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1
Mukai, Kaori, Maya J. BenBarak, Masashi Tachibana, et al. "Critical role of P1-Runx1 in mouse basophil development." Blood 120, no. 1 (2012): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-12-399113.
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Abstract Runx1 P1N/P1N mice are deficient in the transcription factor distal promoter-derived Runt-related transcription factor 1 (P1-Runx1) and have a > 90% reduction in the numbers of basophils in the BM, spleen, and blood. In contrast, Runx1P1N/P1N mice have normal numbers of the other granulocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils). Although basophils and mast cells share some common features, Runx1P1N/P1N mice have normal numbers of mast cells in multiple tissues. Runx1P1N/P1N mice fail to develop a basophil-dependent reaction, IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation of the skin, but respond normally when tested for IgE- and mast cell–dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivo or IgE-dependent mast cell degranulation in vitro. These results demonstrate that Runx1P1N/P1N mice exhibit markedly impaired function of basophils, but not mast cells. Infection with the parasite Strongyloides venezuelensis and injections of IL-3, each of which induces marked basophilia in wild-type mice, also induce modest expansions of the very small populations of basophils in Runx1P1N/P1N mice. Finally, Runx1P1N/P1N mice have normal numbers of the granulocyte progenitor cells, SN-Flk2+/−, which can give rise to all granulocytes, but exhibit a > 95% reduction in basophil progenitors. The results of the present study suggest that P1-Runx1 is critical for a stage of basophil development between SN-Flk2+/− cells and basophil progenitors.
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Kurotaki, Daisuke, Haruka Sasaki, Naoki Osato, et al. "The Transcription Factor IRF8 is a Key Transcription Factor for Basophil Development." Blood 122, no. 21 (2013): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.1197.1197.
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Abstract Basophils are the rarest granulocytes circulating in the peripheral blood. They play critical roles in anti-parasite Th2-type immune responses and chronic allergic disorders. The developmental pathway for basophils has been recently demonstrated; myeloid progenitors pass through common myeloid progenitors, granulocyte-monocyte progenitors, granulocyte-committed progenitors (GPs), and basophil-committed progenitors (BaPs) in the bone marrow. BaPs then give rise to mature basophils. However, our understanding of how this pathway is regulated remains still elusive. Interferon Regulatory Factor-8 (IRF8), a hematopoietic cell-specific IRF transcription factor, is essential for the development of monocytes, dendritic cells, and eosinophils, while it inhibits neutrophil differentiation. Its role in the development of basophils has yet to be analyzed. In this study, we investigated whether IRF8 has any role in the development of the basophil lineage. We found that Irf8–/– mice displayed a severe reduction of basophil counts in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and spleen compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Irf8–/– mice retained GPs but lacked BaPs. Cell transfer experiments revealed that the defect of basophil development in Irf8–/– mice resides in bone marrow cells. We utilized IRF8-GFP chimera knock-in mice to examine IRF8 protein expression in the basophil lineage at a single cell level. We found that GPs, but not BaPs and mature basophils, expressed IRF8. Furthermore, purified Irf8–/– GPs failed to efficiently give rise to basophils in vitro. These results indicate that IRF8 acts at the stage of GPs in a cell-intrinsic manner. To understand the mechanism by which IRF8 promotes basophil development, we performed transcriptome analysis of purified GPs from WT and Irf8–/– mice by microarray. Because IRF8 is no more expressed in BaPs, we envisaged that IRF8 acts by inducing downstream transcription factors in GPs. The expression of several transcription factor genes such as Gata2 and Spib was reduced in Irf8–/– GPs compared to WT GPs. Analysis of DNA motifs in the promoter regions of genes downregulated in Irf8–/– GPs predicted that GATA transcription factor(s) may act downstream of IRF8. Indeed, retroviral transduction of GATA2, known to be essential for basophil development, into Irf8–/– hematopoietic progenitor cells rescued basophil differentiation in vitro. On the other hand, Spib–/– mice showed no obvious defects in basophil development. Taken together, these results suggest that the IRF8-GATA2 axis in GPs critically regulates basophil development. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
3
Denburg, JA, JE Silver, and JS Abrams. "Interleukin-5 is a human basophilopoietin: induction of histamine content and basophilic differentiation of HL-60 cells and of peripheral blood basophil-eosinophil progenitors." Blood 77, no. 7 (1991): 1462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.7.1462.1462.
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Abstract Cytokine-induced differentiation of basophils may contribute to various inflammatory processes. We examined the effects of recombinant human interleukin-5 (IL-5) and other human cytokines in vitro on myeloid colony formation in methylcellulose and on alkaline passaged HL-60 basophilic cell differentiation. Myeloid colonies (CFU-C) at day 14, formed in the presence of either IL-3, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or G-CSF included peripheral blood- derived progenitors of the eosinophil/basophil lineage. IL-5 stimulated a greater proportion of basophil-containing, histamine-positive, eosinophil-type colonies compared with GM-CSF, IL-3, or G-CSF. IL-5 also stimulated dose-dependent increases in histamine content of alkaline-passaged, butyrate cotreated HL-60 cells. The concentration of IL-5 required for half-maximal induction of HL-60 histamine content was similar within twofold to that needed for half-maximal stimulation of the multifactor dependent TF-1 erythroleukemic cell line. Neutralizing rat monoclonal antibodies to human IL-5 were developed and used to demonstrate that each of these IL-5 bioactivities could be specifically blocked. We conclude that in addition to its previously described eosinophil differentiation activity, IL-5 may be considered a basophilopoietin.
4
Denburg, JA, JE Silver, and JS Abrams. "Interleukin-5 is a human basophilopoietin: induction of histamine content and basophilic differentiation of HL-60 cells and of peripheral blood basophil-eosinophil progenitors." Blood 77, no. 7 (1991): 1462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.7.1462.bloodjournal7771462.
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Cytokine-induced differentiation of basophils may contribute to various inflammatory processes. We examined the effects of recombinant human interleukin-5 (IL-5) and other human cytokines in vitro on myeloid colony formation in methylcellulose and on alkaline passaged HL-60 basophilic cell differentiation. Myeloid colonies (CFU-C) at day 14, formed in the presence of either IL-3, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or G-CSF included peripheral blood- derived progenitors of the eosinophil/basophil lineage. IL-5 stimulated a greater proportion of basophil-containing, histamine-positive, eosinophil-type colonies compared with GM-CSF, IL-3, or G-CSF. IL-5 also stimulated dose-dependent increases in histamine content of alkaline-passaged, butyrate cotreated HL-60 cells. The concentration of IL-5 required for half-maximal induction of HL-60 histamine content was similar within twofold to that needed for half-maximal stimulation of the multifactor dependent TF-1 erythroleukemic cell line. Neutralizing rat monoclonal antibodies to human IL-5 were developed and used to demonstrate that each of these IL-5 bioactivities could be specifically blocked. We conclude that in addition to its previously described eosinophil differentiation activity, IL-5 may be considered a basophilopoietin.
5
Gundermann, K. O. "Basophile Granulozyten." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 87, no. 10 (2009): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1111787.
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Favre, C., S. Saeland, C. Caux, V. Duvert, and JE De Vries. "Interleukin-4 has basophilic and eosinophilic cell growth-promoting activity on cord blood cells." Blood 75, no. 1 (1990): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v75.1.67.67.
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Abstract Effects of human recombinant interleukin-4 (IL-4) on cord blood cells depleted of T cells and monocytes were tested in colony assays and liquid cultures. IL-4 did not induce colony formation in semisolid medium, but enhanced generation of basophil colonies induced by conditioned medium (CM) of the bladder carcinoma cell line 5637. In liquid cultures, variable degrees of basophil growth were observed in the presence of IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, and 5637 CM, or even with IL-4 alone, but the highest number of basophils were obtained when IL-4 was used in combination with IL-3 or 5637 CM. Progressive basophil growth was observed during 3 to 4 weeks of culturing, whereafter the numbers of basophils remained stationary for another 3 weeks. Interestingly, cord blood cell cultures performed with IL-3 contained variable percentages of eosinophils that were further enhanced in the presence of combinations of IL-3 and IL-4. These latter cultures contained approximately 50% eosinophils and 50% basophils. Kinetic studies indicated that basophils were present 7 days after onset of the cultures, whereas eosinophils did not appear before day 13. In contrast to the pronounced effects of IL-4 and 5637 CM on basophil development, relatively low numbers of eosinophils were observed under these culture conditions. Our results indicate that eosinophil and basophil development are regulated by different sets of factors, and that IL-4 has an enhancing effect of both cell lineages in association with the appropriate factors.
