separate 90-min training sessions in the following conditions: no fluid ingestion allowed (NF), ad libitum ingestion of water (W), and ad libitum ingestion of a commercial 8% carbohydrate-electrolyte sports beverage (CSB). After each session athletes performed a set of basketball drills (2-point, 3-point, and free-throw shootout, suicide sprints, and defensive zigzags). Body weight (before and after sessions), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), urine color, and beverage acceptability were determined in each session. Athletes also completed a survey about their knowledge and behaviors regarding hydration and fluid replacement. The percentage of weight loss was significantly higher in NF (2.46% ± 0.87%) than in the other 2 conditions (W, 1.08% ± 0.67%, p = .006; CSB, 0.65% ± 0.62%, p = .001) but also higher in W than CSB (p = .012). RPE was higher in NF (16.8 ± 1.96) than in the W (14.2 ± 1.99, p = .004) and CSB (13.3 ± 2.06, p = .002) trials. Athletes’ fluid intake was positively correlated with proper self-reported behaviors (r = .75, p = .005) and knowledge (r = .76, p = .004) about fluid and hydration. In conclusion, fluid restriction during exercise was associated with a greater level of dehydration and increased perceived exertion but had no impact on basketball performance compared with ad libitum drinking of water or a CSB. Athletes with more knowledge about hydration and better self-reported hydration behaviors ingested more fluids during training sessions.
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Vidic, Zeljka, Mark St. Martin, and Richard Oxhandler. "Mindfulness Intervention With a U.S. Women’s NCAA Division I Basketball Team: Impact on Stress, Athletic Coping Skills and Perceptions of Intervention." Sport Psychologist 31, no. 2 (June 2017): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0077.
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This mixed methodology study investigated the effects of a ten session mindfulness-based intervention on a women’s collegiate basketball team’s (n = 13) perceived stress, athletic coping resources, and perceptions of the mindfulness intervention. Quantitative results showed a progressive decrease in stress and an increase in athletic coping skills over the course of the intervention. Qualitative results indicated the mindfulness intervention was beneficial in various aspects of the athletes’ lives in the form of improved awareness, control, focus, presence and relaxation. These results suggest that mindfulness training may be an effective approach in assisting college athletes attain benefits in both sport and life.
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Demidov, V., V. Sivkov, A. Nazarenko, V. Demidova, and F. Mavliev. "ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE AND MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS DURING THE INITIAL PREPARATION STAGE." Human Sport Medicine 19, no. 4 (January 21, 2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm190403.
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Aim. The purpose of the study is to determine the morphological features and anaerobic performance of young football players. Materials and methods. 20 young football players aged 12–13 years were examined. The anaerobic performance test was carried out on a Monark 891E hand ergometer (Sweden). Physical and technical preparedness was assessed with the following pedagogical tests: the 15 m standing and crouch start running test, standing long jump, vertical jump, 30-second running, 3×10 m 3×10 m shuttle run. Hip circumference as a morphological basis of anaerobic performance of the legs was evaluated by using a measuring tape. Body length and weight were measured by standard anthropometric methods. Results. The young football players have a significant heterochrony of morphological development, which is expressed in a significant dispersion of the parameters of body weight and length. At the same time, neither actual age nor training loads are the determining factors for the demonstrated strength, but the level of morphological development (i.e. biological age), as evidenced by the correlations between the hip circumference and absolute peak power (r = 0.75, at p = 0.0001). There are no similar correlations with age (both in years and in days). Technical tests, such as basketball dribbling, basketball ball handling drill, and shuttle running with the ball, as well as basketball obstacle course did not have statistically significant differences between more or less physically developed athletes. Conclusion. The approach to differentiation of athletes according to the development of speed-strength qualities based on morphofunctional data can be used in coaching practice when working with young athletes aged 12–13 years. This will allow coaches to plan training sessions aimed not at balancing differences, but at improving the training process taking into account the individual characteristics of an athlete.
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Telford, Richard D., Edward A. Catchpole, Vicki Deakin, Allan G. Hahn, and Ashley W. Plank. "The Effect of 7 to 8 Months of Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation on Athletic Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 2, no. 2 (June 1992): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.2.2.135.
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The effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation was studied over 7 to 8 months of training and competition in 82 athletes from four sports: basketball, gymnastics, rowing, and swimming. Matched subgroups were formed and a double-blind design used, with subgroups being given either the supplementation or a placebo. All athletes were monitored to ensure that the recommended daily intakes (RDI) of vitamins and minerals were provided by diet alone. Sport-specific and some common tests of strength as well as aerobic and anaerobic fitness were performed. Coaches' assessment of improvement was also obtained. The only significant effect of supplementation was observed in the female basketball players, in which the supplementation was associated with increased body weight, skinfold sum, and jumping ability. A significant increase in skinfold sum was also demonstrated over the whole group as a result of supplementation. In general, however, this study provided little evidence of any effect of supplementation to athletic performance for athletes consuming the dietary RDIs.
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Sawai, Akemi, Risa Mitsuhashi, Alexander Zaboronok, Yuki Warashina, and Bryan J. Mathis. "Serum Creatine Kinase Increases after Acute Strength Training in College Athletes with Menstrual Irregularities." Women 1, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/women1020007.
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Chronic menstrual dysfunction and low female sex hormones adversely affect muscular performance in women but studies in college athletes are scarce. A cohort of 18 Japanese, female college athletes at the University of Tsukuba, Japan, were recruited and studied over 3 weeks under 2 conditions. One group had normal menstrual cycling (CYC, 9 athletes) while the other had irregular cycles (DYS, 9 athletes). Hormones and creatine kinase (CK) were measured from blood under both rest (RE) and exercise (EX) conditions. Biceps femoris tendon stiffness was measured by myometry. No differences in age, height, weight, menarche age, or one-repetition maximum weight existed between the groups. The DYS group had persistently low levels of estrogen and progesterone. In the CYC group, the CK level significantly increased at each point immediately post-exercise and 24 h post-exercise compared to pre-exercise in Weeks 1 and 2, and significantly increased at 24 h post-exercise compared to pre-exercise status in Week 3. The DYS group was significantly different only between pre-exercise and 24 h post-exercise over all 3 weeks. The DYS group also suffered from higher biceps femoris tendon stiffness at 24 h post-exercise. Chronic menstrual irregularities in Japanese college athletes increase muscle damage markers in the bloodstream and muscle stiffness after acute strength training.
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Minoonejad, Hooman, Mohammad Karimizadeh Ardakani, Reza Rajabi, Erik A. Wikstrom, and Ali Sharifnezhad. "Hop Stabilization Training Improves Neuromuscular Control in College Basketball Players With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 6 (August 1, 2019): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0103.
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Context: Neuromuscular control deficit has been reported in people with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and hopping exercises have been recommended as a functional training tool to prevent lower limb injury, but its effects on lower-extremity neuromuscular control in those with CAI are unclear. Objective: To investigate the effect of hop stabilization training on neuromuscular control and self-reported function in college basketball players with CAI. Study Design: A randomized controlled trial. Setting: Research Laboratory. Patients (or Other Participants): A total of 28 college basketball players with CAI were randomly assigned to the experimental hop stabilization group (age = 22.78 [3.09] y, weight = 82.59 [9.51] kg, and height = 187.96 [7.93] cm) or the control group (age = 22.57 [2.76] y, weight = 78.35 [7.02] kg, and height = 185.69 [7.28] cm). Intervention: Participants in the experimental group performed supervised hop stabilization exercises 3 times per week for 6 weeks. The control group received no intervention. Main Outcome Measures: Preparatory and reactive muscle activation levels and muscle onset time were assessed from 8 lower-extremity muscles during a jump-landing task before and after the 6-week training program. Results: Significant improvements in preparatory muscle activation, reactive muscle activation, and muscle onset time were noted across the lower-extremity in the experimental group relative to the control group (P < .05). Self-reported function also improved in the experimental group relative to the control group (P < .05). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that 6 weeks of hop stabilization training is effective in improving neuromuscular control and self-reported function in college basketball players with CAI. Hop stabilization exercises can be incorporated into the rehabilitation program for CAI.
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Romero-Morales, Carlos, Carlos López-Nuevo, Carlos Fort-Novoa, Patricia Palomo-López, David Rodríguez-Sanz, Daniel López-López, César Calvo-Lobo, and Blanca De-la-Cruz-Torres. "Ankle Taping Effectiveness for the Decreasing Dorsiflexion Range of Motion in Elite Soccer and Basketball Players U18 in a Single Training Session: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 3759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113759.
