Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bâtiment résidentiel'
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Do, Mai Thi. "Modélisation et optimisation d'un mur solaire avec vitrage dans un bâtiment résidentiel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28966/28966.pdf.
Full textMartinez, Simon. "Études expérimentales et numériques d'un micro-cogénérateur solaire : intégration à un bâtiment résidentiel." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS019/document.
Full textThis work consists of the experimental and numerical study of the energy performance of a prototype of solar micro-cogeneration. The facility, located on the campus of the University of La Rochelle, operates by coupling a 46.5 m² parabolic trough solar collector field with an oil-free piston steam engine operating according to the Hirn thermodynamic cycle. The solar tracking system is carried out in two axes and the water is evaporated directly into the absorber of the parabolic trough collectors. Electricity generation is provided by a generator and the recovery of fatal heat must make it possible to meet the heating and domestic hot water needs of a building. The first part of this work presents the tests performed. The objective is to carry out additional tests to characterize the solar concentrator, to study the conditions of steam overheating, as well as the operation of the complete installation in winter. This work has allowed the development of models for the parabolic trough sensor, the tests in overheated mode have shown the need for an extra charge for the operation of such an installation while the tests with motor present productions compatible with the electricity and heat consumption of a residential building. The second part concerns the modelling of the elements constituting the micro-cogenerator as well as the integration of this installation into the building using dynamic thermal simulation software (TRNSYS©). This study proposes two integration options depending on the positioning of the auxiliary heater. For both configurations, weekly and annual reviews are presented to discuss the advantages/disadvantages of each provision. It appears that the positioning of the auxiliary on the primary circuit makes it possible to control the electrical production. The addition of back-up boiler on the distribution seems more easily achievable but prevents the control of power generation
Colomb, Maxime. "Simulation de formes réalistes de développement résidentiel, de l’échelle du bâtiment à celle de l’ensemble d’une région urbaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2070.
Full textThe process of urban sprawl of urban agglomerations is very often criticised for numerous reasons.The dynamics of residential developments, at the origin of urban sprawl, are very complex and result from the interaction of several phenomena. Many laws and regulations are supposed to control the construction of buildings in order to limit the negative impacts of urbanisation.It is nevertheless difficult to anticipate the effects of such a regulatory corpus. Its multi-scale nature, related to the different levels of regulation, the different regulated subjects and the different parties executing those regulations complicate the forecasting of their effects and the spatial configurations they contribute to create. Here, we propose a simulation model for the residential development of an urban agglomeration. It produces realistic configurations respecting the orientations, goals and constraints stemming from urban planning documents. To that end, we elaborate a coupling of two existing spatial simulation models. This coupling, named ArtiScales, follows a top-down approach in simulating the shape of the residential development of an entire study area by selecting the constructible parcels and by simulating the construction potential of each plot. ArtiScales integrates the MUP-City model, that allows us to select interesting locations with respect to the built configuration of the study area and to several points of interest (transportation networks, shopping facilities, services, etc.). We develop a parcel management model in order to select the existing parcels interesting for residential development and to recompose them when needed according to the chosen scenarios and to specific situations (densification, special operations). Finally, we use the SimPLU3D model to simulate the constructibility of each parcel. This model generates spatial configurations, in three dimensions, respecting the regulatory constraints originating from the local urban planning scheme (Plan Local de l’Urbanisme - PLU). We concentrate the analysis of the coupling results on the estimation of created housing units and its agreement with the goals defined by the local housing program (Programme Local de l’Habitat - PLH) and on the housing density by hectare and its agreement with the goals defined by the territorial coherence scheme (Schéma de Cohérence Territoriale - SCoT). Spatial simulation models are subject to an important variability that questions the reliability of simulation results. MUP-City being particularly subject to such variability, we conduct a complete analysis of its simulation results in order to caracterise the parameters responsible for this variability and how it translates to the produced spatial configurations. We distinguish two types of variations : the ones caused by scenaristic parameters, allowing to simulate different residential development forms, and those caused by technical parameters (internal to the model), allowing to propose variants of the scenarios. The variability between the variants is compared with the variability found in the study of MUP-City results in order to see if the model coupling absorbs or amplifies it. The ArtiScales model (https://github.com/ArtiScales/ArtiScales) is available as free and open source software and can be used in many applications. A set of simulations representing different scenarios has been explored on the Grand Besançon territory (East of France). Simulations carried out represent a potential for residential development conforming to all the regulations at work. We also propose simulations that modify the zoning authorising the construction or not
Delorme-Costil, Alexandra. "Modèles prédictifs et adaptatifs pour la gestion énergétique du bâtiment résidentiel individuel : réseaux de neurones artificiels basés sur les données usuellement disponibles." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0020.
