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1
Tontodonati, Vera. "Gestione termica di pacchi batteria per autobus elettrici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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L’inquinamento atmosferico è uno dei problemi più dibattuto negli ultimi anni, perciò aumentano sempre più le strategie politiche atte a finanziare la ricerca e lo sviluppo di tecnologie che contengano le emissioni di inquinanti in atmosfera. Lo sviluppo di veicoli elettrici è uno dei principali protagonisti, interessando anche il Trasporto Pubblico Locale.
Per favorirne la diffusione, è fondamentale ridurre il costo della batteria elettrica: occorre produrre batterie in grado di avere una vita lunga, di essere utilizzate in applicazioni di second life al termine della loro prima vita utile e prevedere un processo di montaggio quanto più semplice ed automatizzato possibile. Inoltre è necessario corredare il pacco batterie di un opportuno Battery Thermal Management System, poiché le sue prestazioni ed il suo State Of Health sono estremamente influenzate dalla temperatura.
L’oggetto del lavoro di tesi è la modellazione di un pacco batterie destinato all’alimentazione di un autobus elettrico prodotto da Industria Italiana Autobus. Il pacco batterie è figlio del progetto LiBER (Lithium Battery Emilia Romagna), in collaborazione con l’Università di Bologna, che prevede un innovativo sistema di assemblaggio automatico.
Il modello del pacco batteria e del carico termico è stato realizzato avvalendosi del software Simulink. Il modello è stato completato con il BTMS e le logiche di funzionamento che regolano l'unità di controllo.
Sono state effettuate diverse simulazioni, per prevedere il comportamento termico della batteria dell’autobus sottoposto a differenti carichi termici e condizioni ambientali. Il modello è estremamente adattabile: è sufficiente inserire il profilo di velocità del ciclo guida e pochi altri dati per poter simulare una grande varietà di situazioni.
Il modello dovrà in futuro essere validato, poiché al momento tali batterie elettriche non sono entrate in produzione poichè ancora oggetto di ricerca.
2
Verrini, Davide. "Sistema di test automatizzato di pacchi batteria per trazione elettrica." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Il lavoro di tesi si inserisce in un’attività di sviluppo di un banco prova automatizzato per l’esecuzione di vari tipi di test su accumulatori elettrochimici.
Per motivi storici ed economici attualmente la maggior parte delle batterie al litio sono prodotte in paesi asiatici, ma da essi vengono importate anche in Europa per essere implementate in pacchi batteria con sistemi di controllo sviluppati in paesi dell’eurozona. Al fine di verificare e ottimizzare al meglio tali pacchi batteria si rendono necessarie ulteriori verifiche sulle celle importate, quindi la creazione di un banco prova nel quale sia possibile effettuare tali test risulta di fondamentale importanza.
Il mio lavoro, descritto nella tesi, svoltosi presso il laboratorio LEMAD del dipartimento DEI, è stato quello di aggiungere e testare funzionalità più avanzate al banco prova e relativo algoritmo di controllo per il test di pacchi batteria. Nello specifico, nel capitolo 4, sarà descritta l’implementazione della gestione di un alimentatore controllato dal banco prova per permettere test su pacchi di capacità e potenze superiori a quelle che possono essere gestite con il sistema attuale. In più nel capitolo 5 sarà descritta la creazione di nuovi tipi di prove, effettuati in base alla carica scambiata con la batteria o cella in prova.
3
Shi, Wen. "Caratterizzazione e modellazione di alcuni processi produttivi della batteria al litio." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Questa tesi èstata sviluppata nel corso di un programma di tirocinio presso l’azienda Manz Italy srl, leader dei costruttori di macchine automatiche per batterie al litio e condensatori. Nel seguente elaborato verranno analizzati i principali processi per la produzione delle batterie al litio fornendo una descrizione della loro struttura e funzionamento. Dato che i veicoli ibridi ed elettrici stanno subendo l’enorme sviluppo negli ultimi anni, la produzione di batteria al litio per uso di veicolo è diventata particolarmente importante. Verranno illustrati particolarmente il processo della laminazione della cella, il test elettrico e il processo del filling dell’elettrolita. Lo scopo è di caratterizzare questi processi produttivi della batteria al litio. La laminazione ha lo scopo di fare aderire meglio tra gli elettrodi e il separatore per ottenere una migliore prestazione. Il test elettrico ad alta tensione serve per capire se le mono-celle o lo stack siano in cortocircuito a causa di difetti nella separazione galvanica degli elettrodi. L'obiettivo del processo di filling è garantire che l'elettrolita riempia completamente e in modo omogeneo le porosità libere dei materiali e le strutture degli elettrodi per ottenere che tutte le celle raggiungano la capacità progettata.
4
Cecchini, Leonardo. "Modelli per la Simulazione del Comportamento della Batteria di Veicoli ELettrici." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25107/.
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Le batterie ricaricabili sono una delle tecnologie chiave nella società moderna. Il loro mercato ha recentemente visto un rapido sviluppo grazie all’interesse nei veicoli ibridi plug-in e nei veicoli elettrici. Le batterie più utilizzate per questo tipo di applicazione sono quelle agli ioni di litio che presentano alcuni vantaggi, fra cui: elevata densità di energia e di potenza, basso tasso di auto-scarica e lunga vita. Esse, però, hanno anche alcuni svantaggi, uno su tutti la sensibilità alle variazioni di temperatura. Un secondo punto debole è il degrado irreversibile della batteria in caso di “overcharge” o “overdischarge”. È pertanto necessario che il sistema di gestione della batteria (battery management system, o BMS) monitori temperatura, tensione e corrente e stimi in tempo reale lo stato della batteria. Non è tuttavia facile determinare direttamente gli stati della batteria, come lo stato di carica (state of charge, SoC), a causa del complicato processo elettrochimico che avviene al suo interno. Per fare questo, quindi, vengono sviluppati metodi, come quello dell'Extended Kalman Filter, basati su un modello di batteria. Molti modelli concentrati con un numero relativamente piccolo di parametri sono stati proposti. I più comunemente utilizzati si distinguono in modelli elettrochimici e modelli di circuiti equivalenti.
La già citata dipendenza delle prestazioni di una cella agli ioni di litio dalla temperatura è un problema di fondamentale importanza che va preso in considerazione nel progetto di un efficiente e completo sistema di controllo di un pacco batterie per applicazioni automotive. A questo scopo, si deve determinare la modalità di scambio di calore della cella con il mondo esterno e per fare ciò è necessario avere un buon modello termico della stessa, il quale consente di ottenere come risultato della simulazione la temperatura della cella, passando come ingressi al sistema solamente i differenti profili di carica e scarica e e la Tamb.
5
Ion, Lucian Petrisor. "Progettazione di un nodo sensore wireless per il monitoraggio della batteria dei droni." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24018/.
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Le batterie sono sempre più appetibili negli ultimi anni, essendo impiegate non più solo per applicazioni a bassa potenza, ma risultano una soluzione attuabile per applicazioni di potenza come ad esempio il settore automotive e l'accumulo energetico.
Fra le più utilizzate vi sono quelle agli ioni di litio per via della loro alta densità energetica e dimensione contenuta.
Per aumentare l'efficienza, nonché garantire una maggior sicurezza durante l'operabilità, è di primaria importanza ricavare State of Charge (SoC) e State of Health (SoH) in vari scenari, consentendo una caratterizzazione che permetta di sviluppare algoritmi per la gestione delle stesse.
Mediante la spettroscopia d'impedenza si ottengono i parametri del modello della batteria, consentendo di ricavare in modo indiretto SoC e SoH.
Al giorno d'oggi come punto di riferimento per la misurazione d'impedenza delle batterie si hanno degli strumenti di laboratorio piuttosto ingombranti che consentono di eseguire un'analisi con la batteria a riposo.
Il traguardo da raggiungere per settori in pieno sviluppo, come ad esempio il biomedicale ed il monitoraggio ambientale, che hanno bisogno di sistemi sempre più performanti in termini di consumi e prestazioni, prevede la capacità di effettuare la lettura dell'impedenza durante il normale esercizio.
Il gruppo di ricerca del DEI ha sviluppato un Vector Impedance Analyzer (VIA) miniaturizzato a bassi consumi, che necessita di un collegamento via cavo ad un PC che ne limita l'applicabilità in scenari reali.
Per risolvere questa problematica, si effettueranno delle modifiche: il dispositivo verrà alimentato a batterie, e comunicherà con una stazione base mediante un collegamento wireless.
Quest'ultimo aspetto sarà oggetto di studio per portare alla realizzazione di un sistema di comunicazione wireless formato da un trasmettitore ed un ricevitore realizzati appositamente per l'applicazione d'interesse.
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Ignesti, Tommaso. "Studio di sistemi innovativi per la gestione termica di batterie per veicoli elettrici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23626/.
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In this study we developed many experiment about battery cooling method, by focusing our attenction on Phase Change Material. The result showed that by charging Phase change materials with metal foam heat exchange can be improved.
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Balestri, Giulio. "Studio analitico sperimentale della strategia di interazione tra generazione fotovoltaica e sistema di accumulo elettrochimico in una microrete isolata." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14018/.
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Si sono analizzate sperimentalmente e analiticamente alcune strategie di gestione dei flussi di potenza all’interno della microrete
sperimentale presente nel Laboratorio del CIREA - UniBo Centro Interdi-
partimentale di Ricerca per l’Energia e L’Ambiente con sede a Ravenna. In
particolare é stato analizzato un modello matematico per la rappresentazione e previsione del voltaggio batteria , parametro che risulta essere strettamente legato al suo livello di carica. Tale tensione é funzione appunto dello stato di carica della batteria, dei parametri caratteristici della stessa e della corrente erogata. Con tale modello si é caratterizzato
il pacco batterie presente in laboratorio analizzando l’accuratezza del modello sui livelli di tensione.
