Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bass Islands'

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Bruneau, Thomas C. Second Reader: Yost, David S. "June 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 15, 2009. DTIC Identifier(s): Military Bases, Political Science, Theses, United States, Portugal, Azores, Security Assistance Program, France, West Germany, European Community, Western European Union, Madeira, Trade. Author(s) subject terms: Portugal, Azores, Lajes, Flores, Beja, Overseas Bases, Security Assistance, Slazar, Soares, Silva, Emigration, Emigrant's Remittances, Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, WEU, CFE. Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-185). Also available in print.

This community-based project combined ethnography, history and archaeology to chronicle the life history of the houses and households at Aktis village, the historical home-base of the Ka:'yu:'k't'h (Kyuquot) confederacy on the northwest coast of Vancouver Island. Though there are connections between the material house and the social household, they are not synonymous. Despite changes in architecture at Aktis village, there is continuity in social form. A diachronic perspective extending from the deep past to the present-day was used to examine this transformation. Archaeological mapping and percussion-coring were used to explore the distant past of the site. This revealed deep house depressions, suggesting that the locations of house sites at Aktis village were preserved through time. Core samples indicated shell midden deposits as deep as 3.5 metres, and almost uninterrupted occupation since 1686±126 BP (calibrated radiocarbon years before present), with a possible break between 1627±118 BP and 1384±107 BP. Interviews and historical documents suggest that the big houses and the lineage properties on which they stood acted as powerful symbols for extended family households. Though nuclear families moved out of the big houses, they continued to live in family groups, building smaller homes on their lineage properties. The centrepiece of the lineage properties were the externally-ornate dance houses, which, though vacant, represented family prestige and solidarity. The dance houses were torn down around 1930. However, lineage properties (and the family ties they represented) were maintained. The move away from Aktis village in the 1970s eliminated the community’s daily encounter with the lineage properties, a tangible symbol of household groups. Even so, the traditional ideology of kinship that bound together members of a house persists: Ka:'yu:'k't'h extended families continue to exhibit considerable social solidarity at key moments in the lives of their members.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Anthropology, Department of<br>Graduate

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>In light of recent drastic changes in national security concerns, new systems are being considered for future military implementation. One of the major systems under consideration by the Advanced Research Projects Agency is the Mobile Offshore Base (MOB). The MOB entails essentially two to six self- propelled, floating platforms that are connected and used for military presence and/or war-fighting purposes. This thesis examines the question of whether the MOB should legally be considered a warship, a merchant vessel, or structure/ installation. This question is Important for the answer implies where on the ocean and under what circumstances the placement of the system complies with international law. After a brief review of the national policy with respect to presence and the problem of reduced access to overseas bases, the thesis examines the legal implications of the MOB. The legal analysis starts with the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) that entered into force December 16, 1994. Gaps in UNCLOS definitions and policy are explained by general concepts of international law and, where needed, municipal law. The thesis concludes the MOB should be considered a ship and should be given warship status by the United States Govemment

Antarctica is widely perceived as the most untouched continent on Earth. However, increasing anthropogenic presence in Antarctica is creating continual pressure on the pristine environment. To protect the Antarctic environment, monitoring and reporting procedures must be a priority for Nations wishing to conduct research on the continent. A significant contributor to environmental degradation is poor waste management and waste disposal, in particular the discharge of sewage and wastewater into the marine environment. This study provides information on the potential impact of Scott Base wastewater on the local marine environment, which can be used to improve operating systems and as a tool to ultimately reduce the environmental footprint of the base. This study investigated the characteristics of the sewage from Scott Base, Antarctica, and the water quality within the wastewater discharge plume beneath the sea ice. Results from seawater analysis were then compared with Redvers (2000) to give an indication of how contamination levels have changed over the last decade. Results show that in the vicinity of the wastewater outfall, seawater samples contained no faecal coliforms or Escherichia coli. Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3ˉ- N) concentrations were recorded up to 1.1 mg/L, while phosphate (PO43-) ranged from 0.28 to 0.45 mg/L. The pH ranged from 7.84 to 7.92. Dissolved oxygen ranged between 10.05 and 13.02 mg/L, and conductivity between 48.4 to 55.2 mS/cm. Concentrations of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were greatest at sites within 30m of the outfall. Iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) were detected at most sites within the plume. The general spatial extent of the plume is now approximately 50m long-shore, and 30m offshore. Compared to Redvers (2000) the current plume is more localised, with a reduction of approximately 100-125m long-shore and 10-20m offshore. Faecal coliforms have reduced to no longer be detected within the plume, while dissolved oxygen and total organic carbon concentrations in the plume have increased, and conductivity has decreased. Soils surrounding Scott Base were also investigated as a potential source of trace metal (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) discharge to the marine environment. Total recoverable soil metal concentrations and readily leachable metal concentrations were measured. Sites were selected on the basis of being potential sources of contamination (fuel storage areas or refuelling areas), or potentially effecting the marine environment (shorelines). Results show that the greatest concentrations of metals and readily leachable metals were found primarily along the shoreline, and not necessarily where contamination related to current base activities is likely to occur. The results indicate that historic contamination may still persist in the terrestrial environment, and has the potential to be transported into the marine environment. Domestic and drinking water samples were analysed for trace metals and nutrients to ensure that contaminants from the wastewater outfall were not entering the reverse osmosis plant. Results show that the drinking water meets New Zealand Drinking Water Standards (Ministry of Health, 2008).