7
Favre, C., S. Saeland, C. Caux, V. Duvert, and JE De Vries. "Interleukin-4 has basophilic and eosinophilic cell growth-promoting activity on cord blood cells." Blood 75, no. 1 (1990): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v75.1.67.bloodjournal75167.
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Effects of human recombinant interleukin-4 (IL-4) on cord blood cells depleted of T cells and monocytes were tested in colony assays and liquid cultures. IL-4 did not induce colony formation in semisolid medium, but enhanced generation of basophil colonies induced by conditioned medium (CM) of the bladder carcinoma cell line 5637. In liquid cultures, variable degrees of basophil growth were observed in the presence of IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, and 5637 CM, or even with IL-4 alone, but the highest number of basophils were obtained when IL-4 was used in combination with IL-3 or 5637 CM. Progressive basophil growth was observed during 3 to 4 weeks of culturing, whereafter the numbers of basophils remained stationary for another 3 weeks. Interestingly, cord blood cell cultures performed with IL-3 contained variable percentages of eosinophils that were further enhanced in the presence of combinations of IL-3 and IL-4. These latter cultures contained approximately 50% eosinophils and 50% basophils. Kinetic studies indicated that basophils were present 7 days after onset of the cultures, whereas eosinophils did not appear before day 13. In contrast to the pronounced effects of IL-4 and 5637 CM on basophil development, relatively low numbers of eosinophils were observed under these culture conditions. Our results indicate that eosinophil and basophil development are regulated by different sets of factors, and that IL-4 has an enhancing effect of both cell lineages in association with the appropriate factors.
8
Suda, J., M. Eguchi, Y. Akiyama, et al. "Differentiation of blast cells from a Down's syndrome patient with transient myeloproliferative disorder." Blood 69, no. 2 (1987): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v69.2.508.508.
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Abstract A male neonate with Down's syndrome and congenital myeloproliferative disorder was studied. His blood picture showed the unique coexistence of leukocytosis with matured cells and a large number of blast cells. The in vitro proliferation and differentiation of blast cells into various lineages in the presence of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte conditioned medium (PHA-LCM) was examined by using a liquid culture and a methylcellulose culture system. The differentiation of blast cells into myeloid cells was confirmed by specific cytochemical stainings, electron microscopy, and an immunologic study. No specific factors in the plasma of the patient promoted the proliferation or differentiation of blast cells. The cellular composition of colonies grown in methylcellulose culture from single blast cells was studied by a micromanipulation technique. High plating efficiency was observed. Of 136 cultures, 78 showed colony growth. Half of the blast cells were colony-forming cells that could proliferate and differentiate into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and erythrocytes in the presence of PHA-LCM. Using the blast cells with a high differentiation capacity to the basophil pathway, we studied the effect of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF). Recombinant GM-CSF support neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages but not typical basophils. These findings of the cell differentiation of blast cells into various kinds of cells in vitro were in agreement with the finding of neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, and thrombocythemia in this patient.
9
Suda, J., M. Eguchi, Y. Akiyama, et al. "Differentiation of blast cells from a Down's syndrome patient with transient myeloproliferative disorder." Blood 69, no. 2 (1987): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v69.2.508.bloodjournal692508.
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A male neonate with Down's syndrome and congenital myeloproliferative disorder was studied. His blood picture showed the unique coexistence of leukocytosis with matured cells and a large number of blast cells. The in vitro proliferation and differentiation of blast cells into various lineages in the presence of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte conditioned medium (PHA-LCM) was examined by using a liquid culture and a methylcellulose culture system. The differentiation of blast cells into myeloid cells was confirmed by specific cytochemical stainings, electron microscopy, and an immunologic study. No specific factors in the plasma of the patient promoted the proliferation or differentiation of blast cells. The cellular composition of colonies grown in methylcellulose culture from single blast cells was studied by a micromanipulation technique. High plating efficiency was observed. Of 136 cultures, 78 showed colony growth. Half of the blast cells were colony-forming cells that could proliferate and differentiate into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and erythrocytes in the presence of PHA-LCM. Using the blast cells with a high differentiation capacity to the basophil pathway, we studied the effect of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF). Recombinant GM-CSF support neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages but not typical basophils. These findings of the cell differentiation of blast cells into various kinds of cells in vitro were in agreement with the finding of neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, and thrombocythemia in this patient.
10
Bischoff, S. C., M. Krieger, T. Brunner, and C. A. Dahinden. "Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 is a potent activator of human basophils." Journal of Experimental Medicine 175, no. 5 (1992): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.175.5.1271.
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Cytokines belonging to the RANTES/SIS family are highly induced in a number of pathophysiological processes such as autoimmune disorders, cancers, atherosclerosis, and chronic inflammation. However, apart from their chemotactic activity on monocytes and particular lymphocyte types, the biological activities in the human system of this recently discovered cytokine family are largely unknown. Here we report that one family member, described as monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), strongly activates mature human basophils in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. MCP-1 causes a rise in the cytosolic free calcium level in basophils and monocytes, but not in other blood leukocyte types, and triggers basophil degranulation at low concentrations (ED50 = 3-10 nM). Thus, MCP-1 is a cytokine capable of directly inducing histamine release by basophils. Furthermore, MCP-1 promotes the formation of leukotriene C4 by basophils pretreated with interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-5, or granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. MCP-1-induced basophil mediator release may play an important role in allergic inflammation and other pathologies expressing MCP-1.
11
Hutt-Taylor, SR, D. Harnish, M. Richardson, T. Ishizaka, and JA Denburg. "Sodium butyrate and a T lymphocyte cell line-derived differentiation factor induce basophilic differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60." Blood 71, no. 1 (1988): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v71.1.209.209.
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Abstract Sodium butyrate induces basophilic differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells that have been previously passaged in alkaline medium. A factor present in Mo conditioned medium (Mo-CM) acts synergistically with sodium butyrate to promote basophilic maturation in a dose-dependent fashion. The induced HL-60 cells exhibit nuclei at various stages of maturity and cytoplasmic granules staining azurophilic with May-Grunwald-Giemsa and metachromatically with toluidine blue. The histamine content of induced HL-60 cells is 50 ng/10(6) cells with sodium butyrate alone or 190 ng/10(6) cells with butyrate in combination with Mo-CM. Induced cells release histamine in response to anti-IgE and have receptors for the Fc portion of human IgE. The basophilic cell-differentiating activity present in Mo-CM appears to be distinct from several other cytokines including recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, interferon-alpha, murine interleukin-3, erythroid-potentiating activity, and purified human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. This is the first demonstration of a cell line that is capable of differentiation along the basophil lineage and could provide a useful model for examining biochemical and molecular events associated with basophil differentiation.
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Hutt-Taylor, SR, D. Harnish, M. Richardson, T. Ishizaka, and JA Denburg. "Sodium butyrate and a T lymphocyte cell line-derived differentiation factor induce basophilic differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60." Blood 71, no. 1 (1988): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v71.1.209.bloodjournal711209.
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Sodium butyrate induces basophilic differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells that have been previously passaged in alkaline medium. A factor present in Mo conditioned medium (Mo-CM) acts synergistically with sodium butyrate to promote basophilic maturation in a dose-dependent fashion. The induced HL-60 cells exhibit nuclei at various stages of maturity and cytoplasmic granules staining azurophilic with May-Grunwald-Giemsa and metachromatically with toluidine blue. The histamine content of induced HL-60 cells is 50 ng/10(6) cells with sodium butyrate alone or 190 ng/10(6) cells with butyrate in combination with Mo-CM. Induced cells release histamine in response to anti-IgE and have receptors for the Fc portion of human IgE. The basophilic cell-differentiating activity present in Mo-CM appears to be distinct from several other cytokines including recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, interferon-alpha, murine interleukin-3, erythroid-potentiating activity, and purified human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. This is the first demonstration of a cell line that is capable of differentiation along the basophil lineage and could provide a useful model for examining biochemical and molecular events associated with basophil differentiation.
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Wanet, Anaïs, Mahmoud A. Bassal, Sweta B. Patel, et al. "E-cadherin is regulated by GATA-2 and marks the early commitment of mouse hematopoietic progenitors to the basophil and mast cell fates." Science Immunology 6, no. 56 (2021): eaba0178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aba0178.
