Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bastar (Inde)'

La musique (hautbois, timbales) des mohoria de caste Ganda du Bastar (Chhattisgarh, Inde) fonctionne en suites d'airs (non-fixées à l'avance) dédiés à des divinités et joués devant les possédés qui les incarnent. Partant de l'hypothèse que les structures musicales de ce répertoire religieux pourraient éclairer l'organisation du panthéon local qu'il dessert, l'analyse musicologique révèle finalement qu'il est impossible et vain de regrouper les différents airs faisant référence aux différentes Puissances afin de construire des catégories musicales correspondant à des catégories de divinités. Le système semble fonctionner autrement. L'analyse de ce répertoire mouvant et les problèmes qu'elle pose (identification, transcription, etc. ) ainsi que sa confrontation avec les données ethnologiques permettent cependant de dégager des tendances et de percevoir un continuum d'oppositions caractéristique du système, cosmologique, musical et social. A l'image de l'Inde plus largement hindoue, ce dernier est sûrement moins à entendre comme une structure figée en catégories hiérarchisées, que comme un système hiérarchique mais dynamique, composé d'éléments mobiles et multiformes évoluant, en fonction du contexte, entre des pôles opposés mais pas nécessairement exclusifs. Plus que dans les discours souvent très déroutants et plus que dans la structure musicale qui du fait de sa grande flexibilité se laisse difficilement saisir, le système comme le panthéon prennent forme et se vivent dans l'instant même du rituel. C'est donc du côté du rituel et plus précisément dans l'analyse d'un rituel particulier et de ses interactions qu'il faut aller chercher le sens de cette musique rituelle
The music of the Ganda mohoriya-s of Bastar (shawm and kettle drums) is made of series of tunes (not fixed in advance) dedicated to some deities and played in front of the mediums possessed by them. The musical structures of this repertoire could shed light on the organization of the local pantheon it serves: starting from this hypothesis, the musicological analysis eventually reveals the pointlessness and perhaps the impossibility of building music and god categories, since the system seems to follow a different logic. Yet the analysis of this fluid music and the problems it raises (identification, transcription, typology, etc. ) as well as its confrontation with the ethnological data allow us to draw tendencies and to bring out a continuum of oppositions characteristic of the cosmological, musical and social system. Reflecting the more globally hinduist India, this system should not be thought as a rigid structure made of fixed categories but rather as a hierarchical yet dynamic organization made of multiform elements moving -according to the context- between opposite but not necessarily exclusive poles. As much as talks often turn contradictory, the flexibility of the musical structure makes it difficult to grasp. Like the pantheon, the music takes shape and is experienced in the very moment of the ritual. The meaning of this ritual music is thus to be sought in the ritual itself, through the chronological analysis of one particular ritual and its interactions: the central part of this dissertation

Il progetto di ricerca è finalizzato allo sviluppo di una metodologia innovativa di supporto decisionale nel processo di selezione tra alternative progettuali, basata su indicatori di prestazione. In particolare il lavoro si è focalizzato sulla definizione d’indicatori atti a supportare la decisione negli interventi di sbottigliamento di un impianto di processo. Sono stati sviluppati due indicatori, “bottleneck indicators”, che permettono di valutare la reale necessità dello sbottigliamento, individuando le cause che impediscono la produzione e lo sfruttamento delle apparecchiature. Questi sono stati validati attraverso l’applicazione all’analisi di un intervento su un impianto esistente e verificando che lo sfruttamento delle apparecchiature fosse correttamente individuato. Definita la necessità dell’intervento di sbottigliamento, è stato affrontato il problema della selezione tra alternative di processo possibili per realizzarlo. È stato applicato alla scelta un metodo basato su indicatori di sostenibilità che consente di confrontare le alternative considerando non solo il ritorno economico degli investimenti ma anche gli impatti su ambiente e sicurezza, e che è stato ulteriormente sviluppato in questa tesi. Sono stati definiti due indicatori, “area hazard indicators”, relativi alle emissioni fuggitive, per integrare questi aspetti nell’analisi della sostenibilità delle alternative. Per migliorare l’accuratezza nella quantificazione degli impatti è stato sviluppato un nuovo modello previsionale atto alla stima delle emissioni fuggitive di un impianto, basato unicamente sui dati disponibili in fase progettuale, che tiene conto delle tipologie di sorgenti emettitrici, dei loro meccanismi di perdita e della manutenzione. Validato mediante il confronto con dati sperimentali di un impianto produttivo, si è dimostrato che tale metodo è indispensabile per un corretto confronto delle alternative poiché i modelli esistenti sovrastimano eccessivamente le emissioni reali. Infine applicando gli indicatori ad un impianto esistente si è dimostrato che sono fondamentali per semplificare il processo decisionale, fornendo chiare e precise indicazioni impiegando un numero limitato di informazioni per ricavarle.