Inoltre è stata analizzata la fase di carica del pacco batterie, concentrando lo studio sull’efficienza di tale processo e in generale su quella del completo ciclo di carica scarica. E' stato analizzato un modello matematico che descrive tale efficienza di carica in funzione dello stato di carica attuale e della corrente disponibile alle batterie e tramite i dati sperimentali ho definito i valori del rendimento di carica delle prove effettuate, analizzando alcune possibili strategie per l’ottimizzazione del processo. Piú in dettaglio, ho valutato diversi valori dei
rendimenti ottenibili per diverse condizioni operative. L’analisi ha dimostra-
to, tra l’altro, che data la potenza disponibile proveniente dai pannelli solari
al momento delle prove, una riduzione della suddetta potenza in ingresso
alla batteria nelle fasi finali di carica, puó migliorare il rendimento globale
del ciclo carica-scarica. La riduzione di potenza in ingresso é giustificata dal fatto che il
modello per l’efficienza di carica definisce una corrente di ottimo, funzione dello stato di carica SOC, che garantisce un rendimento minimo
di carica imposto a priori. Nelle prove da me effettuate tale paramentro é
stato fissato al 97%.
8
Calonaci, Luca. "Banco prova batterie al litio per applicazioni di trazione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Negli ultimi anni è aumentato esponenzialmente l’interesse per la trazione elettrica, applicata ai veicoli, per abbattere i livelli di inquinamento sempre più crescenti nel nostro pianeta.
Per sviluppare al meglio il veicolo elettrico, è necessario migliorare le prestazioni dei singoli componenti. Uno di questi componenti, la batteria agli ioni di litio, può avere molto più margine di miglioramento rispetto agli altri.
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Gualdi, Davide. "Metodi numerici per la caratterizzazione e validazione di un modello circuitale del secondo ordine per una batteria." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14116/.
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La tesi, sviluppata in collaborazione con l'azienda "Magneti Marelli", ha avuto come l'obiettivo la caratterizzazione di un modello matematico per descrivere il comportamento di una batteria. Per fare ciò sono stati utilizzati vari metodi di analisi numerica per migliorare un algoritmo di caratterizzazione del modello, di cui la parte teorica è illustrata nei primi capitoli. Nei capitoli successivi sono stati riportati i risultati delle analisi ai problemi matematici incontrati, in particolare problemi di Cauchy e di minimizzazione non lineare. In conclusione sono riportati i risultati ottenuti dallo sviluppo di un algoritmo di stima, sviluppato in ambiente Simulink, ottenuto grazie ai risultati della caratterizzazione precedente.
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Foresi, Carlo. "Studio di un approccio non invasivo per la manutenzione degli accumulatori elettrochimici che equipaggiano la locomotiva E464." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4749/.
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Braconi, Dario. "Green two-wheeled mobility : Material Hygiene and life cycle analysis of anelectric scooter." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-157045.
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In the last years electric vehicles gained importance as a more sustainable alternative to traditional vehicles. The introduction of an electric powertrain leads to lower air-pollution emissions but it also involves the introduction of new materials in the product life cycle, e. g., the rare earths and lithium contained in the motor and in the batteries. Those materials have an environmental impact and they need to be disposed properly. The aim of this thesis is to have a quantitative knowledge of the environmental balance linked to the use of a different powertrain. Furthermore, this study explores how this balance can be modified improving the recycling and the end of life management. Specifically in this thesis, an average electric scooter has been chosen as a case study. The electric scooter is used as object of comparison with a traditional internal-combustion-engine scooter. The choice of a two-wheeled mean of transport is linked to the low level of facilities involved. This report first includes a definition of the case of study; this section also presents a description of the technologies taken into exam. It is also presented the result of interviews with dismantlers to depict the current process of EoL management of a scooter. The central part of thesis deals with different recycling scenarios. With the help of the Material Hygiene mind-set, a qualitative analysis and different recycling scenarios are proposed. The recycling scenarios involve the component of the electric powertrain that are peculiar of the electric vehicle. They mainly are the electric motor and the lithium battery pack. The last part of the analysis encompasses a Life Cycle Assessment of an average electric scooter to give a quantitative meaning to the life cycle comparison and to assess the environmental benefits of the proposed recycling scenarios. To perform the Life Cycle Assessment a software, SimaPro 7.3, is used. This software lets the user insert the bill of materials of the product and it associates to each material its environmental loads according to the database EcoInvent v.2.2. Keywords: electric scooter, lithium battery, permanent magnet, neodymium, Material Hygiene, Design for Disassembly, Life Cycle Assessment, LCANegli ultimi anni i veicoli elettrici sono emersi come un ’alternativa sostenibile ai veicoli tradizionali. L’introduzione di un gruppo propulsore elettrico permette emissioni inquinanti più basse ma comporta anche l’introduzione di nuovi materiali nel ciclo di vita del prodotto, e.g., le terre rare e il litio contenuti rispettivamente nel motore e nelle batterie. Questi materiali hanno un impatto ambientale e hanno bisogno di essere trattati correttamente. Lo scopo di questa tesi è di avere una comprensione quantitativa del bilancio dal punto di vista ambientale legato al l’adozione di sistema di propulsione elettrico. Inoltre, è indagato come questo bilanco possa essere influenzato migliorando il ricic laggio e la gestione dell’ultima fase di vita del prodotto. Nello specifico, in questa tesi, uno scooter elettrico è stato scelto come caso di studio. Lo scopo è di comparare questo scooter con uno tradizionale considerando il ciclo di vita del prodotto. Il mezzo di trasporto a due ruote è stato scelto perché considerato più semplice da modellare in quanto privo di componenti non inerenti al trasporto (es. aria condizionata, hi-fi, etc.). Questo report anzitutto include una definizione del caso di studio, questa sezione presenta anche una descrizione delle principali tecnologie coinvolte nel prodotto studiato. In questa parte del lavoro è anche riportato il risultato di interviste a rottamatori di scooter per illustrare l’attuale iter di rottamazione di uno scooter. La parte centrale della tesi tratta i differenti scenari di riciclaggio. Sfruttando la mentalità Material Hygiene vengono proposte un’analisi qualitativa e differenti scenari di rici claggio. Gli scenari di riciclaggio coinvologono il progettista a livelli differenti. Questi scenari riguardano i componenti del sistema di propulsione elettrico. Essi sono principalmente il motore elettrico e le batterie al litio. L’ultima parte dell’analisi riguarda il Life Cycle Assessment di uno scooter elettrico al fine di dare un significato quantitativo al confronto tra i cicli di vita delle due alternative. Inoltre, il life cycle assessment ha lo scopo di verificare e quantificare i benefici di impatto ambientale collegati all’adozione degli scenari di riciclaggio proposti. Per svolgere il Life Cycle Assessment è stato usato un sofware, SimaPro 7.3. Questo software permette all’utente di inserire l’elenco dei materiali di un prodotto e di associare a ciascun materiale il proprio impatto ambientale. Il software ha a disposizione per la modellazione i database di impatto ambientale EcoInvent 2.2. Parole chiave: scooter elettrico, batteria al litio, magnete permanente, neodimio, Material Hygiene, Design for Disassembly, Life Cycle Assessment, LCA
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Björkman, Carl Johan. "Detection of lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries." Thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266369.
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With an increasing demand for sustainable transport solutions, there is a demand for electrified vehicles. One way to store energy on board an electrified vehicle is to use a lithium-ion battery (LIB). This battery technology has many advantages, such as being rechargeable and enabling reasonably high power output and capacity. To ensure reliable operation of LIB:s, the battery management system (BMS) must be designed with regards to the electrochemical dynamics of the battery. However, since the battery ages over time, the dynamics changes as well. It is possible to predict ageing, but some ageing mechanisms can occur randomly, e.g. due to variations of circumstances during manufacturing, and variations of battery user choices. Hence, by monitoring ageing mechanisms in situ, the BMS can adapt accordingly, similar to a closed loop control system. One ageing mechanism in LIB:s is lithium plating. This mechanism signifies when Li ions are electrochemically deposited as metal onto the negative electrode of the LIB during charging, and can induce other ageing mechanisms, such as gassing or electrolyte reduction. The present project has investigated a method for detecting Li plating in situ after its occurrence by both analysing the voltage change over time during open-circuit voltage (OCV) periods after charging and monitoring battery swelling forces. Results show a correlation between a high probability of Li plating and the appearance of a swelling force peak and an OCV plateau. However, results also show a possible correlation between the onset of Li plating and the onset of the swelling force peak, while also showing a greater detectability of the force signal compared to the electrochemical signal. Furthermore, the present results show that the magnitudes of both signals are probably related to the amount of plated Li. The amount of irreversibly lost Li from plating is shown to have a possible correlation with accumulation of swelling pressure. However, to further validate the feasibility of these two signals, more advanced analysis is required, which was not available during this project.Med en ökande efterfråga på hållbara transportlösningar så finns det ett behov av elektrifierade fordon. Ett sätt att lagra energi ombord ett elektrifierat fordon är att använda et litium-jon-batteri. Denna batteriteknologi har många fördelar: t.ex. är dessa batterier återladdningsbara, och de kan leverera höga uteffekter samtidigt som de kan ha ett stort energiinnehåll. för att säkerställa en säker drift av litium-jon-batterier måste batteriets styrsystem vara designat med hänsyn till den elektrokemiska dynamiken inuti batteriet. Dock åldras batteriet med tiden, vilket innebär att denna dynamik ändras med tiden, vilket innebär att styrningen av batteriet måste anpassa sig till denna föråldring. Det är möjligt att förutspå åldring av batterier, men vissa åldringsmekanismer kan ske slumpartat, t.ex. via slumpmässiga förändringar i tillverkningsprocessen av batteriet, eller variationer i användningen av batteriet. Genom att därmed bevaka dessa åldringsmekanismer in situ så kan styrsystemets algoritm anpassa sig utmed batteriåldringen, trots dessa slumpartade effekter. En åldringmekanism hos litium-jon-batterier är s.k. litiumplätering. Denna mekanism innebär att litium-joner elektrokemiskt pläteras i form av metalliskt litium på ytan av litium-jon-batteriets negativa elektrod. Mekanismen kan också inducera andra åldringsmekanismer, t.ex. gasutveckling eller elektrolytreduktion. Detta projekt har undersökt en metod för att detektera litiumplätering in situ efter att plätering har skett, genom att både analysera öppencellspänningens (OCV) förändring med tiden direkt efter uppladdning samt analysera de svällande krafterna som uppstår under uppladdning av batteriet. Resultaten visar på en korrelation mellan en hög sannolikhet för litiumplätering och observationen av en topp i svällningskraft och en platå i OCV-kurvan. resultaten visar också en möjlig korrelation mellan påbörjandet av litium-plätering och påbörjandet av toppen i svällningskraft. Vidare visar även resultaten ett troligt samband mellan signalernas magnitud och mängden pläterat litium. Slutligen visar resultaten också ett möjligt samband mellan irreversibelt pläterat litium och ett svällningstryck som ackumuleras med varje uppladdningscykel. Dock krävs det en validering med mer avancerade analysmetoder för att säkerställa användningsbarheten av dessa två signaler, vilket ej var möjligt inom detta projekt.