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Ankle sprains have been defined as the most common injury in sports. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ankle taping for the reduction of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and inter-limb in elite soccer and basketball players U18 in a single training session. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was performed on 38 male healthy elite athletes divided into two groups: a soccer group and a basketball group. Ankle dorsiflexion ROM and inter-limb asymmetries in a weight-bearing lunge position were assessed in three points: with no-tape, before the practice and immediately after the practice. Results: For the soccer group, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for the right ankle, but no differences for the asymmetry variable. The basketball group reported significant differences (p < 0.05) for the right ankle and symmetry. Conclusions: Ankle taping decreased the ankle dorsiflexion ROM in youth elite soccer and basketball players U18. These results could be useful as a prophylactic approach for ankle sprain injury prevention. However, the ankle ROM restriction between individuals without taping and individuals immediately assessed when the tape was removed after the training was very low.
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Jin, Peng, Xiawen Li, Bin Ma, Hongbo Guo, Zhongxi Zhang, and Lijuan Mao. "Dynamic visual attention characteristics and their relationship to match performance in skilled basketball players." PeerJ 8 (August 19, 2020): e9803. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9803.
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Background Dynamic visual attention is important in basketball because it may affect the performance of players and thus the match outcome. The goals of this study were to investigate the difference in dynamic visual attention characteristics between highly skilled basketball players and nonathletic college students and to explore the relationship between visual attention and game-related performance among the basketball players. Methods In total, 24 highly skilled basketball players and 24 nonathletic college students participated in a multiple object tracking task. The task was conducted so that either the number of targets that were visually tracked or the speed at which a given number of tracked targets moved was altered to examine the difference in dynamic visual attention characteristics between the basketball players and nonathletic college students. The relationship between visual tracking speed (VTS) and game-related statistics, including assists, steals, mistakes, fouls and points scored recorded for every match during the season, was assessed among the basketball players by using Pearson correlations. Results A significant main effect of target tracking load was observed (P < 0.001), with visual tracking performance significantly decreased as target number increased. In addition, the speed at which the targets moved had a significant effect on visual tracking performance (P < 0.001), with tracking performance significantly decreased as target speed increased. However, no significant difference was observed in the abilities of basketball players and nonathletic college students to simultaneously track up to six targets. By contrast, a significant interaction between group and target speed was found (P < 0.001), with the visual tracking accuracy of basketball players significantly greater than that of college students at the higher target speeds examined (P < 0.001). Among basketball players, there were positive, large, and statistically significant correlations in the accuracy in VTS trials and the number of assists (P < 0.001) and between the accuracy in VTS trials and the number of steals (P < 0.001). Conclusion The advantage of skilled basketball players to handle dynamic visual information in a multiple object tracking task was not attributable to the target number but to the target speed. Those athletes with greater dynamic visual attention were more likely to successfully assist or to steal the ball, enhancing performance of the athlete as well as contributing to a more successful team match. These findings may inform basketball training programs to improve player and team performances during matches.
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Shapiro, Deborah, Joshua R. Pate, and Michael Cottingham. "A Multi-Institutional Review of College Campus Adapted Intramural Sports Programming for College Students With and Without a Disability." Recreational Sports Journal 44, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558866120952093.
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This study examined factors surrounding the development and advancement of campus intramural programming for college students with physical disabilities. Campus recreation staff from 164 universities completed a survey examining campus programming for students with and without physical disabilities, marketing, modifications, barriers, needs, and strategies for developing adapted and inclusive intramural sports programming. Weight training, cardiovascular training, and personal training were among the most reported programming designed to include students with physical disabilities. Wheelchair basketball is among the longest-running intramural programs with sitting volleyball, goalball, and beep baseball increasing in popularity. Environmental and equipment accessibility was a predominant strategy and accommodation to facilitate inclusive programming, with the primary reason for not including adapted or inclusive intramural programming attributed to lack of request or too few students with physical disabilities on campus. Additional results and discussion address best practices and recommendations to initiate and improve programming for students with physical disabilities.
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Mehlenbeck, Robyn S., Kenneth D. Ward, Robert C. Klesges, and Christopher M. Vukadinovich. "A Pilot Intervention to Increase Calcium Intake in Female Collegiate Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 14, no. 1 (February 2004): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.14.1.18.
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Calcium intake in adolescent and young adult female athletes often is inadequate to optimize peak bone mass, an important determinant of osteoporosis risk. The purpose of this study was to determine if calcium supplementation in eumenorrheic female collegiate athletes increases intake to recommended levels and promotes increases in bone mineral density (BMD). Forty-eight eumenorrheic female athletes from several college teams (15 soccer, 7 crosscountry, 8 indoor track, and 18 basketball) were randomized at the beginning of a competitive season to receive either an oral calcium supplement (1000 mg calcium citrate/400 I.U. Vitamin D) or placebo daily throughout the training season (16 weeks). Self-reported daily pill intake was obtained every 2 weeks to assess adherence. Calcium intake was evaluated using the Rapid Assessment Method, and total body and leg BMD was measured at pre-, mid-, and postseason using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; Hologic QDR-2000). Pre-season calcium intake was lower than national recommendations for this age group (12), averaging 842 mg/d (SD = 719) and was lower in the placebo group compared to the supplemented group (649 ± 268 vs. 1071 ± 986 mg/d, respectively; p = .064). Adherence to supplementation was good, averaging 70% across the training season. Supplementation boosted total calcium intake to a mean of 1397 ± 411 mg/d, which is consistent with recommended levels for this group (37). Supplementation did not influence BMD change during this 16-week intervention. Across teams, a small increase of 0.8% was observed in leg BMD. Change in total body BMD was modified by team, with a significant increase of 1.5% observed in basketball players. These results indicate that providing calcium supplements of 1000 mg/d is adequate to boost total intake to recommended levels during athletic training. Longer intervention trials are required to determine whether calcium supplementation has a positive effect on BMD.
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Miyauchi, Sakiho, Satomi Oshima, Meiko Asaka, Hiroshi Kawano, Suguru Torii, and Mitsuru Higuchi. "Organ Size Increases With Weight Gain in Power-Trained Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 23, no. 6 (December 2013): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.6.617.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether overfeeding and high-intensity physical training increase organ mass. We examined this question using cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in which we measured collegiate male American football players. Freshman (n = 10) and senior players in their second and third years of college (n = 17) participated in the cross-sectional study. The same measurements of the same freshman players (n = 10) were assessed after the one-year weight gain period in the longitudinal study. Fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue mass were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Liver, kidney, brain, and heart volumes were calculated using magnetic resonance imaging or echocardiography. Compared with the freshman players, the senior players had 10.8 kg more FFM, and 0.29 kg, 0.08 kg, and 0.09 kg greater liver, heart, and kidney mass, respectively. In the longitudinal study, FFM, liver, heart, and kidney mass of the freshman players increased by 5.2 kg, 0.2 kg, 0.04 kg, and 0.04 kg, respectively, after one year of overfeeding and physical training. On the other hand, the organ-tissue mass to FFM ratio did not change, except for the brain, in either the cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. Our results indicated that the organtissue masses increased with overfeeding and physical training in male collegiate American football players.
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Lian, Østein B., Lars Engebretsen, and Roald Bahr. "Prevalence of Jumper's Knee among Elite Athletes from Different Sports: A Cross-sectional Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 4 (April 2005): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504270454.
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Background The prevalence of jumper's knee across different sports has not been examined, and it is not known if there is a gender difference. Data from surgical case series indicate that there may be a high prevalence in sports with high speed and power demands. Hypothesis The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of jumper's knee in different sports among female and male athletes and to correlate the prevalence to the loading characteristics of the extensor mechanism in these sports. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods The authors examined approximately 50 Norwegian male and female athletes at the national elite level from each of the following 9 sports: athletics (male athletes: high jump, 100- and 200-m sprint), basketball (male athletes), ice hockey (male athletes), volleyball (male athletes), orienteering (male athletes), road cycling (male athletes), soccer (male and female athletes), team handball (male and female athletes), and wrestling (male athletes). The examination included an interview on individual characteristics (weight, age, height, and training background), a clinical examination, and self-recorded Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). Results The overall prevalence of current jumper's knee was 14.2% (87 of 613 athletes), with a significant difference between sports with different performance characteristics (range, 0%-45%). In addition, 51 athletes (8%) reported previous symptoms. The prevalence of current symptoms was highest in volleyball (44.6% ± 6.6%) and basketball (31.9% ± 6.8%), whereas there were no cases in cycling or orienteering. The prevalence of current jumper's knee was lower among women (5.6% ± 2.2%) compared with men (13.5% ± 3.0%; χ2 test, P =. 042). The duration of symptoms among athletes with current jumper's knee (n = 87) was 32 ± 25 (standard deviation) months, with a Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score of 64 ± 19. Conclusion The prevalence of jumper's knee is high in sports characterized by high demands on speed and power for the leg extensors. The symptoms are often serious, resulting in long-standing impairment of athletic performance.
