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1
Yang, Ping, Hou Yu Yu, and Yong Gang Yan. "Implementation of the Li-Ion Battery Management System Based on DS2438." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.714.
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In order to ensure good performance and extend the lifetime of li-ion batteries in electric cars, effective real-time monitoring and management must be valued. This paper designs an electric vehicle battery management system based on a smart battery monitoring chip, DS2438. It integrates the measurement of battery's temperature, voltage, current, and power as a whole, which not only simplifies the circuit, but also saves system cost. The battery’s SOC (State Of Charge) can be easily estimated and displayed in this design. It improves the reliability of power battery pack and prolonged its life, which can be used as reference to battery management system design and application.
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Leba, Monica, Andreea Ionica, Raluca Dovleac, and Remus Dobra. "Waste Management System for Batteries." Sustainability 10, no. 3 (2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10020332.
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V, AMIRTHA PREEYA. "BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 01 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem40648.
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The design teams achieved this by breaking down the major problem into subtasks and devising solutions for each. In this way, the design teams chose an appropriate generator and mounted it inconspicuously in the vehicle; they designed a battery heating scheme using heating pads; and adapted existing vehicle circuitry to accommodate the new battery charging system. The design teams programmed a microcontroller to activate each component as needed with transistor-controlled current relays. Therefore, the electric vehicle is capable of activating its generator through the microcontroller, and the microcontroller further decides whether it should activate the heating pads in case the system temperature falls below an acceptable boundary or whether to activate the charger in case the battery state of charge falls below an acceptable boundary. Based on what the temperature sensor connected to batteries, a signal from a voltage divider tied to the same batteries, as well as one from a current sensor in series to the battery charger and the pack of batteries says, the systems to be used are determined through the microcontroller. The design teams rewired the vehicle circuitry so that when the generator activates, it always assumes responsibility for driving the vehicle, with the batteries becoming completely disconnected from the motor to minimize the change of their becoming damaged. As a side effect of the small generator size necessary to fit in the vehicle, this means that when the generator is active, the vehicle is limited to only approximately 6mph. Towards the end of the project, it was realized by the design teams that their selected method of reading the battery of state of charge could not function as implemented. The time was too short to repair. The sponsor, in the stopgap measure, suggested a hand switch for the activation and deactivation of the generator. That way, it would ensure that the design was not actually automatic but a feature that could easily be remedied by the design teams in the future. The design teams are glad of their work, since all other systems have already been tested and tried to be confirmed working, the vehicle can indeed run from its batteries or its generator. Keyword: Design teams, electric vehicle, generator, battery heating scheme, heating pads, vehicle circuitry, microcontroller, current relays, temperature sensor, voltage divider, current sensor, battery state of charge, system activation, rewiring circuitry, battery charging system, generator-driven motor, speed limitation (6 mph), manual switch, automatic systems, system troubleshooting, future improvements, stopgap measure, system testing, battery protection, design challenges.
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Kunada, Naga Venkata Siva, Srinivas Satti, Durga Ganesh Vempatapu, and Siva Sai Vihar Pamulaparthi. "Electric Vehicle Batteries and Thermal Management System." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 7 (2022): 739–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6965394.
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Electric vehicle batteries and other energy storage devices are becoming the increasing the popular. Batteries are working with good performance while maintaining cheap cost, multifunctionality, & facility in hybrid electric vehicles due to their inherent characteristics electric vehicle batteries and designing thermal management system their types, and battery types, are discussed in this overview.
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S, Boopathy, Bharathi Priya M, Suruthiksha L, and Nandhini G. "Battery Management System to Find Accurate Timing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (2023): 1799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50487.
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Abstract: Any nation's financial growth is largely determined by its availability of energy. The rapid expansion of the manufacturing, automobile, and residential sectors over the preceding few decades led to an increase in global electricity consumption. For electrical vehicles to be safe, they need a Battery Management System (BMS), which controls the electronics of a chargeable battery. The consumer and the battery are both safeguarded by ensuring that the mobile phone operates within its safe operating parameters. The battery's State of Health (SOH) is displayed on the BMS video display, which also collects data, controls external factors that have an effect on the mobile phone, and balances them to maintain a consistent voltage across all cells. It might have more features and capabilities to provide information about the battery's energy state. The tool can intelligently conserve energy by utilizing these facts. In this project, work was done using a system learning method to find the voltage that was exceeded while the battery was being charged. Because it only has a battery and an electric motor rather than a combustion engine and gas tank, the structure of an electric car is simpler and easier to control at the factor level. Instead of charging the entire battery collection, we will identify the battery that needs to be charged. This will allow us to save you from having to replace dead batteries and may also prevent damage from occurring to them. We can ensure that the batteries are charging and discharging appropriately by anticipating the issue using the available datasets.
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Ameur, Chahinaze, Sanaa Faquir, and Ali Yahyaouy. "Intelligent Optimization And Management System For Renewable Energy Systems Using Multi-Agent." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 8, no. 4 (2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v8.i4.pp352-359.
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<p>Hybrid energy systems(HES) using renewable energy sources are an interesting solution for power stand-alone systems. However, the energy management of such systems is very complex. This paper presents a Multi Agent System(MAS) framework applied to manage the flow of energy in a hybrid stand-alone system. The proposed system consists of photovoltaic panels and a wind turbine along with batteries as storage units. The proposed MAS architecture composed of different agents(photovoltaic agent, wind turbine agent, supervisor agent, load controller agent, and storage agent) was developed to manage the flow of energy between the energy resources and the storage units for an isolated house. The agent-approach for HES is explained and the proposed MAS is presented and a simulation model is developed in the java agent development environment(JADE). The system was tested with empty batteries and full batteries and results showed that the system could satisfy the load demand while maintaining the level of the batteries between 30%(minimum discharging rate) and 80%(maximum charging rate).</p>
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Chahinaze, Ameur, Faquir Sanaa, and Yahyaouy Ali. "Intelligent optimization and management system for renewable energy systems using multi-agent." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 8, no. 4 (2019): 352–59. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v8.i4.pp352-359.