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E-cadherin is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule extensively studied for its involvement in tissue formation, epithelial cell behavior, and suppression of cancer. However, E-cadherin expression in the hematopoietic system has not been fully elucidated. Combining single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses and immunophenotyping, we revealed that progenitors expressing high levels of E-cadherin and contained within the granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) fraction have an enriched capacity to differentiate into basophils and mast cells. We detected E-cadherin expression on committed progenitors before the expression of other reported markers of these lineages. We named such progenitors pro-BMPs (pro-basophil and mast cell progenitors). Using RNA sequencing, we observed transcriptional priming of pro-BMPs to the basophil and mast cell lineages. We also showed that GATA-2 directly regulates E-cadherin expression in the basophil and mast cell lineages, thus providing a mechanistic connection between the expression of this cell surface marker and the basophil and mast cell fate specification.
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Meyer-Bahlburg, A., and D. Dijkstra. "Basophile Granulozyten und Autoimmunerkrankungen." Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 75, no. 3 (2016): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00393-015-0039-1.
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Valent, P., G. Schmidt, J. Besemer, et al. "Interleukin-3 is a differentiation factor for human basophils." Blood 73, no. 7 (1989): 1763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.7.1763.1763.
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Abstract The effect of recombinant human (rh) cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha (IL- 1 alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-4 (IL- 4), granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), interferon-alpha (IF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IF-gamma), and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- alpha) on differentiation and function of metachromatic cells (MCS) was studied. Among all cytokines tested, rh interleukin-3 (rhIL-3) selectively induced a significant formation of MCS (IL-3: 1.1 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) v control: 0.02 +/- 0.15 x 10(5) MCS/mL suspension) and dose dependent increase in formation of intracellular histamine (IL-3, 100 U/mL: 95 +/- 23 ng/mL v control: 1.8 +/- 0.8 ng/mL) in a bone marrow suspension culture system (analyzed on day 14 of culture). Besides MCS, formation of eosinophils was observed in this culture system in the continuous presence of rhIL-3, whereas IL-3 pulse-stimulation for three hours and subsequent exposure to control medium induced growth of MCS but not of eosinophils. By combined immunofluorescence/toluidine blue staining, MCS were found to express a cell surface marker profile that corresponds to the immunological phenotype of peripheral blood basophils (MY-7(CD13)+, VIM12(CD11b)+, VIM2+, MAX1-, MAX24- and YB5B8- ). Furthermore, cultured MCS expressed surface membrane receptors for IgE and could be triggered for nontoxic histamine release by a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. To evaluate a possible influence of IL-3 on basophil function, studies were extended to freshly obtained blood basophils (healthy volunteers, n = 3). However, like all other cytokines tested, rhIL-3 failed to induce basophil histamine release. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that IL-3 is a differentiation factor for human basophils.
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Valent, P., G. Schmidt, J. Besemer, et al. "Interleukin-3 is a differentiation factor for human basophils." Blood 73, no. 7 (1989): 1763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.7.1763.bloodjournal7371763.
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The effect of recombinant human (rh) cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha (IL- 1 alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-4 (IL- 4), granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), interferon-alpha (IF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IF-gamma), and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- alpha) on differentiation and function of metachromatic cells (MCS) was studied. Among all cytokines tested, rh interleukin-3 (rhIL-3) selectively induced a significant formation of MCS (IL-3: 1.1 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) v control: 0.02 +/- 0.15 x 10(5) MCS/mL suspension) and dose dependent increase in formation of intracellular histamine (IL-3, 100 U/mL: 95 +/- 23 ng/mL v control: 1.8 +/- 0.8 ng/mL) in a bone marrow suspension culture system (analyzed on day 14 of culture). Besides MCS, formation of eosinophils was observed in this culture system in the continuous presence of rhIL-3, whereas IL-3 pulse-stimulation for three hours and subsequent exposure to control medium induced growth of MCS but not of eosinophils. By combined immunofluorescence/toluidine blue staining, MCS were found to express a cell surface marker profile that corresponds to the immunological phenotype of peripheral blood basophils (MY-7(CD13)+, VIM12(CD11b)+, VIM2+, MAX1-, MAX24- and YB5B8- ). Furthermore, cultured MCS expressed surface membrane receptors for IgE and could be triggered for nontoxic histamine release by a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. To evaluate a possible influence of IL-3 on basophil function, studies were extended to freshly obtained blood basophils (healthy volunteers, n = 3). However, like all other cytokines tested, rhIL-3 failed to induce basophil histamine release. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that IL-3 is a differentiation factor for human basophils.
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King, Christine A., Jean S. Marshall, Hashem Alshurafa, and Robert Anderson. "Release of Vasoactive Cytokines by Antibody-Enhanced Dengue Virus Infection of a Human Mast Cell/Basophil Line." Journal of Virology 74, no. 15 (2000): 7146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.15.7146-7150.2000.
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ABSTRACT We report here the first demonstration of dengue virus infection and vasoactive cytokine response of a cell of the mast cell/basophil lineage. Infection of KU812 cells was dependent on dengue-specific antibody and gave rise to infectious virions. This antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection triggered a four- to fivefold increase in the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and a modest increase for IL-6 but not for an alternate cytokine, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The results suggest a potential role for mast cells/basophils in the pathogenesis of dengue virus-induced disease.
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Arinobu, Yojiro, Hiromi Iwasaki, Michael F. Gurish, Shi-ichi Mizuno, Hirokazu Shigematsu, and Koichi Akashi. "Identification of Progenitors Committed to Basophil and/or Mast Cell Lineages." Blood 104, no. 11 (2004): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.779.779.
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Abstract Eosinophils, basophils and mast cells are multifunctional hematopoietic effectors that co-operate to mount a variety of allergic and innate immune responses. Their origin and developmental relationships, however, have not yet been resolved, and remain as one of the major issues in the biology of hematopoiesis. Here we report that progenitors bipotent for basophils and mast cells (basophil/mast cell progenitors: BMCPs) are prospectively isolatable downstream of granulocyte/monocyte progenitors (GMPs). Since both basophils and mast cells express the αβγ2 form of FcεRI on their surface, we hypothesized that early progenitors restricted to these lineages may have already upregulated these molecules. Thus, FcεRIα-expressing cells were searched within the Lin−CD34+ bone marrow and spleen cells. Lin−CD34+ bone marrow cells contained a small fraction of cells expressing a high level of FcεRIα that were all c-Kit−. Purified Lin−CD34+FcεRIαhic-Kit− cells were cultured, and they gave rise exclusively to pure basophil colonies, which were named as basophil progenitors (BaPs). In contrast, the spleen had a small fraction of Lin−CD34+ cells expressing a low level of FcεRIα and a high level of c-Kit. Strikingly, single Lin−CD34+FcεRIαloc-Kithi cells formed colonies containing both basophils and mast cells as well as pure mast cell or basophil colonies. This indicates that at least a fraction of Lin−CD34+FcεRIαloc-Kithi cells are bipotent for basophils and mast cells. We thus named the Lin−CD34+FcεRIαloc-Kithi cells as BMCPs. Identification of BMCPs formally proves for the first time that basophils and mast cells share a common progenitor stage. After 3-day culture, BMCPs gave rise to Lin−CD34+FcεRIαhic-Kit−BaPs and Lin−CD34+FcεRIαhic-Kit+ cells which exclusively formed pure mast cell colonies. Lin−CD34+FcεRIαhic-Kit+ cells were named as mast cell progenitors (MCPs). All of these progenitors are located downstream of GMPs since GMPs gave rise to BMCPs, BaPs and MCPs in vitro after 3-day culture with SCF, IL-3, and IL-9. The intestine is known to collect mast cell colony-forming activity. Since MCPs were not isolatable as a distinct population in the bone marrow or the spleen, we searched for MCPs in the intestine by using similar markers. We newly identified Lin−CD34+FcεRIαloc-Kitlo cells in the intestine, and these cells exclusively formed pure mast cell colonies. In mice sensitized with OVA to induce allergic reaction, BMCPs, BaPs and intestinal MCPs expanded by1.5- to 5-fold in number after OVA administration. This strongly suggests that these populations constitute critical stages in physiological pathways for each lineage development. Taken together, it is likely that the initial commitment into basophil/mast cell lineages occurs in the spleen, and that spleen BMCPs may migrate into the bone marrow to become BaPs or into the intestine to become MCPs. These progenitor populations should be useful to analyze the mechanism of commitment into each of these lineages, and could also be therapeutic targets for a variety of allergic and autoimmune disorders.