Full textThe use of predictive control permits to reduce the energy consumption of residential buildings without reducing the comfort of the inhabitant. The company BoostHeat develops a thermodynamic furnace with high energy efficiency for this purpose. Simultaneous production of domestic hot water (DHW) and heating allows many control strategies to optimize performance. The use of predictive controls makes it possible to anticipate energy needs, to take into account the impact of building inertia on indoor temperature and thus to make production management choices that minimize energy consumption. The models used today in predictive controls are binding. Indeed, these models require large amounts of data, either on a representative sample of buildings or on each modeled building. They may also need detailed studies of the building, the occupants and their consumption practices. In order to allow BoostHeat to use predictive control without going through a complex modeling step at every furnace installation, we propose adaptive models using information commonly available on a typical installation. We choose to develop artificial neural networks for the prediction on the one hand of the consumptions of DHW and on the other hand of the ambiant temperature of the building. Artificial neural networks are already used to model the energy consumption of a specific building, however our models are generic and automatically adapt to the building in which the furnace is installed. Many models are developed to study the impact of the choice of inputs, amounts of learning data and artificial neural network architecture on the accuracy of prediction. The DHW consumption prediction models are tested on three experimental cases while the indoor temperature prediction models are tested on two experimental cases and one hundred and twenty simulated cases. This makes it possible to test their adaptation to the entire French housing stock. We show, for the prediction of DHW consumption as for the indoor temperature prediction, that two weeks of collected data are sufficient for a good adaptation of the models to a specific case. The most efficient model for the prediction of domestic hot water consumption only needs the consumptions of the previous instants. The indoor temperature prediction model performs better on less isolated buildings. The results obtained are promising for the application of predictive controls on a large scale
Flach-Malaspina, Nicolas. "Conception globale d'une pompe à chaleur air / eau à puissance variable pour le secteur résidentiel." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1227.
Full textBakaloglou, Salomé. "Les obstacles à la baisse des consommations énergétiques dans le secteur résidentiel : une analyse empirique du cas français." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTD004/document.
Full textReducing the energy consumption of the residential sector is a major stake in the context of the energy transition and the fight against climate change. However, despite the implementation of several dedicated public policies, the energy consumption of the sector has barely decreased in France. Through four empirical articles, this thesis aims to identify some of the barriers to the decrease of the French residential energy consumption with a focus on the role of individual determinants. In the first chapter, we wish to contribute to the literature on the barriers to energy efficiency investment (Sutherland, 1991) and the “energy efficiency gap” (Jaffe and Stavins, 1994). We use the methodology of the discrete choice experiment to assess the role of perceived risk and uncertainty on retrofit quality and energy price as barrier to the energy renovation decision. In the second chapter, we provide an empirical contribution on the role of individual preferences for comfort, other individual determinants and energy performance of dwellings in explaining energy consumption. In the third chapter, we study the energy performance gap (gap between theoretical and real energy consumption at dwelling level) and its drivers by using the quantile regression. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we test the assumption of the existence of a rebound effect for the heating energy consumption in France
Aoun, Bernard. "Micro-cogénération pour les bâtiments résidentiels fonctionnant avec des énergies renouvelables." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005092.
Full textBasu, Kaustav. "Techniques avancées de classification pour l'identification et la prédiction non intrusive de l'état des charges dans le bâtiment." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT089/document.
Full textSmart metering is one of the fundamental units of a smart grid, as many further applicationsdepend on the availability of fine-grained information of energy consumption and production.Demand response techniques can be substantially improved by processing smart meter data to extractrelevant knowledge of appliances within a residence. The thesis aims at finding generic solutions for thenon-intrusive load monitoring and future usage prediction of residential loads at a low sampling rate.Load monitoring refers to the dis-aggregation of individual loads from the total consumption at thesmart meter. Future usage prediction of appliances are important from the energy management point ofview. In this work, state of the art multi-label temporal classification techniques are implemented usingnovel set of features. Moreover, multi-label classifiers are able to take inter-appliance correlation intoaccount. The methods are validated using a dataset of residential loads in 100 houses monitored over aduration of 1-year
Villot, Jonathan. "Bâtiments et facteur 4, de l'émergence d'un objectif global à son application au niveau local. : Analyse des problématiques de rénovation dans le secteur résidentiel à caractère social." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739707.