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Hybrid energy systems (HES) using renewable energy sources are an interesting solution for power stand-alone systems. However, the energy management of such systems is very complex. This paper presents a Multi Agent System (MAS) framework applied to manage the flow of energy in a hybrid stand-alone system. The proposed system consists of photovoltaic panels and a wind turbine along with batteries as storage units. The proposed MAS architecture composed of different agents (photovoltaic agent, wind turbine agent, supervisor agent, load controller agent, and storage agent) was developed to manage the flow of energy between the energy resources and the storage units for an isolated house. The agent-approach for HES is explained and the proposed MAS is presented and a simulation model is developed in the java agent development environment (JADE). The system was tested with empty batteries and full batteries and results showed that the system could satisfy the load demand while maintaining the level of the batteries between 30% (minimum discharging rate) and 80% (maximum charging rate).
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K G M, Dr Pradeep. "Implementation of Real-Time Battery Monitoring System in Electric Vehicle." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 05 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem48005.
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Abstract— Modern electronics, electric cars, and renewable energy sources all depend on batteries operating safely and efficiently. In order to monitor and control vital battery properties like voltage, current, temperature, and capacity, this project focusses on creating a Battery Management System (BMS) with an Arduino microcontroller. Battery Management System (BMS) is a key term. Overview One important development to guarantee the safe, effective, and dependable operation of EV batteries is the installation of a real-time battery monitoring system in EVs. Since batteries are an electric vehicle's principal energy source, preserving their condition and functionality is crucial to maximising the vehicle's longevity, safety, and range. To give precise and current information about the battery's condition, a real-time battery monitoring system continuously measures important parameters like voltage, current, temperature, state of charge (SOC), and state of health (SOH). The most popular electrical energy storage component used in EVs is the battery.
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Acosta Calderon, Antonio Carlos, Buck Sin Ng, Elara Rajesh Mohan, and Heng Khai Ng. "Docking System and Power Management for Autonomous Mobile Robots." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.407.
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Mobile robots’ tasks depends the batteries to supply power. Automated mobile robots should manage its power to maximize the battery performance. Docking and recharging are crucial abilities to ensure the performance of the power system. This paper presents a complete solution for a power system to address the problem of power management and autonomously recharging of batteries for a mobile robot. The main two aspects in this solution are the power management including charging of the batteries and the docking system are described in detail. The paper presents results that shown the feasibility of the proposed docking station for autonomous recharging. A comparison of different batteries tested in this project is also presented in the paper.
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Fahmi, Muhamad Aqil Muqri Muhamad, Siti Hajar Yusoff, Teddy Surya Gunawan, Suriza Ahmad Zabidi, and Mohd Shahrin Abu Hanifah. "Battery management system employing passive control method." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 16, no. 1 (2025): 35. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp35-44.
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A battery management system (BMS) is essential for maintaining peak efficiency and longevity of rechargeable batteries. Conventional battery management system techniques often struggle to monitor, protect, and particularly have difficulties in balancing batteries. The project proposed has introduced a battery management system that employs passive control techniques to address excess energy and overcome these challenges. In the proposed design, a shunt resistor dissipates surplus energy from lithium-ion battery cells into heat following the proposed BMS design. This passive control technique is economically efficient, uncomplicated, and does not require an external power source. A prototype of the proposed BMS design was tested and was able to accurately monitor the battery, dissipate excess energy, and protect the battery while maintaining the cell charge balance. These findings suggest that the proposed BMS has the potential to improve both the effectiveness and longevity of rechargeable batteries.
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Fahmi, Muhamad Aqil Muqri Muhamad, Siti Hajar Yusoff, Teddy Surya Gunawan, Suriza Ahmad Zabidi, and Mohd Shahrin Abu Hanifah. "Battery management system employing passive control method." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems 16, no. 1 (2025): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp35-44.
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A battery management system (BMS) is essential for maintaining peak efficiency and longevity of rechargeable batteries. Conventional battery management system techniques often struggle to monitor, protect, and particularly have difficulties in balancing batteries. The project proposed has introduced a battery management system that employs passive control techniques to address excess energy and overcome these challenges. In the proposed design, a shunt resistor dissipates surplus energy from lithium-ion battery cells into heat following the proposed BMS design. This passive control technique is economically efficient, uncomplicated, and does not require an external power source. A prototype of the proposed BMS design was tested and was able to accurately monitor the battery, dissipate excess energy, and protect the battery while maintaining the cell charge balance. These findings suggest that the proposed BMS has the potential to improve both the effectiveness and longevity of rechargeable batteries.
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Huang, Cunqiang, Juan An, Qingbiao Liu, Lu Yin, and Wei Wang. "Research on Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Novel Power System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2527, no. 1 (2023): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2527/1/012019.
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Abstract Supercapacitors have great power characteristics and can respond to high-frequency volatility and high-power load of lithium batteries. In a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), the introduction of supercapacitors is an effective scheme to reduce the load pressure and charge/discharge current fluctuation of the battery, which can reflect the high energy density characteristics of lithium batteries and extend the life of lithium batteries. To solve the problem of capacity configuration and energy allocation management of HESS, this paper first researches the dynamic programming model of HESS. Taking the minimum life decay increment of lithium batteries as the optimization objective, the energy distribution scheme of the HESS with the minimum life decay of lithium batteries under different supercapacitor configurations is obtained. Then, according to the decay rate of a unit supercapacitor to the capacity decay increment of lithium batteries, the optimal parameters of supercapacitors are selected, and the fuzzy energy management strategy based on the optimal allocation feature of dynamic programming is proposed. Finally, the simulation results show that compared with the traditional filtering algorithm, the reduction of the lithium battery life attenuation of the proposed scheme is about 2.52 times that of the filtering allocation scheme.
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Cao, Zhi, Naser Vosoughi Kurdkandi, and Chris Mi. "Towards a Smarter Battery Management System." Batteries 11, no. 6 (2025): 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11060215.
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Muthukumar.R. "Automated Battery Management System for E Vehicles." Power System Technology 48, no. 1 (2024): 1406–23. https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.401.