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Licata, Ivano. "Sistema di controllo ibrido ad alte prestazioni per caricabatterie wireless di veicoli elettrici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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Il seguente elaborato si occupa della ricarica wireless di veicoli elettrici, mediante l'utilizzo di un convertitore risonante. In particolare, è stata esaminata la tecnica di controllo, che ne determina le prestazioni.
Definita la tipologia del circuito risonante e scelta la rete di compensazione primaria e secondaria insieme a una valutazione dei metodi di controllo più utilizzati, una tecnica innovativa che agisce sul controllo della frequnza e dell'angolo di sfasamento tra i due rami dell'inverter è stata presentata e confrontata con uno dei metodi più citati in letteratura, il controllo in frequenza. Il sistema di controllo presentato è in grado di inseguire riferimenti di tensione e corrente, e allo stesso tempo riesce a mantenere il punto di lavoro del sistema WPT sempre in condizioni da avere soft switching negli interruttori dell'inverter. Il sistema di controllo, insieme al modello fisico del sistema di ricarica, è stato implementato e confrontato in ambiente MATLAB/Simulink e scaricato su microcontrollore al fine di verificare la validità della tecnica proposta.
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Li, An. "Analyse expérimentale et modélisation d’éléments de batterie et de leurs assemblages : application aux véhicules électriques et hybrides." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10021/document.
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Dans le cadre du développement des véhicules électriques et hybrides, la connaissance et la gestion de l'énergie du pack de batteries est une problématique majeure. Pour cela, les constructeurs automobiles ont besoin de modèles numériques pour représenter le comportement dynamique des batteries. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer, d'une part une méthodologie de caractérisation du comportement dynamique des cellules de batterie et de leurs assemblages et d'autre part des modèles numériques associés qui soient simples, rapides, robustes, présentant le meilleur compromis précision/simplicité. La première partie du travail de la thèse a consisté à développer une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation expérimentale avec un modèle de circuit électrique équivalent, qui permet de s'appliquer facilement à différentes batteries et de calibrer la complexité du modèle (nombre de circuits utilisés) en fonction de la durée des mesures de la phase de repos après une sollicitation. Le modèle généré est capable de suivre les évolutions rapides et lentes de la tension de la batterie, ce qui peut améliorer l'estimation de la tension dans les applications BMS (Battery Management System). Des essais de validations sur différentes batteries ont montré que les modèles générés permettent une prédiction précise du comportement dynamique de la batterie. Ensuite, le manuscrit aborde les assemblages des cellules en série avec la méthode de caractérisation élaborée. Elle commence par une définition énergétique de l'assemblage. Puis, la modélisation de l'assemblage avec la méthode de caractérisation est discutée. Les essais de validation ont été menés sur différents assemblages et ont montré que le comportement dynamique de l'assemblage peut aussi être bien représenté avec les modèles identifiésAs part of the development of electric and hybrid vehicles, energy management in the battery pack is a major issue. Car manufacturers need a numerical model to represent the dynamic behavior of batteries. The objective of this work is to develop, on the one hand, a characterization method of the dynamic behavior of battery cells and their assemblies, and on the other hand the combined numerical models which are simple, fast, robust and with the best accuracy/simplicity compromise. The first part of the work is dedicated to develop a new experimental characterization method with an equivalent circuit model, which can be applied easily to different battery cells and allows calibrating the complexity of the model (number of the RC circuits) according to the measurement duration of the resting phase after a solicitation. Therefore, the generated model is able to follow the rapid and slow voltage change of the battery cell, which improves voltage and state of charge estimation for the BMS (Battery Management System) applications. The validation tests on different battery cells show that the generated model allows accurate prediction of the battery cell’s dynamic behavior. The second part of the work studies the cell assemblies with cells connected in series. It begins with an energy definition of the cell assembly. Then modelling of the assembly with the developed characterization method is discussed. The validation tests were carried out on different assemblies and show that the dynamic behavior of the assembly can be also well represented with the identified models
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Zincarelli, Nicola. "Progetto e realizzazione di un sensore indossabile, passivo e wireless per l'identificazione di fluidi biologici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17665/.
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Il presente progetto di tesi è stato dedicato alla progettazione di un sensore indossabile, passivo e wireless in grado di rilevare fluidi biologici a contatto con la pelle. Il sistema di sensing consiste in un filtro a microonde (nella banda di 2,45 GHz) progettato con la tecnologia delle linee accoppiate con terminazioni di circuito aperto in cui una delle terminazioni della sezione centrale è sostituita da uno stub aperto la cui risonanza stabilita proprio dal contenuto del canale micro-fluidico integrato nell stub.In questo modo il comportamento del filtro è strettamente legato al fluido contenuto nel canale e si avvicina a quello ideale solo alla frequenza di risonanza dello stub che include il canale micro-fluidico contenente il liquido in esame.
Uno dei punti chiave del lavoro è l’aver definito un modello circuitale equivalente del componente a microonde che include il canale: questo modello è stato ricavato da simulazioni EM per garantire una progettazione accurata ed efficiente dell’intero sistema.
Al fine di rendere il sistema indossabile e passivo è stata progettata un’antenna a banda stretta connessa alla porta d’ingresso del filtro, la quale è in grado di ricevere la potenza necessaria per il sensing dei diversi fluidi presenti nel canale.
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Dimitrova, Maria Gloria. "Validazione sperimentale delle prestazioni di un velivolo elettrico." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9471/.
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A seguito di uno studio preliminare basato su modelli matematici che permettono di stimare valori indicativi dei coefficienti aerodinamici di un velivolo elettrico, è stata effettuata una serie di prove sperimentali per caratterizzare il pacco batteria del suddetto e le sue prestazioni in termini di autonomia oraria e chilometrica.
E' stato quindi fatto un confronto tra i valori attesi dall'applicazione teoria ed i risultati ottenuti sperimentalmente.
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El, Baradai Oussama. "Elaboration of flexible lithium - ion electrodes by printing process." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI036/document.
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Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire concerne la réalisation des batteries souples lithium-ion. Il a comme objectif le développement de nouveaux procédés comme l'impression par sérigraphie pour la fabrication de batteries et le remplacement des polymères issus de la chimie de synthèse par des matériaux bio-sourcés utilisables en milieu aqueux. Les résultats obtenus ont montré qu'il est possible de formuler des encres aqueuses à base des matériaux actifs classiquement utilisés pour l'élaboration d'électrodes (anode et cathode) de batterie Li-ion mais avec des liants dérivés de cellulose en substitution du PVDF qui intègre les formulations standards. Cette encre, dont les propriétés rhéologiques sont compatibles avec le procédé d'impression sérigraphique, permet l'obtention d'électrodes présentant des propriétés spécifiques aux bons fonctionnements de la batterie. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que cette technique d'impression du séparateur pouvait être utilisée pour remplacer la technique de déposition classique des matières actives sur les collecteurs de courant, basée sur un procédé d'enduction à lame (blade coating). Enfin, une batterie lithium-ion imprimée a pu être élaborée en utilisant la stratégie d'impression recto/verso du séparateur avec l'intégration des collecteurs de courant pendant la phase d'impression, validant ainsi cette nouvelle technique d'assemblageThe work presented in this manuscript describes the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries on papers substrates by printing technique. Its aim is the development of new up scalable and large area techniques as screen printing for the fabrication of lithium-ion batteries and the replacement of conventional toxic components by bio-sourced one and water based solvent. First results shows how it is possible to formulate cellulose based ink tailored for screen printing technology with suitable properties for lithium-ion batteries requirements. Electrodes were manufactured and tested from a physical and electrochemical point of view and two strategies were proposed to enhance performances. Finally, by considering results obtained for the electrodes, a full cell was manufactured with a new assembling strategy based on: front / reverse printing approach and the embedding of the current collectors during printing stage. As a final point cells were characterized and compared with others obtained by conventional assembling strategies
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Tonin, Guillaume. "Caractérisation operando des accumulateurs Li/S par tomographie d’absorption et diffraction des rayons X, vers une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes électrochimiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI036/document.
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L’objectif principal de la thèse était d’identifier les processus limitants et les phénomènes de dégradation intervenant lors du cyclage d’un accumulateur Li/S, et d’expliciter l’évolution des performances électrochimiques au cours du temps. Pour ce faire, une cellule électrochimique a été développée permettant de réaliser des caractérisations à l’ESRF par diffraction et absorption des rayons X en mode operando. Ces deux techniques complémentaires ont permis de mettre en évidence des changements morphologiques importants et des cinétiques de réactions limitées par le transport de matière au sein de la structure 3D de l’électrode positive de soufre. L’oxydation/réduction de l’électrode négative de lithium a également été caractérisée, permettant de mettre en évidence une évolution hétérogène de l’interface lithium/électrolyte, fonction de la densité de courant, induisant une diminution des performances électrochimiques en cyclageThe main objective was to identify the degradations phenomena and the limiting processes occurring while cycling Li/S accumulators to therefore put in relation the electrode morphology, the cell design, the electrochemical performances and the degradations phenomena. A new design of operando cell has been developed to be suitable with ESRF experiments. Operando Absorption and X-ray Diffraction tomography technics were performed. Thanks to both technics, the morphological changes and transport limitation kinetics along the 3D positive electrode have been evidenced. In addition, the lithium electrode/electrolyte interface has been characterized and heterogeneous stripping/plating has been evidenced, leading to low electrochemical performances while cycling
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D'Onofrio, Teresa. "valutazioni di impatto ambientale di prodotto - applicazione al caso di studio: il carrello elevatore controbilanciato ad uso industriale." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Lo scopo di questa tesi è creare un sistema organico di gestione che, prendendo come vademecum questo elaborato in quanto a linee guida e approccio a cui si è aderito in riferimento al carrello X540R, permetta di stimare verosimilmente l'impatto ambientale dei restanti carrelli attualmente in produzione e di quelli in stato di progettazione.