Full textPantelimon, Negrut Viorel. "La conception et la gestion des bâtiments résidentiels durables." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2011. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/893/1/PANTELIMON_NEGRUT_Viorel.pdf.
Full textTamokoué, Kamga Paul-Hervé. "Essais sur l'économie de la performance énergétique des bâtiments dans le secteur résidentiel." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM052/document.
Full textThis PhD dissertation aims at better understanding some features of the market for building energy performance in the residential sector and at evaluating the effectiveness of three policy interventions to encourage energy retrofit: Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs), tax credit for energy retrofit, and energy taxation. The first chapter of the thesis surveys the literature on building energy performance certification: there is strong evidence that households value building energy performance when buying or renting a dwelling. The second chapter provides a theoretical analysis of the impact of EPCs and shows that EPCs can decrease or increase energy consumption depending on the time horizon and the heterogeneity of energy demand in the population. The third chapter develops a simulation based on the aforementioned model and suggests that EPCs need to be supplemented by other policy instruments to reduce energy consumption. Relying on French micro-panel data, the fourth chapter econometrically analyzes the impact of a tax credit rate increase for energy retrofit and finds that it can substantially boost expenditures for investments targeted by the tax credit. The last chapter econometrically analyzes how energy prices affect households’ decisions to invest in building energy performance and does not find any statistical evidence of an effect of an increase in energy fuel price
Salama, Mothanna. "Développement d'un label énergétique destiné aux bâtiments résidentiels de la région Est-Méditerranée (Syrie et Liban)." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM0973/document.
Full textIn the countries which importing energy in the region of the East-Mediterranean, such as Syria and Lebanon, the building sector is the largest consumer of energy . A dynamic urban expansion and population growth are important characteristics of the coastal towns of this region, with a total lack of application of heat or energy regulations for buildings. The objective of this work is to develop an energy certification for new residential buildings in the coastal region of East Mediterranean. To achieve this goal, we conducted a series of field surveys to highlight energy issues of residential buildings in the city of Tartous, and establish a database for the repository construction methods, energy systems access and usage of the occupants. The choice of the RT2012 is the result of a critical and comparative analysis of the six most popular labels in the world, for an extension to the East Mediterranean region. The originality of our work is to address the reality of the field by adopting a tool of a dynamic thermal simulation and relying on the specific operation and use of the building and equipment of heating, cooling, hot water and appliances. The limits of improving energy performance, due to the use of available technical solutions on site, with a total valuation of viewpoints energy, economic and comfort, will let us determine the new values of the regulatory indices of our new RT2012-EM energy label. The energy label for the different actors of the building to the design of new residential buildings, designed to promote a policy of rational use of energy, through buildings with low energy consumption
Philippe, Mickaël. "Développement et validation expérimentale de modèles d'échangeurs géothermiques horizontaux et verticaux pour le chauffage de bâtiments résidentiels." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00585632.
Full textAprès un état de l'art des différents modèles d'échangeurs géothermiques horizontaux et verticaux existants, des modèles de sondes verticales utilisables pour des simulations dynamiques sont identifiés et leurs domaines de validité sont précisés. Un modèle d'échangeur horizontal semi-analytique décliné en deux versions adaptées respectivement à des courtes et longues durées de sollicitations thermiques est ensuite développé. Un dispositif expérimental est alors mis au point bénéficiant d'une technique novatrice de mesure répartie de température du sol par fibre optique. Un essai de validation du modèle d'échangeur horizontal est ainsi réalisé et permet de confirmer la pertinence de ce dernier. Enfin une méthode de calcul du coefficient de performance annuel est développée pour une pompe à chaleur à échangeur horizontal ou vertical. L'application de cette méthode à un bâtiment type dans un climat orléanais permet d'éprouver la méthode avec de premiers résultats prometteurs.
