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Journal articles on the topic 'Basque Region'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Dronova, S. Yu. "Basque in the Spanish Newspaper Discourse as an Instrument for Maintaining Political Identity." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 10, no. 4 (November 3, 2020): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2020-10-4-118-124.

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This article deals with the use of words in the language of Basques in Spanish-language print media. The research hypothesis was as follows: the use of Basque in the Spanish newspaper discourse has a political background and is directly related to the political course and aspirations of the Basque authorities. In the research, the authors used the historical method. It allowed considering the importance of the language of Basques for the nationalist struggle of the region since the end of the 19th century. The method of content analysis allowed identifying Basque words which are most frequently used in Spanish newspapers. It allowed the application of the method of quantitative analysis of the use of these words in selected publications for all the time of existence of the electronic archive. The author found the method of comparative analysis of the data obtained and the method of interrogation through questionnaires. As a result of the research, the author revealed that all the Basque words which are most often used in Spanish newspapers are related to politics and can be translated into Spanish without loss of meaning. According to the public opinion survey, the Basque words in Spanish newspapers create a sense of uniqueness of political phenomena occurring in the Basque Country, which contributes to strengthening the image of the isolation of the region. It is one of the political goals of the leadership of the Basque Country — the recognition of the Basques as a nation equally with the Spanish nation, as well as the establishment of special partnership and relations between the region and Spain. The image of the unique Basque nation can contribute to the realisation of the old dream of Basque nationalists —the unification of the Basque Land (Basque Country, part of Navarra and French Iparralde) on a national basis.

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2

Chesnokova, Olga, and Liana Dzhishkariani. "Value Dominants of Basque Mentality in the Contemporary Media in Spain." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 8, no. 4 (October 26, 2019): 800–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2019.8(4).800-815.

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The article discusses and interprets the Basque mentality values and their evidence in the contemporary political discourse and media. An important task of communication science and medialinguistics is the study of pragma-linguistic properties of media texts and their impact on the audience. The contemporary Spanish media feature an impressive range of sources representing and interpreting the multicultural and multi-ethnic situation in Spain, as well as ongoing socio-political and socio-economic changes. Together with the Spanish language being the official state language, the Catalan, the Galician and the Basque have been established co-official languages by the Spanish Constitution. Basque Autonomous Community, or the Basque Country, is one of the most prosperous and steadily developing Autonomous Communities of Spain, which affects the socio-political situation in the region and the discourse of political parties. A vast majority of Basque people are bilingual. The hypothesis of this study states that the contemporary reality of the Basque Country finds its reflection in value dominants of the discourse of political parties of the Basque Country. This discourse is objectified by the Mass Media rhetoric, studying which the authors determine and discuss the value dominants of Basque linguistic culture, their linguo-pragmatic features and their use in the media language, as well as their lexical, semantic, morphological and syntactic features. All this builds up the topicality of the research into pragma-linguistic parameters of media texts and mechanisms of their impact on the audience. The authors infer that the media rhetoric includes onomastic dominants (naming units of Spanish Basque Country and French Basque Country and their paraphrases, of Spain, Basque people, and the Basque language), and keywords of the Basque mentality introduced into a Spanish text in Basque. Moreover, being integral components of the discourse of political parties in the Basque Country, these linguistic means acquire and realize their cultural and symbolic potential, and reflect the mentality, values, and traditions of Basques in the modern Basque and Spanish media.

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3

Bengtson, John D. "The Anthropological Context of Euskaro-Caucasian." Iran and the Caucasus 21, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-90000008.

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The hypothesis that the Basque language is genetically related to languages in the Caucasus region was developed in the 20th century by respected scholars including C. C. Uhlenbeck, Georges Dumézil, and René Lafon, but has recently fallen into disfavour. The author defends the Euskaro-Caucasian hypothesis in a refined model in which Basque (Euskara) is most closely related to the North Caucasian language family (but not “South Caucasian” = Kartvelian). It is maintained that this hypothesis is not only linguistically convincing, supported by hundreds of basic etymologies, sound correspondences, and shared morphology, but is also consistent with recent results in archaeology and human genetics. Among the Euskaro-Caucasian etymologies is a significant number involving small and large cattle, swine, dairying, grain and pulse crops, and tools and methods of processing crops. These lexical fields are consistent with the spread of agriculture and animal husbandry to Western Europe by means of colonisation by bearers of the Cardial (Impressed Ware) Culture who came from the Anatolian (or possibly Balkan) region, and spoke a language related to Proto-North Caucasian. The well-known genetic distinctiveness of the Basques is a result of centuries of low population size, genetic drift and endogamy, rather than purely Paleolithic ancestry. The present-day Basque people represent a genetic amalgam of the Cardial colonists with indigenous hunter-gatherers, but their Euskaro-Caucasian language is colonial, not indigenous, in origin. Basque is the sole remaining descendant of the Euskaro-Caucasian family in Western Europe, but there is evidence (in the form of substratum words) that this colonial language was formerly more widely spread in other nearby regions (Sardinia, parts of Iberia, France, the Alps, Italy, the Balkans, and perhaps beyond).