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The Electric Vehicles (EV) Battery Management System (BMS) is a crucial part of EVs because it does important tasks like controlling charging and discharging, state detection, fault diagnosis and warning, data recording and analysis, etc. Nonetheless, new battery types are continually developing due to the quick advances in electrochemistry and materials related to batteries. An essential component for any system is the battery, which requires perfect maintenance to ensure optimal performance. It is now crucial to maintain the health of batteries in today's technologically advanced culture. In a fuel-cell/battery hybrid system, fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, and related dc/dc converters are all included. Utilising energy management systems allows power sources (such as fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries) to be allocated according to demand. The state-machine approach is suggested due to the EV's limited compute capability and its simplicity in engineering implementation. Battery lifespan as well as efficiency can be significantly increased with the use of EB Power, AC/DC, and DC/DC converters for battery management. Furthermore, precise battery condition tracking and management are made possible by the combination of parts like PT/CT sensors, ADC converters, and PIC controllers. The use of an LCD screen and LM35 sensor improves accessibility for users, and the integration of IoT technology enables remote control and data collection and processing. Battery control is now an effective instrument for extending battery life and enhancing overall device performance due to its cutting-edge capabilities.
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Sungtum, Sarawut, and Uthane Supatti. "Ultra-Capacitors and Battery Management System of Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (August 2015): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.487.
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This paper presents a bidirectional converter system to manage power transfer between ultra-capacitors (UC) and batteries for electric vehicle applications. A bidirectional buck-boost converter is used as a key converter to control power flow of the system. A control method is introduced to increase life cycle of both batteries and UC. Ultimately, the proposed converter system is able to (i) manage power between DC-bus, batteries and UC, (ii) control the current to flow between batteries and UC, (iii) maintains battery operation within charging limits, (iv) maintain the voltage at UC as setting value, (v) control the recharging at the UC by using the energy feedback from the battery instead of the common DC-bus and (vi) manage UC and battery to be recharged by using regenerative braking system. The validation of the proposed system is verified with analysis and simulation results by using MATLAB/Simulink.
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Yin, Zhen, Jiangong Zhu, Anqi Yan, et al. "Battery Management System Towards Solid-State Batteries." CHAIN 1, no. 4 (2024): 319–53. https://doi.org/10.23919/chain.2024.000011.
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Shuptar-Poryvaieva, Nataliia. "Development Perspective of Used Electrocar Batteries Management System in Ukraine." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 3 (2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.89.05.
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Due to the rapid growth in sales of electric vehicles, the issue of handling their used batteries, which contain toxic substances and without proper disposal can cause significant damage to the environment, becomes extremely important. The purpose of this article is to study the potential of Ukrainian used electrocar batteries management system in the context of the circular economy. The article analyses the dynamics of electrocar market development in Ukraine in the period from 2012 to 2019. With the help of an exponential smoothing algorithm using Microsoft Excel table processor the domestic market of electric transport fill forecast for the next years was made. The forecast results were adjusted for the car market recession caused by the economic crisis due to the coronavirus pandemic. In the course of the research, the experience of the world's leading countries on the issues of handling used electric car batteries was studied, in particular, approaches to legislative regulation of the problem and opportunities for reuse of car batteries with used resource were considered. Emphasis was placed on the fact that modern technology development creates conditions for economic, social and environmental benefits that can be achieved through recycling of used batteries. The economic benefits of recycling Ukrainian electric automotive batteries, which have exhausted their resource was calculated. Еxpedient to reorient the existing methods of used electrocar batteries management system on the principles of circular economy can provide not only improvement of ecological situation in Ukraine, but also lead to its economic growth and welfare of the population was proved.
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Issa, F. "Battery Management System for an Electric Vehicle." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 21, no. 2 (2021): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbeef-2021-0019.
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Abstract In the electric vehicle industry, a battery management system is needed when voltages are in the value of hundreds of volts. The battery management system is not only used to estimate the remaining capacity of the batteries but also to prevent various hazards that may occur in case of improper use. The paper offers a review of the battery management system that is used in the modern electric vehicles. The system is described along with its functions including the practical methods for balancing the battery and the type of batteries used in the automotive industry.
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Dikmen, İsmail Can, Nisanur Yıldıran, and Teoman Karadağ. "Multi-Chemistry Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles." European Journal of Research and Development 2, no. 4 (2022): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56038/ejrnd.v2i4.176.
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Electric vehicle technology is increasing its market share through its sound development. Battery management systems (BMS) also play an essential role in this technology regarding efficiency, safety, and meeting the end user’s expectations. In this study, a simulation study of a multi-chemistry BMS capable of real-time switching has been carried out so that the system can operate more efficiently. The proposed system aims to increase efficiency and performance using two batteries with different characteristics. The primary battery chemistry used is lithium titanate oxide (LTO) batteries, which can provide higher instantaneous power in times of high power demand. The second battery chemistry is lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, which have higher endurance due to their high energy density. Each battery has six modules and provides a total voltage of 450 volts. The WLTP Class 3 driving cycle was used as the vehicle’s speed reference in the simulation, considering its power/weight ratio. The battery control signal required for switching between batteries is produced according to the instantaneous power requirement of the vehicle. For this, the acceleration value is calculated, and the transition from one battery to the other is determined accordingly. If the acceleration is above the threshold value of 0.75, the LTO battery is connected. In the other case, the LFP battery is connected. Contactors are used to provide switching between batteries but not IGBTs. Consequently, contactors can be used as switching elements with a transition window of 3 seconds. This technic is less costly than designing such a system with fast-switching circuit elements like IGBT. In addition, the multi-battery mechanism consisting of LTO and LFP chemistries showed better performance than a battery pack with only LFP chemistry with the same specs. In other words, multi-chemistry BMS provides a significant performance and efficiency increase.
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Olarte, Javier, Jaione Martínez de Ilarduya, Ekaitz Zulueta, Raquel Ferret, Unai Fernández-Gámiz, and Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede. "A Battery Management System with EIS Monitoring of Life Expectancy for Lead–Acid Batteries." Electronics 10, no. 11 (2021): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111228.