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Didichenko, Svetlana A., Nicole Spiegl, Thomas Brunner, and Clemens A. Dahinden. "IL-3 induces a Pim1-dependent antiapoptotic pathway in primary human basophils." Blood 112, no. 10 (2008): 3949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-04-149419.
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Abstract The contribution of basophils in allergic disease and other Th2-type immune responses depends on their persistence at sites of inflammation, but the ligands and molecular pathways supporting basophil survival are largely unknown. The comparison of rates of apoptosis and of the expression of antiapoptotic proteins in different human granulocyte types revealed that basophils have a considerably longer spontaneous life span than neutrophils and eosinophils consistent with high levels of constitutive Bcl-2 expression. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is the only ligand that efficiently protects basophils from apoptosis as evidenced by screening a large number of stimuli. IL-3 up-regulates the expression of the antiapoptotic proteins cIAP2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-XL and induces a rapid and sustained de novo expression of the serine/threonine kinase Pim1 that closely correlates with cytokine-enhanced survival. Inhibitor studies and protein transduction of primary basophils using wild-type and kinase-dead Pim1-Tat fusion-proteins demonstrate the functional importance of Pim1 induction in the IL-3–enhanced survival. Our data further indicate that the antiapoptotic Pim1-mediated pathway operates independently of PI3-kinase but involves the activation of p38 MAPK. The induction of Pim1 leading to PI3-kinase–independent survival as described here for basophils may also be a relevant antiapoptotic mechanism in other terminally differentiated leukocyte types.
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Bischoff, SC, and CA Dahinden. "Effect of nerve growth factor on the release of inflammatory mediators by mature human basophils." Blood 79, no. 10 (1992): 2662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v79.10.2662.2662.
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Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic cytokine known to regulate the survival and function of peripheral and central neuronal cells. Recently, the spectrum of action could be extended to non-neuronal cell types such as rat mast cells and human B lymphocytes. The present study shows that NGF affects the function of mature human basophils isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Both murine NGF 7S and recombinant human NGF beta enhance histamine release and strongly modulate the formation of lipid mediators by basophils in response to various stimuli. This priming effect of NGF on basophils occurs rapidly within 10 to 15 minutes of preincubation, is dose-dependent, and requires similarly low concentrations (1 to 40 pmol/L) of human NGF beta as the induction of neurite outgrowth in ganglion cells. Cell fractionation studies indicate that NGF acts directly on human basophils without an involvement of other cell types, suggesting the presence of high-affinity NGF receptors on basophils. NGF by itself (up to 4 nmol/L of human NGF beta) does not induce the release of inflammatory mediators directly. The effect of human NGF on basophil mediator release is similar to that of the hematopoietic growth factors interleukin-3, interleukin-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor. The present study further demonstrates that NGF acts as a pleiotropic cytokine at the interface between the nervous and the immune system, and that NGF may be involved in inflammatory processes and hypersensitivity reactions.
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Bischoff, SC, and CA Dahinden. "Effect of nerve growth factor on the release of inflammatory mediators by mature human basophils." Blood 79, no. 10 (1992): 2662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v79.10.2662.bloodjournal79102662.
Full textAbstract:
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic cytokine known to regulate the survival and function of peripheral and central neuronal cells. Recently, the spectrum of action could be extended to non-neuronal cell types such as rat mast cells and human B lymphocytes. The present study shows that NGF affects the function of mature human basophils isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Both murine NGF 7S and recombinant human NGF beta enhance histamine release and strongly modulate the formation of lipid mediators by basophils in response to various stimuli. This priming effect of NGF on basophils occurs rapidly within 10 to 15 minutes of preincubation, is dose-dependent, and requires similarly low concentrations (1 to 40 pmol/L) of human NGF beta as the induction of neurite outgrowth in ganglion cells. Cell fractionation studies indicate that NGF acts directly on human basophils without an involvement of other cell types, suggesting the presence of high-affinity NGF receptors on basophils. NGF by itself (up to 4 nmol/L of human NGF beta) does not induce the release of inflammatory mediators directly. The effect of human NGF on basophil mediator release is similar to that of the hematopoietic growth factors interleukin-3, interleukin-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor. The present study further demonstrates that NGF acts as a pleiotropic cytokine at the interface between the nervous and the immune system, and that NGF may be involved in inflammatory processes and hypersensitivity reactions.
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Meierhans, S., C. Sauter-Louis, K. Hartmann, J. Hirschberger, and A. Schäfers. "Hämatologische und klinisch-chemische Referenzwerte für Hunde." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 41, no. 03 (2013): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1623703.
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Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Studie war, Referenzwerte für hämatologische und blutchemische Parameter bei adulten Hunden zu etablieren und diese hinsichtlich einer Abhängigkeit von Alter, Geschlecht und Fütterung zu überprüfen. Material und MethodenBei den Probanden handelte es sich um 508 klinisch gesunde Hunde beiderlei Geschlechts im Alter von ≤ 1 bis 17 Jahren, die unterschiedlichen Rassen angehörten. Für die Bestimmung der Referenzbereiche wurden die Werte von 396 Hunden mit einem Alter von 1–9 Jahren herangezogen. Zur hämatologischen und blutchemischen Untersuchung der Blutproben dienten folgende Geräte: Cell-Dyn 3500, Kugelkoagulometer BE CL 4, Blutgasanalysegerät GEM Premier 3000, Elecsys 1010 und der Hitachi 911. Die Referenzwerte wurden statistisch mit SPSS 14 erstellt. Ergebnisse: Bei 75% der Parameter unterschieden sich die Resultate unwesentlich von bestehenden Referenzbereichen. Abweichungen ergaben sich für folgende Parameter: eosinophile und basophile Granulozyten, Monozyten, Alaninaminotransferase (ALT), alkalische Phosphatase (AP), Glutamatdehydrogenase (GLDH), Lipase, Kreatinkinase, Bilirubin sowie Kreatinin. Der Referenzbereich der eosinophilen Granulozyten, Monozyten sowie der GLDH lag höher, als in der Literatur angegeben. Ein niedrigerer Referenzbereich im Vergleich zur Literaturangaben war für die basophilen Granulozyten festzustellen. Bei den Enzymen ALT, AP und Lipase differierten die Referenzbereiche der jungen (< 1 Jahr) und alten Hunde (≥ 10 Jahre) signifikant von den Referenzbereichen der 1–9 Jahre alten Tiere. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Referenzwerte sollten in regelmäßigen Zeitintervallen überprüft werden, da sich durch fortschreitende Entwicklung und neue Erkenntnisse einige Faktoren der Bestimmung, vor allem Geräte und Methoden, ändern.
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Remmler, Johannes, Berend Isermann, and Thorsten Kaiser. "Der Basophilen-Aktivierungstest – Ersetzt er die orale Provokation?" Kinder- und Jugendmedizin 20, no. 05 (2020): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1242-9768.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Basophilen-Aktivierungstest ermöglicht es, in vitro die Reaktion der basophilen Granulozyten auf ein spezifisches Allergen zu untersuchen. In Ergänzung zur Anamnese, Pricktest und Nachweis von spezifischem IgE kann ein Basophilen-Aktivierungstest zusätzlichen diagnostischen Wert haben. Dieses ist der Fall, wenn eine Provokationstestung aufgrund einer hohen Anaphylaxie-Gefahr vermieden werden sollte und ein entsprechender spezifischer IgE-Antikörpertest nicht verfügbar ist. Vielversprechende Ergebnisse konnten bereits für einige Formen der Nahrungsmittelallergie gezeigt werden. Aktuell stehen einer breiten Anwendbarkeit des Basophilen-Aktivierungstests insbesondere die fehlende Standardisierung, die vielfältigen Einflussfaktoren auf das Testergebnis sowie ein relevanter Anteil von falsch-negativen Ergebnissen durch Nonrespondern entgegen. Zukünftige Forschung und Teststandardisierung können dazu beitragen, den diagnostischen Herausforderungen gerecht zu werden.
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Vitte, Joana, Aïssatou Bailo Diallo, Asma Boumaza, et al. "A Granulocytic Signature Identifies COVID-19 and Its Severity." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 12 (2020): 1985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa591.