In una prima parte si toccherà direttamente il tema della sostenibilità ambientale, delle azioni politiche atte all’ammortamento dei soprusi sulle risorse naturali.
Seguirà l’introduzione al caso specifico di analisi, si parlerà della politica del Gruppo Toyota in merito alle tematiche ambientali, della suddivisione settoriale interna all’azienda, si passerà in rassegna per ciascun settore l’attuale impatto ambientale e, dove possibile alcune soluzioni per il suo abbattimento.
Nei capitoli terzo e quarto, si presterà infatti attenzione al contenuto di sostanze chimiche pericolose nelle materie prime, ma anche al contenuto di materiali disassemblabili e riciclabili oppure riutilizzabili in accordo con l’iniziativa europea di economia circolare.
Nel capitolo quinto si analizzeranno i consumi della linea produttiva con un focus sulla quantificazione della attività energivore occorrenti alla produzione del carrello X540R; si racconteranno le soluzioni adottate da TMHMI per la riduzione del fabbisogno energetico e delle emissioni di gas a effetto serra per singole unità di prodotto.
Infine, si descriveranno gli standard europei che regolano il controllo dei consumi e l'impatto ambientale dei carrelli elevatori, con applicazione sperimentale ad un carrello elevatore prototipale alimentato da due alternative in alimentazione al motore elettrico; dopo un'attenta analisi dei test effettuati su macchina, si passa a considerazioni che potrebbero migliorare l’impronta di un veicolo durante il durante un ciclo di lavoro in magazzino , e quindi che potrebbero ridurne l'impatto ambientale.
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Tondini, Davide. "Analisi dinamica e verifica di un prototipo di macchina automatica per la realizzazione di batterie." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22018/.
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Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di verificare il corretto dimensionamento dei cuscinetti e delle guide lineari di un gruppo all’interno di una macchina automatica brevettata e realizzata da Manz Srl, azienda in collaborazione con la quale è stato svolto il progetto. La macchina automatica in esame è parte di una linea di produzione di batterie rettangolari a partire da nastri di materia prima e impiega l’innovativo processo di wound stacking. Per eseguire la verifica dei componenti è stato necessario effettuare una simulazione dinamica con il software MSC Adams, grazie al quale si sono potute calcolare le reazioni vincolari. In parallelo al modello Adams, è stato realizzato anche un modello MATLAB, con cui poter confrontare i risultati del software multibody per validarli. Stabiliti i periodi previsti di manutenzione della linea e un coefficiente di sicurezza richiesto, si sono individuati i componenti che non rispettavano le specifiche dei progettisti. Alla fine della tesi si propongono anche delle soluzioni per la sostituzione di alcuni componenti.
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Svensson, Henrik. "Pre-Study for a Battery Storage for a Kinetic Energy Storage System." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-249173.
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This bachelor thesis investigates what kind of battery system that is suitable for an electric driveline equipped with a mechanical fly wheel, focusing on a battery with high specific energy capacity. Basic battery theory such as the principle of an electrochemical cell, limitations and C-rate is explained as well as the different major battery systems that are available. Primary and secondary cells are discussed, including the major secondary chemistries such as lead acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium ion (Li-ion). The different types of Li-ion chemistries are investigated, explained and compared against each other as well as other battery technologies. The need for more complex protection circuitry for Li-ion batteries is included in the comparison. Request for quotations are made to battery system manufacturers and evaluated. The result of the research is that the Li-ion NMC energy cell is the best alternative, even if the cost per cell is the most expensive compared to other major technologies. Due to the budget, the LiFeMnPO4 chemistry is used in the realisation of the final system, which is scaled down with consideration to the power requirement.
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El, Hage Ranine. "Etude et optimisation d'une batterie à circulation tout vanadium." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30101.
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Le présent projet concerne la conception et l'optimisation des batteries à circulation (RFB). Ces dernières sont des dispositifs permettant la conversion électrochimique de l'énergie électrique et son stockage sous forme chimique ; le processus inverse vise à récupérer l'énergie stockée sous forme d'électricité, selon la demande. Les RFB sont bien adaptées pour répondre au caractère intermittent des ressources des énergies renouvelables. La batterie étudiée est la RFB tout vanadium (VRFB), qui a été développée dans les années 80 et dont l'avantage principal par rapport aux autres batteries à circulation (le Fe-Cr par exemple), est l'absence de contamination irréversible des deux électrolytes, ceci du faite que toutes les solutions sont des sels de vanadium. Cependant, la densité énergétique de ce système ne dépasse pas 40 Wh.kg-1 (contre ~ 150 Wh.kg-1 dans le cas des batteries stationnaires Li-ion) à cause de la faible solubilité des sels de vanadium (< 2 mol.L-1) dans l'acide sulfurique utilisé comme électrolyte support. Un objectif de la thèse est d'optimiser la formulation des mélanges d'électrolyte afin d'augmenter la densité énergétique de la batterie. Ceci consiste à i) mettre en place des méthodes électrochimiques pour la préparation, l'analyse et la caractérisation des électrolytes (posolyte V(IV)/V(V) et négolyte V(II)/V(III)) pour trouver leur composition optimale et ii) à comprendre les phénomènes physico-chimiques ayant lieu durant les cycles de charge-décharge de la batterie et déterminer les lois régissant ces processus et ainsi surmonter toute limitation éventuelle. L'étude a été menée dans une cellule classique à trois électrodes, permettant de travailler aisément avec un système électrochimique à la fois (en demi-batterie). Les résultats montrent que la présence de particules affecte négativement le courant de la batterie même si le solide permet d'augmenter la capacité de stockage. D'autre part, la présence d'un additif carboné dans le posolyte paraît avoir un effet bénéfique sur le courant grâce à l'extension du collecteur électronique dans le volume via la formation d'agrégats (percolation électronique dans la suspension). Des mesures de conductivité, masse volumique, viscosité, débit ainsi que des méthodes de caractérisation de poudre (MEB, diffraction laser) ont été réalisés et apporté les données nécessaires. Un second objectif de la thèse est la conception et l'élaboration d'une VRFB, à l'échelle laboratoire, ayant une densité énergétique supérieure à 100 Wh.kg-1, ainsi que l'optimisation tant que de possible la puissance du réacteur. Des bilans massique et énergétique sont réalisés pour les opérations de charge-décharge sous différentes conditions, afin d'établir les corrélations 'réponse du système (courant, tension et réversibilité) en fonction des divers paramètres opératoires'. Les conversions ainsi que les rendements faradiques et énergétiques sont évalués et optimisésThis research focuses on the redox flow batteries (RFBs) conception and optimization. RFBs are devices performing the electrochemical conversion of electric energy to chemical energy (to store); the reverse process allows recovering the stored energy in the form of electricity according to demand. RFBs are well adapted to energy storage from intermittent renewable energy sources. The battery studied is the all-vanadium RFB (VRFB) which was introduced in the 1980's. Owing to the nature of the electrolytes used in the VRFB, the effect of the irreversible cross-contamination, usually encountered in other RFBs such as the Fe-Cr system, is thus overcome. However, the energy density of this system remains lower than 40 Wh.kg-1 (compared to ~ 150 Wh.kg-1 for Li-ion stationary batteries) because of the low solubility (< 2 mol.L-1) of the vanadium salts in sulfuric acid, used as supporting electrolyte. An objective of this thesis is to optimize the formulation of the electrolytes in order to increase the stored energy density. This consists of: i) preparing, analyzing and characterizing the electrolytes (posolyte V(IV)/V(V) and negolyte V(II)/V(III) ), thus expecting to find their optimal composition and ii) understanding the physico-chemical phenomena occurring during the charge-discharge cycling and thus determining the laws governing these processes to overcome any eventual limitation. These aspects were studied using a classical three electrodes cell, enabling to operate with one electrochemical system at a time (the half of the battery). The presence of particles seems to negatively affect the current of the battery even if it enables to increase the stored energy density. On the another hand, the presence of carbon nanoparticles in the posolyte appears to have a beneficial effect on the current due to the increase of the electrode surface area by the formation of aggregates (electronic percolation in the suspension). This part also includes various physical measurements, such as conductivity, density, viscosity and flow rate, as well as powder characterization techniques (SEM, laser diffraction). Another objective is to conceive and elaborate a VRFB (at the laboratory scale) providing an energy density higher than 100 Wh.kg-1, and optimizing as much as possible the power density of the reactor. Mass and charge balances are performed for charge/discharge cycles, to establish correlations that link the response of the system (current, voltage, energy and reversibility) to the (influencing) operating parameters. Conversions, faradic and energy yields were evaluated and optimized
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Pulejo, Concetta. "Declinio dell'efficienza fisica psicomotoria negli anziani-uno studio comparativo basato sulla batteria di test ALFFE (Activity Level Functional Fitness in the Elderly) condotto su tre different popolazioni del Portogallo, Italia e Belgio." Phd thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física, 1999. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29103.
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Meabe, Iturbe Leire. "Innovative polycarbonates for lithium conducting polymer electrolytes." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3042.