Philippe, Mikael. "Développement et validation expérimentale de modèles d'échangeurs géothermiques horizontaux et verticaux pour le chauffage de bâtiments résidentiels." Paris, ENMP, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00585632.
Full textThe inreasing use of geothermal heat pumps on the French territory represents an important reduction potential of greenhouse gases emissions. To encourage this trend, it is necessary to accurately assess the annual performances of geothermal heat pumps in comparison with the other existing heating systems. In such a context, this thesis aims to establish a precise and functional model for calculating the annual energy performances of geothermal heat pumps with horizontal or vertical ground heat exchangers. After a literature review of horizontal and vertical ground heat exchangers models, the geothermal borehole models more adapted to dynamic simulations are identified and their validity ranges are reported. Concerning the horizontal ground heat exchangers, we could not find any suitable model for our purposes. A semi-analytical model, is then developed in two versions for two different time ranges of heat exchanges. To evaluate the model, an experimental set-up, equipped with an innovative device permitting a distributed temperature measurement by optical fibers is installed. A validation test elaborated and applied on the horizontal ground heat exchanger model allows to confirm its relevance. Finally, a calculation method of the seasonal performance factor is developed for heat pumps equipped with horizontal or vertical ground heat exchangers. The application of this method to a typical residential building in the climate of Orléans gives promising results
Jreijiry, David. "Modélisation numérique des systèmes de ventilation hybride et développement des stratégies de contrôle associées pour les bâtiments résidentiels." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS122.
Full textThe aim of this work is to develop and evaluate hybrid ventilation control strategies, using both natural and mechanical mode, in residential building. The first chapter presents the state of the art of existing hybrid ventilation systems and control strategies. Moreover, thermal and airflow simulation tools used in the field of building science are reviewed. In the second chapter, a methodology to implement building airflow models in Matlab/SIMULINK is described. A simplified pollutants model and a humidity model are developed in the same environment. The new airflow model have been coupled with the existing thermal model in SIMBAD building and HVAC toolbox. The airflow models are now implemented in the new version of SIMBAD toolbox. The third chapter concerns the description of the ventilation systems and their control strategies. It includes a mechanical ventilation system based on the national regulation and the hybrid ventilation system used in the framework of the European project RESHYVENT. Two demand control strategies have been developed for the hybrid ventilation system, the first one is based on the occupant detection and the second one is based on the CO2 levels in the dry rooms. Both strategies take into account the potential of stack effect. The last chapter deals with the evaluation of hybrid ventilation control strategies. The case study is a single family dwelling in four European climates (Athens, Nice, Stockholm and Trappes). The yearly simulations have been performed to evaluate the different systems for the different climates with respect to indoor air quality, thermal comfort, energy consumption and the stability of control strategies criteria. In addition, the influence of building shielding is presented. The main conclusion of this work is the ability of hybrid ventilation systems to improve indoor air quality and to reduce fan energy consumption with respect to reference system while maintaining the building energy consumption for heating close to each other
Rouleau, Jean. "Exploration in-situ et numérique de la consommation énergétique et du confort thermique des bâtiments résidentiels en bois." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34439.
