Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bâtiments verts'
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Khelifa, Mohammed Rissel. "Formulation et caractérisation d'éco-bétons renforcés aux fibres d'alfa pour des bâtiments verts et durables." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0953/document.
Full textConcrete is the most used building material in the world. In order to reinforce struture concretes, different kinds of fibres are added among which metallic and synthetic (e.g. polypropylene) fibres.In our study, we have replaced polypropylene fibres by natural vegetal fibres of alfa, a grass commonly found aroud the Mediterranean.We have prepared 3 kinds of concrete : alfa-reinforced concrete (with various amounts of alfa fibres), polypropylene-reinforced concrete and ordinary concrete used as references.Characterization showed that the best amounts of alfa fibres are 1 and 1.5 %, that gave a mechanical behaviour close to that of ordinary and polypropylene-concrete.Durability tests (sulfatic attack and high temperature) showed that the concrete reinforced with 1% of alfa fibres gives the closest results compared to ordinary concrete. Concrete with 1% of alfa fibres is hence the best concrete.Environmental analyses showed that alfa fibres generate far less impacts than polypropylene fibres as regards fossil fuel depletion, climate change (linked with emissions of greenhouse gases among which CO2), atmospheric emission of particles, marine ecotoxicity and photochemical oxydation
Gagnon, Richard. "Optimisation multi-objectif de bâtiments en bois : vers le net-zéro en énergie et en carbone sur la vie du bâtiment." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32726.
Full textSambou, Vincent. "Transferts thermiques instationnaires : vers une optimisation de parois de bâtiments." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/252/.
Full textThe objective of this work is to optimize a multilayered wall or an element of alveolar wall in relation to insulation and thermal inertia. We showed that the thermal capacity deducted of the quadruple representation of a wall is a parameter characterizing thermal inertia of the wall. The optimization of a multilayered wall gives the optimal disposition of the wall layers and determines the optimal thickness of the massive layer. The daily entropy production of a multilayered wall confirms the best disposition of the layers. Heat transfer in an element of alveolar wall represented by a partitioned cavity has been theoretically and experimentally studied. Our results show the preponderance of the radiation heat transfer on the convection one. An optimal number of partitions giving a maximal resistance is found. The influence of pertinent parameters on heat transfer and thermal resistance is emphasized. Influence study of the exciting temperature period on the convection and radiation heat transfer shows the existence of a resonance frequency in the alveolus nearest to the variable boundary. A simplified 1D model of heat transfer in a partitioned cavity that has been validated both numerically and experimentally allows to apply quadruple method to partitioned cavity. Thus, a partitioned cavity can be optimized as regards insulation and thermal inertia
Lagurgue, Xavier. "La végétalisation verticale des bâtiments : vers une écoesthétique du vivant." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100045.
Full textWith a very small footprint, “green walls” allow to reinforce the greening of urban areas. They contribute, in the same way as vegetated roofs, to the adaptation of cities to climate change, to the resorption of heat islands, to the fight against the collapse of biodiversity. There are many types of green walls, from the most artificial and the most expensive on which plants grow in hydroponics, almost without substrate, to the most spontaneous which develop naturally without any human intervention, in the joints of building materials. This thesis deals with both architecture and ecology in the perspective of cohabitation with vegetation on the vertical parts of buildings. While contemporary thoughts of nature renew the relationships of belonging between man and his environment, architecture is still slow to embark on this path. The aim is to study the capacity of the building to accommodate on its exterior surfaces a nature as autonomous as possible, which costs nothing or little, and provides the city with multiple ecological services. The first part presents a state of the art, an inventory of the means and techniques and a classification of the architectural figures of the methods of vertical vegetation of the buildings. The second part of the thesis is devoted to three field studies on ruderal plants, vegetated balconies, green walls, as well as to the discussion of the results. The outcome leads to the hypothesis that humans and non-humans share a «eco-aesthetics of the living» that connects them in a common environment and that constitutes a new perspective for architectural ecology
Chesné, Lou. "Vers une nouvelle méthodologie de conception des bâtiments, basée sur leurs performances bioclimatiques." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825646.