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This work presents a battery management system for lead–acid batteries that integrates a battery-block (12 V) sensor that allows the online monitoring of a cell’s temperature, voltage, and impedance spectra. The monitoring and diagnostic capabilities enable the implementation of improved battery management algorithms in order to increase the life expectancy of lead–acid batteries and report the battery health conditions. The novelty is based on the online monitoring of the evolution of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) over a battery’s life as a way to monitor the battery’s performance. Active cell balancing is also proposed as an alternative to traditional charge equalization to minimize excessive electrolyte consumption. A battery-block sensor (VTZ) was validated by using the correlation between experimental data collected from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy lab-testing equipment and sensors that were implemented in a series of 12 V lead–acid battery blocks. The modular design and small size allow easy and direct integration into different commercial cell formats, and the proposed methodology can be used for applications ranging from automotive to stationary energy storage.
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Dilip, R., G. Akash, Bhat U. Ashuthosh, K. Agil, and Raju K. Tej. "Design of Prototype Battery Management System." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 4 (2020): 2334–38. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.D7848.049420.
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The electrical Vehicle (EV) is already on the roadmap of each necessary automaker and is seen because the answer to a a lot of property transport system, contributive to a discount of the gas Emissions. the utilization of inexperienced energy is turning into {increasingly progressively more and a lot of} more necessary in today’s world. Therefore, electrical vehicles are presently the most effective alternative for the setting in terms of public and private transportation. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles, bec ause of their high energy density. Sadly, lithium-ion batteries are unsafe unless they are run in the Safety Operation space (SOA). Therefore, A battery management system (BMS) should be employed in each metal particle battery, particularly for those employed in electrical vehicles. Thus, it plays a very important role in coming up with the safer electrical Vehicles.
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Jigmet, Namgail, B. Shivprasad, B. Sonu, Sulthana Teepu, and T. R. Lokesh. "Optimal Battery Management System for Battery Electric Vehicles." Recent Trends in Control and Converter 6, no. 2 (2023): 12–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8086473.
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<em>The need for an alternative energy source for transportation has increased as a result of fuel costs and environmental pollution. However, BEVs' limited driving range and expensive batteries' short service life are two major drawbacks. By developing more efficient energy management systems (EMSs) for BEVs, it is possible to extend the driving range of these vehicles and extend the lifespan of their batteries. The best way to distribute power is through dynamic programming (DP). Different sensor is used to manage the battery to maintain at its efficiency.</em>
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Jeon, Doyun, Su Hyun Lim, and Seong Su Kim. "Enhanced Lifespan and Performance of Sandwich-Type Structural Batteries with Integrated Pressurization and Thermal Management Systems." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 10 (2024): 4861. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02104861mtgabs.
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With the advancement of the automobile and aerospace industries, carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), known for its high specific stiffness and strength, has been utilized to construct lightweight structures. Research is now focusing on structural batteries that combine CFRP structures with energy storage capabilities. Among these, sandwich-type structural batteries, which embed commercial batteries between CFRP skins, are nearing industrialization due to their high energy density and stability. However, a significant limitation is that these structural batteries cannot be replaced once the embedded battery's lifespan is exhausted. To address this issue and maximize the lifespan of the embedded battery, we propose a sandwich-type structural battery with integrated pressurization and preheating functions. By applying pressure through the fastening force of curved CFRP skins, the capacity retention of the embedded battery is enhanced, thereby extending its lifespan. Additionally, we developed a thermal management system for the structural battery using hybrid composites made of carbon paper and glass fabric as compression pads. The integrated pressurization and thermal management system are secured with CFRP brackets, completing the structural battery design.
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Rimon, L., Khairul Safuan Muhammad, S. I. Sulaiman, and AM Omar. "System protection for lithium-ion batteries management system: a review." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (2019): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1184-1190.
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<span>Robustness of a battery management system (BMS) is a crucial issue especially in critical application such as medical or military. Failure of BMS will lead to more serious safety issues such as overheating, overcharging, over discharging, cell unbalance or even fire and explosion. BMS consists of plenty sensitive electronic components and connected directly to battery cell terminal. Consequently, BMS exposed to high voltage potential across the BMS terminal if a faulty cell occurs in a pack of Li-ion battery. Thus, many protection techniques have been proposed since last three decades to protect the BMS from fault such as open cell voltage fault, faulty cell, internal short circuit etc. This paper presents a review of a BMS focuses on the protection technique proposed by previous researcher. The comparison has been carried out based on circuit topology and fault detection technique</span>
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L., Rimon, Safuan Muhammad Khairul, I. Sulaiman S., and M. Omar A. "System protection for Lithium-ion batteries management system: a review." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (2019): 1184–90. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1184-1190.
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Robustness of a battery management system (BMS) is a crucial issue especially in critical application such as medical or military. Failure of BMS will lead to more serious safety issues such as overheating, overcharging, over discharging, cell unbalance or even fire and explosion. BMS consists of plenty sensitive electronic components and connected directly to battery cell terminal. Consequently, BMS exposed to high voltage potential across the BMS terminal if a faulty cell occurs in a pack of Li-ion battery. Thus, many protection techniques have been proposed since last three decades to protect the BMS from fault such as open cell voltage fault, faulty cell, internal short circuit etc. This paper presents a review of a BMS focuses on the protection technique proposed by previous researcher. The comparison has been carried out based on circuit topology and fault detection technique.
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Ramkumar, M. Siva, C. Subba Rami Reddy, Agenya Ramakrishnan, et al. "Review on Li-Ion Battery with Battery Management System in Electrical Vehicle." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (May 13, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3379574.
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In this paper, functions of BMS in elections vehicles are explained. The BMS consists of number of electronics components for monitoring and controlling the functions of batteries in electrical vehicles (EVs). Nowadays, the EV has more concentrations because it has number of merits like compact in size, does not require fossil fuel so it is environment friendly, and cost-saving. The main components in EV are batteries because batteries decide the performance and efficiency of EV. So, we should give more importance to batteries. Battery is controlled and monitored with the help of BMS. The BMS protects the battery and increases life time and efficiency due to charging discharging process.
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Shi, Jing, and Li Shi. "Research and Implementation of Batteries Charging Management System for Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 1299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.1299.