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Abstract Background An unbiased approach to SARS-CoV-2–induced immune dysregulation has not been undertaken so far. We aimed to identify previously unreported immune markers able to discriminate COVID-19 patients from healthy controls and to predict mild and severe disease. Methods An observational, prospective, multicentric study was conducted in patients with confirmed mild/moderate (n = 7) and severe (n = 19) COVID-19. Immunophenotyping of whole-blood leukocytes was performed in patients upon hospital ward or intensive care unit admission and in healthy controls (n = 25). Clinically relevant associations were identified through unsupervised analysis. Results Granulocytic (neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil) markers were enriched during COVID-19 and discriminated between patients with mild and severe disease. Increased counts of CD15+CD16+ neutrophils, decreased granulocytic expression of integrin CD11b, and Th2-related CRTH2 downregulation in eosinophils and basophils established a COVID-19 signature. Severity was associated with emergence of PD-L1 checkpoint expression in basophils and eosinophils. This granulocytic signature was accompanied by monocyte and lymphocyte immunoparalysis. Correlation with validated clinical scores supported pathophysiological relevance. Conclusions Phenotypic markers of circulating granulocytes are strong discriminators between infected and uninfected individuals as well as between severity stages. COVID-19 alters the frequency and functional phenotypes of granulocyte subsets with emergence of CRTH2 as a disease biomarker.
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Quelen, Cathy, Eric Lippert, Stephanie Struski, et al. "Identification of a transforming MYB-GATA1 fusion gene in acute basophilic leukemia: a new entity in male infants." Blood 117, no. 21 (2011): 5719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-01-333013.
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Abstract Acute basophilic leukemia (ABL) is a rare subtype of acute leukemia with clinical features and symptoms related to hyperhistaminemia because of excessive growth of basophils. No known recurrent cytogenetic abnormality is associated with this leukemia. Rare cases of t(X;6)(p11;q23) translocation have been described but these were sporadic. We report here 4 cases of ABL with a t(X;6)(p11;q23) translocation occurring in male infants. Because of its location on chromosome 6q23, MYB was a good candidate gene. Our molecular investigations, based on fluorescence in situ hybridization and rapid amplification of cDNA ends, revealed that the translocation generated a MYB-GATA1 fusion gene. Expression of MYB-GATA1 in mouse lineage-negative cells committed them to the granulocyte lineage and blocked at an early stage of differentiation. Taken together, these results establish, for the first time, a link between a recurrent chromosomal translocation and the development of this particular subtype of infant leukemia.
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Freitag, M., S. Höxtermann, Ana Paula Freitag, et al. "Flowzytometrische Messung der Aktivierung basophiler Granulozyten zur Diagnose der Wespengiftallergie." Allergologie 24, no. 01 (2001): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/alp24002.
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Ackerman, G. Adolph. "CYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BLOOD BASOPHILIC GRANULOCYTE*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 103, no. 1 (2006): 376–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb53710.x.
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Patella, V., V. Casolaro, A. Ciccarelli, GR Pettit, M. Columbo, and G. Marone. "The antineoplastic bryostatins affect human basophils and mast cells differently." Blood 85, no. 5 (1995): 1272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v85.5.1272.bloodjournal8551272.
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Bryostatins, macrocyclic lactones from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina, are potent antineoplastic agents and multi-potential stimulators of immune cells. We have examined the effects of bryostatins on mediator release from human basophilic leukocytes and human tissue mast cells. Bryostatins 1, 2, and 5 (10 to 3,000 nmol/L) induced histamine secretion from purified and unpurified peripheral blood basophils, whereas they caused no release of peptide-leukotriene C4 from these cells. The rate of histamine release caused by bryostatin 1 was slower than that caused by anti-IgE (t1/2 +/- SEM = 38.2 +/- 4.7 minutes v 8.9 +/- 0.2 minutes; P < .01), whereas the temperature dependence was similar (optimum release at 37 degrees C, approximately 30% less at 30 degrees C, and no release at 22 degrees C or 4 degrees C). The addition of increasing concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ to the medium caused histamine release in the presence of bryostatins. Subeffective concentrations of bryostatins and anti-IgE produced a synergistic effect on histamine release from basophils. Staurosporine, chelerythrine, and calphostin C (0.1 to 10 nmol/L), which are protein kinase C inhibitors, inhibited the histamine secretion activated by bryostatin 1 and tetradecanoylphorbol-acetate (TPA). Preincubation with granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; 1 and 5 nmol/L) and interleukin-3 (IL-3; 10 ng/mL) potentiated the activation of human basophils induced by bryostatin 1. Neither bryostatin 1 nor bryostatin 2 induced the release of histamine from mast cells isolated from human lung or skin tissues. However, brief (10 minutes) preincubation with bryostatin 1 (3 to 300 nmol/L) potently inhibited the histamine secretion induced by anti-IgE from skin or lung mast cells. Bryostatin 1 was a more potent (by approximately 30 times) inhibitor of IgE- mediated histamine release than was TPA. The heterogeneous effects exerted by bryostatins on human basophils and mast cells can be of interest for those designing therapeutic trials using these agents.
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Boyce, J. A., D. Friend, R. Matsumoto, K. F. Austen, and W. F. Owen. "Differentiation in vitro of hybrid eosinophil/basophil granulocytes: autocrine function of an eosinophil developmental intermediate." Journal of Experimental Medicine 182, no. 1 (1995): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.182.1.49.
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Granulocytes with the hybrid characteristics of eosinophils and basophils have been identified in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of humans with myeloid leukemias. We now describe a technique by which such hybrid granulocytes can be developed in vitro from normal cord blood precursors cultured in the presence of recombinant human interleukin (rhIL) 3 (350 pM) and rhIL-5 (200 pM) in a plastic vessel coated with Matrigel. After 14 d in culture, 90 +/- 3% (mean +/- standard error of the mean) of the nonadherent cells cultured in the Matrigel-coated flasks contained both eosinophil and basophil granules, as indicated by staining with Wright's and Giemsa stains. Of the nonadherent cells, 93 +/- 1% contained cyanide-resistant peroxidase, and 88 +/- 2% were toluidine blue-positive, characteristic of eosinophil and basophil granules, respectively. Transmission electron micrographs showed hybrid cells containing ultrastructurally distinct eosinophil granules with developing crystalline cores and basophil granules with reticular structures. These 14-d cord blood-derived cell cultures showed strong hybridization signals for eosinophil-derived neurotoxin by RNA blot analysis and contained 78 ng histamine per 10(6) cells. When the granulocytes were removed from cytokine-containing medium and suspended without Matrigel in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), more than 80% of the granulocytes excluded trypan blue for as long as 5 d, and 93% had developed into eosinophils at 6 d. Conditioned medium prepared over 48 h from the 14-d cell cultures (hybrid granulocytes) sustained the 4-d viability in vitro of 78% of peripheral blood eosinophils from atopic donors. In comparison, 13% survived in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS alone. This viability-sustaining activity was nearly completely neutralized by an anti-granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibody and was only minimally reduced by anti-IL-3 or IL-5. Thus, cells possessing both eosinophil and basophil granules by both histochemical and ultrastructural analysis can be developed from normal progenitors in vitro in response to eosinophilopoietic cytokines and Matrigel. Their subsequent spontaneous development into mature eosinophils suggests that hybrid granulocytes are part of a normal developmental sequence during eosinophilopoiesis. Furthermore, these hybrid granulocytes are capable of autoregulation through elaboration of GM-CSF, which sustains their viability.
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Suzuki, Yuzuru. "Cytochemistry of basophil granulocyte in carp and puffer." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 52, no. 11 (1986): 1895–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.52.1895.
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Weil, Susan C., and Mary Ann Hrisinko. "A Hybrid Eosinophilic–Basophilic Granulocyte in Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 87, no. 1 (1987): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/87.1.66.
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Poulsen, Lars, Sha Quan, Claudia Krag, Michael Platzer, and Per Skov. "The Basophil Granulocyte in Allergic Reactions: Experimental Models and their Use for the Identification of Drugs with Effects or Side Effects on Basophils." Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents 3, no. 2 (2004): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568014043355401.
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Tsuda, T., D. Wong, J. Dolovich, J. Bienenstock, J. Marshall, and JA Denburg. "Synergistic effects of nerve growth factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on human basophilic cell differentiation." Blood 77, no. 5 (1991): 971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.5.971.971.