The Alpine Fault is the major structure of the Pacific-Australian plate boundary through New Zealand�s South Island. During dextral reverse fault slip, a <5 million year old, ~1 km thick mylonite zone has been exhumed in the hanging-wall, providing unique exposure of material deformed to very high strains at deep crustal levels under boundary conditions constrained by present-day plate motions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fault zone rheology and mechanisms of strain localisation, to obtain further information about how the structural development of this shear zone relates to the kinematic and thermal boundary constraints, and to investigate the mechanisms by which the viscously deforming mylonite zone is linked to the brittle structure, that fails episodically causing large earthquakes. This study has focussed on the central section of the fault from Harihari to Fox Glacier. In this area, mylonites derived from a quartzofeldspathic Alpine Schist protolith are most common, but slivers of Western Province-derived footwall material, which can be differentiated using mineralogy and bulk rock geochemistry, were also incorporated into the fault zone. These footwall-derived mylonites are increasingly common towards the north. At amphibolite-facies conditions mylonitic deformation was localised to the mylonite and ultramylonite subzones of the schist-derived mylonites. Most deformation was accommodated by dislocation creep of quartz, which developed strong Y-maximum crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) patterns by prism (a) dominant slip. Formation of this highly-oriented fabric would have led to significant geometric softening and enhanced strain localisation. During this high strain deformation, pre-existing Alpine Schist fabrics in polyphase rocks were reconstituted to relatively well-mixed, finer-grained aggregates. As a result of this fabric homogenisation, strong syn-mylonitic object lineations were not formed. Strain models show that weak lineations trending towards ~090� and kinematic directions indicated by asymmetric fabrics and CPO pattern symmetry could have formed during pure shear stretches up-dip of the fault of ~3.5, coupled with simple shear strains [greater than or equal to]30. The preferred estimate of simple:pure shear strain gives a kinematc vorticity number, W[k] [greater than or equal to]̲ 0.9997. Rapid exhumation due to fault slip resulted in advection of crustal isotherms. New thermobarometric and fluid inclusion analyses from fault zone materials allow the thermal gradient along an uplift path in the fault rocks to be more precisely defined than previously. Fluid inclusion data indicate temperatures of 325+̲15�C were experienced at depths of ~45 km, so that a high thermal gradient of ~75�C km⁻� is indicated in the near-surface. This gradient must fall off to [ less than approximately]l0�C km⁻� below the brittle-viscous transition since feldspar thermobarometry, Ti-inbiotite thermometry and the absence of prism(c)-slip quartz CPO fabrics indicate deformation temperatures did not exceed ~ 650�C at [greater than or equal to] 7.0-8.5�1.5 kbar, ie. 26-33 km depth. During exhumation, the strongly oriented quartzite fabrics were not favourably oriented for activation of the lower temperature basal(a) slip system, which should have dominated at depths [less than approximately]20 km. Quartz continued to deform by crystal-plastic mechanisms to shallow levels. However, pure dislocation creep of quartz was replaced by a frictional-viscous deformation mechanism of sliding on weak mica basal planes coupled with dislocation creep of quartz. Such frictional-viscous flow is particularly favoured during high-strain rate events as might be expected during rupture of the overlying brittle fault zone. Maximum flow stresses supported by this mechanism are ~65 Mpa, similar to those indicated by recrystallised grain size paleopiezometry of quartz (D>25[mu]m, indicating [Delta][sigma][max] ~55 MPa for most mylonites). It is likely that the preferentially oriented prism (a) slip system was activated during these events, so the Y-maximum CPO fabrics were preserved. Simple numerical models show that activation of this slip system is favoured over the basal (a) system, which has a lower critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) at low temperatures, for aggregates with strong Y-maximum orientations. Absence of pervasive crystal-plastic deformation of micas and feldspars during activation of this mechanism also resulted in preservation of mineral chemistries from the highest grades of mylonitic deformation (ie. amphibolite-facies). Retrograde, epidote-amphibolite to greenschist-facies mineral assemblages were pervasively developed in ultramylonites and cataclasites immediately adjacent to the fault core and in footwall-derived mylonites, perhaps during episodic transfer of this material into and subsequently out of the cooler footwall block. In the more distal protomylonites, retrograde assemblages were locally developed along shear bands that also accommodated most of the mylonitic deformation in these rocks. Ti-in-biotite thermometry suggests biotite in these shear bands equilibrated down to ~500+̲50�C, suggesting crystal-plastic deformation of this mineral continued to these temperatures. Crossed-girdle quartz CPO fabrics were formed in these protomylonites by basal (a) dominant slip, indicating a strongly oriented fabric had not previously formed at depth due to the relatively small strains, and that dislocation creep of quartz continued at depths [less than or equal to]20 km. Lineation orientations, CPO fabric symmetry and shear-band fabrics in these protomylonites are consistent with a smaller simple:pure shear strain ratio than that observed closer to the fault core (W[k] [greater than approximately] 0.98), but require a similar total pure shear component. Furthermore, they indicate an increase in the simple shear component with time, consistent with incorporation of new hanging-wall material into the fault zone. Pre-existing lineations were only slowly rotated into coincidence with the mylonitic simple shear direction in the shear bands since they lay close to the simple shear plane, and inherited orientations were not destroyed until large finite strains (<100) were achieved. As the fault rocks were exhumed through the brittle-viscous transition, they experienced localised brittle shear failures. These small-scale seismic events formed friction melts (ie. pseudotachylytes). The volume of pseudotachylyte produced is related to host rock mineralogy (more melt in host rocks containing hydrated minerals), and fabric (more melt in isotropic host rocks). Frictional melting also occurred within cataclastic hosts, indicating the cataclasites around the principal slip surface of the Alpine Fault were produced by multiple episodes of discrete shear rather than distributed cataclastic flow. Pseudotachylytes were also formed in the presence of fluids, suggesting relatively high fault gouge permeabilities were transiently attained, probably during large earthquakes. Frictional melting contributed to formation of phyllosilicate-rich fault gouges, weakening the brittle structure and promoting slip localisation. The location of faulting and pseudotachylyte formation, and the strength of the fault in the brittle regime were strongly influenced by cyclic hydrothermal cementation processes. A thermomechanical model of the central Alpine Fault zone has been defined using the results of this study. The mylonites represent a localised zone of high simple shear strain, embedded in a crustal block that underwent bulk pure shear. The boundaries of the simple shear zone moved into the surrounding material with time. This means that the exhumed sequence does not represent a simple 'time slice' illustrating progressive fault rock development during increasing simple shear strains. The deformation history of the mylonites at deep crustal P-T conditions had a profound influence on subsequent deformation mechanisms and fabric development during exhumation.

La question scientifique principale de ce travail de thèse est la compréhension des moteurs et des taux d’érosion, à l’échelle de plusieurs dizaines de millions d’années, d’un archipel océanique volcanique. Une approche thermochronologique basse et moyenne température sur des roches intrusives est utilisée, afin de contraindre les trajets d’exhumation de roches plutoniques dans la croûte océanique de l’archipel de Kerguelen (sud de l’Océan Indien). Cet archipel, dont la formation a débuté il y a 30 Ma, est la partie émergée du plateau océanique du même nom, formé suite à l’activité du point chaud de Kerguelen, qui commence il y a 120 Ma. La particularité de l’archipel de Kerguelen, en comparaison aux îles océaniques classiques, est la présence de roches plutoniques différenciées, cibles de choix pour l’utilisation de la thermochronologie basse et moyenne température. Ces méthodes permettent de reconstituer les trajets thermiques de refroidissement, et donc d’exhumation des plutons, depuis leur formation en profondeur jusqu’à leur exhumation à la surface. Dans ce travail, trois thermochronomètres ont été utilisés : la méthode ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar sur biotite ainsi que les méthodes (U-Th)/He sur apatite et zircons. Les données obtenues à Kerguelen ont permis de mettre en évidence un modèle d’érosion différentielle sur l’archipel, avec pulses d’érosion locaux à l’échelle d’un complexe plutonique, qui contrastent avec les taux régionaux faibles depuis 25 Ma. Cette observation met en évidence le rôle prédominant de l’activité magmatique, et la tectonique locale associée, sur l’exhumation des plutons et la dénudation en surface<br>The main scientific aim of this work is the understanding of driving forces and erosion rates, at the scale of several dozens of millions of years, of an oceanic volcanic island. A low and mid temperature thermochronological approach on intrusive rocks is used, in order to reconstruct exhumation paths in the oceanic crust of the Kerguelen archipelago (southern Indian Ocean). This archipelago was created 30 Ma years ago and is the emerged part of the eponymous oceanic plateau, formed following the activity of the Kerguelen hot spot, which began 120 Ma ago. The singularity of the Kerguelen archipelago, compared to other oceanic islands, is the occurrence of acid plutonic rocks, on which we can perform thermochronology on. Such methods allow reconstructing the thermal cooling paths, and thus, exhumation paths of the plutons since their deep formation to their surface exhumation. In this work, three thermochronometers were used: the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar on biotite method, and the (U-Th)/He on apatite and zircon methods. The data obtained on Kerguelen Islands indicate a differential erosion over the archipelago, with local erosion pulses within a plutonic complex, contrasting with regional low erosion rates since 25 Ma. This observation points to the predominant role of magmatic activity, and the associated local tectonic activity, on the exhumation of plutonic bodies and surface denudation