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4

Dayioglu, Attila Gokhun. "Disputes Between the National States and Ethnic Identities with the Basque Example." Polish Political Science Review 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppsr-2019-0014.

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AbstractEthnicity in the historical process has been the main subject of political, economic, military and geographical change. Ethnicity, which was identical to the identity of tribes and clans before empires formed the basis of different phenomena in multi-ethnic national states. In this context, terms such as nation, race, ethnic minority, national minority etc. are used synonymously. The international structure formed aft er the collapse of the bipolar system. Concepts such as ethnic, ethnic group, minority, national minority, ethnic minority, nation, nation-state, ethnic-state, ethnic problems, ethnic discrimination have been brought to the agenda again and these concepts’ qualities and meanings have started to be reconsidered by scholars.Ethnic issues not only affect internal politics but also external and international politics for countries which have ethnic groups in their society. Therefore, these effects are causing the questioning of the system of national-states which underlies the international system.The Basque problem is characterised by the nationalist movements of the Basque society which is struggling for independence in Spain from the past to the present (the Basque society has been struggling for independence in Spain since 17th century) or who are working hard to achieve their special status. From the demands for privileges of the Basque separatist movement in Spain, the Basque problem is of great importance for the current Spanish political system.In order to solve the problem, it is necessary to examine the mutual demands and solutions of Spain and the Basque Country. From this point of view, the Spanish Administration should be directed towards moderate policies and take into account the conditions of the region. The constitution must also guarantee individual and cultural rights. This study aims to observe the problems between the Basques and Spain historically and to understand the Basque ethnic phenomenon better.

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5

Ozfidan, Burhan, and Lynn M. Burlbaw. "Perceptions of Bilingual Education Model in Spain: How to Implement a Bilingual Education Model in Turkey." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/49.

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The main target of the study is to examinethe bilingual education program in the Basque Country, and identify whether or not their bilingual education can be implemented in Turkey. In thisresearch study, we used a qualitative method including data collection through an open-ended survey and interview that illustrates the issues surrounding bilingual education in the Basque region. The survey and interviewencompassed30 participants from K-12 teachers and the scholars in the Basque Country. The participants’ answers from both survey and interviewwere gathered and analyzed. The researcher coded emergent themes in the survey and interview. According to results, the Basque region over the last decade has established a bilingual education model, which offers multiple options for the linguistic study of the Basque language, and this model is still a reputable ongoing bilingual education system. Since Turkey and Spain historically and politically have many similarities, the Basque bilingual model can be implemented in Turkey as well.

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de Groot, Olaf J., and Idil Göksel. "Conflict and Education Demand in the Basque Region." Journal of Conflict Resolution 55, no. 4 (August 30, 2010): 652–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002710381067.

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7

Cardoso, Sergio, María Jesús Villanueva-Millán, Laura Valverde, Adrian Odriozola, Jose M. Aznar, Sergio Piñeiro-Hermida, and Marian M. de Pancorbo. "Mitochondrial DNA control region variation in an autochthonous Basque population sample from the Basque Country." Forensic Science International: Genetics 6, no. 4 (July 2012): e106-e108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.12.007.

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Zirakzadeh, Cyrus Ernesto. "Economic Changes and Surges in Micro-Nationalist Voting in Scotland and the Basque Region of Spain." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 318–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041750001584x.

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I During the 1970s, residents in Scotland and the Basque region of Spain began to vote in large numbers for nationalist candidates. Almost overnight the Scottish National Party and a collection of three Basque parties became important electoral forces, expanding their shares in general elections by more than 15 percent of all ballots cast (see Tables 1 and 2).

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9

Rodríguez-Ordóñez, Itxaso. "Stylistic Variation and the Role of Dialect Contact in the leísmo of Basque-Spanish." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 14, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 81–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2021-2041.

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Abstract There is considerable debate with respect to the status of Basque-Spanish leísmo as a contact phenomenon. To address this conundrum, the present study adds another variable, dialect contact and examines the synchronic variation of Basque-Spanish leísmo among educated young speakers, paying special attention to possible stylistic effects. The speech of 41 Basque-Spanish speakers was gathered by means of sociolinguistic interviews and an elicited production task. Participants were stratified by region: 22 speakers were recruited from Gernika where contact with Basque has been intense and compared to 19 speakers from the Greater Bilbao Area where the contact with Basque is less strong. Dialect contact was operationalized through parental input (Basque Country vs. Monolingual Spain). Results indicate that leísmo is quite extended in the Spanish of the Basque Country and mainly driven by animacy. Basque-Spanish leísmo is also subject to stylistic effects, whereby animacy and grammatical gender effects were found, suggesting that Basque-Spanish speakers alternate between two systems depending on speech formality. Finally, results indicate that parental origin had an effect in Bilbao, but not in Gernika. I situate these results within a discussion of previous work on dialect contact.

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Zákravský, Jiří. "Basque National Football Team as a Political Tool. One Hundred Years Old Project and Its Changes (1915–2014)." Sport Science Review 25, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2016): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0001.