The research project was finalized to develop an innovative decision support system based on key performance indicators for the choice among process alternatives. In particular, the project was focused on the definition of indicators able to support decisions in the debottlenecking of a process plant. Two indicators that allow evaluating the need and the potentialities for debottlenecking, identifying the causes of production losses and the utilisation of the equipment, were developed. The practical value and the potentialities of such indicators were evaluated analyzing the section of a production process of a high molecular weight organic substance. As a following step, the issue of deciding among process alternatives for debottlenecking was afforded. A methodology based on sustainability indicators was applied to select the best alternative. The methodology, that allows comparing the alternatives through the analysis of environmental, social and economic impacts, was further developed within the present study. Two area hazard indicators aiming at the assessment of the impacts of fugitive emissions were developed to integrate these aspects in the sustainability analysis of process alternatives. To increase the accuracy in the quantifications of these impacts, a new predictive model, based on available data in design phase, considering the different categories of emission sources, the mechanism of losses, and the maintenance, was developed to estimate the fugitive emissions in a process plant. The comparison between the experimental measurements of fugitive emissions rate in a process plant and the model results confirmed that this new predictive model was needed for an adequate comparison of the process alternatives, because the existing predictive models overestimate the real emission rate. Finally applying the indicators on a real process plant it was confirmed that these indicators are very important to simplify the decisional process, because they provide accurate indications based on a limited number of information.

Mediante la formulación de distintas preguntas, se analiza en qué consiste un proceso de selección y cuáles son sus prinicpales características. El artículo se enfoca en explicar que, más allá de ser un conjunto de procedimiento, el proceso de selección implica tener un aparato estatal correctamente capacitado para dar una respuesta rápida y eficiente. Asimismo, se explica la necesidad de encontrar un equilibrio entre el marco normativo que controle las desviaciones de poder y el empoderamiento de los funcionarios encargado de las compras gubernamentales.

Tidigare studier indikerar att elever uppvisar bristande kunskaper inom matematik och att många elever har problem med platsvärde. Forskning belyser vikten av att elever får kunskaper om att talsorterna har olika värde beroende på dess position. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka vad elever baserar sina resonemang på när de löser matematiska problem inom positionssystemet. Vilka resonemang för eleverna och vilka begreppsbilder uppvisar de? Genom en kvalitativ metod där sex elever enskilt har observerats med hjälp av videokamera har vi gjort två delstudier. Resultatet visar att eleverna använder sig av algoritmer och kreativa resonemang utifrån individuella belägg i sina argumentationer och att elevernas begreppsbilder i många fall brister då de inte har en full förståelse för definitioner. De sammanlagda resultaten från de båda studierna indikerar att i de fall eleverna inte skapar resonemang baserade i matematiska egenskaper, uppvisar de i sin argumentation en begränsad begreppsbild.

Landsat imagery has been used successfully to assess burn severity and monitor post-fire forest structure in a variety of ecosystems, but to date there are few documented studies on its application in the eastern deciduous forests of the eastern United States. The occurrence of a wildfire in the Daniel Boone National Forest in2010 provided a rare opportunity for research into the use of Landsat data for assessing burn severity and its ecological effects. We used differenced normalized burn ratio (∆NBR) to quantify burn severity. The ∆NBR based burn severity classification had 70% agreement with a qualitative ground-based burn severity assessment. We also examined the relationship between the presence of an invasive species (Paulownia tomentosa), and our assessment of burn severity, where we found a weak but statistically significant relationship (adj R2 0.13, p<0.0001). We also examined the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and forest structure measurements. The relationship between NDVI and basal area was strongly and significantly related (adj R2 0.41, p<0.0001). The relationship of NDVI with stem density was weak but significant (adj R2 0.23. p=0.004). These results indicate that data from Landsat imagery have great potential for quantifying burn severity, identifying potential hotspots for invasive species, and assessing post fire forest structure in the eastern deciduous forest.