L'objectif de cette étude est de démontrer le poids des entreprises sucrières dans l'histoire de la Guadeloupe. Installées puis maintenues par la France, elles retardent l'aménagement d'un espace public comme l'apprentissage de la notion de service public, invitant à qualifier ce territoire d'île entreprise. Incarnée par le groupe d'entrepreneurs qui les administrent localement des années 1930 aux années 1960, la domination de l'industrie sucrière repose sur l'héritage de l'île à sucre, qui constitue sa force par l'ancienneté de l'activité autant que sa faiblesse par les stigmates de l'esclavage qui pèsent sur les relations entrepreneuriales. Constitué dans les années 1930, quand l’État colonial fait dépendre l'économie de son activité sucrière, le groupe patronal de la Guadeloupe la transforme en île du sucre, dépendante de l'exportation de sa monoculture cannière. En grande partie interrompue par le second conflit mondial, l'exportation stoppée n'empêche pas l'industrie sucrière de perdurer sur une île désormais île à stocks, mettant en évidence l'absurdité du système économique. Confortés par la colonisation, les mêmes entrepreneurs sucriers s'activent encore dans le nouveau département après 1946 et confirment son statut d' île-entreprise. La déprise des entreprises sucrières coïncide avec la cessation d'activité professionnelle de la plupart des acteurs qui les ont faites vivre, laissant le champs libre à un apprentissage du service public par le territoire à partir de la fin des années 1960<br>The objective of this study is to demonstrate the importance of sugar companies in Guadeloupe's history. Established and then maintained by France, they delay the development of a public space as well as the apprenticeship in the concept of public service, thus inviting to qualify this territory as an enterprise island. Embodied by the group of entrepreneurs who administer them locally from the 1930s to the 1960s, the domination of the sugar industry is based on the sugar island's legacy, which constitutes its strength through its long-standing activity as much as its weakness by the stigma of slavery that weighs on entrepreneurial relations. Created in the 1930s, when the colonial state made the economy dependent on its sugar industry, the Guadeloupe employers' group transformed it into a island for sugar, dependent on the export of its sugar cane monoculture. The disruption of exports during the Second World War does not hinder the sugar industry from surviving on an island now a stockpile island, highlighting the absurdity of the economic system. Having been comforted by colonization, the same sugar entrepreneurs are still active after the island becomes a french department in 1946 and confirms its status as an enterprise island. The decline of sugar companies coincides with the cessation of the professional activity of most of the actors who made them live, leaving the field open to a public service apprenticeship by the territory from the late 1960s onwards

Dans cette thèse nous proposons à la communauté scientifique une méthode alternative d'analyse des interactions et de la cognition découlant de la gestion des ressources naturelles. Le système créé se nomme SIEGMAS (Stakeholders Interactions in Environmental Governance by a Multi-Agent System). Il s'agit d'un outil d'aide à la décision reposant sur la simulation des interactions entre les agents agissant sur un territoire dans la gouvernance des ressources naturelles via une interface socio-économique et environnementale. L'objectif de SIEGMAS est double. D'une part, il s'agit d'offrir un modèle agent générique réutilisable dédié à la communauté scientifique pour la gestion des ressources naturelles. D'autre part, l'objectif consiste à offrir un cadre de solution informatique adaptée aux décideurs du milieu économique et politique pour la prise de décisions. Pour ce faire, nous avons créé un modèle de représentation de la gestion des ressources naturelles dans la zone Océan Indien en considérant tout spécialement les déviances. Ce modèle se base sur des règles différenciées en fonction des interactions et stratégies entre agents à différents endroits afin d'apporter des informations et l'identification des impacts spatialisés. En créant ce système computationnel simulable, nous développons un cadre méthodologique pour initialiser et exploiter les résultats du modèle simulé adapté à la prise de décisions pour trois territoires de l'Océan Indien : La Région de La Réunion et deux régions de Madagascar (Analamanga et Itasy)<br>In this thesis, we propose to the scientific community an alternative method of analysis from the interactions and cognition coming from the management of natural resources. The created system is called SIEGMAS (Stakeholders Interactions in Environmental Governance by a Multi-Agent System). It's a Help tool to the decision on the simulation of interactions between stakeholders acting on a territory in the Common-pool resources via an environmental, social and economic interface. The aim of the SIEGMAS is double. on the one hand, It is a matter of giving a generic, model agent re-usable dedicated to the scientific community for the management of natural resources. On the other hand, the aim consists on giving a framework of computer solution adapted to the decision-makers of politic and economic area for the decision making