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Silva, Júlio C. G., Rodrigo R. Aniceto, Leandro S. Oliota-Ribeiro, Gabriel R. Neto, Leonardo S. Leandro, and Maria S. Cirilo-Sousa. "Mood Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise Among Basketball Players." Perceptual and Motor Skills 125, no. 4 (May 16, 2018): 788–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512518776847.
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This study compared the acute effects of resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on basketball players’ mood states. A total of 11 male basketball players (M age = 19.9, SD = 2.8 years; M height = 180.8, SD = 7.8 cm; M weight = 71.1, SD = 9.1 kg; M body mass index = 22.1, SD = 1.9 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions: (a) low-load resistance exercise with BFR (LLRE + BFR) and high-load resistance exercise (HLRE) without BFR. We measured mood state with the Brunel Mood Scale before and after each session. There was a significant interaction effect such that there was increased fatigue over time with LLRE + BFR ( p = .001, Δ% = 169.2). Regarding total mood disorder, there were significant pre and postexercise differences between athletes exposed to both the LLRE + BFR and HLRE conditions ( p = .048) and a decharacterization of the iceberg mood profile in the post-training LLRE + BFR condition. LLRE + BFR, compared to HLRE, promoted an acute negative effect on mood state, decharacterization of the iceberg profile, total mood disturbance, and increased participant fatigue, suggesting that this method of strength training should be avoided before sports competitions.
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Pliauga, Vytautas, Inga Lukonaitienė, Kristina Bradauskienė, Irina Klizienė, Daniele Conte, and Jūratė Stanislovaitienė. "THE EFFECT OF BLOCK AND TRADITIONAL PERIODIZATION MODELS ON JUMPING AND SPRINTING DYNAMICS DURING THE SIMULATED BASKETBALL GAMES." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 1, no. 108 (2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v1i108.5.
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Background. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of block and traditional periodization preseason preparation on advanced players’ jumping and sprinting dynamics during the simulated basketball games. Methods. Ten college-level males (age (mean ± standard deviation (SD)), 21.5 ± 1.7 years; weight, 83.5 ± 8.9 kg; height, 192.5 ± 5.4 cm) were divided into two teams according to the training model: block periodization (BP) and traditional periodization (TP). Block periodization (BP) consisted of the following blocks: aerobic endurance (AE), power endurance (PE), basketball specific aerobic endurance (BSAE), and power (P). Both groups played a simulated basketball game with each other before and after preseason preparation. Vertical countermovement jump and 20 meters sprint were measured before each simulated game and after each quarter of the game. Results. In BP, the 8 weeks of preseason training resulted in elevated vertical jump and 20 meters sprint dynamics during simulated games (p < .05). Conclusion. We conclude that 8 weeks of block periodization enhanced leg power production and sprint abilities during simulated games and therefore is more effective than traditional periodization model.
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Çetin, O., M. N. Yaşar, B. Demirtaş, M. Beyleroğlu, S. Eker, and A. C. Gürkan. "Acute effects of pre-workout supplement on aerobic and anaerobic performance in basketball players." Physical education of students 23, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2019.0103.
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Background and aim of the study : In recent years, the use of ergogenic aid has become widespread in order to improve performance among the athletes and to achieve success more easily. Pre-workout nutritional supplements that attract the attention of many athletes as a legal ergogenic aid are used by both aerobic and anaerobic branch athletes. The aim of this study is to examine the acute effect of the pre-workout supplement on aerobic and anaerobic performance in basketball players. Material and Method: Twenty male college basketball players who have played regularly at least for 5 years participated in the study voluntarily (mean ± SD 22.00 ± 1.70 years, height 1.83 ± 0.07 cm, weight 85.15 ± 10.78 kg, BMI 25.32 ± 3.10). Double-blind placebo-controlled, cross-over method was used for the collection of data. The players were divided into two groups as placebo (PL, n= 10) and pre-workout (PRW, n= 10). Placebo and pre-workout groups were replaced 48 hours after the initial measurements and the same tests were repeated. The pre-workout group was given 17 gr (Bigjoy Predator) in 200 mg of additive-free juice 1 hour before the test, only 200 mg of additive free juice was given to the placebo group. Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) were used to measure the anaerobic performance of the athletes, and Yoyo Intermittent Recovery Test 1(Yo-Yo IRL1) was used to measure aerobic capacities. Results: A significant difference was found concerning the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) test results (p= 0, 004), Relative peak power (p= 0.001) and Relative average power (p= 0.012) values obtained from RAST test data. There was no significant difference in fatigue index (p = 0.79) and VO2 max (p= 0.492) values. Conclusion: While pre-workout supplementation has an acute effect on anaerobic power data, it has been observed that there is no acute effect on the data obtained from fatigue index and aerobic endurance test.
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Pratiwi, Ayudya Suidarwanty, Boyke Mulyana, and Dikdik Zafar Sidik. "MEDIA WEIGHTED JACKET DAN WEIGHTED BELT UNTUK KEKUATAN TUNGKAI ATLET POLO AIR : STUDI LITERATUR." COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga 12, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/cjpko.v12i3.14421.
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Water polo is a full body contact sport. It is the combination of swimming, rugby, soccer, and basketball. The basic skills to be mastered in water polo are swimming, water trapping, and ball controlling using hands while floating in the water supported by egg-beater foot movement, where the leg endurance is the main point to perfect this technique. Athletes need leg endurance to float and swim during the game. This study is a literature review aimed at analyzing water polo athletes’ training using weighted jacket and weighted belt in water on their strength and leg endurance. The data were collected from research results published in national and international journals from 1991 to 2019. Therefore, the data were analyzed using content analysis. The review result revealed that the strategy to combine weighted jacket and weighted belt to train water polo athletes’ leg endurance was more effective. Weighted belts were worn around the athlete's waist, and heavy objects that were generally used for scuba diving were placed on belts. On the other hand, weighted jackets must be placed directly below the waist and the weight is suspended between the legs. The jacket with soft, durable, and waterproof material can be adjusted to the athlete's body size. The use of weighted jacket and weighted belt training media in water polo affected the strength and leg endurance of water polo athletes directly.
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Minehan, Michelle R., Malcolm D. Riley, and Louise M. Burke. "Effect of Flavor and Awareness of Kilojoule Content of Drinks on Preference and Fluid Balance in Team Sports." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 1 (March 2002): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.1.81.
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A palatable flavor is known to enhance fluid intake during exercise; however, a fear of excessive kilojoule intake may deter female athletes from consuming a sports drink during training sessions. In order to examine this issue, we monitored fluid balance during 9 separate training sessions undertaken by junior elite female netball players (n = 9), female basketball players (n = 7), and male basketball players (n = 8). The beverages tested were water, a regular carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (6.8% CHO, 18.7 mmol/L Na, 3.0 mmol/L K, 1130 kJ/L), and an identical tasting, low kilojoule electrolyte beverage (1% CHO, 18.7 mmol/L Na, 3.0 mmol/L K, 170 kJ/L). Each subject received each of the 3 drinks at 3 separate training sessions, in a randomized, balanced order. Subjects were aware of the beverage provided. Change in body mass over the training session was used to estimate body fluid change, while voluntary fluid intake was determined from the change in weight of drink bottles used in each session. The overall fluid balance on drinks classified as regular, low kilojoule, and water was -11.3 ml/h (95%CI -99.6 to 77.0), -29.5 ml/h (95%CI -101.4 to 42.5) and -156.4 ml/h (95%CI -215.1 to -97.6), respectively. The results indicate that, overall, better fluid balance was achieved using either of the flavored drinks compared to water. These data confirm that flavored drinks enhance fluid balance in a field situation, and suggest that the energy content of the drink is relatively unimportant in determining voluntary fluid intake.
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Teitz, Carol C., John O'Kane, Bonnie K. Lind, and Jo A. Hannafin. "Back Pain in Intercollegiate Rowers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 30, no. 5 (September 2002): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300050701.
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Background: Back pain is prevalent among intercollegiate rowers. Purpose: We conducted a large-scale study to determine the rate of and the potential etiologic factors for clearly defined back pain that developed during intercollegiate rowing. Study Design: Survey. Methods: Surveys from 1632 former intercollegiate rowing athletes were analyzed. These surveys concerned training methods and back pain before and during intercollegiate rowing. Back pain was defined as pain that lasted at least 1 week. Results: Five hundred twenty-six subjects reported that back pain developed during intercollegiate rowing. Factors significantly associated with the development of back pain included age at the time of the survey; history of rowing before age 16; use of a hatchet oar blade; training with free weights, weight machines, and an ergometer; midline ergometer cable position; and ergometer training sessions longer than 30 minutes. Back pain while in college also was associated with higher mean college weight and height. Conclusions: Intercollegiate rowers in the last 10 years covered by this study were larger, started rowing at an earlier age, trained more intensely, and developed more back pain during college than their predecessors.