Full textStefanoiu, Ana. "Vers l'évaluation de la performance des bâtiments à haute efficacité énergétique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA007/document.
Full textIn France, the building sector is the main energy consumer. Moreover single-family houses represent about 60% of annual dwelling construction. The construction of energy efficient buildings represents a big step into energy saving. However, even though various efforts are made within this field, there is still a lack of methodologies about how to evaluate the energy performance of these buildings. The performance evaluation of an energy efficient building should allow understanding factors that contribute to its energy performance and as well as identifying the causes of overconsumption, poor indoor conditions.This thesis seeks to contribute to this field, by proposing an approach towards evaluating the energy performance of a house. This is done by comparing the real performance and the expected performance, using monitoring and building performance simulation, from design to operational phases. The energy performance evaluation approach is carried out on different cases of studies, mainly on a single-family house, situated in a Mediterranean climate.First, in the design phase, we use building performance simulation models to study the dispersions in energy use related to occupant’s behavior. The goal is to analyze the influence of the occupancy scenario on the behavior of the building and to establish a range of values for energy demand, based on national statistics. This step study the building’s behavior based on different types of occupancy scenarios, appliances and lighting use and temperature set point.Then, the focus is on the global evaluation of the envelope’s performance. Within the present thesis an innovative in-situ dynamic test is developed to assess the real envelope’s performance. This test is adapted to occupied houses (as it only takes 2 days) while controlling the infiltration air flow. The comparison between theoretical results of steady state calculation and experimental results show a good precision of less than 10%.Finally, continuous monitoring of energy efficient houses is studied. First, a work is done to reduce the number of sensors required for monitoring, while minimizing the loss of information. Then, an instrumentation methodology is developed and applied to a single-family house. The follow-up of this house could be studied during the first six months of monitoring and allowed to explain the behavior of the building and its consumption with regard to its use and to make the link with the previsions made during the design phase
Royer, Sullivan. "Modélisation de bâtiments et de leurs zones thermiques : vers une procédure générique." Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1253.
Full textCourchelle, Inès de. "Vers une meilleure utilisation des énergies renouvelables : application à des bâtiments scientifiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30196/document.
Full textThe work of this thesis deals with the optimization of energy and computer flows in an intelligent network aiming to supply a data center via renewable energies. In this thesis are treated the problems related to the pooling of energy and computer information in a strong reactivity constraint through the creation of an architecture for an intelligent network. The modeling of such a network must allow the decision making in a dynamic and autonomous way. The objective of this modeling, via an intelligent network, is the optimization of renewable resources in order to reduce the ecological footprint
Scanu, Lisa. "Vers des archétypes de modèles auto-configurables pour le bâtiment connecté." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT071/document.
Full textAs buildings become more energy-efficient, the effect of human activities on their global consumption increases. To limit this impact, a first attempt was made to increase the level of automation in buildings. However, from surveys led in residential and office buildings, Carassus and Sidler conclude that automation does not reduce the gap between predicted and effective consumption. This work reveals that static rules can not be sufficient. In order to reach the goal of low energy consumption in the operation phase of buildings, occupants must then be involved in the energy management process. The proposed work is part of a research project focusing on a system embedding energy services with a high level of interaction to empower users with energy services. The role of these energy services is to allow users to define their own objective and consequently generate information and advice regarding the best strategies to apply on building systems (HVAC systems, sun-shading devices, windows opening,…) and envelope configuration. An analysis of the sociological literature was made in order to implement relevant services for the users, favouring real and durable changes in their behaviours. Some of these services require thermal and aeraulic behavioural models easy to set up and little expert knowledge. This thesis focuses on the development and implementation of a model relevant for energy management end-user services. It involves to deal with the definition of relevant model structures together with parameter estimation methods to tune the parameter values. The model must be simple enough to ease its set up with estimation and prediction capabilities. The limits in terms of complexity and computational time are discussed. The energy management services should be configured by occupants thus it must not require much expert knowledge. Consequently, some sensors are needed to estimate the thermal and aeraulic model. Tests have been performed to limit the needed instrumentation. Relevant model structures are discussed because they should be generic: it should adapt to both mono-zone and multi-zone case studies and it should be based on a minimal number of sensors and require little expert knowledge
Jaffal, Issa. "Vers une conception rationnelle des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie : méthodologie d'évaluation des performances thermiques." La Rochelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LAROS279.