Depuis le début de la période industrielle, les activités humaines ont généré une augmentation importante de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2. Une partie de ce CO2 s’accumule dans l’atmosphère, entraînant une augmentation de l’effet de serre naturel et de la température à la surface du globe. Ce processus est plus connu sous le terme réchauffement climatique ou global. De plus, environ 25 % du CO2 produit sont absorbés par les océans. La dissolution du CO2 dans l’eau de mer, entraîne une augmentation de la concentration en protons et en ions bicarbonates (HCO3-) et une diminution de la concentration en ions carbonates (CO32-). Il en résulte une diminution du pH et du taux de saturation de l’eau de mer vis-à-vis du carbonate de calcium. L’ensemble de ces processus est appelé acidification des océans (AO). Le pH des eaux de surface océaniques a déjà diminué de 0,1 unité depuis le début de l’ère industrielle. Ce phénomène devrait s’intensifier au cours du siècle. Selon les prévisions moyennes d’émissions futures de gaz à effet de serre de l’IPCC, la température moyenne des eaux de surface devrait augmenter de 2 à 4 °C et son pH devrait diminuer de 0,3 à 0,4 unité d’ici 2100.<p>Au cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’impact négatif de l’AO sur les organismes marins. Les premières études ont été menées principalement en milieu artificiel et ont mis en évidence des conséquences majeures sur la physiologie des organismes, principalement au niveau individuel. Cependant, les dernières études menées dans le domaine ont souligné l'importance de mettre en place des expériences à long terme, à l'échelle de l'écosystème, et dans des conditions plus proches du milieu naturel. Ce type d’étude permet de prendre en compte les interactions écosystémiques et les processus d’acclimatation afin de mieux prévoir les effets directs mais aussi indirects de la diminution du pH dans les océans. <p>L’existence des récifs coralliens tropicaux dépend de la vitesse de formation du socle récifal qui les façonnent (principalement via la calcification des coraux hermatypiques) qui doit rester supérieure à sa (bio)érosion. D’une part, plusieurs études ont montré que le taux de calcification des coraux hermatypiques diminue lorsque la pCO2 augmente. D’autre part, les oursins sont d’importants bioérodeurs des récifs et contribuent donc à la perte de masse calcaire récifale. Cependant, les oursins empêchent également, par leur broutage, le recouvrement des coraux par les algues favorisées par l’AO. Dès lors l’effet de l’élévation de la pCO2 sur les oursins et leur capacité bioérosive peut être déterminant pour l'avenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux au cours du siècle, particulièrement ceux où la densité de ces bioérodeurs est importante. Une telle prédiction est d’autant plus complexe si l’on prend en compte la possible acclimatation des différents acteurs à long terme.<p>Dès lors, le but du présent travail fut d'évaluer l'effet à long terme de l’élévation de la pCO2 prévue en 2100 sur la physiologie et l’activité érosive d’un oursin clé de certains récifs coralliens, Echinometra mathaei, dans un dispositif artificiel reproduisant l’écosystème corallien.<p>La première étape a été la mise en place un outil expérimental permettant de maintenir à long terme un écosystème de récifs coralliens simplifié en condition contrôle et au pH prévu en 2100 tout en maintenant les autres paramètres physico-chimiques identiques et proches du milieu naturel (y compris dans leurs variations journalières). Le système mis en place est composé de scléractiniaires hermatypiques comme constructeurs de récif, d’oursins (E. mathaei) comme bioérodeurs et brouteurs et un substrat calcaire de récif avec ses communautés d’algues, bactéries, archae, champignons et méiofaune. Les variations journalières de pH et de température reproduisent celles mesurées in situ dans le site de La Saline, Ile de La Réunion, d’où proviennent une partie des organismes. Le pH moyen des aquariums contrôles a été maintenu avec succès à une moyenne de 8,09 ± 0,04, celui des aquariums à pCO2 élevée à 7,63 ± 0,02. L’alcalinité totale du système a pu être maintenue entre 2350 et 2450 µmol.kg-1. <p>L’impact de l’AO prévue en 2100 (pH 7,7) sur la physiologie d’E. mathaei été étudié à court terme (sept semaines). La principale source de nourriture des oursins fut la communauté algale se développant sur le substrat, comme en conditions naturelles. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence, à court terme, la capacité de résistance de cet oursin à une AO modérée. En effet, la croissance et le métabolisme ne furent pas affectés significativement. Ces observations ont été associées au maintien de la balance acide-base du fluide extracellulaire, le liquide cœlomique, par accumulation de bicarbonates dans celui-ci.<p>Une même expérience a ensuite été réalisée à long terme. La diminution du pH a été induite progressivement durant six mois jusqu'à atteindre un pH moyen de 7,65 qui fut ensuite maintenu à cette valeur pendant sept mois supplémentaires. La capacité de régulation de la balance acide-base du liquide cœlomique et la résistance d’E. mathaei à l’AO a été confirmée à long terme. Tant la croissance que le métabolisme et les propriétés mécaniques du squelette ne furent pas affectés. Cette résistance apparaît liée aux capacités de régulation acide-base d’E. mathaei, un trait apparemment d’origine génétique. Cette résistance pourrait également dépendre de la quantité et de la qualité de la nourriture disponible (calcaire ou non). Il est suggéré que les ions bicarbonates impliqués dans la régulation acide-base proviendraient en partie de la nourriture. <p>Parallèlement à ces mesures physiologiques, l’activité érosive d’E. mathaei a été mesurée. Les résultats indiquent que le taux de bioérosion triple en conditions acidifiées (pH 7,65). Cette augmentation serait liée à l’augmentation de l'activité de broutage des oursins et à la dissolution biologique du substrat, les propriétés mécaniques des dents des oursins et du squelette des coraux ne semblant pas affectés significativement. Nous suggérons que cette activité érosive accrue pourrait avoir un impact sur l'équilibre dynamique entre bioerosion et bioaccrétion des coraux et pourrait déterminer l'avenir des récifs coralliens où E. mathaei est le principal bioérodeur. Il faut toutefois noter que l’activité érosive de cet oursin est liée à une consommation accrue des macro-algues en compétition avec les coraux et algues corallines, favorisant ainsi ces derniers.<p>Les résultats obtenus, associés à ceux provenant de la littérature, indiquent que les changements globaux pourraient provoquer un changement profond des écosystèmes coralliens tropicaux. En effet, l’ensemble des bioérodeurs principaux étudiés jusqu’à présent semblent résistants aux changements climatiques globaux et montrent une augmentation de leur activité érosive. Dans le cas des récifs ayant déjà à l’heure actuelle une faible calcification nette, l’augmentation de la bioérosion pourrait mener à l’érosion nette et à la réduction puis à la disparition du récif. La prédiction du devenir des récifs coralliens tropicaux à l’échelle planétaire doit toutefois prendre en compte de nombreux paramètres :acclimatation, résistance/sensibilité et interactions des différents acteurs des récifs. D’autres études comparables à celles menées dans le présent travail devraient être mises en place afin de tester ces différents facteurs. Les données obtenues pourraient dès lors être utilisées dans la construction d’un modèle mécanistique permettant de mettre en place localement des mesures de conservation du récif, en complément de l’indispensable réduction massive de l’émission de CO2 atmosphérique à l’échelle mondiale.<p><p><p><p><p><br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La thèse aborde une question originale et d'actualité: l'extension artificielle des côtes. Afin de mieux comprendre ce phénomène dans son actualité, la thèse attache une importance à la description de la pratique des États en fournissant les informations aussi précises, aussi actuelles et aussi concrètes que possible. C'est à partir de cette pratique que la thèse répond à la question de savoir comment les règles de droit répondent aux exigences de la pratique.<p><p>En ce qui concerne la pratique des États, la thèse explique, dans une première partie, que l'extension artificielle des côtes est destinée, tantôt, à protéger les côtes contre l'élévation du niveau de la mer, tantôt à gagner des terres pour diverses fins: habitat humain, agricoles, développement des ports et de leurs infrastructures pour les besoins des navires modernes et du commerce international. Mais parallèlement, cette extension entraîne des effets négatifs pour l'écosystème côtier (chapitre I). Des travaux de ce genre ont été menés, ou vont l'être, en Europe (Pays-Bas, Allemagne, Belgique, France, R.-U. etc), aux États-Unis, en Asie (Bahreïn, Malaisie, Hong Kong, Singapour, Japon), en Australie, et sur certains archipels du Pacifique (chapitre II).<p><p>La seconde partie de la thèse examine le droit applicable au phénomène d'extension artificielle des côtes. Sont ainsi passées en revue: les règles relatives à la navigation (chapitre III), les règles relatives aux lignes de base (chapitre IV), les règles relatives aux hauts-fonds découvrants (chapitre V), les règles relatives aux îles et aux rochers (chapitre VI) et enfin les règles relatives à la protection de l'environnement marin (chapitre VII).<p><br>Doctorat en droit<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

本論文は、沖縄戦後史研究において、復帰運動や反戦平和運動の前史と位置づけられてきた伊江島土地闘争を研究対象とする。そして、実証性に乏しい伊江島土地闘争の具体像、及び新たな運動像の実証的な考察を目的とした。本研究の特色は二点ある。第一に、従来土着の問題として論じられてきた土地闘争に対して、沖縄住民の流動的な生から再検討したこと。第二に、運動から人びとの「自」を探る視点の再検討として、看過されてきたポスト「島ぐるみ」期の土地闘争を日本本土での学習経験や反戦平和資料館から考察したことである。<br>博士(現代アジア研究)<br>Doctor of Philosophy in Contemporary Asian Studies<br>同志社大学<br>Doshisha University

Par nécessité ou par volonté, on assiste, depuis plusieurs années, à une augmentation du nombre d’autorisations d’urbanisme obtenues conjointement. On parle, dans ce cas, de « cotitularité » entre les différents titulaires d’un permis unique. Ce critère, qui, par principe, se matérialise au regard d’une pluralité de personnes, s’étend également à la pluralité d’unités foncières, support du permis de construire sollicité. Jusqu’à la réforme des autorisations d’urbanisme, issue de l’ordonnance du 8 décembre 2005, le droit de l’urbanisme ne connaissait qu’un terrain, un permis et un demandeur. Toutefois, l’évolution jurisprudentielle a amené le législateur à consacrer la possibilité, pour plusieurs pétitionnaires, d’obtenir un unique permis de construire, sur une ou plusieurs unités foncières. Or, cette cotitularité interroge car, si elle est permise, aucune précision textuelle n’a permis d’encadrer cette opportunité. Pourtant, celle-ci peut, de prime abord, sembler aisée, dans la mesure où il s’agit de la simple possibilité laissée à une pluralité de maîtres d’ouvrage, d’obtenir ensemble une seule et unique autorisation d’urbanisme. Or, il n’en est rien : sa complexité est manifeste, au regard de l’emprise et de la composition du projet ou encore des incidences relatives à la solidarité existante entre eux durant toute la vie de l’autorisation de construire. Dès lors, le lien de dépendance et de solidarité, issue de l’acte administratif individuel, doit être strictement délimité et encadré par une convention de partenariat de droit privé, qui aura pour objectif d’organiser leurs relations, sans pour autant que l’administration reconnaisse l’existence de celle-ci<br>For several years, we’re attending, by necessity or by willingness, an increase of the number of town-plannings approvals jointly obtained. We are talking, in this case, of « joint holders » between the different holders of an unique permit. This criteria, which on principle, materializes regarding a plurality of people, also extends to the land’s units plurality, support for the requested building permit. Until the reform of urban planning authorizations stem from the order of the 8th of December 2005, the planning law only included a building land, a building permit and an applicant. However, case-law development has led the legislator to devote the possibility for several petitioners to obtain an unique building permit, on one or on plenty of land units. Yet, this « joint holders » interrogates because if its allowed, none textual accuracy allowed to frame this opportunity. However, this one, at first sight, can seem easy ; in so far as it concerned a simple possibility left to a plurality of project owners, to get together one urban planning permit, whose quality-assesment procedures can be various. Unfortunately, it’s not the case, because its complexity is obvious, as long as to the right of way and the project set-up, that relatives implications of the existing solidarity between them throughout the life of the building permit’s authorization, bearing division or not. Consequently, the link of dependency and solidarity, stem from the individual administrative act, must be strictly defined and surrounded by a private’s law partnership agreement whose purpose will be to organize their relationship, without the administration recognizes the existence of this one