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Akınoğlu, Bihter, Tuğba Kocahan, Necmiye Ün Yıldırım, Çağlar Soylu, Ufuk Apur, and Adnan Hasanoğlu. "A comparison of wrist isokinetic muscle strength in wheelchair table tennis and wheelchair basketball players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 2_suppl2 (February 1, 2017): 2325967117S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00068.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare isokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexor and extensor muscles in paralympic athletes. Methods: This study was carried out with the participation of 9 (4 females and 5 males) wheelchair (WC) table tennis players aged 24+3 and 8 male WC basketball players aged 26+3, met the criteria and voluntarly participate in the study. Body weight, height, body mass index and dominant extremity of the study subjects were recorded. İsokinetic measurement were performed with Isomed 2000® device. İsokinetic testing protocol; before the test all players performed the wrist flexion and extension isokinetic test with the 5 repeating at 90º/sec as a warm-up and comprehending the test. Then, wrist flexion and extension concentric-concentric strength measurements were performed with the 5 repeating at 60º/sec and with the 15 repeating at 240º/sec with the angle between 50 degrees of wrist flexion and 60 degrees of wrist extension and peak torque, peak torque/kg values and flexion/extension ratios were recorded. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare isokinetic muscle strength quantitative variables in athletes. Findings: Isokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexors and extensors was higher in both sides in WC table tennis players with 60º/sec speed (p<0,05). İsokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexors and extensors was higher in both sides in WC basketball players with 240º/sec speed (p<0,05). There was no significant difference statistically between the groups in isokinetic wrist flexion and extansion peak torque/kg ratio in all speeds (p>0,05). Wrist flexion/extension peak torque ratios were similar in both groups. When examining the athletes flexion/extension ratios, wrist extensor muscles were weaker than flexor muscles and flexor muscles were average twice stronger than extensor muscles in both sports ( Table1 ). [Table: see text] Results: We thought that imbalance of muscle strength in the wrist may have occurred because of the use of a WC and requiring the intensive wrist flexors in playing sports. In both groups wrist ekstansor muscles were found to be weaker than wrist flexors and flexor/extensor ratio was found to be imbalance. We believe that all athletes using WC such as WC table tennis and WC basketball players have a strenght imbalance in the muscle of the wrist and as a result, this situation will increase the possibility of injury. Therefore, our study showed that weakness of wrist extensors and imbalance of muscle stenght should be taken into account in WC athletes in athletic training and exercise programs.
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Carlson, B. Robert, and Kevin Petti. "Health Locus of Control and Participation in Physical Activity." American Journal of Health Promotion 3, no. 3 (December 1988): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-3.3.32.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the physical activity participation patterns of college students when defined by their Health Locus of Control orientation. One thousand thirty-three college-aged students completed the Wellness Activity Profile, a questionnaire that yielded data on Health Locus of Control and self-reported frequency of participation in physical activities. Discriminant analyses indicated that the combination of physical activities associated with internally and externally oriented students were different for both males and females. Participation in high caloric expenditure activities was more frequent among internal subjects (Male: bicycling, volleyball, other individual sports, and snorkel/scuba diving; Female: basketball, weight training, tennis, fast walking/jogging/running, and judo/karate), while low caloric expenditure activities were associated with an external orientation (Male: baseball/softball, sailing, fishing, golf, and other recreational sports; Female: track and field jumping and fishing).
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Schmidt, W. Daniel, Gerald C. Hyner, Roseann M. Lyle, Donald Corrigan, Gerald Bottoms, and Christopher L. Melby. "The Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Conditioning on Resting Metabolic Rate and the Thermic Effect of a Meal." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 4, no. 4 (December 1994): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.4.335.
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This study examined resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) among athletes who had participated in long-term anaerobic or aerobic exercise. Nine collegiate wrestlers were matched for age, weight, and fat-free weight with 9 collegiate swimmers. Preliminary testing included maximal oxygen consumption, maximal anaerobic capacity (MAnC) for both the arms and the legs, and percent body fat. On two separate occasions, RMR and TEM were measured using indirect calorimetry.was significantly higher in the swimmers while MAnC was significantly higher in the wrestlers for both the arms and the legs. RMR adjusted for fat-free weight was not significantly different between groups. The differences in total and percentage of TEM between the groups were not statistically significant, and there were no differences in baseline thyroid hormones. These data suggest that despite significant differences inand WAnT values following long-term aerobic and anaerobic exercise training, resting energy expenditure does not differ between these college athletes.
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Barrera-Domínguez, Francisco J., Bartolomé J. Almagro, Inmaculada Tornero-Quiñones, Jesús Sáez-Padilla, Ángela Sierra-Robles, and Jorge Molina-López. "Decisive Factors for a Greater Performance in the Change of Direction and Its Angulation in Male Basketball Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 6598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186598.
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A study was made to initially evaluate whether the age category directly could influence anthropometric measurements, functional movement tests, linear sprint (30 m) and strength. Moreover, and as the main purpose, this study aimed to examine the relationship between the time execution and angles in different changes of direction (COD) test with the analyzed sport performance variables. A total sample of 23 basketball players (age: 17.5 ± 2.42 years; height: 184.6 ± 6.68 cm; body weight: 78.09 ± 11.9 kg). Between-groups’ comparison explored the differences between basketball categories (Junior, n = 12; Senior, n = 11). The COD variables were divided by the time execution into low responders (LR) and high responders (HR) to establish comparisons between groups related to COD time execution. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to establish correlations between different CODs and sport performance variables. The results showed a greater influence of age category upon COD performance, especially when the cutting angle was sharper (7.05% [Confidence limits (CL) 90%: 2.33; 11.99]; Quantitative chances (QC) 0/2/98), in which athletes need greater application of strength. Moreover, the sharper the angle or the larger the number of cuts made, the greater the relationship with the vertical force–velocity profile (−42.39 [CL 90%: −57.37; −22.16]; QC 100/0/0%). Thus, the usefulness of the f–v profile to implement training programs that optimize the f–v imbalance and the improvement of the COD performance in basketball players is suggested.
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Abdelkader, Guebli, Reguieg Madani, Belkadi Adel, and Sbaa Bouabdellah. "Sporting events among the disabled between excellence and ideal in motor performance." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs1837.
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The identification of mechanical variables in the motor performance trajectory has a prominent role in improving skill performance, error-exceeding, it contributes seriously to solving some problems of learning and training. The study Aims to highlight the indicators of motor performance for Paralympic athletes during the practicing sports between modelling and between excellences in motor performance, this by taking into account the distinction of athlete practicing with special behavioral skills for the Paralympic athletes. In the study we relied on the analysis of some previous research of biomechanical performance indicators during some of the events sports (shooting activities in the Paralympic athletics, shooting skill in the wheelchair basketball). The results of the study highlight the distinction of disabled practitioners of sporting events identified in motor performance during practice, by overcoming some physics indicators in human movement, as a lower centre of body weight, Increase in offset distance, such resistance which requires them to redouble their efforts. However, the results of the study highlighted the strength of the correlation between biomechanical variables of motor performance and the digital level achievement similar to the other practitioners normal.
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Turkeri, Cenab, Bariscan Ozturk, Bilgihan Buyuktas, and Demet Ozturk. "Comparison of Balance, Reaction Time, Attention and Bmi Values in Individual and Team Sports." Journal of Education and Learning 8, no. 6 (October 27, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n6p119.
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In this study, we aimed to investigate static and dynamic balance, reaction time, attention and BMI values at the athletes being in the individual and team sport. 78 individual athletes (karate 17, judo 15, Gymnastics 14, table tennis 12, wrestling 20) and 58 team athletes (handball 23, basketball 13, volleyball 10, football 12) with formal licensed and average ages 13.08±1.36 years were participated as voluntarily. For demographic characteristics, participants have filled in questionnaires and Bass Stick static balance, Y dynamic balance, Nelson hand reaction time and D2 attention test were applied. First, we have applied the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality of the data, the normal distribution is observed and then independent t test was used. In order to see the relationship between data, Pearson’s correlation test was applied. The average sporting age of participants was 4.32 ± 1.87 years, height 1.59 ± 0.11m, body weight 50.18 ± 12.74 kg and per week training time 10.33 ± 4.41 hours. In addition, their BMI values were19.49 ± 3.10 kg/m2 which is in the normal range, i.e., no difference between individual and team athletes was observed. It has been observed that for individual athletes, total number of items is 525.42 ± 108.29, total number of errors is 454.04 ± 105.86, concentration performance is 182.14 ± 62.53, reaction rime is 0.29 ± 0.06 sec, static balance is 7.10 ± 4.49 sec, dynamic balance is 208.37 ± 32.20 cm. On the other hand, for team athletes, these values were 500.59 ± 79.70, 382.31 ± 93.60, 168.35 ± 56.51, 0.26 ± 0.05 sec, 5.68 ± 2.67 sec and 187.15 ± 29.99 cm, respectively.