Full textThe building sector has a high potential to reduce energy consumption. A rational choice among the design alternatives is an essential but complex issue, requiring the evaluation of the impact of a large number of alternatives on the different performance aspects of the building. This work proposes a methodology to evaluate thermal performance adaptable to a rational building design. The developed models satisfy several requirements including speed and accuracy. The choice of parameters is derived from the study of the heat flow in buildings. The method is applied to evaluate the heating demand of a single family house for three types of French climate. The coefficients of the models are identified with a low number of dynamic simulations using the design of experiment method. The best obtained accuracy is around the tenth of kWh/m²year. The models can analyze the effect of the different parameters on the heating demand. They also allow a better understanding of the influence of building heat flow. The application of the method to evaluate the cooling demand and the summer thermal comfort in a residential apartment shows an accuracy of the same order of magnitude as the one obtained with the heating demand. Finally, a prototype tool for choosing solutions based on the studied models is proposed. It allows guiding an evolutionary choice of solutions from a desired performance of the building designers
Rogeau, Antoine. "Vers une approche intégrée d’aide à la planification énergétique territoriale : application à la rénovation énergétique des bâtiments." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM014.
Full textThe French residential and tertiary sectors account for about 45% of energy consumption and 20% of greenhouse gas emissions, constituting a large savings potential which is relatively easy to mobilise in comparison with other sectors such as transport or industry. This thesis develops a decision-aiding method for territories stakeholders willing to implement building energy retrofit measures. This method relies on a building stock modeling based on the enrichment of heterogeneous databases available to local decision-makers. An optimization problem of energy renovation measures activates levers at the building-level over the territory, turning dimensionality into a key issue this work. A meta-model of building heating energy consumption, adapted to this context, is constructed from a dynamic urban model. A dedicated characterisation of both thermal retrofit and energy systems is conducted, basing solutions on observations of the current French building context. Both modeling and optimization methods are finally applied to real territories, and used to conduct studies related to the energy transition context
Daghoum, Mazen. "Vers une méthodologie d'aide à la conception des bâtiment au niveau d'un avant-projet sommaire selon une démarche performancielle." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ECAP0084.
Full textLabbouz, Delphine. "Bâtiments tertiaires performants et comportements favorables à l’environnement : le rôle de variables psychosociales et du contexte organisationnel." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100116/document.
Full textThe building sector is the first energy consumer in France. The emergence of efficient buildings provides an incomplete response to this problem because users’ behaviors need be considered. Our aim is to define the role of psychosocial and organizational factors on employees’ investment for their company and for the environment. At work, organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) are voluntarily adopted and contribute to the efficiency of the company. In continuation of the research on OCB, employees’ pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) can be viewed as OCB directed toward the environment (OCBE). In order to better understand their determinants, we conducted six studies including 889 undergraduate students and 592 employees, working in classic or exemplary buildings. We notice that employees who feel supported and fairly treated by their organization, will be more prone to adopt PEB and OCBE. This result encourages reinforcing organizational justice. Otherwise, environmental attitudes, values and habits moderate the effects of contextual factors on employees’ pro-environmental implication. In addition, self-determined environmental motivation at work has a positive effect on PEB and OCBE. Similarly, social norms have a positive influence on employees’ behaviors, especially when companies make a concrete but not overwhelming environmental policy. Finally, efficient buildings providing a comfortable working environment encourage employees to adopt PEB and OCBE. Based on our results, we propose recommendations to help building professionals and organizations to take better into account the occupants
Gross, Alexandre. "Vers une maitrise de l'impact réel des choix de conception sur la qualité de l'air intérieur des bâtiments tout au long de leur vie." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3029/document.