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Abstract We have recently shown that nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes human granulopoiesis, specifically augmenting basophilic cell differentiation observed in methylcellulose hematopoietic colony assays of human peripheral blood. Because the NGF effect was seen in the presence of conditioned medium derived from a human T-cell line (Mo-CM) containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), we examined interactions of purified NGF and recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) on granulocyte growth and differentiation. rhGM-CSF stimulated a dose- dependent increase in methylcellulose colony growth at concentrations between 0.1 U/mL and 10 U/mL, and in the presence of NGF at 500 ng/mL this effect was enhanced. The number of basophilic cell colony-forming units (CFU-Baso) and histamine-positive colonies increased synergistically when NGF was added to rhGM-CSF. Furthermore, because Mo- CM acts with sodium butyrate to promote basophilic differentiation of alkaline-passaged myeloid leukemia cells, HL-60, we also examined the interaction of NGF and Mo-CM or rhGM-CSF using this assay. In the presence of NGF, Mo-CM at concentrations of 0.5% to 20% vol/vol, and rhGM-CSF at concentrations of 0.1 U/mL to 100 U/mL synergistically increased histamine production by butyrate-induced, alkaline-passaged HL-60 cells; this was associated with the appearance of metachromatic, tryptase-negative, IgE receptor-positive cells. The effects of rhGM-CSF or Mo-CM were completely abrogated by a specific anti-rhGM-CSF neutralizing antibody in methylcellulose, with or without NGF; the NGF synergy with rhGM-CSF in the HL-60 assay was also inhibited by either anti-rhGM-CSF or anti-NGF antibody. These studies support the notion that differentiation in the basophilic lineage may be enhanced by NGF acting to increase the number of GM-CSF-responsive basophilic cell progenitors.
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Tsuda, T., D. Wong, J. Dolovich, J. Bienenstock, J. Marshall, and JA Denburg. "Synergistic effects of nerve growth factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on human basophilic cell differentiation." Blood 77, no. 5 (1991): 971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.5.971.bloodjournal775971.
Full textAbstract:
We have recently shown that nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes human granulopoiesis, specifically augmenting basophilic cell differentiation observed in methylcellulose hematopoietic colony assays of human peripheral blood. Because the NGF effect was seen in the presence of conditioned medium derived from a human T-cell line (Mo-CM) containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), we examined interactions of purified NGF and recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) on granulocyte growth and differentiation. rhGM-CSF stimulated a dose- dependent increase in methylcellulose colony growth at concentrations between 0.1 U/mL and 10 U/mL, and in the presence of NGF at 500 ng/mL this effect was enhanced. The number of basophilic cell colony-forming units (CFU-Baso) and histamine-positive colonies increased synergistically when NGF was added to rhGM-CSF. Furthermore, because Mo- CM acts with sodium butyrate to promote basophilic differentiation of alkaline-passaged myeloid leukemia cells, HL-60, we also examined the interaction of NGF and Mo-CM or rhGM-CSF using this assay. In the presence of NGF, Mo-CM at concentrations of 0.5% to 20% vol/vol, and rhGM-CSF at concentrations of 0.1 U/mL to 100 U/mL synergistically increased histamine production by butyrate-induced, alkaline-passaged HL-60 cells; this was associated with the appearance of metachromatic, tryptase-negative, IgE receptor-positive cells. The effects of rhGM-CSF or Mo-CM were completely abrogated by a specific anti-rhGM-CSF neutralizing antibody in methylcellulose, with or without NGF; the NGF synergy with rhGM-CSF in the HL-60 assay was also inhibited by either anti-rhGM-CSF or anti-NGF antibody. These studies support the notion that differentiation in the basophilic lineage may be enhanced by NGF acting to increase the number of GM-CSF-responsive basophilic cell progenitors.
35
Dvorak, Ann M. "The mouse basophil, a rare and rarely recognized granulocyte." Blood 96, no. 4 (2000): 1616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.4.1616.
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Dvorak, Ann M. "The mouse basophil, a rare and rarely recognized granulocyte." Blood 96, no. 4 (2000): 1616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.4.1616.h8001608e_1616_1617.
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van Gils, FC, ME van Teeffelen, KJ Neelis, et al. "Interleukin-3 treatment of rhesus monkeys leads to increased production of histamine-releasing cells that express interleukin-3 receptors at high levels." Blood 86, no. 2 (1995): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v86.2.592.bloodjournal862592.
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To understand the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic responses to interleukin-3 (IL-3), expression of cell-surface IL-3 receptors (IL-3R) was examined on bone marrow (BM) cells and peripheral blood (PB) cells of rhesus monkeys during the course of in vivo IL-3 treatment. Whereas IL-3R expression is low in untreated monkeys, IL-3 administration led to a gradual increase in both low- and high-affinity binding sites for IL-3. This increase reflected the total number of cells expressing IL- 3Rs, as detected by flow cytometry using biotinylated IL-3. Most of these IL-3R+ cells in both BM and PB could be characterized as basophilic granulocytes that contained high levels of histamine. In contrast to the effect on these differentiated cells, IL-3 administration did not significantly alter the low level IL-3R expression on immature, CD34+ cells. Further flow cytometric analysis using biotinylated growth factors showed that the IL-3R+ basophils also expressed receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), but not for IL-6 or Kit ligand. These findings indicated that the IL-3R+ cells included neither monocytes, which express GM-CSFRs and IL-6Rs abundantly, nor mast cells, which express c- kit. By combining flow cytometric and Scatchard data, it was calculated that the basophils contain as many as 1 to 2 x 10(3) high-affinity IL- 3Rs and 15 to 30 x 10(3) low-affinity sites. The finding that in vivo IL-3 treatment leads to the production of large numbers of cells that express high levels of IL-3R and are capable of producing histamine provides an explanation for the often severe allergic reactions that occur during prolonged IL-3 administration. It also indicates that IL- 3, in addition to its direct effects on hematopoietic cells, may also stimulate hematopoiesis through the release of secondary mediators such as histamine by IL-3-responsive mature cells.
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Stain, C., H. Stockinger, M. Scharf, et al. "Human blood basophils display a unique phenotype including activation linked membrane structures." Blood 70, no. 6 (1987): 1872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.6.1872.1872.
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Abstract To evaluate the membrane marker profile of human basophils a panel of well-established monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs, n = 60) was used for a combined toluidine/immunofluorescence staining procedure. Myeloid- associated MoAbs (particularly MoAbs against the LFA-1 family (CD11, CDw18), MoAbs directed against lactosylceramide (CDw17), anti- glycoprotein (gp) 150 MoAbs MCS 2 and MY 7 (CDw13), anti-gp 67 MoAb MY 9, anti Fc gamma-receptor (mol wt 40 kd) MoAb CIKM5, anti-CR 1 MoAb E 11, and the antiglycolipid MoAb VIM-2) were reactive with basophils, indicating a close relationship to other mature myeloid cells. Under normal conditions, basophils surprisingly express at least three activation-linked structures not detectable on mature neutrophils, ie, the p45 structure defined by MoAbs OKT-10 and VIP-2b, the p24 structure identified by the CD9 MoAb BA-2, and the receptor for interleukin 2 (IL 2) recognized by three different MoAbs (anti-TAC, IL2RI, anti-IL 2). Moreover, under short-term culture conditions basophils both in mononuclear cell (MNC) suspension and as purified fractions display the HLA-DR and T4 antigens. The neutrophilic/eosinophilic structure 3- fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine is expressed on basophils only after neuraminidase treatment. Basophils were not stained at all by CD 16 MoAbs directed against the Fc gamma-receptor (mol wt 50 to 70 kd) of neutrophils, by the MoAb 63D3 (CDw12) recognizing the monocyte/granulocyte-associated p 200 antigen, and by the CDw 14 antibodies (VIM-13, Mo 2) defining the monocyte-specific structure p 55. Enriched basophils freshly obtained from chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) patients yielded identical results in FACS analyses. In summary, these data indicate that basophils generate a unique combination of surface determinants and possibly represent an activated cell population.
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Stain, C., H. Stockinger, M. Scharf, et al. "Human blood basophils display a unique phenotype including activation linked membrane structures." Blood 70, no. 6 (1987): 1872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.6.1872.bloodjournal7061872.