We have found that while age increased the static and dynamic balance increased, but training time increased solely the dynamic balance increased. In addition, when taking into account the static and dynamic balance, it has been observed that the individual athletes were better than the team athletes but for the reaction time was contrary, i.e., team athletes were better than the individual ones.
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Erden, Arzu, and Murat Emirzeoğlu. "Investigation of Body Awareness Level and Performance Emotional Status of Athletes in Different Branches of Sports." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0334.
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Context: The level of body awareness, performance emotional state (PES), and demographic characteristics in different sports are subjects to be investigated. It is important to examine the concepts of PES and body awareness to better understand the body–mind relationship in different sports. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the level of body awareness and PES of athletes. Design: In this cross-sectional study, the independent variables are groups (4 different sports), and the dependent variables are body awareness and PES. Participants: The study was conducted on 188 licensed athletes (85 footballers, 36 basketball players, 34 handball players, and 33 swimmers). The mean age of the participants was 14.64 (1.89) years, mean height was 172.44 (11.03) cm, and mean body weight was 62.35 (13.12) kg. Settings: Four sports clubs and 2 high schools were the intervention facilities. Intervention: Body Awareness Questionnaire and Continuous Optimal Performance Emotional Status Scale-2 were used for data collection. Sociodemographic information was recorded. Main Outcome Measures: One-way analysis of variance was used for analysis of normal distribution data in 4 different groups, and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for the analysis of data that did not show normal distribution. Results: There was no difference in body awareness among the branches (P = .17). The PES of the footballers was better than that of other athletes (P = .01). The correlation between body awareness and PES was medium (r = .47, P < .01), and the correlations between body awareness and age, licensed year, and number of weekly training sessions were weak (r = .22, P < .01; r = .19, P < .01; r = .15, P = .03). Conclusions: The body awareness of athletes may not differ among different sports, but PES is related to many factors such as mood, age, license years, and number of training sessions. In rehabilitation and training, body awareness and PES should be evaluated together.
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Gokhan, Ismail, and Yakup Aktas. "Relationship Between Agility Performance and Cognitive Parameters of Female Basketball Players." Journal of Educational Issues 5, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v5i2.15301.
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Objective: This study aims at investigating the relationship between agility performance and perception and decision-making mechanisms of female basketball players.Materials and Methods: A total of seventeen elite female basketball player playing in Second League in Turkey Basketball Federation participated in this study voluntarily. The mean age of the participants was 21.53±2.47 (years), the mean height was 175.67±5.36 (cm) and the mean body weight was 66.80±7.76 (kg). Agility performance of the participants was measured by Newtest Powertimer 300, and perceptual and decision-making parameters were measured by Psychotechnic Vienna test system. Since the number of participants was less than thirty, Spearman Correlation test was applied.Findings: The average perception and decision making parameters of female basketball players were as follows: Visual Perception Test (VPT): 46.82±2.65, Reasoning Test (RT): 88.58±9.43, Response Quality and Speed Test (RQST) number of correct answers: 243.76±14.14, RQST time: 0.78±0.06, Speed and Distance Estimation Test (SDET): 45.00±2.76, Dual-Process Skill and Angle of View Test (DPS-AVT) viewing angle: 99.58±7.72, DPS-AVT collision number of cars: 3.76±2.13 and the number of collisions of DPS-AVT road sides: 3.23±2.01 (Table 1). When the correlation between agility performance (total time) and RQST time and SDET parameters was examined, a negative linear relationship was found (r = 0.842/r = 0.827, p < 0.01). However, agility performance (total time) and VPT, RT, RQST number of correct answers, DPS-AVT viewing angle, DPS-AVT car crash number, DPS-AVT roadsides collision parameters were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).As a result, in training contents, preference of visual stimuli, reaction and prediction studies will be important for improving agility. Furthermore, it is thought that cognitive parameters should be taken into consideration in the selection and orientation of athletes.
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Taylor, Lemuel W., Colin Wilborn, Michael D. Roberts, Andrew White, and Kristen Dugan. "Eight weeks of pre- and postexercise whey protein supplementation increases lean body mass and improves performance in Division III collegiate female basketball players." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 3 (March 2016): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0463.
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We examined if 8 weeks of whey protein (WP) supplementation improved body composition and performance measures in NCAA Division III female basketball players. Subjects were assigned to consume 24 g WP (n = 8; age, 20 ± 2 years; height, 170 ± 6 cm; weight, 66.0 ± 3.1 kg) or 24 g of maltodextrin (MD) (n = 6; age, 21 ± 3 years; height, 169 ± 6 cm; weight, 68.2 ± 7.6 kg) immediately prior to and following training (4 days/week anaerobic and resistance training) for 8 weeks. Prior to (T1) and 8 weeks following supplementation (T2), subjects underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry body composition assessment as well as performance tests. The WP group gained lean mass from T1 to T2 (+1.4 kg, p = 0.003) whereas the MD group trended to gain lean mass (+0.4 kg, p = 0.095). The WP group also lost fat mass from T1 to T2 (–1.0 kg, p = 0.003) whereas the MD group did not (–0.5 kg, p = 0.41). The WP group presented greater gains in 1-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press (+4.9 kg) compared with the MD group (+2.3 kg) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the WP group improved agility from T1 to T2 (p = 0.001) whereas the MD group did not (p = 0.38). Both groups equally increased leg press 1RM, vertical jump, and broad jump performances. This study demonstrates that 8 weeks of WP supplementation improves body composition and select performance variables in previously trained female athletes.
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Willoughby, Darryn S., and Steve Simpson. "Supplemental EMS and Dynamic Weight Training: Effects on Knee Extensor Strength and Vertical Jump of Female College Track & Field Athletes." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 12, no. 3 (1998): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(1998)012<0131:seadwt>2.3.co;2.
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Morrison, Ryan, Kyle M. Petit, Chris Kuenze, Ryan N. Moran, and Tracey Covassin. "Preseason to Postseason Changes on the BTrackS Force Plate in a Sample of College Athletes." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0304.
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Context: Balance testing is a vital component in the evaluation and management of sport-related concussion. Few studies have examined the use of objective, low-cost, force-plate balance systems and changes in balance after a competitive season. Objective: To examine the extent of preseason versus postseason static balance changes using the Balance Tracking System (BTrackS) force plate in college athletes. Design: Pretest, posttest design. Setting: Athletic training facility. Participants: A total of 47 healthy, Division-I student-athletes (33 males and 14 females; age 18.4 [0.5] y, height 71.8 [10.8] cm, weight 85.6 [21.7] kg) participated in this study. Main Outcome Measures: Total center of pressure path length was measured preseason and postseason using the BTrackS force plate. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was conducted to examine preseason and postseason changes. SEM and minimal detectable change were also calculated. Results: There was a significant difference in center of pressure path length differed between preseason (24.6 [6.8] cm) and postseason (22.7 [5.4] cm) intervals (P = .03), with an SEM of 3.8 cm and minimal detectable change of 10.5 cm. Conclusions: Significant improvements occurred for center of pressure path length after a competitive season, when assessed using the BTrackS in a sample of college athletes. Further research is warranted to determine the effectiveness of the BTrackS as a reliable, low-cost alternative to force-plate balance systems. In addition, clinicians may need to update baseline balance assessments more frequently to account for improvements.
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Chen, Zong-Rong, Shin-Liang Lo, Min-Hsien Wang, Ching-Fang Yu, and Hsien-Te Peng. "Can Different Complex Training Improve the Individual Phenomenon of Post-Activation Potentiation?" Journal of Human Kinetics 56, no. 1 (February 25, 2017): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0034.