Full textOne of the challenges for improving the indoor air quality of buildings is to adopt good practices, especially in the selection of materials during design phases. To this end, decision-making / design tools are essential in support of these good practices to achieve global control of indoor air quality.In the building sector, there is currently no operational tool to estimate the indoor air quality in building. Work is underway on this theme, but they encounter a lack of information on the behavior of materials when they are associated and subject to normal conditions of use.The purpose of this thesis was therefore to evaluate the behavior of materials (source or sink) with respect to contamination with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde when they are evaluated alone under standardized conditions selected for health labeling, but also when they are implemented in construction projects (impact of the change of scale and the effect of assembly). The developed methodology has therefore combined material-scale and room-scale testing to acquire input data to a model for concentration prediction and assessment of the respective contributions of different processes (primary emissions, exchanges at air / interior surfaces interfaces, ...) to internal contamination by VOCs.A first part of this work consisted of laboratory evaluation of VOC and formaldehyde exchanges at the material-air interface for a selection of construction and decoration materials. The primary emissions were determined according to the ISO 16000-9 standard method and a passive sampling method based on solid-phase emission / micro-extraction (SPME) (DOSEC-SPME device) and the effect of the assembly of materials and components on indoor air quality has been studied. The adsorption / desorption constants of formaldehyde on the selected materials were then determined by an innovative methodology. These constants, as well as emission data, have been collated into a database to serve as criteria (or indicators) for the selection of IAQ-compliant materials.In a second part, the results obtained under laboratory conditions were compared with those obtained under real-world conditions on a scale of a part in a study of several months in order to highlight the impact of the change of scale.The last part of this thesis consisted in developing an IAQ prediction model integrating previously determined adsorption / desorption data. Ultimately, the database and the model are intended to constitute management tools to guide the choice of materials, configuration and use of a building with a view to reducing emissions at the source VOC in the indoor air
Honoré, Mathilde. "Mise au point de nouveaux bio-composites verts innovants à base de roseau commun Phragmites australis : applications en plasturgie et en éco-construction pour le bâtiment." Thesis, Lorient, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORIS572.
Full textThe use of plant fibres, both in the field of plastics processing and in the building industry, makes it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and therefore the environmental impact of mankind. Interest in biocomposites using plant fibres such as hemp, wood, flax and also miscanthus reed is increasing. Nowadays, there is very little work on the reed phragmites australis. However, as it does not use cultivated areas, this invasive plant is independent of agricultural issues and does not require any chemical inputs. The reed harvest is therefore part of a wetlands management approach while enhancing the value of a material with multiple properties. This work is devoted to the characterisation of the raw material phragmites australis and to the study of its eligibility as a substitute material of three reference materials, wood, miscanthus and hemp shiv, widely used as reinforcements in plastics processing and eco-construction. Composite formulations using two polymer matrices (polypropylene and polybutylene succinate) with different rates of plant fillers and coupling agent were characterised from the point of view of their mechanical properties by Charpy tensile, flexural and impact tests. The water ageing of these composites was also studied and correlated to the hydrophobic character of the reed. For the construction application, formulations based on reeds of different origins and using different binders (lime, plaster and earth) were tested in compression and with thermal conductivity measurements in order to evaluate the behaviour of the reed as a material for building use
Allahyari, Ilgar. "Approche performantielle des bétons : vers une meilleure caractérisation des indicateurs de durabilité." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30119/document.