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E 21ème siècle doit faire face à de nouveaux défis sociétaux et environnementaux. Pour cela, la gestion de l’énergie est un élément clé et en particulier le développement des énergies renouvelables. Progressivement les énergies basées sur le solaire, l’éolienne, l’hydraulique, la géothermie et les bio-ressources prennent le pas sur les énergies fossiles. Néanmoins, ces sources d’énergie sont bien souvent intermittentes, par conséquent, il est indispensable de développer des systèmes de stockage d'énergie fiables. Parmi toutes les options le stockage électrochimique semble être le plus prometteur pour les appareils électroniques, les véhicules électriques ainsi que les réseaux. Aujourd’hui, même si les batteries lithium-ion sont largement répandues, car relativement performantes, il reste indispensable de concevoir et de développer de nouvelles batteries répondant mieux encore aux nouvelles contraintes.Une batterie classique est constituée de deux électrodes et entre les deux se trouve l’électrolyte. Actuellement, et en général, dans les batteries commercialisées l’électrolyte est un liquide constitué d’un sel de lithium dissout dans un solvant organique. Celui-ci présente plusieurs risques : i) d’inflammabilité ; ii) de fuite ; iii) de volatilité ; et iv) de toxicité. Ainsi, des recherches sont menées pour développer de nouveaux matériaux polymériques, qui en plus de répondre aux risques mentionnés précédemment, cherchent à optimiser les propriétés de : conductivité ionique, nombre de transport, stabilité électrochimique, stabilité thermique, stabilité mécanique, etc. Parmi les polymères envisagés, les polycarbonates ont montré ces dernières années des propriétés très intéressantes. Dans ce contexte, au cours de la thèse, plusieurs familles de polycarbonates ont été synthétisées par polycondensation, puis évaluées en tant qu'électrolytes polymères solides afin de mettre en évidence l'impact de la structure chimique sur les performancesThe 21st century must address new challenges. The highly qualified life, demanded by modern society, requires constant developments. Energy is the essential ingredient for the economic and social development. The technological revolution that we are now suffering has as a principle the energy produced by coal, oil, and gas. However, the consumption of these energy sources are limited and additionally, during the last decades have been strongly criticized due to the high CO2 emissions released. Besides, the energy produced by renewable energies are promising alternative supplies to limited non-renewable resources. Little by little, the use of fuel-based energy sources will be reduced and renewable solar energy, wind power, hydropower, geothermal energy and bioenergy will be settled in our life. Nevertheless, due to the intermittent availability of these type of resources, good energy storage systems have to be designed. Among the all systems, electrochemical energy storage systems (EESS)s seem to be the best alternative for the use of portable electronics, electric vehicles and smart grid facilities.Generally, a battery contains a liquid electrolyte on it, which is based on a salt dissolved in a liquid organic solvent. This solvent is known to be toxic and highly flammable. Great efforts have been devoted to design safe electrolytes. Thus, polymer electrolytes have been proposed as safe materials. Nevertheless, the ionic conductivity, lithium transference number and electrochemical stability window should be addressed in order to be used in different applications. In this direction, in this thesis different polycarbonates have been proposed as promising host materials and they have been evaluated in as safe electrolytes
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Abdalla, Abdallah Hussin. "Iron-based rechargeable batteries for large-scale battery energy storage." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19953/.
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It is a global challenge to develop green, sustainable power source for modern portable devices, and stationary power generation. Energy storage systems (ESS) can improve the stability and quality of the power grid. Moreover, ESS can be used for peak shaving, integration viable renewable sources to the electricity network. Several ESSs technologies are existing, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical storage technologies. This thesis proposes the potential of iron-based electrode batteries such as Nickel-Iron (NiFe) batteries to be implemented for large-scale grid power. This proposal applies to other types of iron-based electrode rechargeable batteries. Iron-based electrode batteries such as Ni-Fe batteries are particularly attractive and compelling to utilise the energy generated from renewable resources. NiFe battery clearly stood out in view of their cost-effective, robust, and eco-friendly materials. Numerous problems have hindered their developments. Those limitations are poor discharge capability and charge efficiency. In fact, the performance of these batteries is drastically reduced by the parasitic evolution of hydrogen. The key is to develop electrode/electrolyte electroactive materials as additives to improve the performance of the battery. This approach has been successful in many rechargeable batteries. In this thesis, investigation of several electrode/electrolyte additives for advanced NiFe batteries is conducted. In this, an effort is made to improve the performance of the NiFe battery by including different electrode and electrolyte additives to suppress the hydrogen evolution (HER) despite the fact that the addition of various percentages of Bi2S3, FeS, K2S, CuSO4 or other sulfide elements to the electrode and electrolyte is a very effective method of suppressing the HER. In this study, paste-type and hot-pressed types electrode samples were used to produce the electrode samples. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling, and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the electrode samples. The prepared and cycled electrode samples were characterised a variety of physical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It has been found in this study that, the presence of iron sulfide in the electrode has a real incidence on increasing the reversibility and performance of the electrode samples than using copper alone. Therefore, this improves the overall performance of NiFe batteries; however, due to the fact that we have used commercial grade reactants and materials, this technology definitely has the potential to be further developed in the long run and could provide a cost-effective solution to large-scale energy storage.
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Cheng, Qingmei. "Materials Design toward High Performance Electrodes for Advanced Energy Storage Applications." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108116.
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Thesis advisor: Udayan MohantyRechargeable batteries, especially lithium ion batteries, have greatly transformed mobile electronic devices nowadays. Due to the ever-depletion of fossil fuel and the need to reduce CO2 emissions, the development of batteries needs to extend the success in small electronic devices to other fields such as electric vehicles and large-scale renewable energy storage. Li-ion batteries, however, even when fully developed, may not meet the requirements for future electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage due to the inherent limitations related with intercalation chemistry. As such, alternative battery systems should be developed in order to meet these important future applications. This dissertation presents our successes in improving Li-O2 battery performance for electric vehicle application and integrating a redox flow battery into a photoelectrochemical cell for direct solar energy storage application. Li-O2 batteries have attracted much attention in recent years for electric vehicle application since it offers much higher gravimetric energy density than Li-ion ones. However, the development of this technology has been greatly hindered by the poor cycling performance. The key reason is the instability of carbon cathode under operation conditions. Our strategy is to protect the carbon cathode from reactive intermediates by a thin uniform layer grown by atomic layer depostion. The protected electrode significantly minimized parasitic reactions and enhanced cycling performance. Furthermore, the well-defined pore structures in our carbon electrode also enabled the fundamental studies of cathode reactions. Redox flow batteries (RFB), on the other hand, are well-suited for large-scale stationary energy storage in general, and for intermittent, renewable energy storage in particular. The efficient capture, storage and dispatch of renewable solar energy are major challenges to expand solar energy utilization. Solar rechargeable redox flow batteries (SRFBs) offer a highly promising solution by directly converting and storing solar energy in a RFB with the integration of a photoelectrochemical cell. One major challenge in this field is the low cell open-circuit potential, mainly due to the insufficient photovoltages of the photoelectrode systems. By combining two highly efficient photoelectrodes, Ta3N5 and Si (coated with GaN), we show that a high-voltage SRFB could be unassistedly photocharged and discharged with a high solar-to-chemical efficiency
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Sivertsen, Victoria. "Direct Charging of a Solar Thermal Battery : Direkte soloppvarming av et termisk batteri." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24286.
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Direct illumination of a thermal storage from a concentrating solar collector can be used to charge a phase change material (PCM) for the purpose of storing heat for cooking. Top illumination can be achieved by a double reflecting system to avoid any dangers of expansion from heating the storage from the bottom.An experimental investigation of the double reflecting system has been conducted at the lab of the Department of Energy and Process. The main purpose of the experiments was to be able to conduct an efficiency measurement of the system’s ability to charge the heat storage. A double reflective solar concentrator with a heat storage has been instrumented and made ready for testing. Two tests of the full system with direct illumination of the heat storage by the sun have been conducted. Temperature measurements were done by thermocouples in the heat storage and on the secondary reflector, and a thermal camera was used to monitor the temperature of the top plate of the heat storage. The tests were not satisfactory in that they did not succeed to melt the phase change material (PCM) in the storage, and an efficiency measurement could not be concluded. The reflective film was as a result of these tests changed to reflective aluminium tiles for a better performance. Additional tests with a thin absorber plate of carbon steel were then conducted, since the sun was now too low on the sky to allow a complete test. The focal point on the thin absorber plate reached temperatures above 300°C, and the focusing power of the system was promising. A test procedure for tracing a laser ray from a self-adjusting laser diode to the absorber by utilizing a Computer Numerical Control machine (CNC-machine) and a digital camera for automation has been developed and tested. Post processing of images acquired has been programmed in the Matlab programming software to crate intensity plots of the focal point of the double reflector. By means of a grid paper on the absorber plate, the focal point of the primary reflector was found for the reflective film and for the reflective aluminium tiles to be 665 mm and 662 mm respectively. The secondary reflectors optimal position to be able to focus the rays on to an absorber plate placed at the base of the primary reflector has been investigated by the new test procedure, and found to be 683 mm, with a separation distance between the two foci of 21 mm. A simple analysis of the double reflector in a Ray Tracing program gave a separation distance of around 20 mm.
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Prinsloo, Nick. "Design and development of a battery cell voltage monitoring system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1109.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011The purpose of this thesis was to design and develop a measurement system that would allow accurate measurement of individual cell voltages in a series cell stack. The system was initially proposed to be used in conjunction with an active cell balancer. This would allow for the efficient equalising of cells as well as provide detailed information on the cell stack and how the stack operates over time. Having a system that measures voltages accurately, with which the active cell balancer can be controlled would allow for peak cell lifetime and performance. Current battery management systems are large, complex and inefficient and a new way of battery management had to be investigated. To accurately measure individual cells in a series stack, the high common mode voltage must be negated. Different techniques that are currently used to create galvanic isolation were reviewed; circuits were designed and were simulated to find the most suitable design. The traditional methods used to create galvanic isolation did not provide adequate results. The methods were too inefficient and not accurate enough to be used. The methods that had the required accuracy were too complicated to connect in a useable system. This led to the investigation of integrated circuits created to measure voltages in large cell stacks. An integrated circuit from Linear Technology was chosen and a system was built. A system was thus designed that fulfilled the most desirable design specifications while delivering excellent results. The system allowed accurate, individual voltages to be measured in the presence of high common mode voltages. Accuracies and measurement time were well below the required system specification. Power consumption was high, but different component choice will lower power consumption to within specification. Excellent results were obtained overall with most, although not all results well below the design specifications. By including current measurements, as well as other technologies such as wireless communication, USB connectivity and a better data processor, this system will be at the forefront of current battery management technology.
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Luo, Jingru. "Electrode and Electrolyte Design for High Energy Density Batteries:." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108928.