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AbstractThe aims of the present study were (a) to determine whether the two types of complex training and vibration complex training would improve the individual phenomenon of post-activation potentiation (PAP) for every athlete in a team setting; and (b) to compare the acute effect of resistance and plyometric exercise, whole body vibration, complex training and vibration complex training on vertical jump performance. The participants were ten male division I college volleyball and basketball players. They were asked to perform three vertical jumps as a pre-test and were then randomly assigned to one of five PAP protocols, resistance exercise using half squat exercise, plyometric exercise using drop jumps with individualized drop height, whole body vibration using squats on a vibration plate, complex training combining resistance exercise with plyometric exercise, vibration complex training combining whole body vibration with plyometric exercise. Three vertical jumps were performed four minutes after the PAP protocol as a post-test. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the differences among the five PAP protocols and between the two testing times. Our results showed that the post-test results were significantly improved compared to the pre-test for the vertical jump height (p = .015) in all PAP protocols. There was, however, an individual phenomenon of PAP in the response to all PAP protocols. In conclusion, this study found that resistance and plyometric exercise, whole body vibration, complex training and vibration complex training induce similar group PAP benefits. However, some athletes decreased their performances in some of the exercises in the study. Therefore, it is not recommended for coaches to arrange the exercises in a team setting.
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Scott, Dakota, and Joel Suss. "Perceptual Anticipation in a Shoot/Don’t Shoot Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 1358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631146.
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Signal Detection Theory (SDT) has been applied to examine expertise-related differences in perceptual judgments of deceptive and non-deceptive movements in sport (e.g., handball, soccer). Deceptive actions in sport-related tasks (i.e., faking in rugby, fake passes in basketball) affects anticipation performance in both novice and expert athletes (i.e., more incorrect responses in deceptive actions compared to incorrect responses in non-deceptive actions); however, experts still outperform novices when facing deceptive actions in sport-related tasks (Güldenpenning, Kunde, & Weigelt, 2017). To date, this approach has not yet been applied to shoot/don’t shoot scenarios in law enforcement. To address this issue, we filmed actors pulling out either a weapon (i.e., gun) or a non-weapon (i.e., cell phone). We then edited the videos to create temporally-occluded stimuli. College students observed the videos and indicated whether the object was a weapon or a non-weapon. We conducted two experiments: across both we found that participants’ responses were more likely to be correct at later occlusion points, when the object was fully observable. We also found that when the object was fully observable, participants were more likely to identify the object as a gun rather than a cell phone. The results can inform the design of decision-making training for police.
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Chang, Wen-Dien, Li-Wei Chou, Nai-Jen Chang, and Shuya Chen. "Comparison of Functional Movement Screen, Star Excursion Balance Test, and Physical Fitness in Junior Athletes with Different Sports Injury Risk." BioMed Research International 2020 (March 26, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8690540.
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Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between functional movement screen (FMS), star excursion balance test (SEBT), agility T test, and vertical jump test scores and sports injury risk in junior athletes. We compared these assessments and the differences between groups with high and low risks of sports injury. Subjects and Methods. Eleven volleyball, 12 basketball, and 9 handball athletes were recruited. All participants followed the routine training in school sports teams. Weekly training schedules followed a similar pattern. The 32 junior athletes (age=16.06±0.21 years; height=167.28±6.32 cm; and body mass=68.45±9.67 kg) were assessed using the FMS, SEBT, agility T test, and vertical jump test in random order. The correlations of composite and individual item scores of these assessments were analyzed, and the differences between groups with high and low risks of sports injury were compared. Results. All participants completed the study protocol. No significant differences were observed between FMS, SEBT, agility T test, and vertical jump test scores in groups with high and low risks of sports injuries. Fair and moderate-to-good correlations were observed for anterior reach maximum of SEBT and deep squat (r=0.47, P=0.02) as well as inline lunge (r=0.53, P=0.01) of FMS. The hurdle step of FMS also exhibited moderate-to-good (r=0.52, P=0.01) and fair (r=0.42, P=0.04) correlations with posterior medial and posterior lateral reach maximum of SEBT, respectively. A fair correlation was observed between posterior lateral reach maximum of SEBT and rotary stability of FMS (r=−0.23, P=0.03). Fair and moderate-to-good correlations were identified for agility T test and maximum anterior reach in the SEBT (r=−0.42, P=0.04) and trunk stability push-up in the FMS, respectively (r=−0.57 and P=0.006). Conclusions. Junior athletes with a high risk of sports injury did not exhibit differences in terms of FMS, SEBT, and physical fitness test scores. Deep squat, hurdle step, inline lunge, and rotary stability scores in the FMS were correlated with the item scores in the SEBT, which may be due to the use of similar movement patterns. Scores for anterior reach maximum in the SEBT and trunk stability push-up in the FMS were correlated with agility T test scores, suggesting a similar task requirement of trunk stability and dynamic weight shifting ability.
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Onate, James A., Cambrie Starkel, Daniel R. Clifton, Thomas M. Best, James Borchers, Ajit Chaudhari, R. Dawn Comstock, et al. "Normative Functional Performance Values in High School Athletes: The Functional Pre-Participation Evaluation Project." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-458.16.
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Context: The fourth edition of the Preparticipation Physical Evaluation recommends functional testing for the musculoskeletal portion of the examination; however, normative data across sex and grade level are limited. Establishing normative data can provide clinicians reference points with which to compare their patients, potentially aiding in the development of future injury-risk assessments and injury-mitigation programs. Objective: To establish normative functional performance and limb-symmetry data for high school-aged male and female athletes in the United States. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Athletic training facilities and gymnasiums across the United States. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 3951 male and female athletes who participated on high school-sponsored basketball, football, lacrosse, or soccer teams enrolled in this nationwide study. Main Outcome Measure(s): Functional performance testing consisted of 3 evaluations. Ankle-joint range of motion, balance, and lower extremity muscular power and landing control were assessed via the weight-bearing ankle-dorsiflexion–lunge, single-legged anterior-reach, and anterior single-legged hop-for-distance (SLHOP) tests, respectively. We used 2-way analyses of variance and χ2 analyses to examine the effects of sex and grade level on ankle-dorsiflexion–lunge, single-legged anterior-reach, and SLHOP test performance and symmetry. Results: The SLHOP performance differed between sexes (males = 187.8% ± 33.1% of limb length, females = 157.5% ± 27.8% of limb length; t = 30.3, P < .001). A Cohen d value of 0.97 indicated a large effect of sex on SLHOP performance. We observed differences for SLHOP and ankle-dorsiflexion–lunge performance among grade levels, but these differences were not clinically meaningful. Conclusions: We demonstrated differences in normative data for lower extremity functional performance during preparticipation physical evaluations across sex and grade levels. The results of this study will allow clinicians to compare sex- and grade-specific functional performances and implement approaches for preventing musculoskeletal injuries in high school-aged athletes.
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Reis, Cleiton Pereira, Varley Teoldo Da Costa, Fernando de Azevedo Alves Pereira, Elton César Dos Santos, Dilson Borges Ribeiro Junior, Luciana Thomazini De Araujo, and Roberto Rodrigues Paes. "Percepção dos treinadores do Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB) sobre o desenvolvimento dos atletas brasileiros (Perception of coaches of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB) about the development of Brazilian athletes) (Percepción de los entrenadores del Novo Basque." Retos 43 (July 21, 2021): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.89089.
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O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção de treinadores profissionais de basquetebol sobre o processo de formação e desenvolvimento de atletas brasileiros. Participaram 9 treinadores de equipes que disputaram o NBB, nas temporadas 2018-2019. Utilizou-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. Após a transcrição literal das entrevistas, o conteúdo foi analisado a partir de miniunidades (MUs). Os treinadores ressaltaram a ineficiência das escolas em desenvolver a coordenação motora dos alunos, e a precariedade da estrutura física para prática do basquetebol. Os entrevistados salientaram que a falta de espaços públicos para prática do esporte e a ausência de um programa nacional que capilarize o esporte são problemas sérios que necessitam ser enfrentados. Eles comentaram que o basquetebol universitário não contribui efetivamente para o desenvolvimento dos atletas brasileiros rumo ao profissionalismo. Além disso, as instituições esportivas não apresentam uma estrutura adequada para desenvolver os atletas. Verifica-se na categoria de base a existência de poucas equipes federadas, e consequentemente um número pequeno de competições e de partidas oficias disputadas. Conclui-se, pela percepção dos treinadores, que no Brasil existe uma precariedade nas ações das instituições educacionais, governamentais e esportivas em desenvolver atletas de basquetebol masculino de categoria de base.
Abstract. The aim of the study was to analyze the perception of professional basketball coaches about the process of training and development of Brazilian athletes. Nine coaches participated in the NBB, seasons 2018 and 2019. A semi-structured interview was used. After the literal transcription of interviews, the content was analyzed from meaning-units (MUs). The coaches highlighted the inefficiency of schools in developing the motor coordination of students, and the precarious physical structure for the practice of basketball. The interviewees noted that in the absence of public spaces for practicing sports and in the absence of a national program that democratize the sports is a serious problem that need to be faced. They comment that college basketball does not contribute effectively to the development of Brazilian athletes towards professionalism Furthermore, sports institutions do not present a suitable structure to develop athletes. In the youth category, there are few federated teams, and consequently a few competitions and official matches played. It is concluded, by the coaches’ perception, which in Brazil there is a precariousness in the actions of educational, governmental and sports institutions in developing male basketball players in the youth category.