Full textThe manufacturing of cement, by its clinkering process, is very energy-consuming and emits an important quantity of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (1 ton of clinker produced 1 ton of CO2 released into the atmosphere). To maximize this latter from an environmental point of view, it is necessary to reduce the cement content. This can be done by replacing part of the cement with mineral additives during the manufacturing phase. This substitution seems one of the most effective solutions allowing, at the same time, to decrease the energy consumed and to reduce the release of CO2 into the atmosphere. This study is part of a more comprehensive development project of concrete building binary matrices (cement + mineral additives) based on transfer properties criteria. Indeed, in order to answer certain sustainability requirements, an experimental campaign was conducted on concrete, made according to the new European standard (EN 206) that allows two methods of formulation: * a traditional prescriptive approach, based on limiting values for the composition (minimum binder content, maximum water to binder ratio, compressive strength class...) of concrete exposed to some aggressive environmental conditions, * an innovative method based on a performance approach for concrete properties. The present work aims at studying the physico-chemical properties of cementitious materials with high substitution rates of cement by mineral additions (limestone filler, fly ash, slag, metakaolin) derogating from the prescriptive approach with reference to concrete corresponding to the same standard. This comparison was made with general durability indicators (water porosity, oxygen permeability, chloride migration coefficient and portlandite content) and specific durability indicators: carbonation in natural and accelerated conditions. From a methodological point of view, the research carried out in the framework of this project has shown the interest of the performance-based approach with regards to the concrete formulation. But at the moment, the available tools, namely the general and specific indicators, are not sufficient to respond to all these types of concrete. However, considering the performance, economic and environmental criteria, laboratory results showed that concrete made according to a performance-based approach had a performance close to reference concrete and the standard prescription could still be reassessed
Zriki, Ghais. "Etude intégrative des interactions au sein d’une association lâche, hôte-microprédateur-arthropodes non hématophages cohabitant avec lui : vers une gestion agro-écologique des bâtiments d’élevage de volaille." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG025.
Full textNatural enemies such as predatory arthropods play an important role in controlling pest populations in agroecosystems. Laying-hen farms are agroecosystems of intensive production that incorporate a high diversity of arthropods: hen parasites and manure arthropods (predators, detritivorous, etc.). The poultry red mites Dermanyssus gallinae is the most damaging ectoparasite in laying-hen farms. Infestations with D. gallinae cause both welfare and economic problems. Dermanyssus gallinae is a nidicolous ectoparasite that lives close to its host in an environment shared by the naturally-occurring predatory arthropods in laying-hen farms.In this thesis, our objective was to improve our knowledge on the impact of native arthropods predators in laying-hen farms on D. gallinae. Based on three methodological approaches –descriptive, correlative and experimental–, the present work explored predator-prey interactions (with focus on D. gallinae) and the impact of arthropods predators on D. gallinae at three levels: 1) individual level: building the food web of native arthropods (in vitro), 2) species level: analyzing the covariation of the abundances of D. gallinae and its predators in farm buildings, 3) population level: measuring in an experimental system (hen-D. gallinae-predator) in mesocosms the impact of native arthropod predators on the development of D. gallinae populations.The analysis of native arthropods food web showed that D. gallinae is a potential prey for ten predatory species. These predators showed a significant disparity in predation frequency on D. gallinae and in their preferences for prey species between D. gallinae and detritivorous mites as alternative prey. In laying-hen farms, analysis of the relative abundances of D. gallinae and native predators supported the presence of interactions between D. gallinae and predatory species that showed high predation frequencies on it in vitro. The experiments in mesocosm allowed the development of D. gallinae, native arthropod predators and detritivorous mites. Under our experimental conditions, native arthropod predators did not show any detectable effect on the development of D. gallinae populations when other alternative prey species were present. These results suggest that, under our experimental conditions, the development of D. gallinae populations seemed to be limited by food resources (the hen) and not by the predation effect. The presence of alternative prey (detritivorus mites) may have reduced predators’ impact on D. gallinae populations. Through our experimental system, we also showed that mass-reared and commercially available predatory mites currently used to control D. gallinae in laying farms, did not have a negative effect on non-target species such as native predatory mites.Our results uncovered important gaps in our understanding of D. gallinae biology and population dynamics. These results also demonstrate the importance of further investigating the impact of alternative prey species in the absence of a regulatory effect of native predators on D. gallinae populations
Rivalin, Lisa. "Vers une démarche de garantie des consommations énergétiques dans les bâtiments neufs : Méthodes d'évaluation des incertitudes associées à la simulation thermique dynamique dans le processus de conception et de réalisation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM007/document.