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Thesis advisor: Udayan MohantyThesis advisor: Dunwei Wang
With the fast development of society, the demand for batteries has been increasing dramatically over the years. To satisfy the ever-increasing demand for high energy density, different chemistries were explored. From the first-generation lead–acid batteries to the state-of-the-art LIBs (lithium ion batteries), the energy density has been improved from 40 to over 200 Wh kg⁻¹. However, the development of LIBs has approached the upper limit. Electrode materials based on insertion chemistry generally deliver a low capacity of no more than 400 mAh/g. To break the bottleneck of current battery technologies, new chemistries are needed. Moving from the intercalation chemistry to conversion chemistry is a trend. The conversion electrode materials feature much higher capacity than the conventional intercalation-type materials, especially for the O₂ cathode and Li metal anode. The combination of these two can bring about a ten-folds of energy density increase to the current LIBs. Moreover, to satisfy the safety requirements, either using non-flammable electrolytes to reduce the safety risk of Li metal anode or switch to dendrite-free Mg anode is a good strategy toward high energy density batteries. First, to enable the conversion-type O₂ cathode, a wood-derived, free-standing porous carbon electrode was demonstrated and successfully be applied as a cathode in Li-O₂ batteries. The spontaneously formed hierarchical porous structure exhibits good performance in facilitating the mass transport and hosting the discharge products of Li₂O₂. Heteroatom (N) doping further improves the catalytic activity of the carbon cathode with lower overpotential and higher capacity. Next, to solve the irreversible Li plating/stripping and safety issues related with Li metal anode, we introduced O₂ as additives to enable Li metal anode operation in non-flammable triethyl phosphate (TEP) electrolyte. The electrochemically induced chemical reaction between O₂- derived species and TEP solvent molecules facilitated the beneficial SEI components formation and effectively suppressed the TEP decomposition. The promise of safe TEP electrolyte was also demonstrated in Li-O₂ battery and Li-LFP battery. If we think beyond Li chemistries, Mg anode with dendrite-free property can be a promising candidate to further reduce the safety concerns while remaining the high energy density advantage. Toward the end of this thesis, we developed a thin film metal–organic framework (MOF) for selective Mg²⁺ transport to solve the incompatibility issues between the anode and the cathode chemistry for Mg batteries
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Caroli, Giuliano. "Progettazione di una piattaforma robotica mobile per applicazioni di manipolazione in ambito industriale." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Una piattaforma robotica mobile è un dispositivo robotico ottenuto dall'integrazione di un AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) con un Cobot (Collaborative Robot).
Nell'elaborato di tesi si espongono i metodi ed i risultati ottenuti a valle della progettazione di una piattaforma robotica mobile per applicazioni di manipolazione in ambito industriale.
Nel Capitolo 1 si presenta lo stato dell’arte della robotica mobile, descrivendo le caratteristiche delle diverse categorie di robot mobili, e le principali tecnologie di movimentazione, navigazione ed alimentazione relative alla categoria dei WMRs (Wheeled Mobile Robots).
Nel Capitolo 2 si descrivono i modelli matematici, che sono alla base del dimensionamento di alcuni dei parametri della piattaforma robotica mobile. In particolare, si presentano i modelli di ribaltamento statico, di ribaltamento in curva, di ribaltamento in arresto per frenata di emergenza, ed, infine, quello cinematico e dinamico generale.
Nel Capitolo 3 si elencano le specifiche tecniche sulle quali sono state eseguite tutte le scelte progettuali. Quindi, vengono indagate le possibili configurazioni di ruote, in termini di numero, tipologia e disposizione. Inoltre, fra le tecnologie di navigazione disponibili, si scelgono le più convenienti ad un ambiente industriale ed in grado di offrire il miglior compromesso in termini di accuratezza e ripetibilità di posizionamento. Vengono, poi, scelti i componenti meccanici ed elettronici necessari alla sicurezza della piattaforma in un ambiente condiviso con operatori umani ed alla comunicazione con un software commerciale di gestione della flotta. Dopodiché, viene dimensionato il sistema di trazione e di alimentazione sulla base di un ciclo operativo di riferimento. Infine, si presentano i modelli CAD 3D, realizzati con PTC Creo Parametric, e la distinta base dei componenti principali del veicolo.
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Beechu, Srikar Geethaprabhu. "Development of Lithium Ion Battery Dynamic Model." Master's thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-208838.
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The increased popularity of electric vehicles and e-mobility among the people, have encouraged many automotive companies and research organisations to develop good strategies for drivetrain designs involving batteries. As seen in the department of Alternative Powertrains research is carried out on hybrid fuel cell and electric vehicles. This thesis deals with the development of lithium ion battery model for electric vehicle simulations. A novel approach using black box modelling is developed for development of battery model using only the available battery measurements. Furthermore, a measurement test strategy is formulated providing the process direction and measurement parameters to be considered. Developed battery model provide voltage estimates for given Charge rate,temperature and State of Charge (SOC). The comparison of experimentally obtained and model estimated values. The model developed has a very good accuracy in estimation.
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Lu, Xueyi. "Architectural Nanomembranes as Cathode Materials for Li-O2 Batteries." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-228120.
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Li-O2 batteries have attracted world-wide research interest as an appealing candidate for future energy supplies because they possess the highest energy density of any battery technology. However, such system still face some challenges for the practical application. One of the key issues is exploring highly efficient cathode materials for Li-O2 batteries.
Here, a rolled-up technology associated with other physical or chemical methods are applied to prepare architectural nanomembranes for the cathode materials in Li-O2 batteries. The strain-release technology has recently proven to be an efficient approach on the micro/nanoscale to fabricate composite nanomembranes with controlled thickness, versatile chemical composition and stacking sequence.
This dissertation first focuses on the synthesis of trilayered Pd/MnOx/Pd nanomembranes. The incorporation of active Pd layers on both sides of the poor conductive MnOx layer commonly used in energy storage systems greatly enhances the conductivity and catalytic activity. Encouraged by this design, Pd nanoparticles functionalized MnOx-GeOy nanomembranes are also fabricated, which not only improve the conductivity but also facilitate the transport of Li+ and oxygen-containing species, thus greatly enhancing the performance of Li-O2 batteries. Similarly, Au and Pd arrays decorated MnOx nanomembranes act as bifunctional catalysts for both oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in Li-O2 batteries. Moreover, by introducing hierarchical pores on the nanomembranes, the performance of Li-O2 batteries is further promoted by porous Pd/NiO nanomembranes. The macropores created by standard photolithography facilitate the rolling process and the nanopores in the nanomembranes induced by a novel template-free method supply fast channels for the reactants diffusion. In addition, a facile thermal treatment method is developed to fabricate Ag/NiO-Fe2O3/Ag hybrid nanomembranes as carbon-free cathode materials in Li-O2 batteries. A competing scheme between the intrinsic strain built in the oxide nanomembranes and an external driving force provided by the metal nanoparticles is introduced to tune the morphology of the 3D tubular architectures which greatly improve the performance by providing continuous tunnels for O2 and electrolyte diffusion and mitigating the side reactions produced by carbonaceous materials.
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Picciano, Nicholas. "Battery aging and characterization of nickel metal hydride and lead acid batteries." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/25087.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains viii, 139 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-139). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Picciano, Nicholas I. "Battery Aging, Diagnosis, and Prognosis of Lead-Acid Batteries for Automotive Application." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243871818.
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Cazot, Mathilde. "Development of Analytical Techniques for the Investigation of an Organic Redox Flow Battery using a Segmented Cell." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0116.
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Les batteries à électrolyte circulant ou redox flow batteries (RFB) représentent une technologie prometteuse pour répondre aux besoins grandissants de stockage d'énergie. Elles seraient particulièrement adaptées aux réseaux électriques qui comptent une part grandissante d'énergie d'origine renouvelable, produite en intermittence. L'objet de ce travail est l'étude d'un nouveau type de RFB, actuellement développé par l'entreprise Kemiwatt. Il repose sur l'utilisation de molécules organiques, qui sont abondantes et recyclables. Le but de cette étude est d'améliorer la compréhension fondamentale de la batterie grâce à l'utilisation d'outils d'analyse précis et innovants. Chaque composant du système a d'abord été analysé via des moyens expérimentaux ex-situ. Les deux électrolytes composant la batterie ont ensuite été étudiés séparément en conditions réelles de circulation dans une cellule symétrique. Couplées à un modèle d'électrode volumique, les données ont été analysées pour identifier les facteurs limitants de chaque solution. La batterie entière a ensuite été étudiée dans un dispositif segmenté, permettant l'accès à la distribution interne du courant. Une étude paramétrique, réalisée avec la cellule segmentée a permis d'observer les effets du courant, du débit et de la température sur le fonctionnement de la cellule, puis d'établir une cartographie des conditions de fonctionnement idéales, suivant la puissance et l'état de charge de la batterie. L'aspect hydrodynamique du système a finalement été abordé en développant un modèle fluidique ainsi qu'une maquette expérimentale de cellule transparente pour visualiser l'écoulementRedox Flow Batteries (RFBs) are a promising solution for large-scale and low-cost energy storage necessary to foster the use of intermittent renewable sources. This work investigates a novel RFB chemistry under development at the company Kemiwatt. Based on abundant organic/organo-metallic compounds, this new technology promises the deployment of sustainable and long-lived systems. The study undertakes the building of a thorough knowledge base of the system by developing innovative reliable analytical tools. The investigation started from the evaluation of the main factors influencing the battery performance, which could be conducted ex-situ on each material composing the cell. The two electrolytes were then examined independently under representative operating conditions, by building a symmetric flow cell. Cycling coupled with EIS measurements were performed in this set-up and then analyzed with a porous electrode model. This combined modeling-experimental approach revealed unlike limiting processes in each electrolyte along with precautions to take in the subsequent steps (such as membrane pretreatment and electrolyte protection from light). A segmented cell was built and validated to extend the study to the full cell system. It provided a mapping of the internal currents, which showed high irregularity during cycling. A thorough parameter study could be conducted with the segmented platform, by varying successively the current density, the flow rate, and the temperature. The outcome of this set of experiments would be the construction of an operational map that guides the flow rate adjustment, depending on the power load and the state of charge of the battery. This strategy of flow rate optimization showed promising outcomes at the lab-cell level. It can be easily adapted to real-size systems. Ultimately, an overview of the hydrodynamic behavior at the industrial-cell level was completed by developing a hydraulic modeling and a clear cell as an efficient diagnostic tool
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Fisher, Barbara Anne. "A comparative study of the psychological effects of assault and battery by intimate partners on battered and post-battered women /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148784331469599.
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Mawonou, Kodjo. "Développement d’algorithmes adaptatifs embarqués et débarqués du système de gestion batterie pour l’estimation des états de la batterie en usage automobile." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC028.