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The batteries charging management system monitories and controls the batteries charging process, which can prevent battery from over charge, over voltage, over current, and extend battery life and maintenance battery performance better. This charging management system achieves through using of VC software, on the charge of the PCI-8310 module into the interface card and the PCI-8407 output interface card. In this charging system, charging balance controlling can ensure the charging balance of each battery. This batteries management system hardware circuit is simple, fast processing speed, high reliability and real-time monitoring.
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Suresh Kumar, OM Prakash Shukla, and Jaydeep Shah. "Thermal management lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles with using cold plate." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 12, no. 1 (2024): 087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2024.12.1.0191.
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Lithium-ion batteries are widely employed as the primary energy storage solution for electric vehicles (EVs). Effective thermal management of these batteries within EVs is important to ensure their safety, optimal performance, and longevity. Lithium-ion batteries are sensitive to fluctuations in temperature, and if not managed correctly, these temperature variations can lead to issues like overheating, reduced efficiency, and even safety risks. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a cooling method for a prismatic NMC battery used in electric vehicles. It emphasizes the significance of maintaining the battery's temperature within a specific range, typically between 15 °C and 35 °C, to prevent capacity loss and extend the battery's life. The design of the minichannel cold plate allows for precise thermal control with the 7 °C temperature difference. It efficiently absorbs heat generated during battery operation and releases it, preventing the battery from reaching undesirable temperature levels. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of optimizing the contact area between the coolant and the battery stack for superior performance of the liquid cooling system. At higher discharge rates of the battery, a greater flow rate is required to achieve efficient cooling, with certain limitations due to the cooling system's efficiency. Overall, the study highlights the advantages of employing a liquid cooling system for proficient temperature regulation and effective heat dissipation in battery stacks for EVs.
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Pires, Rodrigo A., Samuel A. Carvalho, Braz J. Cardoso Filho, Igor A. Pires, Rudolf Huebner, and Thales A. C. Maia. "The Assessment of Electric Vehicle Storage Lifetime Using Battery Thermal Management System." Batteries 9, no. 1 (2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010010.
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Degradation and heat generation are among the major concerns when treating Lithium-ion batteries’ health and performance parameters. Due to the high correlation between the battery’s degradation, autonomy and heat generation to the cell’s operational temperature, the Battery Thermal Management System plays a key role in maximizing the battery’s health. Given the fact that the ideal temperature for degradation minimization usually does not match the ideal temperature for heat generation minimization, the BTMS must manage these phenomena in order to maximize the battery’s lifespan. This work presents a new definition of the discharge operation point of a lithium-ion battery based on degradation, autonomy and heat generation. Two cells of different electrodes formulation were modeled and evaluated in a case study. The results demonstrated a 50% improvement on total useful battery cycles in best-case scenarios.
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Farman, Md Khaja, Jarabana Nikhila, A. Bhavya Sreeja, B. Sai Roopa, K. Sahithi, and Devineni Gireesh Kumar. "AI-Enhanced Battery Management Systems for Electric Vehicles: Advancing Safety, Performance, and Longevity." E3S Web of Conferences 591 (2024): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202459104001.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are essential to lowering carbon emissions and solving global environmental issues. The battery powers EVs, making its management crucial to safety and performance. As a self-check system, a Battery Management System (BMS) ensures operating dependability and eliminates catastrophic failures. As batteries age, internal resistance increases and capacity decreases, hence a BMS monitors battery health and performance in real time. EV energy storage systems (ESSs) need a complex BMS algorithm to maintain efficiency. Using battery efficiency calculations that account for charging time, current, and capacity, this approach should reliably forecast the battery's SoC and SoH. As batteries age, internal resistance increases, reducing constant current (CC) charging time. By analyzing these changes, the SoH can be predicted more precisely. Conventional methods for estimating SoC and enhancing BMS performance, such as deep neural networks, are used to minimize error rates. However, as the battery ages, AI approaches have gained prominence for their ability to provide precise diagnostics, fault analysis, and thermal management. These AI-driven techniques significantly enhance safety and reliability during charging and discharging cycles. To further ensure safety, a fault diagnosis algorithm is integrated into the BMS. This algorithm proactively addresses potential issues, thus maintaining the efficiency and safety of the battery. The effectiveness of the proposed BMS algorithms are demonstrated through its successful application in an ESS, validating its capability to manage the battery’s state, enhance performance, and ensure operational sustainability in EVs.
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M., Mynavathi, Agalya M A., Hemavaruni J., Nivetha C S., and Thanya D. "Improving Lithium-ion Battery Longevity through Predictive Thermal Management." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 7, no. 1 (2025): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2025.1.004.
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Lithium-ion batteries are vital in various storage applications like electric vehicle, renewable energy system and industrial applications. One of the major drawbacks with lithium- ion batteries are overheating. A cost-effective thermal management system is proposed where predictive analysis is employed to reduce thermal stress, thereby increasing reliability and longevity of batteries. Linear regression techniques is employed to forecast temperature fluctuation and activate cooling system when temperature of the lithium-ion battery reaches unsafe limit. The proposed methodology is developed and validated by a low-cost hardware.
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Alipour, Mohammad, Aliakbar Hassanpouryouzband, and Riza Kizilel. "Investigation of the Applicability of Helium-Based Cooling System for Li-Ion Batteries." Electrochem 2, no. 1 (2021): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2010011.
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This paper proposes a novel He-based cooling system for the Li-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The proposed system offers a novel alternative battery thermal management system with promising properties in terms of safety, simplicity, and efficiency. A 3D multilayer coupled electrochemical-thermal model is used to simulate the thermal behavior of the 20 Ah LiFePO4 (LFP) cells. Based on the results, He gas, compared to air, effectively diminishes the maximum temperature rise and temperature gradient on the cell surface and offers a viable option for the thermal management of Li-ion batteries. For instance, in comparison with air, He gas offers 1.18 and 2.29 °C better cooling at flow rates of 2.5 and 7.5 L/min, respectively. The cooling design is optimized in terms of the battery’s temperature uniformity and the battery’s maximum temperature. In this regard, the effects of various parameters such as inlet diameter, flow direction, and inlet flow rate are investigated. The inlet flow rate has a more evident influence on the cooling efficiency than inlet/outlet diameter and flow direction. The possibility of using helium as a cooling fluid is shown to open new doors in the subject matter of an effective battery thermal management system.