Stand carrying capacity is the maximum size of population for a species under given environmental conditions. Site resources limit the maximum volume or biomass that can be sustained in forest stands. This study was aimed at estimating and determining the carrying capacity in loblolly pine. Maximum stand basal area (BA) that can be sustained over a long period of time can be regarded as a measure of carrying capacity. To quantify and project stand BA carrying capacity, one approach is to use the estimate from a fitted cumulative BA-age equation; another approach is to obtain BA estimates implied by maximum size-density relationships (MSDRs), denoted implied maximum stand BA. The efficacy of three diameter-based MSDR measures: Reineke's self-thinning rule, competition-density rule and Nilson's sparsity index, were evaluated. Estimates from three MSDR measures were compared with estimates from the Chapman-Richards (C-R) equation fitted to the maximum stand BA observed on plots from spacing trials. The spacing trials, established in the two physiographic regions (Piedmont and Coastal Plain), and at two different scales (operational and miniature) were examined and compared, which provides a sound empirical basis for evaluating potential carrying capacity. Results showed that the stands with high initial planting density approached the stand BA carrying capacity sooner than the stands with lower initial planting density. The maximum stand BA associated with planting density developed similarly at the two scales. The potential carrying capacity in the two physiographic regions was significantly different. The value of implied maximum stand BA converted from three diameter-based MSDR measures was similar to the maximum stand BA curve obtained from the C-R equation. Nilson's sparsity index was the most stable and reliable estimate of stand BA carrying capacity. The flexibility of Nilson's sparsity index can illustrate the effect of physiographic regions on stand BA carrying capacity. Because some uncontrollable factors on long-term operational experiments can make estimates of stand BA carrying capacity unreliable for loblolly pine, it is suggested that the stand BA carrying capacity could be estimated from high initial planting density stands in a relatively short period of time so that the risk of damages and the costs of experiments could be reduced. For estimating carrying capacity, another attractive option is to choose a miniature scale trial (microcosm) because it shortens the experiment time and reduces costs greatly.
Master of Science

Propósito: Observar obesas pré e pós-dieta hipocalórica moderada, mais treinamento em circuito ou caminhada. quanto a variáveis nutricionais. Métodos: Grupos: treinamento em circuito, CIRC, n = 26, índice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m2) = 33,2 ± 7,9 (Média±desvio padrão); idade = 32,6 ± 9,7 anos; e treinamento em caminhada, CAM, n = 24, IMC = 29,2±3,4; idade = 38,8 ± 10,5 anos. Avaliações: a composição corporal, coleta de urina e sangue, calorimetria indireta e testes físicos eram obtidos no inicio (M1) e final (M2) do estudo. Treinamento: mês 1 = 1 h x 3 d/semana; e mês 2 = 1 h x 4 d/semana. Dieta: foi adaptada do registro alimentar de uma semana, ajustado ao gasto energético de repouso (GER) e balanceada, com a seguinte proporção: 20% de proteínas; 20% de gorduras; e 60% de carbohidratos. Resultados: Pré-intervenção: 76% tinham algum familiar obeso; havia sintomatologia indicativa de: 60% ansiosas, 12% depressivas, 34% compulsivas e 32% distúrbio do sono, avaliadas por questionário no exame clínico. Foram encontrados níveis alterados de colesterol total (CT, mg/dL), e ou frações em 22% das sujeitas. O peso, IMC, o índice abdômem/quadril (IAQ), a soma de oito pregas cutâneas (SP8) se correlacionaram significativamente a quatro variáveis bioquímicas, e a circunferência do abdômen (CAb), e o percentual de gordura por antropometria (%GAntro) a cinco. Intervenção: O peso, IMC, %GAntro, endomorfia, massa gorda por bioimpedância (MGBia) e percentual de gordura por bioimpedância (%GBia), foram reduzidos significativamente nos dois grupos. O CIRC melhorou significativamente em todos (seis) e o CAM em três testes físicos. O CIRC teve significância para: ¯glicose (Gli), ¯AU, ¯CT, ¯Tg (todos em mg/dL), ­glóbulos vermelhos (GV) (mm3) e ­hematócrito (Ht) (%); e o CAM para: ¯Gli, ¯AU, ¯HDL, ­CT/HDL, ­GV, ­Ht. O GER não teve diferença em ambos os grupos. Conclusões: Pré-intervenção: Os dados antropometricos indicam boa correlação com os fatores bioquímicos de risco, mas não tem uma tendência constante. A taxa CT/HDL apresentou correlação com todas as medidas antropométircas e a Gli com nenhuma. A obesidade destas mulheres parece ter múltiplos fatores e o estilo de vida papel determinante. Intervenção: A atividade física per se foi importante para causar modificações nutricionais e da composição corporal nestas obesas. O CIRC teve melhor associação com o incremento da performance física e dados bioquímicos sanguineos e ambos os grupos preservaram o GER.