Resumen. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la percepción de los entrenadores profesionales de baloncesto sobre el proceso de formación y desarrollo de los deportistas brasileños. Nueve entrenadores de equipos que compitieron en el NBB participaron en las temporadas 2018-2019. Se utilizó un guión de entrevista semiestructurado. Luego de la transcripción literal de las entrevistas, se analizó el contenido a partir de mini unidades. Los entrenadores destacaron la ineficiencia de las escuelas en el desarrollo de la coordinación motora de los estudiantes, y la precariedad de la estructura física para la práctica del baloncesto. Los encuestados destacaron que la falta de espacios públicos para la práctica de deportes y la ausencia de un programa nacional para democratizar el deporte son problemas graves que deben abordarse. Comentaron que el baloncesto universitario no contribuye de manera efectiva al desarrollo de los deportistas brasileños hacia el profesionalismo. Además, las instituciones deportivas no cuentan con una estructura adecuada para desarrollar a los deportistas. En la categoría base, hay pocos equipos federados y, en consecuencia, un pequeño número de competiciones y partidos oficiales disputados. Se concluye, según la percepción de los entrenadores, que en Brasil existe una precariedad en las acciones de las instituciones educativas, gubernamentales y deportivas en el desarrollo de atletas de baloncesto masculinos en la categoría base.
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Lam, Kenneth C., and Jessica G. Markbreiter. "The Impact of Knee Injury History on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Athletes." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0226.
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Context: Current evidence suggests that, despite returning to full participation, physically active adults with a previous knee injury experience lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL) than those with no knee injury history. It is unknown if this relationship is present in adolescent athletes. Objective: To determine the impact of knee injury history on HRQOL in adolescent athletes who were medically cleared for full participation. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Athletic training clinics. Participants: A convenience sample of 183 adolescent athletes, who were medically cleared for full participation, were grouped by self-report of a previous knee injury: positive knee injury history (HIS; n = 36, age = 15.7 [1.4] y, height = 168.0 [11.9] cm, and weight = 71.8 [11.9] kg) and no knee injury history (NO-HIS; n = 147, age = 15.5 [1.4] y, height = 166.0 [10.5] cm, and weight = 67.6 [14.6] kg). Interventions: Participants completed the Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee form and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory during their preparticipation examination. Main Outcome Measures: Generalized linear models were used to compare group differences for the total and subscale scores of the Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Results: Main effects of injury group indicated that the HIS group reported significantly lower scores than the NO-HIS group for the Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee total score (P < .001; HIS = 79.2 [21.7], NO-HIS = 95.8 [8.6]) and for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory total (P = .001; HIS = 85.7 [10.9], NO-HIS = 90.9 [7.3]), physical functioning (P = .002; HIS = 86.7 [13.6], NO-HIS = 92.1 [8.2]), school functioning (P = .01; HIS = 80.6 [12.4], NO-HIS = 86.8 [12.2]), and social functioning (P = .01; HIS = 89.3 [12.4], NO-HIS = 94.6 [8.9]) scores. No group differences were reported for the emotional functioning subscale (P = .13; HIS = 85.7 [17.7], NO-HIS = 89.7 [13.1]). No interactions or main effects of sex were reported (P > .05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, despite returning to full sport participation, adolescent athletes with a previous knee injury generally experience lower HRQOL than their peers with no knee injury history, specifically for knee-specific HRQOL, physical functioning, school functioning, and social functioning. Our results are similar to previous findings reported in college athletes and military cadets.
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Müller, Wolfram, Alfred Fürhapter-Rieger, Helmut Ahammer, Timothy G. Lohman, Nanna L. Meyer, Luis B. Sardinha, Arthur D. Stewart, et al. "Relative Body Weight and Standardised Brightness-Mode Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat in Athletes: An International Multicentre Reliability Study, Under the Auspices of the IOC Medical Commission." Sports Medicine 50, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 597–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01192-9.
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Abstract Introduction Fat is a metabolic fuel, but excess body fat is ballast mass, and therefore, many elite athletes reduce body fat to dangerously low levels. Uncompressed subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) thickness measured by brightness-mode ultrasound (US) provides an estimate of body fat content. Methods The accuracy for determining tissue borders is about 0.1–0.2 mm and reliability (experienced measurers) was within ± 1.4 mm (95% limit of agreement, LOA). We present here inter- and intra-measurer scores of three experienced US measurers from each of the centres C1 and C2, and of three novice measurers from each of the centres C3–C5. Each of the five centres measured 16 competitive adult athletes of national or international level, except for one centre where the number was 12. The following sports were included: artistic gymnastics, judo, pentathlon, power lifting, rowing, kayak, soccer, tennis, rugby, basketball, field hockey, water polo, volleyball, American football, triathlon, swimming, cycling, long-distance running, mid-distance running, hurdles, cross-country skiing, snowboarding, and ice hockey. SAT contour was detected semi-automatically: typically, 100 thicknesses of SAT at a given site (i.e., in a given image), with and without fibrous structures, were measured. Results At SAT thickness sums DI (of eight standardised sites) between 6.0 and 70.0 mm, the LOA of experienced measurers was 1.2 mm, and the intra-class correlation coefficient ICC was 0.998; novice measurers: 3.1 mm and 0.988. Intra-measurer differences were similar. The median DI value of all 39 female participants was 51 mm (11% fibrous structures) compared to 17 mm (18%) in the 37 male participants. Discussion DI measurement accuracy and precision enables detection of fat mass changes of approximately 0.2 kg. Such reliability has not been reached with any other method. Although females’ median body mass index and mass index were lower than those of males, females’ median DI was three times higher, and their percentage of fibrous structures was lower. The standardised US method provides a highly accurate and reliable tool for measuring SAT and thus changes in body fat, but training of measurers is important.
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Santos, Rafael Bizarelo Ribeiro dos, Raphael da Silva Lau, Moisés Borges, José Camilo Camões, and César Rafael Marins Costa. "A influência da fase do treinamento multicomponente no desenvolvimento das valências físicas em atletas universitários de basquetebol / The influence of the multicomponent training phase on the development of physical valences in college basketball athletes." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 38182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n4-330.
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Klomsten Andersen, Oddbjørn, Benjamin Clarsen, Ina Garthe, Morten Mørland, and Trine Stensrud. "Bone health in elite Norwegian endurance cyclists and runners: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 4, no. 1 (December 2018): e000449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000449.
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BackgroundAthletes who compete in non-weight-bearing activities such as swimming and cycling are at risk of developing low bone mineral density (BMD). Athletes in long-distance running are at risk of low BMD.Objective (1) To evaluate the bone health in Norwegian male and female national elite road cyclists and middle-distance and long-distance runners, and to identify cases of low BMD. (2) To identify possible risk factors associated with low BMD.MethodsTwenty-one runners (11 females and 10 males) and 19 road cyclists (7 females and 12 males) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement of BMD in total body, femoral neck and lumbar spine was measured. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding training, injuries, calcium intake and health variables.ResultsThe cyclists had lower BMD for all measured sites compared with the runners (p≤0.05). Ten of 19 cyclists were classified as having low BMD according to American College of Sports Medicine criteria (Z-score ≤−1), despite reporting to train heavy resistance training on the lower extremities. Low BMD was site specific having occurred in the lumbar spine and the femoral neck and was not confined to females. Type of sport was the only factor significantly associated with low BMD.ConclusionNational elite Norwegian road cyclists had lower BMD compared with runners, and a large proportion was classified as having low BMD, despite having performed heavy resistance training. Interventions to increase BMD in this population should be considered.
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Ricart Luna, Borja, Pablo Monteagudo Chiner, Victor Pérez Puchades, Ana Cordellat Marzal, Ainoa Roldán Aliaga, and Cristina Blasco Lafarga. "Cambios en fuerza explosiva y agilidad tras un entrenamiento online en jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto confinados por COVID-19 (Changes in explosive strength and agility after an online training in young basketball players confined by COVID-19)." Retos, no. 41 (December 28, 2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i41.83011.