Full textOver a third of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions are related to the building sector. As part of global efforts to combat climate change, it is essential to ensure high energy efficiency of buildings. Doing so requires a deep understanding of the thermal behavior of buildings. Building performance simulation is very useful in this regard, but it is frequent to observe discrepancies between the predicted and real energy consumption levels. Occupant behavior is very influential on the energy performance of a building, so it is essential for it to be accurately represented during building simulations. The objective of this thesis is to analyze and explain the consumption of energy in high-performance wood residential buildings by focusing on the importance of occupant behavior. This thesis relies on the monitoring of a social housing building. Potential solutions are proposed to further improve the performance of low energy consumption buildings. First, the energy consumption of the monitored building is studied in order to understand why the building requires energy. This analysis exhibits the great dwelling-to-dwelling variability of energy consumption and thermal comfort. This variability is not explainable by the various orientations and positions of the dwellings or by the different household sizes. This shows the great impact that actions taken by people at home can have on the performance of their dwelling. Linear regression models are created from the collected data to quantify the influence of multiple variables on the heating demand in winter and on the indoor temperature in summer. Indoor temperature represents an important issue since overheating is present in the building during the summer. The high insulation and air tightness of the building envelope contributes to overheating by preventing heat transfer between the indoor and outdoor environments. The energy performance gap of the building is also covered. It is demonstrated that for the case study building, the gap is mainly due to an inaccurate representation of occupant behavior during building simulations. A stochastic model that simulates occupant behavior in residential buildings is developed from already existing models. This tool simultaneously simulates occupancy, hot water and electricity consumption and window control behavior. Generated profiles are coherent with each other (there cannot be hot water consumption when no one is present at home) and consider the dwelling-to-dwelling variability of occupant behavior. The window control part of the model is built from the data coming from the monitored building whereas the data is instead use to validate the other parts of the model. The validation shows the benefits of the modifications brought to the original occupant behavior models. Building simulations are then performed to assess the impact of occupants on the energy consumption and thermal comfort of residential buildings. These simulations are based on the stochastic occupant behavior tool develop in this thesis. Results display that the heating demand of a dwelling, its total energy use and its thermal comfort are all highly sensitive to occupant behavior. A linear regression model is also built from simulated data to evaluate the influence of various parameters. The energy performance of large housing stocks is more robust with respect to occupant behavior, but the results suggest that it remains difficult to forecast with great accuracy the performance of a multiresidential building if stochastic aspects of occupant behavior are neglected. Use of more accurate occupant behavior profiles can also improve the sizing of HVAC systems, particularly of hot water systems.
Rahmeh, Mireille. "Etude expérimentale et numérique des performances de la ventilation mécanique par insufflation : qualité de l’air intérieur dans les bâtiments résidentiels." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS011/document.
Full textPoor indoor air quality has been ranked among the top five environmental risks on public health (EPA, 2013). The ventilation is a well-recognized solution for reducing the variety of contaminants that could be found inside residential buildings. However, as well as clean air is an essential factor for a healthy life and a healthy building, low energy consumption is significant for a healthy planet. For these reasons, scientific research are conducted to improve the performance of ventilation systems in order to obtain a balance in the controversial relationship between the air distribution and indoor air quality on the one hand and the thermal comfort and energy efficiency on the other hand. One of the existing ventilation systems is the Supply-Only Ventilation (SOV), known also as positive input ventilation (PIV). It functions by mechanically introducing fresh, filtered and preheated air into the center of the building. So far, the existing systems in France introduce air through one or two supply points (usually located in the center of the house). As for the evacuation, steal air goes out through natural vents installed in each room of the house. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of this system in terms of indoor air quality in a real environment and to find improvement field that will help in increasing the indoor air quality. Based on preliminary studies and on the airflow path principle required by French regulation, we decided to investigate a Multi Supply-Only Ventilation system (M-SOV). The idea is to have an insufflation point in the bedrooms and living room, while the free air outlets are located in the utility rooms (kitchen, bathroom and toilets). Different emission scenarios are experimentally simulated using tracer gas methods. The study shows that even though the flow rate of this system is lower than the extract only ventilation system (EOV), it provides satisfactory results. In addition, it helps fight against the confinement room and reduce the indoor particles concentrations originated from outdoor sources. A numerical study using a multizone airflow and contaminant transport model is performed. The numerical results show a good agreement with that of the experimental ones. Moreover, they are promising for the future parametric study in order to improve the SOV performance
Arantes, Laëtitia. "L'intégration des données énergétiques dans la conception architecturale située." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965670.
Full textVorger, Éric. "Étude de l'influence du comportement des habitants sur la performance énergétique du bâtiment." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0066/document.
Full textHuman behaviour is modelled in a simplistic manner in building energy simulation programs. However, it has a considerable impact and is identified as a major explanatory factor of the discrepancy between simulation results and in situ measurements. Occupants influence buildings energy consumption through their presence and activities, the opening/closing of windows, the actions on blinds, the use of artificial lighting and electrical appliances, the choices of temperature setpoints, and the water consumptions. The thesis proposes a model of occupants' behaviour including all these aspects, according to a stochastic approach, for residential and office buildings. Models' development is based on numerous data from measurements campaigns, sociological surveys and from the scientific literature. The proposed model for occupants' behaviour is coupled to the simulation tool Pléiades+COMFIE. By propagating the uncertainties of factors from the occupants' behaviour model and the thermal model (envelope, climate, systems), the simulation results confidence interval can be estimated, opening the way to an energy performance guarantee process
Thorel, Mathieu. "Aide à la décision multicritère pour la prescription de scénarios d'amélioration énergétique via une approche globale." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENA020/document.