Full textBefore the construction of a building, an energy performance guarantee consists in predicting the energy required for user comfort. To do that, it is necessary to state a contractual consumption and identify the key parameters to pay special attention to. Thus, for new buildings, consumption is calculated under design phase, when several data are uncertain. Thus, the dynamic thermal simulation is carried out with hypothetical data, without having the possibility to calibrate with measures.This PhD thesis aims to develop a method of uncertainty quantification during the design step and construction process of a new building. These uncertainties are classified into three categories: those associated with the calculation methods used for building and system modeling, those related to the lack of knowledge of model parameters and those due to the real use conditions of the building (occupancy and weather).To achieve this goal, uncertainties associated with the calculation methods are addressed, to identify some practices limiting the number of errors and the associated uncertainties. Then, a methodology is defined to choose the critical parameters used for the probabilistic study and to associate them with a distribution according to the available knowledge. The central part of this PhD thesis is dedicated to an exhaustive comparison of methods to select a fast uncertainty propagation and sensitivity analysis method. Finally, after illustrating the overall contracting approach and discussing the inclusion of financial risks, the method is applied on a real case, on which an adjustment formula is added to take into account actual weather and usage
Siala, Chakroun Aida. "Modélisation et représentation des exigences spatiales qualitatives : Vers des pratiques BIM orientées « espace »." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0191.
Full textIn designing, the architect gives space not only a form, but also other aspects of topology, accessibility and comfort. This production is based on a set of qualitative spatial requirements (ESQL) described in the architectural programming phase. Current BIM practices are based on formats transforming all building information into essentially quantitative data, which does not allow taking into account these ESQL. In this research, we propose a new design approach that takes into account and verifies the ESQL using one of the current BIM tools (Revit). This approach is based on a new space model including and structuring the ESQL. This model is based on an identification work for the most frequently used ESQL to qualify spaces in the programming phase. Our approach is evaluated through an experimental validation process
Marzougui, Salsabil. "Transfert d'un composé organo-chloré depuis une zone source localisée en zone non saturée d'un aquifère poreux vers l'interface sol-air : expérimentations et modélisations associées." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00853290.
Full textMarzougui, Jaafar Salsabil. "Transfert d'un composé organo-chloré depuis une zone source localisée en zone non saturée d'un aquifère poreux vers l'interface sol-air : expérimentations et modélisations associées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAH003/document.
Full textTwo experiments were conducted on the experimental platform "SCERES" to assess the TCE vapour concentrations and fluxes in SCERES with two concrete slabs installed, one after the other, on the ground surface. This artificial aquifer is a large scale (25 x 12 x 3 m3) heterogeneous porous medium. The results showed that the TCE vapour plume covers most of the basin 3 weeks after the creation of the TCE source area in unsaturated zone. The heterogeneity of SCERES has generated a non uniform vertical distribution of the TCE vapour concentration. Simulation of vapour plume in SCERES was carried out by the multiphase code "SIMUSCOPP".The presence in SCERES of a low permeability and low diffusive medium compared to the sand in the basin,as a concrete slab, constituted a "barrier" for the transfer of TCE vapour to the interface concrete slab / atmosphere. To better quantify the TOE fluxes through the concrete slab, a study of diffusion coefficient and permeability of both concrete slabs was done. An upward vertical movement of the water table has generated a strong soil air pressure driving gradient, which led to a strong increase in the TCE vapour concentrations near the surface which has increased the vapour fluxes at the interface soil / atmosphere. Quantification of vapour fluxes at the interfaces soil / atmosphere and concrete slab / atmosphere was performed using a semi analytical approach based onFick's and Darcy's laws by taking into account both the effect of the driving pressure gradient and the effect of density vapour on the vapour transfer towards the soil surface.The intrusion of TCE vapours into the model building installed on the concrete slab was generated by creating a vacuum. The results showed that, during the TCE vapour suction from the model building, the concentration of TCE vapours under the concrete slab and in the building increases. Simulation of vapour intrusion into indoor air was done by the computational Multiphysics code "COMSOL", allowing simulation of the evolution of the vapour concentration obtained experimentally in the building. Il was shown that they depend directly on the spatial-temporal variation of the mass flux through the slab
Wacta, Christine. "Vers la "ville neuro-prothétique" du futur : une maquette numérique de ville renseignée comme plateforme d’échange et de croisement d’applications intégrant des données en temps réel et sur un support topographique de référence permettant une approche urbaine holistique qui intègre pleinement les questions socio- culturelles, économiques, politiques et environnementales nécessaires dans une conception urbaine de ville intelligente : l’approche Géo Spatiale appliquée à l’urbain." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=3960&f=25139.