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Les aspects environnementaux prennent une part croissante dans les préoccupations des pouvoirs publics et de l’opinion. Dans ce contexte les constructeurs automobile doivent y répondre en proposant des véhicules ayant un respect de l’environnement toujours plus important. Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans le développement de véhicules électriques (VEs). L’énergie des véhicules électriques et hybrides est stockée dans des batteries constituées de nombreuses cellules électro-chimiques (souvent lithium-ion) connectées les unes aux autres en série et en parallèle. Ces cellules nécessitent une étroite surveillance pour assurer un fonctionnement sécurisé des VEs. Cette fonction est assurée dans le véhicule par le système de gestion de batterie (BMS).Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous étudions les solutions de réduction de la charge de calcul du BMS lorsque de nombreuses cellules sont utilisées. Pour augmenter la précision de l’estimation de l’état de charge (SoC), nous avons étudié et implanté un estimateurs d’état à base d’un modèle d’ordre fractionnaire.La deuxième partie de l’étude est consacrée au vieillissement des batteries Li-ion. Tout d’abord nous avons établi des nouveaux indicateurs de vieillissement. Puis à l’aide des données recueillies pendant l’utilisation des VEs, nous avons mise au point un estimateur d’état de santé (SoH) par apprentissage. L’apprentissage est effectué en fonction des comportements des utilisateurs des VEs.Pour finir, nous fournissons un outil de classification des facteurs aggravant du vieillissementEnvironmental issues are increasingly concerning to public opinion and authorities. Accordingly, Automobile manufacturers have to propose more environmental friendly vehicles. This thesis project goes to the general scope of battery-driven vehicles. The energy of the electric and hybrid vehicles is stored in batteries pack made of numerous electrochemical cells. Lithium-ion cells are the most commonly used, and are one another connected in series and parallel. These batteries packs, require an enhanced surveillance assured by a dedicated controller called Battery ManagementSystem (BMS).The first part of the work deals with computational burden reductionin the BMS when several battery cells are utilized in battery packs. To improvethe precision of batteries state of charge (SoC) estimation, we have studied and implemented a fractional order model (FOM) based state estimator for Li-ionbatteries.The second part of the study is dedicated to Li-ion batteries health management. First, new state of health (SoH) indicators were designed. Furthermore, a datadriven SoH predictor was designed using EVs data collected over time. The model training was conducted based on extracted user’s behaviors. Finally, a tool is provided for ageing factors ranking
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Huynh, Le Thanh Nguyen. "Les accumulateurs au sodium et sodium-ion, une nouvelle génération d’accumulateurs électrochimiques : synthèse et électrochimie de nouveaux matériaux d’électrodes performants." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1123/document.
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Les accumulateurs au lithium jouent un rôle important comme source d'alimentation pour les appareils électroniques portables en raison de leur forte capacité gravimétrique et volumétrique et leur haute tension. En outre, la technologie lithium-ion est la mieux placée pour une application à grande échelle, telle que le véhicule électrique, ce qui pose un problème de ressource et à terme, de coût. Une des réponses envisagées sur le plan économique et environnemental est le développement d’accumulateurs sodium-ion. Dans tous les cas, le problème scientifique consiste à proposer des matériaux d’insertion des ions sodium avec un caractère réversible de la réaction électrochimique, et une durée de vie compétitive par rapport aux systèmes au lithium. Le travail présenté se situe dans cet effort de recherche. Les potentialités de matériaux dérivés du pentoxyde de vanadium, de structure 2D, sont étudiées comme composés d’intercalation du sodium: le composé de référence V2O5, le bronze performant dérivé de V2O5 de formule K0,5V2O5, ε’-V2O5, ainsi que le composé au manganèse de type lamellaire : la birnessite sol-gel et sa forme dopée au cobalt. Les relations structure-électrochimie sont élucidées à travers une étude combinant propriétés électrochimiques, diffraction des Rayons X et spectroscopie Raman des matériaux à différents taux d’insertion, en fin de réaction et après cyclages galvanostatiques. De nouvelles phases sont obtenues et des capacités spécifiques comprises entre 100 et 160 mAh/g dans le domaine de potentiel 4V-1V peuvent être obtenues avec parfois une stabilité remarquable comme dans le cas de NaV2O5 et ε’-V2O5Since commercialization, Li-ion batteries have been playing an important role as power source for portable electronic devices because of high gravimetric, volumetric capacity and high voltage. Furthermore, the lithium-ion technology is best suited for large-scale application, such as electric vehicles, which poses a resource problem and ultimately cost. On the contrary, sodium is a most abundant element, inexpensive and similarly properties as lithium. In order to solve the problem of lithium raw resource, sodium is proposed as a solution for next generation power source storage. This work investigates the potential derivative vanadium pentoxide materials as sodium intercalation compounds: the V2O5 reference compound, the promizing potassium bronze K0,5V2O5, ε'-V2O5, as well as a lamellar manganese oxide: the sol-gel birnessite and its doped cobalt form. The structure-electrochemistry relationships are clarified through a study combining electrochemical properties, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy of materials at different insertion rate, end of the reaction and after galvanostatic cycling. New phases are highlighted and specific capacities between 100 and 160 mAh / g in the field of 4V-1V potential can be obtained with sometimes remarkably stable as in the case of NaV2O5 and ε'-V2O5
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Schipper, Florian. "Biomass derived carbon for new energy storage technologies." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7204/.
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The thesis deals with the production and evaluation of porous carbon materials for energy storage technologies, namely super capacitors and lithium sulfur batteries.Die Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der Produktion und Evaluierung poröser Kohlenstoffmaterialien für die Anwendung in Energiespeichertechnologien, namentlich Superkondensatoren und Lithiumschwefelbatterien.
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Shamsi, Mohammad Haris. "Analysis of an electric Equivalent Circuit Model of a Li-Ion battery to develop algorithms for battery states estimation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298427.
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Batteries have imparted momentum to the process of transition towards a green future. However, mass application of batteries is obstructed due to their explosive nature, a trait specific to Li-Ion batteries. To cater to an efficient battery utilization, an introduction of a battery management system would provide an ultimate solution. This thesis deals with different aspects crucial in designing a battery management system for high energy as well as high power applications. To build a battery management system capable of predicting battery behavior, it is necessary to analyze the dynamic processes happening inside the battery. Hence, a battery equivalent circuit model is proposed in this thesis as well as proper analysis is done in MATLAB to project a generic structure applicable to all Li-Ion chemistries. The model accounts for all dynamic characteristics of a battery including non-linear open circuit voltage, discharge current and capacity. Effect of temperature is also modeled using a cooling system. The model is validated with test current profiles. Less than 0.1% error between measured and simulated voltage profiles indicates the effectiveness of the proposed model to predict the runtime behavior of the battery. Furthermore, the model is implemented with the energy as well as the power battery pack. State of charge calculations are performed using the proposed model and the coulomb counting method and the results indicate only a 4% variance. Therefore, the proposed model can be applied to develop a real-time battery management system for accurate battery states estimation.
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MONCALVO, ALESSANDRO. "Ottimizzazione di pratiche enologiche per la riduzione di contaminanti biologici in vino." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1743.
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L’ocratossina e le ammine biogene sono due metaboliti biologici che possono essere ritrovati nei vini. Il primo di questi contaminanti è stato studiato recentemente per la sua elevata tossicità sebbene non sia rintracciabile frequentemente nei vini. Le ammine biogene sono presenti in ogni tipo di vino in differenti concentrazioni, oltretutto, alcune di loro, ad alte concentrazioni, possono causare reazioni allergiche.
Gli obiettivi di questo PhD riguardano tre differenti aspetti. Indagare metodi biologici di per la decontaminazione di ocratossina A durante la vinificazione; in particolare lo studio si è focalizzato sull’uso di un ceppo Lactobacillus plantarum utilizzato come starter malolattico. Valutare la presenza di Lactobacillus spp., isolati da mosto e vino, in grado di produrre ammine biogene, usando tecniche molecolari come la reazione a catena della polimerasi (PCR) per rilevare i geni codificanti gli enzimi responsabili della sintesi di questi composti. Testare la capacità di un L. plantarum di effettuare la malolattica effettuando l’inoculo in differenti fasi della vinificazione e valutare il trend delle ammine biogene già presenti nel mosto.Two of the major biological metabolites present in wine are the ochratoxin and the biogenic amines. The first of these contaminants was studied in recent decades because of its toxicity in humans, although its presence is not frequent in wines. The biogenic amines are present in every types of wine in different concentration, and some of them, in high concentrations, can cause allergenic reactions in humans. The objectives of this PhD regard three different aspects. Investigate the biological methods to reduce ochratoxin A in wine during winemaking; in particular the study is focused to use a Lactobacillus plantarum strain as malolactic starter. Investigate the presence of Lactobacillus spp., isolated from must and wine, able to produce the amines, using molecular techniques as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the genes that encode for the enzymes responsible of the synthesis of these compounds. Test the ability of a L. plantarum to perform MLF in relationship with inoculation time and assess the trend of biogenic amines already present in must.
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Filler, Frank E. "A pulsed power system design using lithium-ion batteries and one charger per battery." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FFiller.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Julian, Alexander L. Second Reader: Crisiti, Roberto. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Pulsed power, charger, buck converter, field programmable gate array (FPGA), lithium-ion batteries. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-79). Also available in print.
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Livingston, Lauren. "Domestic Violence: The Psychology Behind Male Battery and the Future of Batterer Intervention Programs." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1788.
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In this paper, we try to understand the high prevalence rates of domestic violence in the United States. Using the history behind domestic violence, the psychology behind male batterers and batterer intervention programs we discover solutions to help reduce battery recidivism rates. An analysis of the criminal justice system regarding police intervention and Family Court result in future policy implications. In addition, the proposed solutions are creating lasting impact in either batterer intervention programs or policies. Lastly, policy and future implications are discussed without reducing batterer responsibility.
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Lassagne, Adrien. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux électrolytes copolymères pour batteries lithium métal polymère." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI063.