Full textWe spend most of our lives in buildings. These were built mostly before the oil shocks of 1974 and 1979 and offer both poor energy performances and improvable comfort conditions (thermal, acoustic, natural lighting). In France, with 32 million units and an annual turnover of less than 1% of the existing building stock, the energy renovation of housing becomes a necessity. This, as much for political ends (energy dependence), economic reasons (revival of construction jobs, real-estate valorisation), social reasons (wellbeing of occupants), as environmental reasons (reduction of greenhouse gas emissions). This thesis aims to provide knowledge and a methodology to contribute to the decision support for prescribing efficient energy renovation scenarios of houses built during the 1945-1974 period. Three issues are highlighted in this research work: 1) the integration of an holistic approach of renovation process (systemic and multi-criteria) to avoid not foreseen collateral effects due to bad choices; 2) help formalize the preferences of decision-takers (homeowners) in a format interpretable by multi-criteria analysis tools; 3) integration of uncertainties related to the characterization of existing buildings in the process of scenarios generation and decision support. Through a systemic description of buildings and a multi-criteria performance assessment of formerly identified renovation actions, we propose an innovative methodology, consisted of 6 modular and interchangeable technical sub-models, which aims to automate the generation, assessment, optimization and performance-based ranking of renovation scenarios. The heart of the methodology is based on the formalization of renovation knowledge from construction specialists in two of our six sub-models. The first one is an influence matrix that we use to translate most common renovation goals (equivalent to the wishes expressed by homeowners) into a profile of relative weights and a profile of targeted-levels of performance on indicators modelled. The second one is a probabilistic inference tool (using the technology of bayesian networks) to both optimize assemblies of renovation actions (programming by successive constraints) and achieve multi-criteria evaluation of these assemblies (by the use of aggregation functions of local performances). A sixth and final sub-model uses the ELECTRE outranking methods to sort and classify, by preference order, renovation scenarios previously generated. At last, our methodology provides the ability to let users test their own energy renovation scenarios in order to analyze their multi-criteria performances and compatibility with the characteristics of the existing capitalized during the technical diagnosis of their building. The methodology proposed is intended to be educational and transposable into a functional computer system prototype. A first version was developed and used to apply our decision process to a real case of individual house to renovate. First results obtained are consistent and allow validating the approach. However, keep in mind that like any model using expert knowledge, robustness and validity limit of its scope of application depend on the quality of knowledge work capitalized
Micolier, Alice. "Développement d’une méthodologie d’évaluation cohérente et intégrée de l’impact des choix de conception sur la qualité de l’air intérieur et les performances énergétiques et environnementales des bâtiments résidentiels." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0380.
Full textThe construction sector is undergoing a profound transformation driven by energy and environmental concerns. The design solutions proposed to meet these objectives must not compromise indoor air quality (IAQ). Despite the major public health risks associated with this issue, design actors lack tools to assess the performance of the design solutions in terms of IAQ. This thesis aims to address this challenge by proposing a consistent and integrated methodology for evaluating the health, energy and environmental performance of building design solutions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been identified as a relevant methodology for integrating into a standardised methodological framework the evaluation of the building performance in terms of IAQ, energy and environment through common impact metrics.In order to better characterise the impacts generated by indoor air pollution and energy consumption during the operational phase of the building, we developed a numerical model coupling heat and mass transfers in the building envelope. This model evaluates the emission of pollutants from building materials (inventory) until their fate in indoor environments (transport) as a function of the temperature. The integration of this model into the LCA allowed us to quantify the impact of different construction materials on the indoor and outdoor environment of the building and to compare them with the impacts generated during their production and end of life phase. The results obtained show the sensitivity of this model to behaviour-driven parameters.The occupant has a major role in the problem of IAQ and its consideration is a key element to quantify occupants’ exposure to indoor pollutants with fewer uncertainties. We developed an agent-based model simulating human behaviour within residential buildings using an advanced cognitive architecture that integrates both the deliberative and social behaviour of occupants. By coupling the pollutant transport model with the human behavioural agent model, we explored to which extent the exposure to indoor pollution is sensitive to the occupants' lifestyle and the occupants' behaviour influences the fate of pollutants in indoor environments. This is a preliminary step in estimating a confidence interval of the simulation results, paving the way for a performance guarantee process in terms of IAQ
Cony, Louis. "Élaboration et développement d’un indice de la qualité sanitaire de l’habitat : outil de quantification de la « favorabilité » à la santé." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS002.