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Abstract The goal of my article is to analyze football in Basque Country, or better to say Basque national football representation, as a political tool since its inception. I decided to focus on this specific region because football, and Basque national team as well, has a long history and plays an important role in the whole Spanish society. Football in Spain is a political issue because of the multi-national composition of the state where we observe strong separatist or secessionist demands. In my opinion, Basque national team has never been “only” a football selection. Euskal Selekzioa is a well-known Basque nationalist speaker because of the way how it represents Basque nation. It uses one of the most popular things all round the world, kicking the ball. This article is divided into four main parts. In the first chapter, I deal with the birth of Basque national movement and with the discovery of the game of football in Spain. The second chapter is dedicated to the Spanish Civil War when the world-famous Basque national football team existed. Another part observes the Basque nationalism in the context of football, not only in Franco’s time but during the years of the transition to democracy. I finish my article with a contemplation of the officialization of Basque national football team.

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Gavilanes-Trapote, J., I. Etxeberria-Agiriano, E. Cilleruelo, and G. Garechana. "Analysis of technological knowledge flows in the Basque Country." International Journal of Production Management and Engineering 7 (June 5, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2019.10572.

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<p>Knowledge flow of technology is important for continuous growth and extension of science. Patent data analysis has facilitated this knowledge acquisition. The available patent information crosses borders, corresponds and interacts with new inventions to give new strength and dimension to the technology. Therefore, the patent citation information functions as a key indicator of the knowledge flow providing relevant information. It can be identified to which extent a region is a relevant technological knowledge generator to other regions. As an illustrative case, we present a study to determine the role played by the Basque Country region as a generator of technological innovation during the period 1991-2011.</p>

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Roman Etxebarrieta, Gorka, Elizabeth Pérez-Izaguirre, and Argia Langarika-Rocafort. "Teaching Minority Languages in Multiethnic and Multilingual Environments: Teachers’ Perceptions of Students’ Attitudes toward the Teaching of Basque in Compulsory Education." Education Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10020025.

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The literature reveals the difficulty of teaching minority languages in multiethnic and multilingual regions. Studies about teachers’ perceptions when instructing a minority language might help stakeholders to design interventions to overcome this problem. The first aim of this study was to describe teachers’ perceptions of type of issues, student complaints, and behaviors when teaching in Basque. The second aim was to state whether there is any relation between the origin of the students, the teachers’ working experience, and working region with the occurrence of issues, type of complaints in class, and the role of students’ parents. The data for this study were collected using an online questionnaire answered by 197 teachers. A descriptive analysis of the answers was performed using SPSS® (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Chi-square analyses were conducted to study the relation between variables. Results indicate that teachers believe Basque is sometimes undermined in their teaching practice, but no difference is perceived between local and migrant students. Conversely, regarding teachers’ views, negative attitudes toward Basque are mostly influenced by students’ families. This provides evidence to encourage education stakeholders to design better lessons involving the teaching of Basque.

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Abadie, Alberto, and Javier Gardeazabal. "The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country." American Economic Review 93, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455188.

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This article investigates the economic effects of conflict, using the terrorist conflict in the Basque Country as a case study. We find that, after the outbreak of terrorism in the late 1960's, per capita GDP in the Basque Country declined about 10 percentage points relative to a synthetic control region without terrorism. In addition, we use the 1998–1999 truce as a natural experiment. We find that stocks of firms with a significant part of their business in the Basque Country showed a positive relative performance when truce became credible, and a negative relative performance at the end of the cease-fire.

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Hollinshead, Janet E. "CHESTER, LIVERPOOL AND THE BASQUE REGION IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY." Mariner's Mirror 85, no. 4 (January 1999): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1999.10656761.

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15

Elsden, Carol, and Carmen Yarritu. "Development of nursing services in the Basque Autonomous Region, Spain." Nursing Administration Quarterly 16, no. 2 (1992): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006216-199201620-00013.

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Etxeberria, Felix. "Education and Roma Children in the Basque Region of Spain." Intercultural Education 13, no. 3 (September 2002): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1467598022000008369.

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17

McLeod, B. A., M. W. Brown, M. J. Moore, W. Stevens, S. H. Barkham, M. Barkham, and B. N. White. "Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic." ARCTIC 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic7.

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During the 16th and 17th centuries, Basque whalers travelled annually to the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence to hunt whales. The hunting that occurred during this period is of primary significance for the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), because it has been interpreted as the largest human-induced reduction of the western North Atlantic population, with ~12250–21 000 whales killed. It has been frequently reported that the Basques targeted two species in this region: the North Atlantic right whale and the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. To evaluate this hypothesis and the relative impact of this period of whaling on both species, we collected samples from 364 whale bones during a comprehensive search of Basque whaling ports from the 16th to the 17th century in the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bones were found and sampled at 10 of the 20 sites investigated. DNA was extracted from a subset (n = 218) of these samples. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region identified five whale species. The identification of only a single right whale bone and 203 bowhead whale bones from at least 72 individuals indicates that the bowhead whale was likely the principal target of the hunt. These results imply that this whaling had a much greater impact (in terms of numbers of whales removed) on the bowhead whale population than on the western North Atlantic right whale population.