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Ces travaux ont pour objet la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux électrolytes polymères pour batterie lithium métal polymère (LMP). L’objectif principal de ces électrolytes est de combiner une conductivité ionique élevée jusqu’à basse température et une résistance efficace contre les dendrites de lithium. Pour y parvenir, trois catégories de copolymères à bloc ont été élaborés, ils permettent d’obtenir une synergie de propriétés à priori antagonistes au sein d’un même matériau. Premièrement, la rigidité du polystyrène (PS) a été combinée à la conductivité du polyoxyéthylène (POE) dopé avec un sel de lithium (LiTFSI). Le POE a été préalablement modifié pour en abaisser la température de fusion (Tf) initialement située à 60°C, ce qui permet d’atteindre de hautes conductivités (7.10-5 S.cm-1) à 40°C, associées à un module d’Young de 0,3 MPa. Cependant, les bonnes conductivités de ces matériaux ne sont assurées que par une petite fraction de Li+ (t+=0,15). Cela crée des gradients de concentration qui limitent les performances des batteries. Pour pallier cela, l’anion TFSI a été greffé sur le bloc PS (PSTFSI), augmentant le t+ à 1. Le bloc PSTFSI combiné à du POE modifié a permis des conductivités remarquables pour un électrolytes solide (10-6 S.cm-1 @ 40°C). Dans un second temps, l’ajout d’une chaine perfluorée entre le PS et l’anion a permis un gain supplémentaire de conductivité par rapport au PSTFSI (2.10-5 S.cm-1 @ 60°C), uniquement assurée par les Li+. Dans chacune des trois catégories d’électrolytes plusieurs compositions ont été synthétisées, nous permettant de suivre l’impact de cette composition sur les morphologies, les propriétés thermodynamique et mécanique ainsi que sur les propriétés de transport. Finalement, des batteries LMP de laboratoire ont été assemblées avec les meilleurs électrolytesThis work deals with synthesis and characterization of new polymer electrolytes for lithium metal polymer (LMP) batteries. The main challenge of polymer electrolytes is to combine both high ionic conductivity at low temperature and good mechanical properties. To overcome these issues, block copolymers have been designed. Remarkable properties are reached thanks to the self-assembly of these triblock copolymers. Mechanical properties are given by stiff polystyrene (PS) domains whereas ionic mobility operates in an ionophilic phase, polyoxyethylene (POE) with a lithium salt (LiTFSI). By introducing chemical defects in the POE backbone, melting temperature of the copolymer has been considerably lowered leading to conductivities of about 7.10-5 S.cm-1 and a Young’s modulus of 0.3 MPa at 40°C. If interesting properties are obtained thanks to this strategy, the small fraction of conductivity insured by lithium ions (t+=0.15) remains an issue. The low t+ leads to large concentration gradients limiting the performances of the system. In a second approach, TFSI anions have been covalently tethered on the PS backbone, raising the t+ to 1. An important increase of Li+ conductivity was obtained by adding a perfluorinated spacer between PS and TFSI moieties, with an ionophilic phase based on PEO (2.10-5 S.cm-1 @ 60°C). The chemical modification of the PEO block leads to Li+ conductivities of 10-6 S.cm-1 at 40°C. The composition of these different copolymers have been varied and their structural, thermal, mechanical and transport properties have been studied. Finally the best electrolytes of each category have been assessed in a full cell configuration
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grosse, Austing Jan [Verfasser]. "Unitized Bidirectional Vanadium-Air Redox Flow Battery : Kombinierte bidirektionale Vanadium-Luft-Redox-Flow-Batterie / Jan grosse Austing." Aachen : Shaker, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1101184639/34.
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Rohde, Michael [Verfasser], and Ingo [Akademischer Betreuer] Krossing. "New conducting salts for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries = Neue Leitsalze für wiederaufladbare Lithium-Ionen Batterien." Freiburg : Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1123481490/34.
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Warner, Nicholas A. "Secondary Life of Automotive Lithium Ion Batteries: An Aging and Economic Analysis." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366371336.
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Abdirahman, Khalid, and Sebastian Förnberg. "Styrsystem för solcellsladdade batterier." Thesis, KTH, Hälsoinformatik och logistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230114.
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Användandet av solceller ökar kontinuerligt i Sverige och effekten som genererasav solcellerna förvaras oftast i bly-syra batterier. Dessa batterier har en dåligpåverkan på miljön eftersom det krävs mycket energi och miljöfarliga material såsom bly och svavelsyra för att tillverka dessa batterier. Östersjökompaniet AB ochmånga av dess kunder inser vikten av ett hållbart tänkande och var intresseradeav att veta om det var möjligt att maximera livslängden av dessa batterier. Underarbetets gång analyserades olika metoder för upp- och urladdning av batterier somkan påverka ett batteris livslängd och hur man kan bära sig åt för att optimera det.En laddningskontroller användes för att optimera laddningen av batteriet. För attberäkna laddningsnivån i batteriet användes metoden ”Extended voltmeter”. Enprototyp som kunde ladda batterierna på ett optimalt sätt, varna då batterietsladdningsnivå blev för låg samt en användarvänlig applikation för övervakning avbatteriet konstruerades. Ett batteris beräknade livslängd är ingen exakt vetenskap.Enligt studier kan livslängden av ett batteri fördubblas om det laddas upp ochladdas ur på ett optimalt sätt i jämförelse med då det laddas ur helt.The use of solar cells is continuously increasing in Sweden and the powergenerated by the solar cells is usually stored in lead acid batteries. These batterieshave a bad impact on the environment as much energy and environmentallyhazardous materials like lead and sulfuric acid are required to manufacture thesebatteries. Östersjökompaniet AB and many of its customers realize the importanceof sustainable thinking and were interested in knowing if it was possible tomaximize the lifetime of these batteries. During the course of the work, differentmethods of battery charging and discharging were analyzed that could affect thebatteries lifetime and how to take care of them to optimize them. A chargecontroller was used to optimize the charge of the battery. To calculate theremaining state of charge in the battery, the Extended voltmeter method was used.A prototype that was able to charge the batteries optimally, warn when the batterycapacity became too low, and a user-friendly application for battery monitoring wasdesigned. The calculated lifetime of a battery is not an exact science. According tostudies the lifetime of a battery can be doubled if it is c
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Grenier, Antonin. "Development of solid-state Fluoride-ion Batteries : cell design, electrolyte characterization and electrochemical mechanisms." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066128/document.
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Les batteries tout-solides à ions fluorures reposent sur l'échange réversible d'ions F- entre un métal et un fluorure métallique au travers d'un électrolyte solide. Ces dispositifs électrochimiques peuvent théoriquement permettre l'obtention de fortes densités énergétiques, bien supérieures à celles des batteries conventionnelles Li-ion commerciales. En conséquence, les batteries à ions F- suscitent un fort engouement. Dans ce contexte, une partie de nos travaux ont portés sur le développement d'une cellule permettant d'évaluer leurs performances. De plus, les propriétés électrochimiques de l'électrolyte solide LaF3 dopé BaF2, La1-xBaxF3-x, ont fait l'objet d'une attention particulière. Finalement, les changements structuraux s'effectuant au sein des électrodes lors des cycles de charge/décharge ont été étudiés afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes électrochimiques mis en jeuSolid-state fluoride-ion batteries rely on the reversible exchange of the F- ion between a metal and a metal fluoride through a solid electrolyte. These electrochemical devices can theoretically reach energy densities superior to conventional Li-ion commercial batteries. Consequently, fluoride-ion batteries can be seen as a new promising chemistry generating a growing interest. In this context, a part of our work has been dedicated to the development of a cell allowing the evaluation of their electrochemical performance. Moreover, particular attention was given to the electrochemical properties of the solid electrolyte, BaF2-doped LaF3, La1-xBaxF3-x. Finally, the structural changes taking place at the electrodes upon charge/discharge were studied in order to gain insight into the electrochemical mechanisms involved in these devices
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Roellinger, Bettina. "De nouveaux hydrogels composites pour la production et le stockage énergétique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET053.
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Les hydrogels sont des matériaux poreux visco-élastiques formés d'un réseau tridimensionnel généralement de polymères capables d'absorber une grande quantité d'eau. Du fait de leurs propriétés, on les utilise principalement dans l'industrie pharmaceutique, agroalimentaire et dans le domaine des biotechnologies. Au cours de cette thèse, nous proposons d’ouvrir une voie encore peu exploitée qui est l’intégration des hydrogels pour le stockage et la production d’énergie. Dans un premier temps, les étapes qui ont conduit à la formulation ainsi qu’à la caractérisation physico-chimique d’une électrode poreuse à base d’alginate, un polyélectrolyte naturel,et de nanotubes de carbone sont décrites. Une première application consiste à encapsuler des bactéries électro-actives dans la matrice composite de carbone pour la production d’énergie. Le métabolisme particulier de la bactérie anaérobie Geobacter sulfurreducens permet des transferts d’électrons avec le milieu extérieur grâce à des réactions d’oxydo-réduction. Le suivi du courant dans le temps permet ainsi de montrer la prolifération et la viabilité des bactéries dans l’hydrogel jusqu’à déplétion du milieu en nutriments. Une seconde application est l’incorporation de particules d’intercalation du lithium dans cet hydrogel hybride, un matériau potentiellement utilisé dans des batteries en écoulement aqueuse. La caractérisation électro-chimique des couples redox MnO2/LiMn2O4 et FePO4/LiFePO4 au sein de l'hydrogel, montrera qu’il est possible de développer une batterie ion-lithium aqueuse d’une tension nominale de 0.65 V. Ce travail aura donc permis de mettre en avant l'intérêt et les perspectives de cet hydrogel conducteur pour le domaine énergétiqueHydrogels are highly water-absorbent three dimensional viscoelastic networks, mainly based on polymers used in numerous fields such as biotechnology, food and pharmaceutical industry. However, the potential use of these materials in the energy domain has not yet been fully investigated. To bring new insights and perspectives, we have developed during this PhD thesis a spherical macroporous electrode made of a conductive hydrogel. It is composed of sodium alginate, a polyelectrolyte that can form a biocompatible hydrogel when mixed with water in presence of divalent cations. The addition of carbon nanotubes in the solution before gelation leads to the formation of an electronically conductive network. The formulation and the physicochemical characterization are first discussed. Then two direct applications will be detailed. The first one consists in encapsulating electroactive bacteria inside the composite hydrogel. The peculiar metabolism of Geobacter sulfurreducens allows electron transfer with the external medium through oxydo-reduction reactions. Current monitoring allows us to show proliferation and viability of the cells until depletion of nutrients in the medium. The second one is the incorporation of intercalation lithium particles in the same matrix for semi-solid redox flow battery domain. Characterization of the redox couple MnO2/LiMn2O4 and FePO4/LiFePO4 inside the hydrogel, will enable us to develop a Li-ion battery with a 0.65 V nominal tension