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Aher, Suraj, Aniket Dhote, Pankaj Dabade, Vishal Suryawanshi, Ishanya Katare, and Dr S. P. Jolhe. "AIR- Based Battery Thermal Management System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 12 (2024): 1220–24. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.66017.
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Abstract: Airbased Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) ensures efficient monitoring and control of battery parameterssuch as voltage, temperature, and current to maintain optimal performance and longevity. This research delves into the development of an advanced BTMS that continuously senses battery temperature and employs air cooling through fans to keep the temperature within permissible limits. The system is designed to enhance battery safety, reliability, and lifespan by preventing thermal runaway and promoting efficient thermal regulation. Through extensive testing and simulation, the proposed BTMS demonstrates significant improvements in maintaining battery temperature stability, ultimately contributing to enhanced opera- tional efficiency and prolonged battery life. Lithium-ion batteries are considered as the best choice available for the energy storage systems, for portable devices, electrical vehicles and for smart grid, thanks to their high energy and power densities, lack of memory effect and life cycle. However, heat generated by these batteries remains a challenge. Without an appropriate Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS), the lithium ion battery surface temperature can increase very rapidly and thus creating hazard for the user and the equipment. This paper presents a Air based Battery thermal Management System with variable fan speed
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Diehl, Waldemar, Florian Quantmeyer, and Xiao Bo Liu-Henke. "Model-Based Development of Algorithms for a Battery-Management System." Solid State Phenomena 220-221 (January 2015): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.401.
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Due to their high power density and volumetric energy, lithium batteries are increasingly being employed as the source of energy in vehicles and mobile devices. Often, however, the individual cells have to be series-connected in order to reach the required supply voltage. As these cells, due to different production conditions, inevitably will differ in parameters (capacity, internal resistance, etc.), the result will be varying states of charge in these cells during operation. Because lithium batteries are damageable by a cell voltage that is either too high or too low, it is impossible to assure safe operation of the battery pack. So, in order to make lithium batteries operate safely, a battery management system is employed. Our contribution is about generating and applying a simulation model for the model-based development of functions for this battery-management system.
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Zhu, Lin, Dianqi Li, and Ziyao Wu. "Research on Composite Liquid Cooling Technology for the Thermal Management System of Power Batteries." World Electric Vehicle Journal 16, no. 2 (2025): 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020074.
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A battery thermal management system is crucial for maintaining battery temperatures within an acceptable range with high uniformity. A new BTMS combining a liquid cooling plate and vapor chamber is proposed and experimentally validated for ternary lithium soft pack batteries. An orthogonal test optimizes the liquid-cooling plate’s structure at a 2C discharge rate. With a vapor chamber, the battery’s temperature consistency improves. Experiments show that, at a 2C discharge rate, with coolant and ambient temperatures at 25 °C, the battery’s maximum temperature is 35.191 °C, and the temperature difference is 3.77 °C. This represents a 2.1% increase in average temperature, and a 4.9% decrease in temperature difference compared to a liquid-cooling plate alone. The results indicate that the combined liquid-cooling and vapor chamber enhance temperature consistency.
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Nizam, Muhammad, Endah Retno Dyartanti, Agus Purwanto, et al. "Modular Battery Management System Concept for Medium-High Voltage System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 918 (January 9, 2024): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-z4mvyk.
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The development of lithium batteries as an energy storage system is getting higher equal to the development of eco-friendly energy needs. However, lithium batteries have disadvantages in electrical and temperature interference. Series and parallel configuration causes voltage imbalance and leads to degradation performance of the battery. The focus of the research is the development of BMS with voltage monitoring and balancing features for the 12-series battery pack configuration. Monitoring can be done by observing electrical parameters, are cell voltage and battery temperature. The results of the simulation and modeling of BMS and Lithium-ion Battery show that the flat-zone voltage on the LFP UNS battery is in the 10-90% SoC range (generally SoC 20-80%), and the characteristics of lithium battery are current affects the battery voltage curve (high current causes a high voltage drop), while temperature affects the internal resistance (low temperature causes an increase in internal resistance). The BMS hardware monitoring test shows the accuracy and precision of the voltage sensor at 99.7064% and 99.9998%, while the temperature sensor performs the accuracy and precision of 95.4909% and 100%, respectively. The passive balancing method with Switched Shunt Resistor shows a nominal balancing current of about 170mA with a 20mV voltage drop.
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Karlina, F. H., Sunarno, M. M. Waruwu, and R. Wijaya. "Study of Several Types of Lithium-polymer Batteries With 3s Battery Management System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 927, no. 1 (2021): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/927/1/012023.
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Abstract Lithium batteries have been identified as one of the most promising energy conversion and storage devices because of their high energy density, safety, and long cycling life. Lithium-polymer batteries have been widely used in various applications ranging from electric vehicles to mobile devices. The purpose of this study was to determine the best type of lithium-polymer and VRLA batteries in the review of the balance of battery life timeout comparison for a predetermined load. Each battery has a different actual balance and theoretical comparison value. The best balance value is close to 1. The best balance comparison after the experiment was a LiPo battery type with a balance value of 0.77 R158F076A7 BMS 3s, then VRLA with a balance of 0.67, and the smallest balance is a LiPo GSE 18650 battery with a balance of 0.25. For both types of batteries with the same input parameters provided, the terminal voltage, current, and characteristics output of Lithium-polymer Li-Po GSE 18650. Batteries were found to be better than a lead-acid with a timeout of use that is 51.64 minutes.
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Naveen, B. "AI Enabled Energy Storage System." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem45319.