Les zoonoses représentent 60% des maladies infectieuses émergentes, et 70% de ces zoonoses proviennent de la faune sauvage. Les chauves-souris sont les hôtes de nombreux agents infectieux, notamment de virus responsables de zoonoses chez l’Homme comme le virus Ebola, le virus Nipah ou le virus Hendra. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, de nouveaux virus issus des chauves-souris ont émergé dans les populations humaines et animales, avec des conséquences importantes pour la santé publique, vétérinaire, mais également pour l’économie. C’est notamment le cas des coronavirus (CoVs) tels que le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS), le syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS) et le syndrome de diarrhée aiguë du porc (SADS), responsables de plusieurs milliers de décès humains ainsi que d’une mortalité élevée dans les élevages porcins. Bien que de nombreuses études aient identifié des CoVs de chauves-souris dans le monde, les connaissances actuelles sur la diversité et les risques associés à l'émergence de CoVs dans les écosystèmes insulaires tropicaux restent à évaluer avec précision. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier l’écologie et l’évolution de coronavirus dans des populations de chauves-souris. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés au niveau d’exposition des hôtes aux CoVs, et à l’histoire évolutive de ces virus dans le contexte phylogéographique des îles de l’ouest de l’Océan Indien. Basée sur l’analyse de 1088 échantillons par biologie moléculaire, cette étude a mis en évidence, pour la première fois, la présence de CoV chez des chauves-souris insectivores à Mayotte, au Mozambique, à l’île de La Réunion, et à Madagascar. La prévalence globale de chauves-souris infectées par les CoVs était de 8,0% ± 1,2% avec une variation significative entre l’Afrique continentale et les îles, mais aussi entre familles de chauves-souris. Nous avons identifié une grande diversité génétique de α-CoVs et de β-CoVs, dont certains sont phylogénétiquement proches de CoVs humains (e.g. HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV). Enfin, ces CoVs sont structurés phylogénétiquement par famille de chauves-souris, supportant une longue histoire de coévolution entre chauves-souris et leurs CoVs dans l’Océan Indien occidental. Nous avons dans un second temps réalisé une étude longitudinale sur la dynamique d’infection de CoV dans une colonie de maternité de Petit Molosse (Mormopterus francoismoutoui), espèce endémique de La Réunion. Basé sur la détection du génome viral dans des prélèvements environnementaux (fèces et guano), nous avons exploré l’effet de la structure de la population sur la dynamique d’infection pendant deux années consécutives. Les résultats montrent une variation très marquée des prévalences d’infection chez les chauves-souris au cours de la saison, avec la présence de deux pics d’infection : lors de la colonisation de la grotte de maternité (associé à une augmentation de la densité des hôtes), et environ un mois après le début de la parturition (associé à la perte d’immunité chez les nouveaux-nés). L’ensemble de ces travaux montre que l’évolution des CoVs des chauves-souris de l’ouest de l’Océan Indien est majoritairement due à de la coévolution entre les hôtes et leurs virus, bien que le contexte insulaire puisse également induire de la spéciation intra-île, au sein des familles de chauves-souris. La mise en évidence de facteurs écologiques et biologiques influant sur la dynamique d’infection à l’échelle d’une population souligne que les risques de transmission de CoVs à d’autres hôtes diffèrent en fonction des communautés de chauves-souris présentes sur chaque île, mais aussi de la structure des populations des hôtes et de sa variation temporelle<br>Zoonoses account for 60% of emerging infectious diseases, among which 70% originate from wildlife. Bats host many infectious agents, including viruses responsible for zoonoses in humans such as Ebola, Nipah or Hendraus. For the last two decades, new bat viruses have emerged in human and animal populations, causing major threats for public and animal health. Coronaviruses (CoV) such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Acute Acute Diarrhea Syndrome (SADS) are responsible for thousands of deaths in humans and pigs. Although many studies have described bat CoVs around the world, current knowledge about the diversity and risks associated with emerging CoVs in island ecosystems remain to be precisely assessed.In this work, we investigated the ecology and evolution of coronaviruses in bats by assessing the level of bat exposure to CoVs, and the evolutionary history in the phylogeographic context of the islands of the Western Indian Ocean. Based on the molecular screening of 1088 samples, we report, for the first time the presence of CoVs in insectivorous bats on Mayotte, on Madagascar, in Mozambique and on Reunion Island. The overall prevalence of bats positive for CoV was 8.0% ± 1.2%, with significant variation between continental Africa and islands, as well as between bat families. We found a large diversity of α-CoVs and β-CoVs, some being genetically related to those detected in human (e.g. HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV). These CoVs were phylogenetically structured by bat family, supporting a long history of co-evolution between bats and their associated CoVs in the region. We then focused on the Reunion free tailed bat (Mormopterus francoismoutoui), an endemic species on this island, and investigated temporal infection dynamics in a maternal colony, during two consecutive years. Results highlighted a major variation in the prevalence of infected bats during the maternity season, with patterns similar for both years and the presence of two peaks of infection. Indeed, one pic occurs during the colonization of the maternity colony (associated to an increase in host density), and another about a month after the beginning of parturition (potentially associated to a loss of maternal antibodies in newborns). This work provides strong support for a long history of coevolution between bats and their CoVs in the Western Indian ocean, although within-island speciation for each bat families also occurs. Ecological and biological factors influencing the infection dynamics highlights a different level of CoV transmission risks to other hosts, including humans, associated to bat communities inhabiting each island, as well as to temporal variations in host population structure

This thesis examines the question of prehistoric land use patterns in the Bassian region, and specifically addresses the problem of Holocene human occupation on King and Flinders Islands in the period after these islands became separated from mainland Tasmania. Although the islands were not occupied at the time of first European contact, prehistoric archaeological evidence has been found on them. It was suggested that these remains were from human populations who had been stranded on the islands as a consequence of the last marine transgression, and who subsequently became extinct. This proposition formed the main focus for this thesis research. Extensive field work was undertaken on King and Flinders Islands to provide a data base from which the nature of island occupation could be examined. This comprised test excavations on King Island, and collection of charcoal and cultural shellfish remains from midden sites on both islands. Analysis and radiocarbon dating results indicate that although both islands were occupied in the island phase, sometime after the sea reached a level similar to that at present, the nature of human occupation on both islands was markedly different. The evidence from Flinders Island is considered to be that of a stranded extinct population whereas that from King Island strongly suggests that the island was being visited from northwest Tasmania in recent Holocene times. This latter evidence is of considerable interest in tight of previous assumptions regarding the prehistoric maritime technology of the Tasmanians.