Purpose: To observe obese women before and after a low-calorie diet plus circuit training or jogging regarding nutritional parameters. Methods: Groups: circuit training, CIRC, n = 26, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) = 33.2 ± 7.9 (Mean±SD), age = 32.6 ± 9.7 years; and jogging training, JOGG, n = 24, BMI = 29.2 ± 3.4; age = 38.8 ± 10.5 years. Evaluations: body composition, collection of urine and blood samples, indirect calorimetry and physical tests were performed at the beginning (M1) and at the end (M2) of the study. Training: month one: 1 h x 3 d/week; month two: 1 h x 4 d/week. Diet: was adapted on the basis of a one week feeding record feed and adjusted to the resting metabolic rate (RMR) measured by indirect calorimetry, with the following proportion: 20% protein, 20% fat; and 60% carbohydrate. Results: Pre-intervention: 76% had one or more obese family members; there were symptoms indicating that 60% were anxious, 12% depressive, 34% compulsive, and 32% had sleep disorders, evaluated by a questionnaire during clinical examination. Altered levels of total cholesterol (TC) and/or fractions were found in 22% of the subjects. Weight (W), BMI, waist/hip ratio (WHR), and the sum of eight skin folds (8SF), were significantly correlated with four biochemistry variables, and abdominal circumference (AbC), and anthropometric fat percentage (%FAnthro) were correlated with five. Intervention: Weight, BMI, %FAnthro, endomorphy, body fat mass by bioimpedance (BFMBia) and percent body fat by bioimpedance (%FBia) were reduced in both groups. CIRC significantly increased performance in all (six) tests and the JOGG in three physical tests. CIRC showed significant differences for: ¯glucose (Glu), ¯UA, ¯TC (TC), ¯Tg (all in mg/dL), ­red blood cells (RBC) (mm3) and ­hematocrit (Ht) (%); and JOGG for: ¯Glu, ¯UA, ¯HDL, ­CT/HDL, ­RBC, ­Ht. The RMR was not significantly reduced in both groups. Conclusions: Pre-intervention: Anthropometric data indicated a good correlation with biochemical factors, but did not show a constant tendency. CT/HDL showed correlation with all anthropometric measurements and Glu with none. The obesity of these women appears to have multiple factors, with life style playing a determinant role. Intervention: Physical activities were determined to favor body composition, reduced weight and blood markers. CIRC were better in terms of physical performance and blood markers. Both types of training were sufficient to prevent a fall of RMR.

A fenilcetonúria (PKU) é caracterizada por uma deficiente atividade da fenilalanina hidroxilase (PAH), que converte fenilalanina em tirosina. Consequentemente, pacientes fenilcetonúricos apresentam níveis aumentados de fenilalanina no sangue e em tecidos. A fenilalanina atinge níveis tóxicos no cérebro e, assim, pode levar a deficiência intelectual grave se não tratada. Hoje em dia, os pacientes fenilcetonúricos são diagnosticados através de programas de triagem neonatal e são colocados em tratamento imediatamente. O tratamento da PKU é baseado em uma dieta restrita em fenilalanina juntamente com uma mistura de aminoácidos, que visa reduzir a ingestão de fenilalanina ao mesmo tempo em que fornece todos os outros aminoácidos e nutrientes essenciais. Apesar de eficiente, o tratamento é extremamente difícil de seguir e, portanto, os pacientes ainda apresentam altos níveis de fenilalanina e seus problemas associados, tais como estresse oxidativo, distúrbios motores e cognitivos. Ainda, a dieta em si é tão restritiva que a completa adesão pode levar a problemas nutricionais como obesidade e perturbações hormonais. A fim de abordar estas questões na PKU, é necessário compreender os mecanismos pelos quais a fenilalanina perturba homeostasia, bem como propor novas estratégias de tratamento para a doença. Portanto, esta tese teve como objetivo verificar o estado metabólico basal e em exercício aeróbico em pacientes fenilcetonúricos, além de avaliar possíveis benefícios do treinamento físico em camundongos PAHenu2. Para tanto, foram avaliados composição basal, estado nutricional, taxa metabólica basal, bem como a resposta ventilatória e bioquímica a uma sessão de exercício aeróbico em pacientes fenilcetonúricos em comparação com controles pareados, por bioimpedância elétrica e calorimetria indireta, respectivamente. Foram encontrados resultados similares entre pacientes e controles para todos os marcadores antropométricos e nutricionais, mostrando, assim, que os pacientes fenilcetonúricos têm a mesma composição corporal e perfil metabólico que controles. Além disso, os níveis