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The escalating demand for efficient energy storage solutions has led to the development of advanced battery systems. Effective management of these systems is crucial for optimal performance, longevity, and safety. Traditional rule-based methods often fall short in adapting to the dynamic and complex behavior of batteries. This paper presents an AI-enabled energy storage system that utilizes reinforcement learning to address these limitations. The system employs the Q-learning algorithm to learn optimal charging and discharging policies based on real-time battery data, including voltage, temperature, and state of charge. By dynamically adapting to changing conditions, the AI-enabled system aims to prevent overcharging, deep discharging, and thermal runaway, thereby enhancing the battery’s lifespan and overall performance. The results demonstrate the potential of AI to revolutionize battery management and contribute to a more sustainable energy future. Keywords: AI enabled ESS, Machine Learning, Battery Management System, Predictive control, Grid Integration
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Kan, Hong Lin, Ya Ping Xiao, and Yu Yun Xu. "Research and Design on Lithium Battery Management System in Communication Equipment." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.984.
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As a communication system power, the lithium battery would be the trend of industry in the wake of development in battery technology. Communication systems have special requirement for lithium battery like low power consumption, high stability and data remote visibility. In this paper, a new type of lithium batteries management system is designed to fit the application of lithium batteries in the communication industry.
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Bhatt, Jaydeep M., P. V. Ramana, and Jignesh R. Mehta. "Experimental investigation on the impact of evaporative cooling based battery thermal management system on charging process of valve regulated lead acid batteries in E-bike." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (2021): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012087.
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Abstract The thermal behaviour of valve regulated lead acid batteries with an evaporative cooling-based thermal management system is experimentally examined during the charging process of an E-bike. The thermal behaviour of valve regulated lead acid batteries is investigated during charging process with three different cooling strategies: evaporative cooling-based battery thermal management system, pre-cooling + battery thermal management system, and natural convection. The valve regulated lead acid batteries from the OREVA ALISH E-bike were used for testing. A portable evaporative cooling system was built for investigation based on available space on the E-bike. The results show that the developed evaporative cooling-based battery thermal management system kept temperatures between 1.5°C and 2.2°C below ambient during the charging process. The temperature of the battery during the charging process is increased slightly, by 1.6°C during the pre-cooling + battery thermal management system cooling mode. The temperature uniformity among valve regulated lead acid batteries was improved during the charging process with pre-cooling + thermal management system cooling mode.
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Zeng, Qinxiang. "Research Progress of Microchannel Liquid Cooling Technology in the Application of Thermal Management of Prismatic Lithium Batteries." Trends in Renewable Energy 10, no. 3 (2024): 335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2024.10.3.00183.
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Lithium-ion batteries have significant advantages such as high energy density, long cycle life and low self-discharge rate. Therefore, they are ideal for energy storage in electric vehicles. However, lithium-ion batteries are very sensitive to temperature, which affects the battery's cycle life, efficiency, reliability and safety. During the charging and discharging process, a large amount of heat is generated inside the battery due to the electrochemical reaction and resistance, causing the battery temperature to rise. When the temperature gets too high, thermal runaway, electrolyte fire and explosions may occur. As battery energy density increases, the demand for efficient thermal management continues to increase, and a compact and efficient battery thermal management system is essential. This paper introduces the development status of different thermal management technologies, reviews the application of microchannel liquid-cooling technology in the thermal management of prismatic lithium batteries, discusses the current research direction and status of microchannel technology, and finally looks forward to the future research and development direction of microchannel technology.
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Kulkarni, Gautam. "Comparative Material Selection of Battery Pack Casing for an Electric Vehicle." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 12 (2023): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.56595.
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Abstract: This paper discusses the battery pack thermal management components for electric vehicles that are necessary for the batteries to operate effectively in all weather. Due to their high energy density and long-life cycle, lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells are utilized in electric vehicles. Operating temperature affects the Li-ion battery's performance and lifespan. Moreover, this project aims to review materials for electric vehicles battery pack casing by incorporating proper thermal management required for efficient working of batteries in any climatic conditions. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells are being used for electric vehicles because they having high density of energy and long-life cycle. Higher operating temperatures lengthen battery life and boost capacity. The use of air, water and phase change materials (PCMs) as thermal management techniques are explored and contrasted. Following comparison, a useful battery pack casing for temperature management system is discussed. In this study, we explore the phenomena of heat generation and temperature problems of Li-ion batteries
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Shrinet, Ekta Singh, and Lalit Kumar. "Enhancing thermal management in cylindrical Li-ion battery through PCM integration with variable contact area." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, no. 1 (2024): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012043.
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Abstract Cylindrical Li-ion batteries are widely embraced in various sectors, notably electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. An effective thermal management system is vital for their safe and dependable operation, enhancing both the performance and reliability of the system. This study employs a distinctive hybrid cooling strategy consisting of a phase change material (PCM) at the centre of the battery and liquid cooling at the surface of the cylindrical batteries. The contact area between the coolant and the battery’s surfaces varies to make sure same heat transfers from each battery. This approach is instrumental in maintaining thermal uniformity and regulating the maximum temperature. In the numerical analysis, we employed ANSYS Fluent 2022 R1 to create the computational model encompassing the Li-ion battery, PCM, and liquid cooling system. This arrangement utilized eight 18650Li-ion batteries, with each battery housing a 2 mm radius PCM rod at the centre of the batteries. A heat-conducting element (HCE) was introduced to facilitate contact between the battery and the coolant channel. Water was selected as the coolant, and the coolant channel cross-sectional area is 65 × 2 mm2. The relationship governing the variable contact area is determined by fixing the velocity and the first battery contact area. The variable contact geometry maintains thermal uniformity throughout the battery module, resulting in a 74% enhancement in thermal uniformity. Nevertheless, the integration of PCM inside the battery effectively prevents individual batteries from surpassing specified temperature limits. It yields a remarkable 36.64% enhancement in thermal uniformity compared to situations in which PCM is not present, albeit with a 3.75% capacity loss. Furthermore, the study investigates the effects of coolant flow rates and performs an extensive analysis of temperature variation and melting fraction.
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Raza, Waseem, Gwang Soo Ko, and Youn Cheol Park. "Induction Heater Based Battery Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 21 (2020): 5711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215711.