Full textAbstract:
To evaluate the membrane marker profile of human basophils a panel of well-established monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs, n = 60) was used for a combined toluidine/immunofluorescence staining procedure. Myeloid- associated MoAbs (particularly MoAbs against the LFA-1 family (CD11, CDw18), MoAbs directed against lactosylceramide (CDw17), anti- glycoprotein (gp) 150 MoAbs MCS 2 and MY 7 (CDw13), anti-gp 67 MoAb MY 9, anti Fc gamma-receptor (mol wt 40 kd) MoAb CIKM5, anti-CR 1 MoAb E 11, and the antiglycolipid MoAb VIM-2) were reactive with basophils, indicating a close relationship to other mature myeloid cells. Under normal conditions, basophils surprisingly express at least three activation-linked structures not detectable on mature neutrophils, ie, the p45 structure defined by MoAbs OKT-10 and VIP-2b, the p24 structure identified by the CD9 MoAb BA-2, and the receptor for interleukin 2 (IL 2) recognized by three different MoAbs (anti-TAC, IL2RI, anti-IL 2). Moreover, under short-term culture conditions basophils both in mononuclear cell (MNC) suspension and as purified fractions display the HLA-DR and T4 antigens. The neutrophilic/eosinophilic structure 3- fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine is expressed on basophils only after neuraminidase treatment. Basophils were not stained at all by CD 16 MoAbs directed against the Fc gamma-receptor (mol wt 50 to 70 kd) of neutrophils, by the MoAb 63D3 (CDw12) recognizing the monocyte/granulocyte-associated p 200 antigen, and by the CDw 14 antibodies (VIM-13, Mo 2) defining the monocyte-specific structure p 55. Enriched basophils freshly obtained from chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) patients yielded identical results in FACS analyses. In summary, these data indicate that basophils generate a unique combination of surface determinants and possibly represent an activated cell population.
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Brunner, T., C. H. Heusser, and C. A. Dahinden. "Human peripheral blood basophils primed by interleukin 3 (IL-3) produce IL-4 in response to immunoglobulin E receptor stimulation." Journal of Experimental Medicine 177, no. 3 (1993): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.177.3.605.
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In contrast to most cytokines, interleukin 4 (IL-4) expression is restricted to T lymphocytes, with the exception of mast cell lines and mast cells, as more recently demonstrated in rodents. Little is known, however, about the capacity of human nonlymphoid cells to produce IL-4. In this study we show that mature human basophils are capable of expressing IL-4 and examine the regulation of IL-4 production in comparison with the lipid mediator leukotriene C4. IL-4 was produced upon immunoglobulin E receptor (IgER) activation of basophils cultured with IL-3, a cytokine previously shown to prime these cells for enhanced release of inflammatory mediators. In some experiments, IL-3 or IgER activation alone also induced IL-4 production close to the detection limit. The effect of IL-3 on IgER-dependent IL-4 expression was dose and time dependent: maximal IL-4 production occurred between 18 and 48 h preexposure of basophils to 3-10 ng/ml IL-3. IgER-induced IL-4 synthesis and release by basophils cultured with IL-3 was rapid and complete after 6 h. In contrast to IL-3, other cytokines (IL-5, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and nerve growth factor) that also prime basophils for enhanced histamine and leukotriene C4 release did not promote IgER-induced IL-4 synthesis. Basophils appear to secrete a "TH2-like" cytokine profile since no detectable IL-2 or interferon gamma was produced upon IgER activation. Mononuclear cells (depleted of basophils), cultured in parallel, did not release IL-4 in response to IL-3 and/or IgER activation, and produced approximately ten times less IL-4 than basophils upon nonspecific activation by phorbol ester and calcium ionophore. Thus, human basophils are an important cellular source of IL-4, and may, therefore, in addition to their inflammatory effector functions, also regulate the differentiation of T helper cells and B cells, in particular in allergic diseases.
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Siemińska, Izabela, Ewa Poljańska, and Jarek Baran. "Granulocytes and Cells of Granulocyte Origin—The Relevant Players in Colorectal Cancer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (2021): 3801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073801.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancy and cause of cancer death worldwide, and it still remains a therapeutic challenge for western medicine. There is strong evidence that, in addition to genetic predispositions, environmental factors have also a substantial impact in CRC development. The risk of CRC is attributed, among others to dietary habits, alcohol consumption, whereas physical activity, food containing dietary fiber, dairy products, and calcium supplements have a protective effect. Despite progress in the available therapies, surgery remains a basic treatment option for CRC. Implementation of additional methods of treatment such as chemo- and/or targeted immunotherapy, improved survival rates, however, the results are still far from satisfactory. One of the reasons may be the lack of deeper understanding of the interactions between the tumor and different types of cells, including tumor infiltrating granulocytes. While the role of neutrophils is quite well explored in many cancers, role of eosinophils and basophils is often underestimated. As part of this review, we focused on the function of different granulocyte subsets in CRC, emphasizing the beneficial role of eosinophils and basophils, as well as dichotomic mode of neutrophils action. In addition, we addressed the current knowledge on cells of granulocyte origin, specifically granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (Gr-MDSCs) and their role in development and progression of CRC.
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Ochensberger, B., GC Daepp, S. Rihs, and CA Dahinden. "Human blood basophils produce interleukin-13 in response to IgE- receptor-dependent and -independent activation." Blood 88, no. 8 (1996): 3028–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v88.8.3028.bloodjournal8883028.
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Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a recently discovered immunoregulatory cytokine. The cellular sources of IL-13 and the regulation of its expression are largely unknown. Here we show that human basophils produce IL-13 in response to IgE-receptor (IgER) crosslinking, IL-3, IL-3 plus C5a, but not C5a alone. Human basophils express IL-13 in a restricted manner since, apart from IL-4, no other cytokines encoded on the cytokine gene cluster (IL-3, IL-5, and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]), are induced. Highest levels of IL-13 are formed after IgE-independent activation leading to a prolonged secretion of IL-13. The response to IgER-cross-linking is more transient preferentially inducing IL-4, IL-3 is a unique cytokine regulating IL-13 production by human basophils: Among a large number of cytokines tested, only IL-3 is capable of directly inducing IL-13 expression. Furthermore, although some IL-13 is produced in response to C5a in the presence of IL-5, GM-CSF, IGF-1 or IL-1 beta, IL-3 is by far the most effective. IL-13 production was blocked by actinomycin D and cycloheximide and conditions leading to IL-13 release also lead to the induction of IL-13 mRNA. This study supports an important immunoregulatory role of human blood basophils, owing to their capacity to simultaneously express IL-13 and IL-4 in a restricted manner.
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Varricchi, Gilda, Diego Bagnasco, Matteo Ferrando, Francesca Puggioni, Giovanni Passalacqua, and Giorgio W. Canonica. "Mepolizumab in the management of severe eosinophilic asthma in adults: current evidence and practical experience." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 11, no. 1 (2016): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753465816673303.
Full textAbstract:
Eosinophils represent approximately 1% of peripheral blood leukocytes in normal donors and their maturation and differentiation in the bone marrow are mainly regulated by interleukin (IL)-5 [Broughton et al. 2015]. IL-5, a cytokine that belongs to the β common-chain family, together with IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), stimulates also the activation and survival of eosinophils and, to some extent, of basophils. IL-5 binds to a heterodimer receptor composed of the specific subunit IL-5Rα and a common subunit βc shared with IL-3 and GM-CSF. Human eosinophils express approximately a three-fold higher level of IL-5Rα compared with basophils. Major sources of IL-5 are T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, mast cells, CD34+ progenitor cells, invariant natural killer (NK) T-cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), and eosinophils themselves. ILC2s control not only eosinophil number but also their circadian cycling through the production of IL-5.
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Nutku, Esra, Hideyuki Aizawa, Sherry A. Hudson, and Bruce S. Bochner. "Ligation of Siglec-8: a selective mechanism for induction of human eosinophil apoptosis." Blood 101, no. 12 (2003): 5014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-10-3058.
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AbstractSialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 8 (Siglec-8), which exists in 2 isoforms including one possessing cytoplasmic tyrosine motifs, is expressed only on human eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. Until now, its function was unknown. Here we define a novel function of Siglec-8 on eosinophils. Siglec-8 cross-linking with antibodies rapidly generated caspase-3–like activity and reduced eosinophil viability through induction of apoptosis. The pancaspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz)–Val-Ala-Asp-(Ome)-fluoromethyl ketone (zVAD-FMK) completely blocked this response, implicating caspases in Siglec-8 cross-linking–induced apoptosis. Eosinophil survival-promoting cytokines such as interleukin 5 (IL-5) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) failed to block apoptosis and instead enhanced the sensitivity of eosinophils to undergo apoptosis in response to Siglec-8 antibody. Siglec-8 activation may provide a useful therapeutic approach to reduce numbers of eosinophils (and perhaps basophils and mast cells) in disease states where these cells are important.