Full textWithout lessening the importance of outdoor air quality (especially in areas with heavy road traffic or near industrial sites...) or transport (such as confined underground spaces) in people's exposure to air pollutants, considering the exposure of occupants to pollutants in their dwellings is essential since people spend around 80% of their time there. The first step of this work consisted in defining a reduced number of pollutants to be considered inside the dwellings through a prioritization process consisting in comparing the levels of exposure to the different pollutants in relation to their health reference values. The analysis of the existing single and multi-pollutant indices led to the definition of a new multi-pollutant index, called ULR-IAQ, which was used as the main indicator in the rest of the study. The second chapter was dedicated to the development of the numerical tool necessary to reproduce the various and varied situations that can be encountered in dwellings. The objective here was to reproduce the transport of pollutants from outdoor to indoor, indoor sources of pollutants as well as the main physical phenomena (pollutant transfers between the different rooms, variation in air relative humidity, deposition of particles, filtration...) for the evaluation of the concentration levels of the target pollutants defined in the previous chapter. Thus, a simulation environment combining energy, airflow and pollutant transport for multizone buildings has been developed by coupling TRNSYS and CONTAM software. Finally, an analysis of the elements impacting the IAQ of dwellings was developed in the last chapter. The goal here was not only to observe the influence of certain parameters but also to quantify and prioritize, through the ULR-IAQ index calculation, the pollutants, their sources, the systems as well as the actions that can be taken by the occupants to improve the IAQ of their dwellings
Özdilek, Ünsal. "Valeur hédonique des terrains à usage résidentiel unifamilial sur l'île de Montréal." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17152.
Full textPatenaude, Mario. "Influence de la phase d’usage dans les enjeux de la rénovation de bâtiments résidentiels écologiques : vers une approche diachronique." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13499.
Full textIn North America, construction industry design practices are linked to varied and important environmental, economic, and social concerns. Conceptual trends, like the industrialization of construction, green building, the diachronic approach, and spatial rationalization have proposed to address these issues. Synchronic housing design, still based only on present-day needs, generates static buildings that cannot accommodate needs that evolve over time. Furthermore, during the use phase, which reveals itself as the most costly in terms of energy, water, materials consumption, and waste generation, static buildings may undergo various renovations that are profoundly deleterious, both to the environment and the household’s economic situation. From a perspective that seeks to operationalize sustainable development, the research problem concerns the consideration of the use phase in the housing design process. In order instead to foster diachronic design, fifty-five residential renovation projects were analyzed and compared in order to describe the nature and intensity of their interventions. A review of before/after renovation plans allowed quantification of intervention intensity and highlighted certain trends and recurrences among current practices. In order to determine if green building can respond to contemporary environmental issues in housing, a content analysis of strategies proposed by three certification programs used in North America—BOMA-BESt®, LEED®, and Living Building ChallengeTM—is conducted. Classification of these strategies reveals the distribution of concerns regarding building, systems, and user. An analysis shows, generally, that considerations seem consistent with the impacts associated with housing. An examination focused on the content and objectives of those design strategies which consider the user yields the emergence of two thematic clusters: five potential sources of impacts (energy, water, materials, waste, and indoor environment) and four themes linked to the design strategies’ objectives and purposes (maintenance and monitoring; awareness and training; modeling and metering; behaviour and habit). Discussion permitted the formulation of ecological design criteria, such as disassembly, updatability, and accessibility, to allow for housing that accommodates occupants’ changing needs. Recommendations are proposed, such as the need for better consideration of the user phase in order to make it more consistent with the impacts it generates. Other suggestions call for making building performance more concrete by encouraging the involvement, commitment, accountability, and empowerment of occupants. Finally, it seems that particular changes in certification programs and legislation could encourage the emergence of a new, much-needed vision for total floor area reduction. All these opportunities for improvement seek to lead the sector toward a more holistic approach and to improve significantly the environmental, economic, and social implications of housing.