Full textThe question of urban design of the future is one of the important and critical issues of our society. The global warming, the biodiversity at risk, the economic/social/cultural transitions, the predictions of a significant increase in the urban population, the changes in transportation patterns, and changes in urban forms, to quote only a few... All these questions are at the heart of current issues and are part of the constraints we must face in the urban design of tomorrow. Faced with such a situation, it seems risky today to continue to think of the city with approaches or design processes that are based on yesterday’s realities. As Albert Einstein puts it, "we cannot solve our problems using the same way of thinking that we had when we created them". The environmental issues (global warming, biodiversity, etc ...) are factors of vulnerability in the current city in such a way that it is generally accepted (ScienceNet) that built environments must now , more than in the past, be designed in a way that is "respectful of the environment ". We are encouraged to develop a socially responsible and "environmentally friendly" mentality, an approach that looks beyond the immediate and individual interest to achieving stable, long-term common goals. This is only possible if we use and intelligently and fairly all the resources at our disposal, in this case our knowledge, the natural resources, the socio-economic, the geographical as well as the technological advancements. Because, if technology and digital have become of common daily used by the citizens, urban design and architectural disciplines seems however to have a hard time integrating it completely in an intelligent and systemic way as do today other disciplines such as medicine and aeronautics...This work tries to develop a methodology of urban design based on a combination of digital applications, the effort of a collective intelligence as well as ideas, concepts and techniques proposed by a handful of philosophers, historians, psychologists, architects, town planners above mentioned who marked the history of cities. It is therefore from this heterogeneous marriage of techniques and thoughts augmented by recent geospatial technologies that this research intends to base its point of view on the study of urban complexity in order to try to cope with urban problems in constant form. evolution
Gless, Henri-Jean. "Vers une conception architecturale BIM-agile : proposition d’un ensemble de pratiques collaboratives en vue d’une meilleure appropriation de la technologie BIM." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0033/document.
Full textThe question of digital transition is a key issue in architectural design. The objective of our research is to propose collaborative practices to facilitate this digital transition. We focus on so-called "agile" practices to improve communication and coordination between architects, engineers or project owner. These practices must allow these actors to exchange their architectural intentions and evaluate them while ensuring that their proposals are satisfactory concerning the client's needs. These practices consist in collaboratively filling out a book of intentions, requiring confrontations of opinions, playing a card game obliging all designers to speak out, holding short, daily meetings to explain their progress or being a coach, whose objective is to make life easier for their employees
Wifi, Mariam. "Occupants' quality of life experience with sustainable work environments : using a mixed-methods approach to develop a humane and sustainable framework for assessing the indoor environmental quality in office buildings." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18422.