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Bheekha-Escura, Roy, Donald W. MacGlashan, Jacqueline M. Langdon, and Susan M. MacDonald. "Human recombinant histamine-releasing factor activates human eosinophils and the eosinophilic cell line, AML14-3D10." Blood 96, no. 6 (2000): 2191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.6.2191.
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Abstract The human recombinant histamine-releasing factor (HrHRF) was previously shown to induce histamine release from human basophils from a subset of donors. The ability of HrHRF to directly induce histamine release from only certain basophils was thought to involve interaction between HrHRF and a particular kind of IgE, termed IgE+, on the surface of these cells. Recent studies disproved the hypothesis that the IgE molecule or its high-affinity receptor, FcεRI, is involved in secretion of histamine and cytokines by basophils stimulated with HrHRF. Rather, data suggest that HrHRF is a cytokine that stimulates basophils by binding to a cell-surface structure other than the IgE molecule. This report describes the effects of HrHRF on another inflammatory cell type: eosinophils from mildly allergic donors. In purified eosinophils primed with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, both tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and HrHRF induced increased secretion of interleukin (IL) 8. In addition, both HrHRF and IL-5 enhanced secretion of IL-8 stimulated by TNF-α. Secretion of IL-8 reached a plateau level in less than 24 hours, was inhibited by cycloheximide, and required the presence of HrHRF throughout the culture period. In some eosinophil preparations, HrHRF induced calcium mobilization that was inhibited by pertussis toxin. Additionally, HrHRF caused secretion of IL-8 from the human eosinophilic cell line, AML14-3D10, which does not possess the α chain of FcεRI. These data provide evidence that HrHRF contributes to activation of eosinophils and thus suggest an additional role for HrHRF in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of allergic disease.
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Bheekha-Escura, Roy, Donald W. MacGlashan, Jacqueline M. Langdon, and Susan M. MacDonald. "Human recombinant histamine-releasing factor activates human eosinophils and the eosinophilic cell line, AML14-3D10." Blood 96, no. 6 (2000): 2191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.6.2191.h8002191_2191_2198.
Full textAbstract:
The human recombinant histamine-releasing factor (HrHRF) was previously shown to induce histamine release from human basophils from a subset of donors. The ability of HrHRF to directly induce histamine release from only certain basophils was thought to involve interaction between HrHRF and a particular kind of IgE, termed IgE+, on the surface of these cells. Recent studies disproved the hypothesis that the IgE molecule or its high-affinity receptor, FcεRI, is involved in secretion of histamine and cytokines by basophils stimulated with HrHRF. Rather, data suggest that HrHRF is a cytokine that stimulates basophils by binding to a cell-surface structure other than the IgE molecule. This report describes the effects of HrHRF on another inflammatory cell type: eosinophils from mildly allergic donors. In purified eosinophils primed with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, both tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and HrHRF induced increased secretion of interleukin (IL) 8. In addition, both HrHRF and IL-5 enhanced secretion of IL-8 stimulated by TNF-α. Secretion of IL-8 reached a plateau level in less than 24 hours, was inhibited by cycloheximide, and required the presence of HrHRF throughout the culture period. In some eosinophil preparations, HrHRF induced calcium mobilization that was inhibited by pertussis toxin. Additionally, HrHRF caused secretion of IL-8 from the human eosinophilic cell line, AML14-3D10, which does not possess the α chain of FcεRI. These data provide evidence that HrHRF contributes to activation of eosinophils and thus suggest an additional role for HrHRF in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of allergic disease.
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Musio, Silvia, Massimo Costanza, Pietro Luigi Poliani та ін. "Treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody exacerbates EAE and T-cell immunity against myelin". Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 4, № 3 (2017): e342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000342.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of targeting the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FcεRI), that plays a central role in allergic responses and is constitutively expressed on mast cells and basophils, in clinical disease and autoimmune T-cell response in experimental MS.Methods:Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55. Anti-FcεRI α-chain antibody was administered intraperitoneally. CNS immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry analysis of immune cell populations, IgE and histamine serum concentration, immune cell proliferation, and cytokine measurement were performed. In BALB/c mice, EAE was induced by immunization with myelin proteolipid protein 185–206.Results:Treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody resulted in exacerbation of EAE and increased CNS inflammation in C57BL/6 mice. Treated mice displayed long-lasting complete depletion of basophils in the blood stream and peripheral lymphoid organs and increased antigen-induced immune cell proliferation and production of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In BALB/c mice, which are T-helper (Th) 2 prone and resistant to EAE, treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody restored susceptibility to EAE.Conclusion:Our observations that anti-FcεRIα antibody increases Th1 and Th17 responses against myelin antigen and exacerbates EAE suggest that FcεRI, basophils, and possibly other FcεRI-bearing cells that might be affected by this antibody play important roles in influencing the severity of CNS autoimmunity.
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Kobayashi, M., BH Van Leeuwen, S. Elsbury, ME Martinson, IG Young, and AJ Hapel. "Interleukin-3 is significantly more effective than other colony- stimulating factors in long-term maintenance of human bone marrow- derived colony-forming cells in vitro." Blood 73, no. 7 (1989): 1836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.7.1836.1836.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Human bone marrow cells cultured for 21 days in the presence of recombinant human interleukin-3 (IL-3) produced up to 28 times more colony-forming cells (CFC) than could be obtained from cultures stimulated with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF). IL-3-cultured cells retained a multipotent response to IL-3 in colony assays but were restricted to formation of granulocyte colonies in G-CSF and granulocyte or macrophage colonies in GM-CSF. Culture of bone marrow cells in IL-3 also led to accumulation of large numbers of eosinophils and basophils. These data contrast with the effects of G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-3 in seven-day cultures. Here both GM-CSF and IL-3 amplified total CFC that had similar multipotential colony-forming capability in either factor. G-CSF, on the other hand, depleted IL-3-responsive colony-forming cells dramatically, apparently by causing these cells to mature into granulocytes. The data suggest that a large proportion of IL-3- responsive cells in human bone marrow express receptors for G-CSF and can respond to this factor, the majority becoming neutrophils. Furthermore, the CFC maintained for 21 days in IL-3 may be a functionally distinct population from that produced after seven days culture of bone marrow cells in either IL-3 or GM-CSF.
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Kobayashi, M., BH Van Leeuwen, S. Elsbury, ME Martinson, IG Young, and AJ Hapel. "Interleukin-3 is significantly more effective than other colony- stimulating factors in long-term maintenance of human bone marrow- derived colony-forming cells in vitro." Blood 73, no. 7 (1989): 1836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.7.1836.bloodjournal7371836.
Full textAbstract:
Human bone marrow cells cultured for 21 days in the presence of recombinant human interleukin-3 (IL-3) produced up to 28 times more colony-forming cells (CFC) than could be obtained from cultures stimulated with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF). IL-3-cultured cells retained a multipotent response to IL-3 in colony assays but were restricted to formation of granulocyte colonies in G-CSF and granulocyte or macrophage colonies in GM-CSF. Culture of bone marrow cells in IL-3 also led to accumulation of large numbers of eosinophils and basophils. These data contrast with the effects of G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-3 in seven-day cultures. Here both GM-CSF and IL-3 amplified total CFC that had similar multipotential colony-forming capability in either factor. G-CSF, on the other hand, depleted IL-3-responsive colony-forming cells dramatically, apparently by causing these cells to mature into granulocytes. The data suggest that a large proportion of IL-3- responsive cells in human bone marrow express receptors for G-CSF and can respond to this factor, the majority becoming neutrophils. Furthermore, the CFC maintained for 21 days in IL-3 may be a functionally distinct population from that produced after seven days culture of bone marrow cells in either IL-3 or GM-CSF.
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Pupin, Fabio, Roberto Sacchi, Stefano Scali, et al. "Blood cell morphology of the Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica." Amphibia-Reptilia 28, no. 4 (2007): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853807782152615.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The morphology of erythrocytes, trombocytes, monocytes, basophils and lymphocytes on Moorish geckos (Tarentola mauritanica) is quite similar to that of other reptiles, even though some peculiarities were detected for heterophils and eosinophils. Moreover, we found a fourth type of granulocyte whose morphology highly differs from both heterophils and eosinophils. Sexually-based differences in the relative abundance of different types of leukocytes was detected: lymphocytes were the most frequent in females, while heterophils and eosinophils prevailed in males. Interestingly, in most individuals we found intra-erythrocytic vacuoles whose structure is similar to that previously described as Chelonoplasma in tortoises and Serpentoplasma in snakes.