de fenilalanina não se modificaram imediatamente após o exercício em comparação com a condição de repouso, demonstrando assim que o exercício aeróbico é seguro para pacientes fenilcetonúricos. No modelo animal de PKU, este estudo avaliou os efeitos crônicos do exercício aeróbico voluntário no cérebro de camundongos PAHenu2. Apesar de correrem menores distâncias do que os controles, os camundongos PKU apresentaram melhoras em parâmetros de estresse oxidativo no cérebro, embora os níveis de fenilalanina no sangue e no cérebro permanecessem inalterados. Os animais PKU apresentaram habilidades motoras e de equilíbrio deficientes em comparação com os controles, enquanto o exercício não afetou esses parâmetros comportamentais. Adicionalmente, os aminoácidos gliconeogênicos e os relacionados com o ciclo da ureia foram encontrados em níveis inferiores no plasma dos animais PKU que se exercitaram em comparação com os sedentários. Por outro lado, os camundongos selvagens não apresentaram nenhuma alteração causada pelo exercício. Assim, os fenilcetonúricos não apresentam distúrbios em marcadores metabólicos tanto em repouso como durante exercício aeróbico. Por conseguinte, os fenilcetonúricos devem ser encorajados a praticar exercício para, possivelmente, beneficiarem-se das adaptações positivas geradas pelo treinamento físico. No entanto, o pequeno número de pacientes avaliados em nossos estudos destaca a necessidade de mais pesquisas para descrever o exercício mais adequado para pacientes com PKU.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is characterized by poor phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) activity, which acts converting phenylalanine into tyrosine. Consequently, PKU patients show increased levels of phenylalanine in the blood and tissues. Phenylalanine reaches toxic levels in the brain and therefore can lead to severe mental retardation, if untreated. Nowadays, PKU patients are diagnosed through newborn screening programs and are put on treatment immediately. PKU treatment is based on a phenylalanine-restricted diet along with an amino acid mixture, which aims to reduce the intake of phenylalanine while providing other essential amino acids and nutrients. Despite efficient, the treatment is extremely hard to follow so that PKU patients show high levels of phenylalanine and related issues such as oxidative stress, motor and cognitive disturbances. Moreover, the diet itself is so restrictive that adhering to it may lead to nutritional problems like obesity and hormonal disruptions. In order to tackle these issues in PKU, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms in which phenylalanine disturbs homeostasis as well as propose new treatment strategies for the disease. Therefore, this thesis aimed to evaluate metabolic markers in rest and exercise in PKU patients, as well as to verify the possible benefits of exercise in the brain of PAHenu2 mice. For that, we evaluated basal body composition, nutritional status, basal metabolic rate, as well as ventilatory and biochemical response to an aerobic exercise session in PKU patients and matched-controls using electrical bioimpedance analysis and indirect calorimetry, respectively. The groups did not differ for anthropometric and nutritional markers, thus showing that PKU patients have the same body and metabolic profiles as controls. Moreover, phenylalanine levels were not modified immediately after exercise in comparison to rest condition, thus proving that aerobic exercise is safe for PKU patients. In the animal model of PKU, we evaluated the effects of voluntary training in the brain of PAHenu2 mice. Despite running less distances than the controls, the PKU mice showed improved oxidative stress parameters although phenylalanine levels in the blood and in brain remained unchanged. PKU animals showed poor motor and balance skills than controls while exercise did not affect these behavioral markers. In addition, gluconeogenic and urea cycle-related amino acids were found in lower levels in the plasma of the exercised PKU animals in comparison to the sedentary PKU group. On the other hand, wild-type mice did not show any of those changes. Taken together, we conclude that PKU patients do not show disturbed metabolism in rest and during aerobic exercise. Therefore, PKU patients have to be encouraged to exercise in order to possibly benefit from long-term exercise-related adaptations. Nevertheless, the small number of patients evaluated in our studies highlights the need of further research to describe the most suitable exercise for PKU patients.