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El cierre de centros deportivos y suspensión de entrenamientos y competiciones provocadas por la COVID-19 conllevó una merma importante en la actividad física de los deportistas de alto rendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si un programa de entrenamiento supervisado online, orientado a la fuerza, fue capaz de mejorar la altura y potencia en el salto, y mitigar los efectos de la cuarentena en la agilidad. 51 jugadores de baloncesto de élite en formación (72.74 ± 13.30 kg; 1.85 ± .10 m), fueron divididos según categoría de edad (Infantil (U-14): 20 jugadores, 13.45 ± .51 años; Cadete (U-16): 22 jugadores, 15.59 ± .50 años; y Junior (U-18): 9 jugadores, 17.00 ± .50 años) y evaluados de composición corporal, fuerza explosiva (test de salto Abalakov, bilateral y unilateral) y agilidad (test V-Cut). Peso y BMI se vieron negativamente afectados. La fuerza explosiva mejoró tras la intervención (p < .001) en todas las variables y categorías, mientras la agilidad empeoró significativamente (p < .001), confirmando que la falta de espacio para realizar desplazamientos y la ausencia de orientación perceptiva-cognitiva en el entrenamiento son limitaciones determinantes, con peores consecuencias cuando aumenta la edad. La cuarentena obligatoria puede (y debe) verse como una oportunidad para el desarrollo de habilidades físicas básicas como la fuerza (prestando especial atención a las cargas de entrenamiento), siempre que se realice después un trabajo planificado y específico de reinserción al juego. Los preparadores físicos deben prestar especial atención a las cargas en un confinamiento, pues pueden ser insuficientes para deportistas más capaces y formados.
Abstract: The closure of sports centers and suspension of training and competitions caused by COVID-19 led to a significant decrease in physical activity of high performance basketball players. The aim of this study was to investigate if a strength online training program was able to improve height and power in jumping, and to mitigate the effects of the quarantine in agility. Fifty-one elite youth basketball players (72.74 ± 13.30 kg; 1.85 ± .10 m), were divided into three age categories (Infants (U-14): 20 players, 13.45 ± .51 years; Cadets (U-16): 22 players, 15.59 ± .50 years; Juniors (U-18): 9 players, 17.00 ± .50 years) and evaluated for parameters related to body composition, explosive strength during jumping (bilateral and unilateral Abalakov test), and agility (V-Cut test). Weight and BMI were negatively affected. Explosive strength improved after the intervention (p < .001) in all variables and categories, while agility worsened significantly (p < .001), confirming that the lack of space to move and the absence of perceptual-cognitive orientation in training are important limitations, with worse consequences as age increases. Mandatory quarantine can (and should) be an opportunity for the development of basic physical skills such as strength (paying special attention to training loads), provided that a planned and specific work of reintegration into the game is carried out afterwards. Physical trainers should pay special attention to loads in confinement, as they may be insufficient for more capable and trained athletes.
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de Sousa, Eliene F., Teresa H. M. Da Costa, Julia A. D. Nogueira, and Lúcio J. Vivaldi. "Assessment of nutrient and water intake among adolescents from sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil." British Journal of Nutrition 99, no. 6 (June 2008): 1275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507864841.
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Adolescents aged 11–14 years (n 326), belonging to organized sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil were interviewed. Subjects (n 107) provided four non-consecutive days of food consumption and 219 subjects provided two non-consecutive days of intake. The objective was to assess their nutrient and water intake according to dietary reference intake values and their energy and macronutrient intake by sex and sports groups they were engaged in: endurance, strength-skill or mixed, according to the guidelines established by the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). Dietary data were corrected for intra-individual variation. Total energy expenditure was higher among endurance athletes (P < 0·001) following their higher training time (P < 0·001) when compared to adolescents engaged in strength-skill or mixed sports. Total energy intake was only significantly higher among endurance-engaged females (P = 0·05). Protein intake of males was above the guidelines established by the ACSM for all sports groups. All male sport groups fulfilled the intake levels of carbohydrate per kg body weight but only females engaged in endurance sports fulfilled carbohydrate guidelines. Intakes of micronutrients with low prevalence of adequate intake were: vitamins B1, E and folate, magnesium and phosphorus. Few adolescents ( < 5 %) presented adequate intake for calcium, fibre, drinking water and beverages. For micronutrients, prevalence of adequacies were lower for females than males, except for liquids and water. Nutrition guidance is needed to help adolescents fulfil specific guidelines of macronutrient intake for their sports and to improve their intake of micronutrients and water. Special attention should be given to female adolescent athletes.
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Willis, Brad W., Seth Sherman, Trevor Gulbrandsen, Scott M. Miller, Nathan Siesener, Trent M. Guess, Kyle Blecha, Zhiyu Huo, Marjorie Skubic, and Aaron D. Gray. "JUMP LANDING MECHANICS OF ADOLESCENT ATHLETES DURING AGES OF PEAK ACL INJURY RISK: IDENTIFYING SEX DIFFERENCES WITH A PORTABLE MOTION SENSOR." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00025.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates in adolescent female athletes are 3x greater than males, with peak incidence at 16 and 17 years of age for girls and boys, respectively. As increased knee valgus during a jump landing task has been linked to ACL injury risk, portable motion capture devices offer capabilities of widespread screening to enable targeted prevention programs. Studies examining sex differences in dynamic landing strategies using portable motion capture devices are limited, as many investigations utilize marker-based equipment prohibitive to space, cost and time. Our multidisciplinary team has previously validated a portable markerless motion sensor to determine the knee-ankle-separation-ratio (KASR) at initial contact (IC) and peak flexion (PF) of the drop vertical jump (DVJ). The KASR compares the horizontal distance between knee and ankle joint centers. The purpose of this study is to determine if a portable motion sensor will detect sex differences in KASR at IC and PF during the DVJ when comparing adolescent athletes at ages of peak ACL injury risk. We hypothesize that a portable motion sensor will detect sex differences in the KASR at IC and PF during the DVJ in adolescent athletes during ages of peak ACL injury risk. Methods: A total of 42 healthy adolescent athletes participated. Groups included 16 year-old females (n=26, mean height=65.5±2.9 inches, mean weight=135.9±22.1 pounds) and 17 year-old males (n=16, mean height=70.9±2.9 inches, mean weight=159.2±18.6 pounds). Instructions and demonstration of the DVJ were provided prior to recording, utilizing a 31 cm high jump platform. Participants completed the DVJ by dropping to the ground, followed by an immediate maximal vertical jump as if going for a basketball rebound (Figure 1). Three DVJ were completed, measured by a single portable markerless motion sensor with customized software calculating KASR at IC and PF. The camera was positioned one meter high and three meters in the front of the participant. A three-trial average was utilized for analyses. A KASR of 1.0 signifies the knees being directly over the ankles during landing, with < 1 and > 1 representing dynamic knee valgus and varus, respectively. Sex differences between KASR at IC and PF were analyzed using an independent samples t-test with significance at p<0.05. Results: Adolescent female athletes demonstrated lower KASR values at IC (female=0.98±0.12, male=1.07±0.11, p=0.02) and PF (female=1.01±0.15, male=1.15±0.21, p=0.03) during the DVJ as compared to males. Conclusions/Significance: A portable motion sensor found sex differences in landing mechanics among adolescent athletes during peak ages of ACL injury risk, offering potential for widespread screening and targeted ACL injury prevention programs. The identification of potential ACL injury risk factors, using portable motion sensor technology to inform individually directed prevention programs, may offer declines in health care cost and long-term disability of youth athletes. References: Beck NA, Lawrence JTR, Nordin JD, DeFor TA, Tompkins M. ACL tears in school-aged children and adolescents over 20 years. Pediatrics. 2017; 139(3): e20161877. Mentiplay BF, Hasanki K, Perraton LG< Pua YH, Charlton PC, Clark RA. Three-dimensional assessment of squats and drop jumps using the Microsoft Xbox One Kinect: reliability and validity. J Sports Sci. 2018; 1:1-8. Ford, KR, Myer, GD, Hewett, TE. Reliability of landing 3D motion analysis: implications for longitudinal analyses. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:2021-2028. Sugimoto D, Myer GD, McKeon JM, Hewett TE. Evaluation of the effectiveness of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: a critical review of relative risk reduction and numbers-needed-to-treat analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2012; 46: 979-988. Ortiz, A, Rosario-Canales, M, Rodriguez, A, Seda, A, Figueroa, C, Venegas-Rios, H. Reliability and concurrent validity between two-dimensional and three-dimensional evaluations of knee valgus during drop jumps. Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:65-73. Mizner RL, Chmielewski TL, Toepke JJ, Tofte KB. Comparison of two-dimensional measurement techniques for predicting knee angle and moment during a drop vertical jump.” Clin J Sports Med. 2012; 22(3): 221-227. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study,” Am J Sports Med. 2005; 33:492-501. Gray AD, Willis BW, Skubic M, et al. Development and validation of a portable and inexpensive tool to measure the drop vertical jump using the microsoft kinect V2. Sports Health. 2017; 9(6):537-544.