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Otaegui, D., O. Zuriarrain, T. Castillo-Triviño, AM Aransay, J. Ruíz-Martinez, J. Olaskoaga, JF Marti-Masso, and A. Lopez de Munain. "Association between synapsin III gene promoter SNPs and multiple sclerosis in Basque patients." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 15, no. 1 (January 2009): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458508096682.

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Background Synapsins are a family of neuron-specific phosphoproteins, one of whose subunits is encoded by the SYN3 gene. This gene is located close to one of the multiple sclerosis susceptibility regions (in 22q13.1). Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs133945 and rs133946) in the promoter region of this gene have been proposed as factors protecting against MS. This relationship is not clear because another report failed to found such association. Objectives In an attempt to clarify this association, the frequency of these SNPs was analyzed in a population of 221 Spanish MS patients with a cluster of 72 Basque patients and in 373 controls with a cluster of 138 controls of a Basque origin. Methods The SNis analysis was performed by 9 PCR. Results According to our findings, these SNPs are differently distributed in the two populations. This significant bias should therefore be taken into account in association studies. Our data suggest that the C/C genotype in rs133946 and the G/G genotype in rs133945 could be protecting factors against MS in the Basque population.

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Byrnes, Joseph F. "The Relationship of Religious Practice to Linguistic Culture: Language, Religion, and Education in Alsace and the Roussillon, 1860–1890." Church History 68, no. 3 (September 1999): 598–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170040.

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The revolutionary and legislator Bertrand Barrère in his Sur les idiomes étrangers et l'enseignement de la langue française had said, “Federalism and superstition speak Breton; emigration and hatred of the Republic speak German; the counter-revolution speaks Italian, and fanaticism speaks Basque.” For Barrère, regional languages were intertwined with religion (“superstition,” “fanaticism”) and the other antigovernment forces. And he was right, at least in part. Surveys made in the last century indicate that of those regions where a language other than French was spoken (German in Alsace-Lorraine, Flemish in the department of the Nord, Gaelic in Brittany, Basque in the Southwest, and Catalan in the Roussillon), all save the Roussillon had statistically high levels of religious practice. To explore how religious practice has been supported by linguistic culture in modern France, I have chosen the high-practice region of Alsace and the low-practice region of the Roussillon in the last half of the nineteenth century. I want to interpret the dynamics through which Alsace supported religious practice and the Roussillon did not.

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Putrik, Polina, Roberto Nuño-Solinís, Regina Sauto Arce, and José Agustín Ozamiz. "Comparative study of chronic care in three European regions: Basque country, Veneto Region, and Wales." International Journal of Healthcare Management 7, no. 3 (January 7, 2014): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2047971913y.0000000063.

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Ferrer, L., A. Fontán, J. Mader, G. Chust, M. González, V. Valencia, Ad Uriarte, and M. B. Collins. "Low-salinity plumes in the oceanic region of the Basque Country." Continental Shelf Research 29, no. 8 (April 2009): 970–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.12.014.

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Epshteyn, V. A., P. V. Menshikov, A. S. Vilchinskii, and V. S. Novikova. "On the issue of the administrative and legal methodology used by the Kingdom of Spain to counter the nationalist and separatist aspirations of the Basque country." Journal of Law and Administration 15, no. 4 (January 30, 2020): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-4-53-100-109.

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Introduction. The article is devoted to the instruments used by the Spanish Kingdom in administrative and legal spheres to counter nationalist and separatist aspirations of the Basque Country throughout different historic periods. Special attention is paid to the confrontation with the Basque terrorist organization ETA. In addition, the research analyzes what caused ETA to emerge, underscores the major stages of its evolution, and discusses cross-border aspects of bilateral cooperation between Spain and France under the aegis of the supra-national specialized organization of Europol. The administrative and legal instruments used by Spain are distinguished in context of the analysis of the prospects for the applying of modern political and legal toolkit in the regional policy that is often contrary to the interests of the modern centralized state. The research pays attention to the administrative measures that led to ETA crisis and its further collapse.Material and methods. The paper uses the methodology of a retrospective analysis and content-analysis to characterize the shifts in the principles of Spanish administrative and territorial tools and their influence on the nature of the Basque nationalism. The Constitution of 1977 and the Statute of autonomy of the Basque Country are considered.Results. The paper sums up all the major shifts in the Spanish practice in the usage of administrative and political measures to combat the Basque separatist aspirations, evaluates their efficiency and outlines current obstacles towards the way of the establishment of a new bilateral dialogue with Madrid.Conclusion. The first part of this article points out the growth of nationalist and separatist aspirations in the Basque Country and shows how political systems (absolute monarchy, republic, authoritarian governance, constitutional monarchy) lead to the application of new administrative and legal instruments that affect the Basque nationalist aspirations. The second part focuses on the current state of relations between the region and the central government.