Full textThis research studies perceived Quality of Life (QoL) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of occupants’ in the work environments of sustainable office buildings certified under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system (green buildings) and in conventional office buildings. QoL is defined in this research in terms of perceived health, comfort, and productivity. The quality of indoor environments is important because people spend most of their time inside buildings, and in contemporary society, much of the time spent in work environments is in office buildings. In this era of growing concerns about sustainability and the increased awareness of buildings’ negative impacts on occupants, green buildings have been promoted as sustainable solutions to these issues. LEED is the most popular rating system for measuring the performance of green buildings in North America. However, the literature review indicates that there are user complaints about the IEQ of LEED-certified office buildings. LEED-certified buildings are assessed based on technical measures of building performance. This assessment way may create a gap between measured and perceived performance from the user perspective. This raises the question of whether buildings certified with the LEED criteria are humane from the QoL experience of occupants in office buildings. Hence, this research is therefore to propose a new framework that takes into account not only sustainable but also humane factors for evaluating work environments. The study uses a mixed-methods approach – using both quantitative and qualitative methods and proceeds in three phases to comprehensively study occupants’ perceived QoL experience in two LEED and one conventional office building. Phase I uses observations to document the physical work environment and users’ behavioral interactions with the environment. Phase II uses interviews to describe the occupants’ QoL experience, explore the possible IEQ factors shaping their QoL, and to define the constructs of a humane work environment. Questionnaires were distributed concurrently to measure the relationship between occupants’ perceived QoL and IEQ factors that are derived from the literature. Phase III uses focus groups to converge and focus the results of the study. The results are analyzed separately and triangulated using an integrative mixed-methods analysis to interpret, corroborate, conclude, and increase the validation of the findings. The study compared occupants’ perceived QoL in «green» and «conventional» office buildings and revealed 32 quality factors (30 IEQ factors and two others) that influence the QoL experience in office work environments. Also the constructs of what composes a humane work environment based on occupants’ viewpoints have been identified. A new comprehensive, sustainable, and humane framework for assessing IEQ in work environments is developed. This framework guides the relationship between IEQ in work environments and occupants’ QoL as an environment-behavior system.
Bernier, Anne-Marie. "Végétalisation du bâtiment en milieu urbain : bénéfices et perspectives." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4022/1/M11946.pdf.
Full textPatenaude, Mario. "Influence de la phase d’usage dans les enjeux de la rénovation de bâtiments résidentiels écologiques : vers une approche diachronique." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13499.
Full textIn North America, construction industry design practices are linked to varied and important environmental, economic, and social concerns. Conceptual trends, like the industrialization of construction, green building, the diachronic approach, and spatial rationalization have proposed to address these issues. Synchronic housing design, still based only on present-day needs, generates static buildings that cannot accommodate needs that evolve over time. Furthermore, during the use phase, which reveals itself as the most costly in terms of energy, water, materials consumption, and waste generation, static buildings may undergo various renovations that are profoundly deleterious, both to the environment and the household’s economic situation. From a perspective that seeks to operationalize sustainable development, the research problem concerns the consideration of the use phase in the housing design process. In order instead to foster diachronic design, fifty-five residential renovation projects were analyzed and compared in order to describe the nature and intensity of their interventions. A review of before/after renovation plans allowed quantification of intervention intensity and highlighted certain trends and recurrences among current practices. In order to determine if green building can respond to contemporary environmental issues in housing, a content analysis of strategies proposed by three certification programs used in North America—BOMA-BESt®, LEED®, and Living Building ChallengeTM—is conducted. Classification of these strategies reveals the distribution of concerns regarding building, systems, and user. An analysis shows, generally, that considerations seem consistent with the impacts associated with housing. An examination focused on the content and objectives of those design strategies which consider the user yields the emergence of two thematic clusters: five potential sources of impacts (energy, water, materials, waste, and indoor environment) and four themes linked to the design strategies’ objectives and purposes (maintenance and monitoring; awareness and training; modeling and metering; behaviour and habit). Discussion permitted the formulation of ecological design criteria, such as disassembly, updatability, and accessibility, to allow for housing that accommodates occupants’ changing needs. Recommendations are proposed, such as the need for better consideration of the user phase in order to make it more consistent with the impacts it generates. Other suggestions call for making building performance more concrete by encouraging the involvement, commitment, accountability, and empowerment of occupants. Finally, it seems that particular changes in certification programs and legislation could encourage the emergence of a new, much-needed vision for total floor area reduction. All these opportunities for improvement seek to lead the sector toward a more holistic approach and to improve significantly the environmental, economic, and social implications of housing.