Early European explorers were puzzled by the absence of Aboriginal populations on the larger more remote larger islands of the Bass Strait as at least King and Flinders Islands appeared capable of supporting human populations. Subsequent discoveries of stone artefacts on several of the Bassian islands were variously ascribed to human occupation during the landbridge phase or historic times, when Aboriginal Tasmanians had been taken to the islands by sealers and by G.A. Robinson for resettlement However, the discovery of shell midden sites on Flinders Island in the 1970s brought ne\v perspectives to the previous artefact finds - these prehistoric midden sites suggested people had been living on or visiting Flinders Island after the inundation of the Bassian landbridge. Radiocarbon dating of the midden sites on Flinders Island indicated that people were on Flinders Island until about 4,500 BP but absent in more recent times. The aim of the research was to investigate why it should be that evidence of human occupation on Flinders Island disappears from the archaeological record about 4,500 years ago, some 5,000 years of so after insulation. The primary step in this investigation was to determine whether the habitation ceased due to the island being abandoned, or whether it was a case of in situ extinction of the island population. Lampert (1979) had investigated a similar mid-Holocene habitation cessation on Kangaroo Island, and although concluding that the population probably died out he could not dismiss the alternative possibility that people had watercraft and had ceased visiting or living on the island about 4,000 years ago. Unlike Kangaroo Island, the Fumeaux Group had outer islands which enabled the issue of watercraft use to be investigated and thus resolve the primary question of island abandonment or extinction. Results of surveys of the Outer Islands indicated that people in the Furneaux region in prehistoric times did not have watercraft and thus the mid-Holocene middens on Flinders Island were deposited by an isolated relict population. Subsequent excavations on Badger and Prime Seal Islands in the Furneaux Group indicated that people had not only been stranded on Flinders Island by the post-glacial sea level rise, but had been occupying the area from at least 23,000 years ago in late Pleistocene times. The evidence from Beeton Rock.shelter and Mannalargenna Cave suggests relatively low levels of human occupation from about 23,000 BP until the early Holocene when the post-glacial sea level rise resulted in the formation of the outer islands and severed overland access to these peripheral Fumeaux areas. A more intense phase of occupation is evident behveen about 18,000 BP and 15,500 BP, and it is argued that this phase reflects a greater mobility of people in the region during the last glacial maximum. The adaptation of stone working techniques to locally available fossil shell resources, and the continued practice of shell working for ten or more thousand years or so, suggests that these sites may have been part of a northeast Tasmanian cultural system focused on the plains of the Bassian region. Despite the rapid onset of the terminal Pleistocene marine transgression, people remained in the Furneaux region. As the sea level continued to rise, fragmenting the Furneaux peninsula into the Furneaux Islands, people retreated toward the more upland areas that today comprise Flinders Island. The chronology of site abandonment in both the outer island excavations tracks the contracting land-use pattern in the region as areas were abandoned corresponding with retreating shorelines. Lltimately a group of people became stranded on Flinders Island and lived there in isolation until about 4,000 or so years ago. The Flinders Island habitation cessation coincides with major changes in the archaeological record in mainland Australia and Tasmania, and a similar disappearance of evidence of human occupation on Kangaroo Island. Furthermore, these changes also coincide with a mid-Holocene climatic shift associated with the onset of the ENSO (El Nifto Southern Oscillation) cycle which brought about droughts and fires to the southeast Australian region. The demise of the Flinders Island population had been previously interpreted in light of the devolutionary cultural model posited for the Aboriginal Tasmanians by Jones (1977b). These interpretations suggested that Flinders Island represented a microcosm of the purported trajectory for Tasmania, played out to its ultimate conclusion. This proposition is examined in light of the cultural and palaeoenvironmental evidence from the Furneaux region and a number of case studies of island extinctions and abandonments. These other examples include a range of chronologically, geographically and culturally diverse societies and provide both biogeographic and cultural models for human habitation cessation on islands.

This is the first study to assess how the coastal migratory stock of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) uses non-natal New England estuaries during their foraging migration. Using hydroacoustic telemetry from June through October in Plum Island Estuary, Massachusetts, I examined how long coastal migratory striped bass stayed throughout the seasons, if they were equally distributed, if individual striped bass were distributed differently, and if distribution changed with season, tide, or light. Striped bass, ages 2-5 (300-480 mm), were tagged with VEMCO transmitters in the spring and summer of 2005 (N=14) and 2006 (N=46). They stayed for an average of 66 days in 2005 (SE=7.6) and 72 days in 2006 (SE=6.2). Of the fish tagged in 2005 and 2006, 60% remained for longer than 30 days. This might reflect two striped bass migration strategies: 1) transient migration, in which striped bass visit many estuaries, and 2) estuary-specific, in which they reside in a single location for the summer. The amount of time the striped bass spent in six reaches delineated within the estuary was quantified. Striped bass were not evenly distributed across these reaches. Instead, they spent the most time in the mid Plum Island Sound and lower Rowley River reaches in both years. Three different uses of PIE were observed. Some striped bass stayed briefly (5-20 d; N=24), some stayed primarily in the Rowley River (N=14), and others stayed primarily in Plum Island Sound (N=22). Striped bass use of the mid Plum Island Sound and lower Rowley River reaches remained consistently high in spring and summer, but decreased in fall, while use of the lower Plum Island Sound did not vary much. Use of other reaches varied seasonally. Tide and light were less associated with distribution, but in the summer the Rowley River use-group increased utilization of tidal creeks during the day, though not at high tide. These three use-groups identified in Plum Island Estuary may be foraging contingents that may learn how to forage in specific parts of the estuary demonstrated by over half the striped bass remaining for much of the summer and congregating in distinct areas.