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Calero, Jonatan, and Julio del Corral. "Is human capital protection effective? The case of the Basque Country in Spanish football." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 4, no. 3 (July 8, 2014): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-07-2013-0025.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether the protection that some football teams submit to the football players from its region has a positive effect on the quality of the football players from these regions. Particularly, it is analyzed the natural experiment offered by the Basque Country. Design/methodology/approach – First are evaluated the productivity of the regions and thereafter it is analyzed the efficiency of the regions using a production function approach. Lastly, it is evaluated the evolution of the human capital from the under-19 to the absolute national team to determine if the human capital protection of the Basque Country clubs is effective in improving the human capital. Findings – The main finding is that the protection's effect to the productive factors submitted into a competitive environment, exerts a positive influence on the development and growth of this factor, because the protection offers more possibilities of promotion and improving his productive capacity. Originality/value – To the best of knowledge there is no paper that has analyzed the effectiveness of a human capital protection policy.

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Nunez-Zabaleta, Aitziber. "Social Media for Business Purposes." International Journal of E-Business Research 15, no. 3 (July 2019): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijebr.2019070103.

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This article analyses the specific work tasks that 302 professional workers from the Basque region in Spain perform on social media (SM) for attaining their objectives, together with the work satisfaction they gain. The target population consisted of 23,000 professional workers in the Spanish Basque Country region, both employees and self-employed, with a particular interest in the use of new technologies. A sample of 302 professional workers were surveyed. The author found that professional workers are using SM applications to accomplish a wide range of objectives. Employees themselves are using SM for business purposes with their own strategy and on behalf of the company they work for. In addition to the SM strategy of the employees being integrated within the overall business strategy, managers should encourage them to use SM as this all contributes to the better performance of the company.

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Rodríguez-Álvarez, Elena, Nerea Lanborena, and Luisa N. Borrell. "Health Services Access Inequalities Between Native and Immigrant in a Southern European Region." International Journal of Health Services 49, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731418809858.

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With the economic crisis in Spain, austerity measures were applied. However, it is unknown how these measures have affected the pattern of use of health services for the immigrant population. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the inequalities in access to different levels of health care services according to place of birth. We used data from the 2014 Foreign Immigrant Population Survey (n = 1,908) and the Basque Health Survey 2013 for the native population (n = 4,232) for adults aged 16–59 years residing in the Basque Country, Spain. Log-binomial regression was used to quantify the association between country of origin and use of different levels of care in men and in women. We found a higher probability of using general practitioner (GP) services in immigrant women (PR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.12–1.26) and men (PR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01–1.23) than in natives. This was also true for emergency services with immigrant women (PR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.43–2.69) and men (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01–2.25). However, for specialized medicine services, there was no association. This study suggests the importance of guaranteeing access to health care to the entire population. Hence policies to eliminate barriers to health care are essential to ensure health for all.

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Fernández-Eraso, Javier, José Antonio Mujika-Alustiza, Lydia Zapata-Peña, María-José Iriarte-Chiapusso, Ana Polo-Díaz, Pedro Castaños, Antonio Tarriño-Vinagre, Sergio Cardoso, Jesús Sesma-Sesma, and Jesús García-Gazolaz. "Beginnings, settlement and consolidation of the production economy in the Basque region." Quaternary International 364 (April 2015): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.070.

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Calderón, R., U. Aresti, B. Ambrosio, and J. M. Rosa. "Geographic, demographic and inbreeding patterns in a Basque mountainous region of Guipuzcoa." International Journal of Anthropology 20, no. 3-4 (July 2005): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02443057.

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Welch-Devine, Meredith, and Seth Murray. "'We're European Farmers Now'." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2011.200105.

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In this article, we discuss the economic constraints and opportunities that Basque farmers in two neighbouring valleys in France faced before the 2003 reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In the last decade, constraints and opportunities have shifted, and farmers have diversified their economic strategies in order to cope with a rise in rural tourism and second home ownership, an expansion of leisure activities into what has historically been an agricultural territory, and the implications that the uncertain future of the European Union's CAP has for small family farmers in this area. We examine this diversification of household economic strategies to include non-agricultural activities and the implications it has for economic health and rural livelihoods in the Basque region.

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Gonzalez, L., H. Reid, I. Pow, and J. Gilmour. "A disease resembling louping-ill in sheep in the Basque region of Spain." Veterinary Record 121, no. 1 (July 4, 1987): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.121.1.12.

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Kovalchuk, M. "Basque separatism vs Catalan independence movement: socio-cultural aspects." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-1-33-38.

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The current situation in Spain is characterized by the confrontation of two movements known as «independence movement» and «separatism». Both the Basque region and Catalonia have their own language, culture and a long history of the development of isolation tendencies. However, the objectives and the ways to achieve them have been different for a long time. In order to preserve the sociocultural unity of Spain it is necessary to eliminate the factors that that prevent people from finding the solution to the conflict, and the most important thing is to initiate dialogue, reach a compromise and be ready to stand by the words. It is difficult to imagine that any part will be separated from Spain from the economic point of view and, above all, socio-cultural, because the majority of Spanish population considers Spain as a strong and united State.

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Floyd Rebollo, Michelle, Gabriel Saitua Iturriaga, Carmen Diez Sáez, and Elena Sánchez Gonzalez. "Enhanced family-centered care coordination for children with special needs in the Basque Region." International Journal of Integrated Care 16, no. 6 (December 16, 2016): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.2773.

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Barandika, J. F., E. Berriatua, M. Barral, R. A. Juste, P. Anda, and A. L. Garcia-Perez. "Risk factors associated with ixodid tick species distributions in the Basque region in Spain." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 20, no. 2 (June 2006): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00619.x.

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Arranz, Enrique B., Fernando Olabarrieta, Ainhoa Manzano, Juan L. Martín, Natalia Cruz, and Alaitz Etxaniz. "Assessment of positive parenting programmes in the Autonomous Region of the Basque Country (Spain)." Psychosocial Intervention 25, no. 2 (August 2016): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psi.2016.03.003.

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Pittaway, Luke, Olga Rivera, and Anne Murphy. "Social Identity and Leadership in the Basque Region: A Study of Leadership Development Programmes." Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 11, no. 3 (March 2005): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100302.

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Tarrow, Norma. "Language, culture, and early childhood education in Catalonia and the Basque Region of Spain." International Journal of Early Childhood 22, no. 2 (September 1990): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03174663.

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Nieves-Aldrey, Jose Luis, Diego Gil-Tapetado, Oscar Gavira, Juan R. Boyero, Carlo Polidori, Maria J. Lombardero, Diana Blanco, et al. "Torymus sinensis Kamijo, a biocontrol agent against the invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu in Spain: its natural dispersal from France and the first data on establishment after experimental releases." Forest Systems 28, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): e001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2019281-14361.

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Aim of study: The globally invasive gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 (Cynipidae: Cynipini), reached Spain seven years ago and is already regarded as an important pest of chestnuts (Castanea spp.) in this country as well as worldwide. In this paper, we present comprehensive data on the establishment in Spain of Torymus sinensis Kamijo, 1982 (Chalcidoidea: Torymidae), an effective non-native natural enemy of this pest, as a result of both natural dispersal and settlement after controlled releases since 2015.Area of study: Sites of the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia, Asturias, Basque Country, Catalonia, Andalusia and Madrid where D. kuriphilus is present.Material and methods: To study the natural dispersal of T. sinensis from France, we selected two sampling sites in Catalonia, six in the Basque Country and two in Navarra known for their heavy Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW) infestation; to study T. sinensis establishment after authorized controlled releases by the concerned authorities, the field samplings were done mainly in Galicia (35 sites) and Andalusia (8 sites). Additionally an experimental release study was made in Madrid.Main Results: Our results showed that T. sinensis has spread throughout Spain by natural dispersal across the French border and now occurs in Catalonia (two sites), the Basque Country (three sites) and Navarra (one site) but not in the neighbouring region of Cantabria. The percentage of parasitism by T. sinensis on D. kuriphilus is higher in the Basque Country sites, which are close to the French border, thus indicating that its establishment in these localities is not recent. After controlled releases, T. sinensis has been successfully established in five release sites in Andalusia (Valle del Genal and Sierra Blanca, Málaga Province) and one release site in Madrid. However, in the region of Galicia (NW Spain), where the number of authorized releases has been higher, the establishment of T. sinensis still appears to be very low.Research highlights: Established populations of T. sinensis may exert a positive buffer against D. kuriphilus-driven chestnut infestation in Spain, similar to what is observed in other invaded European countries.Additional Keywords: Controlled releases, Torymidae, invasive species, Cynipidae, natural spread, biological control.Abbreviations used: Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW); Torymus sinensis parasitism rate (TsPR); mean of ACGW larval chambers per gall (MACGW).

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Gamarra, David, Masaaki Taniguchi, Noelia Aldai, Aisaku Arakawa, Andres Lopez-Oceja, and Marian M. de Pancorbo. "Genetic Characterization of the Local Pirenaica Cattle for Parentage and Traceability Purposes." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091584.

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Pirenaica is the most important autochthonous cattle breed within the Protected Geographic Indication (PGI) beef quality label in the Basque region, in northern Spain. The short tandem repeats (STRs) are powerful markers to elucidate forensic cases and traceability across the agri-food sector. The main objective of the present work was to study the phylogenetic relationships of Pirenaica cattle and other breeds typically raised in the region and provide the minimum number of STR markers for parentage and traceability purposes. The 30-STR panel recommended by the International Society of Animal Genetics-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ISAG-FAO) was compared against other commercial STR panels. The 30-STR panel showed a combined matching probability of 1.89 × 10−25 and a power of exclusion for duos of 0.99998. However, commercial STR panels showed a limited efficiency for a reliable parentage analysis in Pirenaica, and at least a 21-STR panel is needed to reach a power of exclusion of 0.9999. Machine-learning analysis also demonstrated a 95% accuracy in assignments selecting the markers with the highest FST in Pirenaica individuals. Overall, the present study shows the genetic characterization of Pirenaica and its phylogeny compared with other breeds typically raised in the Basque region. Finally, a 21-STR panel with the highest FST markers is proposed for a confident parentage analysis and high traceability.

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Miró, Jordi, Josep A. Muñoz, Gianreto Manatschal, and Eduard Roca. "The Basque – Cantabrian Pyrenees: report of data analysis." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 191 (2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020024.