Chaerephon (Dobson, 1874), an Old World genus belonging to the family Molossidae, is part of the suborder Vespertilioniformes. Members of this genus are distributed across mainland Africa (sample sites; Tanzania, Yemen, Kenya, Botswana, South Africa and Swaziland), its offshore islands (Zanzibar, Pemba and Mozambique Island), Madagascar and the surrounding western Indian Ocean islands (Anjouan, Mayotte, Moheli, Grande Comore, Aldabra and La Reunion). A multifaceted approach was used to elucidate the phylogenetic and population genetic relationships at varying levels amongst these different taxa. Working at the subspecific level, I analysed the phylogenetics and phylogeography of Chaerephon leucogaster from Madagascar, based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region sequences. Cytochrome b genetic distances among C. leucogaster samples were low (maximum 0.35 %). Genetic distances between C. leucogaster and C. atsinanana ranged from 1.77 % to 2.62 %. Together, phylogenetic and distance analyses supported the classification of C. leucogaster as a separate species. D-loop data for C. leucogaster samples revealed significant but shallow phylogeographic structuring into three latitudinal groups (13º S, 15 - 17º S, 22 - 23º S) showing exclusive haplotypes which correlated with regions of suitable habitat defined by ecological niche modelling. Population genetic analysis of D-loop sequences indicated that populations from Madagascar have been expanding since 5 842 - 11 143 years BP. At the infra-generic level, I carried out analyses of sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and control region, and the nuclear RAG2 region, to resolve the evolutionary history and taxonomy of the C. pumilus species complex from Africa and the western Indian Ocean islands. The nominate form comprised C. pumilus from Massawa, Eritrea, and this was genetically distinct from all other forms of Chaerephon. Our molecular evidence does not support that the syntype of C. limbatus and the holotypes of C. elphicki and C. langi and topotype of C. naivashae are specifically distinct from C. pumilus s.s. There is evidence of introgression of both C. pusillus and C. pumilus s.l. (south eastern Africa) mitochondrial haplotypes into C. leucogaster. The C. pumilus species complex has several attributes of a ring species, but appears to differ from this model in some important respects. It occurs on the African mainland and western Indian Ocean Islands, including Madagascar, ringing a potential barrier to gene flow, the Mozambique Channel. The taxa within the species complex form a ring in which the differentiated terminal forms, C. pusillus and C. leucogaster, occur in sympatry on Mayotte (Comoro Islands). Although there is evidence of isolation by distance around the ring, there is also a relatively high degree of genetic structure and limited gene flow. It appears that the island-based component species may have differentiated in allopatry, with some gene flow by over water dispersal, whereas the African mainland species may have differentiated through isolation by distance. A further study was aimed at re-examining the phylogeny of C. pumilus sensu lato from south eastern Africa based on a considerably larger sample set with a wider geographic range; I confirmed the previously-reported phylogenetic structure, and identified an additional strongly-supported control region clade. Discriminant Function Analysis based on four echolocation parameters could not discriminate between these clades. The hypothesised existence of cryptic species with distinct echolocation characteristics was not supported. Indices of diversity and neutrality, combined with a ragged multimodal mismatch distribution, are inconsistent with demographic expansion of a single C. pumilus south eastern African population and suggest that the control region lineages are stable populations at demographic equilibrium that were established during the late Pleistocene between 60 000 and 13 000 years ago. Further, more variable markers (microsatellites) were employed for finer-scale resolution of population genetic structure among the five genetic lineages of C. pumilus sensu lato found in the Durban area of KwaZulu-Natal, and to search for hybridization between these lineages. We recovered strong mitochondrial genetic structure, with 90% of the molecular variance occurring among four phylogenetically-defined groups, and a high significant Fst (0.897). Microsatellite data recovered three admixed populations with 3% of the nuclear variance occurring among populations, and global (Fst=0.037) and pairwise Fst values among populations were low and not significant. This is indicative of little genetic structure among the groups of C. pumilus s.l., which appear to comprise a single interbreeding population. Such high levels of mitochondrial genetic structure in the absence of significant nuclear structure are consistent with social isolation mechanisms such as female philopatry, and may reflect introgression of mitochondrial genes due to past hybridisation events with mitochondrially-distinct forms from outside the sampled area.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

The synanthropic molossid bat, Mops leucostigma (Allen 1918), is widely distributed across Madagascar and has recently been described from the Comoros. M. leucostigma individuals from eastern Malagasy populations are markedly larger than those from the west, and Mops leucostigma populations from Madagascar are morphologically distinct from populations of its putative sister species, Mops condylurus from mainland Africa (Ratrimomanarivo et al. in press, Genetic diversity was assessed by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome b (n = 56) and displacement loop (D-loop) (n = 64) regions of Mops leucostigma individuals from a broad range of locations across Madagascar, and Mohéli and Anjouan in the Comoros. Specimens of Mops condylurus (n =3), Mops midas (n =3) and Otomops martiensseni (n = 1) were included in the study for comparative purposes as outgroups. Phenetic and cladistic analysis of cytochrome b and D-loop sequences strongly supported the reciprocally-monophyletic status of Mops condylurus and M. leucostigma. Comorian (Mohéli and Anjouan) and Malagasy M. leucostigma samples formed a monophyletic Mops leucostigma group, within which Comorian samples formed a poorly-supported subclade in the cytochrome b analysis only. Cytochrome b genetic distances of 13.8 % separated M. midas from M. condylurus and M. leucostigma, which formed reciprocally-monophyletic sister groups separated by genetic distances of 2.5 % for cytochrome b and 13 % for the D-loop. 49 M. leucostigma cytochrome b sequences yielded seven haplotypes, two of which were exclusive to the Comoros. D-loop haplotype analysis did not support the distinctiveness of the Comorian samples. Genetic distances within M. leucostigma samples were low (0.22 % for cytochrome b and 1.91 % for the D-loop). Comorian samples were found to be genetically attributable to M. leucostigma. Clear phylogenetic separation between M. condylurus and M. leucostigma was found in all analyses, consistent with their status as phylogenetic species within the genus Mops. There was no clear correlation between haplotype distribution and aspect (east/west-facing slopes), elevation or gender. Low mtDNA variation (cytochrome b and D-loop) and lack of phylogeographic concordance indicates that the observed morphometric variation between eastern and western Mops leucostigma populations may possibly be explained in terms of adaptation to local environmental conditions.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-Univeristy of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.

碩士<br>清雲科技大學<br>電機工程所<br>100<br>Three fractal patch, using Minkowski-island-based (MIB) fractal, are proposed to design band-pass filter for miniaturization in this thesis. The design I is mainly used MIB fractal configuration with 2nd order iteration, perturbation and T coupling for dual-mode and wide-band. In the design II, it uses MIB 2nd order iteration, perturbation and interdigital coupling for dual-band. In the design III, by the change of the fractal proportion and interdigital coupling is used for obtaining multi-band. Mean time, the wide-band equivalent circuit model is proposed for analyzing the frequency response of design III. For application, design I can be applied to the WLAN 802.11b/g systems, design II can be applied to the WLAN 802.11a/b/g systems, design III can be applied to the UWB systems. In practice, design I presents the center frequency of 2.44 GHz, low insertion loss of -0.73 dB, fractional bandwidth(FBW) with 11.47%, high rejection level of –487.5 dB /–41.5 dB, and the size reduction with 60.6%. Design II expresses the two band of 2.55 GHz /5.35 GHz, low insertion loss of -0.39dB /-0.36 dB, FBW with 30.9% /21.5%. The additional design II has the two band of 2.56 GHz /5.33 GHz, low insertion loss of - 0.46dB /-0.42 dB FBW of 31.2% / 20.3%. Design III obtains the center frequency of 4.68 GHz, low insertion loss of -0.27 dB, FBW with 78.4%, and the high rejection level with –39.8 dB /–29.7 dB. Key words: Minkowski-island-based, patch resonators, dual-mode, Miniaturization

The imaginary part of the retarded self energy is of particular interest as it contains a lot of physical information about particle interactions. In higher order loop diagrams the calculation become extremely tedious and if we have to do the same at finite temperature, it includes an extra dimension to the difficulty. In such a condition we require to switch between bases and select the best basis for a particular diagram. We have shown in our calculation that in higher order loop diagrams, at #12;finite temperature, the R/A basis is most convenient on summing over the internal vertices and very efficient on calculating some particular diagrams while the result is most easily interpretable in the Keldysh basis for most other complex diagrams.