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This contribution presents the analysis of a data set that was put together in the PhD thesis of Jordi Miró which is part of the OROGEN Project. The Basque – Cantabrian Pyrenees, that are the focus of this report, have been extensively studied over the last years. Several open debates in the Earth Science community aroused from this realm regarding the formation and reactivation of rift domains and formation of fold and thrust belts. This report summarizes the main tectonic models proposed to explain both the extension and reactivation history over this area and compile a series of data to consider for further discussions and interpretations. This report includes a thematic map of the Basque – Cantabrian Pyrenees showing an analysis of the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the area. The map covers an area of more than 33 000 km2 and is a graphic representation of the geology of the region based on a large geodatabase including previous published maps and field observations. A composite reflection seismic line crossing the entire Basque – Cantabrian Pyrenees from the Ebro foreland basin to the offshore Landes High is also presented. This section enables to present a continuous dataset along the entire area with the projection of few drill holes, which are presented with the stratigraphic logs following the same tectono-stratigraphic legend obtained from the previous analysis. The main goal of this data report is to provide a coherent and complete dataset to the community, which enables to propose, discuss and test some of the new concepts related to the formation and reactivation of rifted margins. This data report is complementary to the contributions of Lescoutre and Manatschal (2020) and Cadenas et al. (in prep) that are part of the same special volume.

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Dubois, Stéphane. "Mutations et ambitions d'un petit port polyfonctionnel : Pasajes au Pays basque espagnol / Mutations and ambitions of a small multifonctional harbour: Pasajes, in the Spanish Basque region." Annales de Géographie 112, no. 634 (2003): 583–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geo.2003.981.

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Floyd Rebollo, Michelle, Carmen Diez Sáez, Gabriel Saitua Iturriaga, and Elena Sánchez Gonzalez. "Model of Integrated Care for Children with Special Needs in the Basque Region of Spain." International Journal of Integrated Care 16, no. 6 (December 16, 2016): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.2775.

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Basañez Llantada, Aitor, Itziar Martínez de Alegría Mancisidor, Pablo Díaz de Basurto Uraga, and Gaizka Insunza Aranzeta. "Use of life cycle assessment by companies in the Basque region. Results of survey research." Journal of Cleaner Production 204 (December 2018): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.216.

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王, 江华. "Test and Application of T639 Numerical Forecast Product in the Large Precipitation in Basque Region." Climate Change Research Letters 07, no. 04 (2018): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ccrl.2018.74034.

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43

Muñoz-Culla, Maider, Andres Roncancio-Clavijo, Bruno Martínez, Miriam Gorostidi-Aicua, Luis Piñeiro, Arkaitz Azkune, Ainhoa Alberro, et al. "O group is a protective factor for COVID19 in Basque population." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): e0249494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249494.

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ABO blood groups have recently been related to COVID19 infection. In the present work, we performed this analysis using data from 412 COVID19 patients and 17796 blood donors, all of them from Gipuzkoa, a region in Northern Spain. The results obtained confirmed this relation, in addition to showing a clear importance of group O as a protective factor in COVID19 disease, with an OR = 0.59 (CI95% 0.481–0.7177, p<0.0001) while A, B and AB are risk factors. ABO blood groups are slightly differently distributed in the populations and therefore these results should be replicated in the specific areas with a proper control population.

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Cilla, G., M. García-Bengoechea, E. Perez Trallero, I. Montalvo, D. Vicente, and J. I. Arenas. "Genotyping of hepatitis C virus isolates from Basque Country, Spain." Epidemiology and Infection 117, no. 3 (December 1996): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800059227.

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SummaryThe genotype of HCV was determined in 161 chronic HCV-infected patients. The patients were classified into three groups on the basis of the origin of the HCV infection: 50 patients had a history of intravenous drug use (IVDU) but no HIV infection; 41 patients had received blood transfusions, and 70 patients had no known exposure. The distribution of HCV genotypes was associated with the origin of infection and age of patients: genotype 1b was predominant among patients who had received blood transfusions and those without evidence of parenteral exposure (84·6% and 67·7%, respectively), whereas genotype 3a was present in 65·3% of IVDUs. Patients with genotype 1b were older than those with genotypes la or 3a: 50·3 ± 12 vs. 34·1±9·9 and 31 ± 5.4 years, respectively. These findings suggest that the pattern of HCV genotypes in our region is changing and that genotype 1b may be substituted by 3a as the dominant genotype in the future.

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Bea, A., LL Jover, and J. D. Rodriguez-Teijeiro. "Relations between Meteorological Variables and the Initiation of the Spawning Period in Populations of Rana temporaria L. in the Atlantic Region of the Basque Country (Northern Spain)." Amphibia-Reptilia 7, no. 1 (1986): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853886x00235.

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AbstractThe relations between environmental variables (minimum temperature, daily thermal oscillation, rainfall and atmospheric pressure) and the onset of the spawning period of the common frog (Rana temporaria) in the Atlantic region of the Basque Country (Northern Spain) is analyzed. The onset of the spawning period is coincident with a change in temperature occurring four days prior to spawning. Atmospheric pressure looks not as a related factor, whereas the influence of rain seems to become apparent over a longer period of time.

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Coughlan, Michael R. "Errakina: Pastoral Fire Use and Landscape Memory In the Basque Region of the French Western Pyrenees." Journal of Ethnobiology 33, no. 1 (March 2013): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-33.1.86.

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Aranguren, Mari Jose, José María Guibert, Jesús M. Valdaliso, and James R. Wilson. "Academic Institutions as Change Agents for Territorial Development." Industry and Higher Education 30, no. 1 (February 2016): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2016.0289.

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There is increasing interest in the role academic institutions can play as catalysts of change within the territories in which they are located, by contributing proactively to shaping socio-economic development processes. This role for universities takes us beyond the typical focus on knowledge transfer activities or broad economic impacts. It highlights in particular the contributions of ‘softer’ disciplines such as management, economics, the humanities and public policy. This paper explores this proactive strategic role for academia in regional development by means of an analysis of a particular case of institutional entrepreneurship in the Basque Country region of Spain. The telling of such stories is critical if we are to reach a better understanding of the impact universities can have in their regions beyond a quantitative, market-focused analysis.

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Segura, Caterina García. "Sub-State Diplomacy: Catalonia’s External Action Amidst the Quest for State Sovereignty." International Negotiation 22, no. 2 (May 17, 2017): 344–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-22001110.

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The Spanish self-governing regions’ international actions date back as far as the 1980s. Together with the Basque Country, Catalonia is the Spanish self-governing region with the most active trajectory of international action. Catalan international action, which is a pioneer in the Spanish context, came to be slowly but progressively accepted as a normalized form of conduct by the Spanish state, as was the international action of other Spanish self-governing regions. Nevertheless, this normalization did not eliminate conflict, which continued to surface, though sporadically and without representing significant problems. However, things appear to have changed recently. Since 2012, Catalonia has been immersed in the process of independence or national transition. In this context, the Catalan Government’s international action has taken new directions and created new instruments. For the first time in the history of Catalonia’s international action, we witness clear signs of protodiplomacy.

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Barandiarán, Xabier, Natalia Restrepo, and Álvaro Luna. "Collaborative governance in tourism: lessons from Etorkizuna Eraikiz in the Basque Country, Spain." Tourism Review 74, no. 4 (September 25, 2019): 902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-09-2018-0133.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine through a case study how the creation of collaborative spaces between local stakeholders can foster decision-making and collective development of projects that improve the governance of tourism destinations and their sustainability. Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on the analysis of a case study based on the Etorkizuna Eraikiz (Building the Future) programme developed in the Gipuzkoa region located in the Basque Country, Spain. The programme is based on a strategy that seeks to institutionalize a new model of collaborative governance in the long term through the co-design of public policies involving stakeholders of the territory. Through the description and analysis of the results achieved so far, the paper presents the implications of this public programme for the design of policies. Findings Etorkizuna Eraikiz emerges as a model to develop an exercise of active experimentation. The analysis of this collaborative governance process has derived in practices and agendas promoted by a variety of agents within the region. The programme has important implications for the formulation of public policies in the field of tourism through the creation of formal interaction spaces and the implementation of projects in support of tourism development (Tourist Eco-tax and information and communication technology tools). Originality/value This paper provides a contemporary approach to the practices in governance within the context of tourism. This case study may be of interest to practitioners and researchers to adopt destination governance practices through the creation of collaborative spaces between local stakeholders. These practices can foster decision-making and the collective development of projects that impact and lead to better governance of tourism destinations and their sustainability.

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Cowpertwait, P., D. Ocio, G. Collazos, O. de Cos, and C. Stocker. "Regionalised spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature models for flood studies in the Basque Country, Spain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 2 (February 5, 2013): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-479-2013.

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Abstract. A spatiotemporal point process model of rainfall is fitted to data taken from three homogeneous regions in the Basque Country, Spain. The model is the superposition of two spatiotemporal Neyman–Scott processes, in which rain cells are modelled as discs with radii that follow exponential distributions. In addition, the model includes a parameter for the radius of storm discs, so that rain only occurs when both a cell and a storm disc overlap a point. The model is fitted to data for each month, taken from each of the three homogeneous regions, using a modified method of moments procedure that ensures a smooth seasonal variation in the parameter estimates. Daily temperature data from 23 sites are used to fit a stochastic temperature model. A principal component analysis of the maximum daily temperatures across the sites indicates that 92% of the variance is explained by the first component, implying that this component can be used to account for spatial variation. A harmonic equation with autoregressive error terms is fitted to the first principal component. The temperature model is obtained by regressing the maximum daily temperature on the first principal component, an indicator variable for the region, and altitude. This, together with scaling and a regression model of temperature range, enables hourly temperatures to be predicted. Rainfall is included as an explanatory variable but has only a marginal influence when predicting temperatures. A distributed model (TETIS; Francés et al., 2007) is calibrated for a selected catchment. Five hundred years of data are simulated using the rainfall and temperature models and used as input to the calibrated TETIS model to obtain simulated discharges to compare with observed discharges. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests indicate that there is no significant difference in the distributions of observed and simulated maximum flows at the same sites, thus supporting the use of the spatiotemporal models for the intended application.

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