This research examined the breeding performance of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) at Phillip Island in south east Australia. A major goal was to relate breeding success to fluctuations in food availability within and between seasons. Data was collected on nest attendance patterns, pair bonding, chick growth rates, chick meal mass, adult time budget and diet. Sampling extended over two reproductive seasons, one with good and other with poor reproductive success. Implanted identification transponders combined with an automated penguin monitoring system were used to determine daily nest attendance. Successful breeders had shorter incubation shifts and undertook more foraging trips than failed breeders during both incubation and chick guard periods. The later a little penguin started to breed the poorer was its breeding performance. Males guarded their partners throughout the pre-egg periods but left their females as soon as the first egg was laid. Observations of the penguin pairs in their burrows showed that they had different partners on 33% of the recorded occasions. This was used as an indication of extra-pair copulation during the pre-egg period. Changing partners and burrows between seasons decreased reproductive success. Inter-seasonal divorce rate was 28%, one of the highest amongst penguins, even though evidence suggests that divorce behaviour has no obvious benefit for little penguins. During chick rearing, four fish species comprised 93% of the penguins’ diet. These species were red cod Pseudophycis bachus, barracouta Thyrsites atun, warehou Seriolella brama and anchovy Engraulis australis. Mean meal mass decreased as the breeding season progressed while foraging trip duration increased. Birds kept the length of their foraging trips below two days during the good season. During the bad season birds foraged longer than two days right from the beginning of the post guard. Compared with successful breeders from the bad season, successful breeders from the good season guarded their chicks for 6 days longer, had a post-guard that was 9 days shorter and their chicks grew faster. Little penguins exhibited substantial temporal and seasonal variation in their time budget and foraging performance. The variation was used to identify whether differences in breeding performance and food availability were related to natural causes or to commercial fishing activities. As the stock biomass is unknown for most of the commercial fishery in Victorian waters, it is difficult to prove the existence of detrimental effects of fishery on the food supply for the penguins. There was evidence, however, that fishery may impact on the penguin foraging performance. The little penguins from Phillip Island consumed almost the same amount of fish as was caught by commercial fisheries in Victoria. Pilchards and anchovies have decreased dramatically in importance in the penguin diet while the commercial catches of these fish have increased progressively. This suggests that there might be competition between penguin feeding and commercial fishing.

碩士<br>國立高雄師範大學<br>物理學系<br>102<br>Recently, various industrial activities has increased the amount of carbon dioxide produced and damaged ozonosphere severely and causing serious greenhouse effect. Global warming has thus become a challenging task, based on such trend, international issues such as reducing carbon dioxide, innovating and generating low carbon and renewable energies raised during the Kyoto Protocol has become more important. The study has gathered data including temperature and solar radiation from year 2003~ 2012 to calculate and stimulate the energy produced, the module efficiency and the amount of carbon dioxide reduced from the newly build solar energy generating system. According to the year 2008~2012 monthly solar radiation data, solar radiations that reach 3.5 kWh/m2.day last approximately 7 months long, among these period, there are 6 months’ (May~ June) solar radiation exceeds 4.0 kWh/m2.day. Through analyzing these data, it proves that there are economical values to build solar energy generating infrastructure in Penghu. Through the increase of solar energy generating infrastructure, the effectiveness of reducing carbon dioxide advances. The study proves that, daily temperature and solar radiation increases nowadays. Until June, 2013, the four solar energy generating infrastructure has reduced carbon dioxide approximately 70 thousand and 6997 kilo-grams.

Internship Report presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Geographic Information Systems and Science<br>O Plano de Ordenamento da Orla Costeira da Ilha Terceira (POOC) publicado pelo Decreto Regulamentar Regional n.º 1/2005/A, de 15 de fevereiro e após, aproximadamente, quinze anos desde a sua publicação, encontra-se atualmente em processo de alteração. O processo de alteração visa enquadrar os aspetos identificados no 1.º Relatório de Avaliação do Plano de Ordenamento da Orla Costeira da Ilha Terceira referente ao período de monitorização de dez anos, entre 2006 a 2016. Assim a atual alteração deste Plano tem em vista a sua adequação às atuais características do território, às condições económicas, sociais, culturais e ambientais. Por outro lado, verifica-se que na Região dos Açores e para as áreas classificadas como Reserva Ecológica apenas apresenta aplicabilidade o Regime Jurídico da Reserva Ecológica (RJREN) publicado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 166/2008, de 22 de agosto, na redação que lhe foi conferida pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 124/2019, de 28 de agosto. Desta forma, e com intuito de entender como o regime do POOC e o RJREN condicionam a realização de atividades na área de intervenção do POOC, surge o presente trabalho que foi desenvolvido ao longo do Estágio na Direção Regional do Ambiente | Divisão do Ordenamento do Território e apresenta a análise a ambos os regimes para as atividades que são alvo de parecer no serviço mencionado. Para além dos diplomas mencionados, salienta-se que pelo PDM) facto do concelho de Angra do Heroísmo apresentar no âmbito do seu Plano Diretor Municipal (um artigo específico para as áreas de Reserva Ecológica o mesmo foi considerado para a análise realizada, enquanto para o concelho da Praia da Vitória o mesmo não se verifica tendo apenas sido consideradas as áreas delimitas em sede do Plano Diretor Municipal da Praia da Vitória. Os resultados obtidos com a realização do presente estudo irão permitir concluir como atuam os regimes quando se encontram sobrepostos numa determinada área e consoante a atividade em análise, entender quais os regimes mais restritivos os permissivos à execução de atividades, bem como se encontram os resultados obtidos ao longo da área de intervenção do POOC.<br>The Terceira Island Coastal Management Plan guide by Regional Regulatory Decree no. 1/2005 / A, of February 15, and after approximately fifteen years of its publication, is currently in the process of being change. The amendment aims to framing the aspects identified in the 1st Assessment Report of the Terceira Island Coastal Management Plan correspondent to the monitoring period of ten-year, between 2006 and 2016. The current amendment to this Plan aims to make its adaptation to the contemporary territory characteristics, to the economic, social, cultural and environmental conditions. On the other hand, it appears that in the Region of the Azores and for classified areas as Ecological Reserve, only the Legal Regime of the Ecological Reserve (RJREN guide by Decree-Law no. 166/2008, of 22 August, updated by Decree-Law No. 124/2019, of 28 August, is applicable. In order to understand how the Coastal Management Plan guide and the RJREN influences the development of activities in areas which are under its jurisdiction, the present work was developed during the Internship at the Regional Environment Directorate | Spatial Planning Division, resulting in the analysis of both regimes for activities whitch are under legal appreciation by the Spatial Planning Division. In addition to the previous mentioned diplomas, it should be noted that due to the fact that Angra do Heroísmo Municipe presents a specific article for Ecological Reserve areas at its Municipal Managment Plan, the municipal guide was considered in the carried out analysis, mean while for the Praia da Vitória municipality it was only considered the areas defined in the Municipal Managment Plan of Praia da Vitória. The results obtained with the realization of this study will provide the conclusions how the regimes act when they are overlapping in a determined area and, depending on the activity under analysis, to understand which regimes are the most restrictive or permissive to the execution of activities, as well the disposal of the results obtained throughout the Costal Management Plan intervention area.

The concern of the diploma thesis is the geostrategic role of the base on the island Diego Garcia. It deals chronologically with the evolvement of this role since the base was established until the present time. Apart from the analysis of the extent, motivation and reasons of the evolvement, the explanation of all these is provided as well. The research is based on the theories formulated by admiral Alfred T. Mahan who was primarily concerned with the agenda of a naval superpower. The issue of bases is directly linked to that subject. The analysis pays attention to physical development of the facilities on the island which to a certain extent reflects the strategic role of the base. It also further examines the regional and global context which is deemed to be crucial for the better understanding of the function the base had for the United States. Practical usage of the base is analysed for a better explanation of the role the base played as some of the contemporary documents are still classified and unavailable. According to the research, the role the base played changed several times but it is very difficult to point out the main factor that caused the change. Most probably, it was caused by a combination of several factors.

Programa de investigación: Comunicación, Prácticas Socioculturales y Subjetividad<br>Información extraída de: <a href="http://perio.unlp.edu.ar/tesis/?q=node/23">http://perio.unlp.edu.ar/tesis/?q=node/23</a>