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The life and efficiency of electric vehicle batteries are susceptible to temperature. The impact of cold climate dramatically decreases battery life, while at the same time increasing internal impedance. Thus, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is vital to heat and maintain temperature range if the electric vehicle’s batteries are operating in a cold climate. This paper presents an induction heater-based battery thermal management system that aims to ensure thermal safety and prolong the life cycle of Lithium-ion batteries (Li-Bs). This study used a standard simulation tool known as GT-Suite to simulate the behavior of the proposed BTMS. For the heat transfer, an indirect liquid heating method with variations in flow rate was considered between Lithium-ion batteries. The battery and cabin heating rate was analyzed using the induction heater powers of 2, 4, and 6 kW at ambient temperatures of −20, −10, and 0 °C. A water and ethylene glycol mixture with a ratio of 50:50 was considered as an operating fluid. The findings reveal that the thermal performance of the proposed system is generally increased by increasing the flow rate and affected by the induction heater capacity. It is evident that at −20 °C with 27 LPM and 6 kW heater capacity, the maximum heat transfer rate is 0.0661 °C/s, whereas the lowest is 0.0295 °C/s with 2 kW heater capacity. Furthermore, the proposed BTMS could be a practical approach and help to design the thermal system for electric vehicles in the future.
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Yousfi, Abdelkader, Fayçal Mehedi, and Youcef Bot. "Hybrid energy storage solutions through battery-supercapacitor integration in photovoltaic installations." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 39, no. 1 (2025): 11. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v39.i1.pp11-22.
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Batteries integrated into renewable energy storage systems may experience multiple irregular charge and discharge cycles due to the variability of photovoltaic energy production characteristics or load fluctuations. This could negatively impact the battery’s longevity and lead to an increase in project costs. This article presents an approach for the sharing of embedded energy between the battery, which serves as the main energy storage system, and the supercapacitors (SC), which act as an auxiliary energy storage system. By delivering or absorbing peak currents according to the load requirements, supercapacitors increase the lifespan of batteries and reduce their stresses. An maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm regulates the connection of the photovoltaic (PV) cells to the DC bus through a boost converter. A buck-boost converter connects supercapacitors and batteries to the DC bus. A DC-AC converter connects the inductive load to the DC bus. The system regulates static converters connected to batteries and supercapacitors based on current. An energy management block supervises the system components. We implement the entire system in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. We present the simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the entire system.
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Zhou, Fang, Yong Zhong, and Pei Zhang. "Research on Thermal Management System for the Vehicle Application of Lithium-Ion Power Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 984–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.984.
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Thermal management technique is one of the key techniques for the vehicle application of lithium-ion power batteries. Based on the analysis of thermal characteristics of the lithium-ion power batteries, the establishment of thermal model and numerical simulation for the lithium-ion power batteries were discussed. Finally, a procedure for designing battery thermal management system (BTMS) was proposed, and the key techniques during designing a BTMS were studied, including selection of heat transfer medium, design of cooling/heating structure and so on. This research provides a technique support for designing a good and effective BTMS, as well as improving the working performance and security of the lithium-ion power batteries and the electric vehicles.
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Xu, Liang, Shanyi Wang, Lei Xi, Yunlong Li, and Jianmin Gao. "A Review of Thermal Management and Heat Transfer of Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 17, no. 16 (2024): 3873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17163873.
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With the increasing demand for renewable energy worldwide, lithium-ion batteries are a major candidate for the energy shift due to their superior capabilities. However, the heat generated by these batteries during their operation can lead to serious safety issues and even fires and explosions if not managed effectively. Lithium-ion batteries also suffer from significant performance degradation at low temperatures, including reduced power output, a shorter cycle life, and reduced usable capacity. Deploying an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is crucial to address these obstacles and maintain stable battery operation within a safe temperature range. In this study, we review recent developments in the thermal management and heat transfer of Li-ion batteries to offer more effective, secure, and cost-effective solutions. We evaluate different technologies in BTMSs, such as air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change materials, heat pipes, external preheating, and internal preheating, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. Through comparative analyses of high-temperature cooling and low-temperature preheating, we highlight the research trends to inspire future researchers. According to the review of the literature, submerged liquid BTMS configurations show the greatest potential as a research focus to enhance thermal regulation in Li-ion batteries. In addition, there is considerable research potential in the innovation of air-based BTMSs, the optimization of liquid-based BTMSs, the coupling of heat pipes with PCMs, the integration of PCMs and liquid-cooled hybrid BTMSs, and the application of machine learning and topology optimization in BTMS design. The application of 3D printing in lithium-ion battery thermal management promises to enhance heat transfer efficiency and system adaptability through the design of innovative materials and structures, thereby improving the battery’s performance and safety.
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Xia, Zhenggang, Chaoen Li, Hang Yu, and Zhirong Wang. "Experimental Study of a Passive Thermal Management System Using Expanded Graphite/Polyethylene Glycol Composite for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 16, no. 23 (2023): 7786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16237786.
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Modern energy batteries are mainly used in pure electric vehicles. The stability of battery operation relies heavily on thermal management systems for which phase-change batteries have become an effective solution. In this study, we designed a battery thermal management system divided into two parts: a shaped phase-change material (PCM) module and a battery module. In the qualitative PCM module, polyethylene glycol was used to absorb heat, expanded graphite (EG) was used as the thermally conductive agent, and copper foam formed the support skeleton. The battery module comprised an 18650 lithium-ion battery with an enthalpy of 155 J/g. In our experiments, we applied PCMs to the battery modules and demonstrated the effectiveness of composite PCM (CPCM) in effectively lowering the temperature of both battery packs and minimizing the temperature discrepancies among individual batteries. At a gradually increasing discharge rate (1C/2C/3C), the battery’s Tmax could be lowered and the temperature could be de creased at various positions. It was evident that the battery temperature could be effectively preserved using CPCM. The findings of this study lay a foundation for future research on battery thermal management. Finally, the copper foam and EG contributed significantly to the prevention of leakage.
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R, Arunadevi, Saranya S, Bharkavi M, Nirogini S, and Prapthi N. "Battery Management System for Analysing Accurate Real Time Battery Condition using Machine Learning." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 12, no. 5 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2023.v12i05.001.
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The energy storage system is one of the essential components of Electric Vehicles (EV) that is anticipated to penetrate the current transport market because of the constant increase in environmental pollution and prices. Most EVs use lithium-ion batteries as their source of power. Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries that are typically used to power portable devices and EVs as well as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) (powered both by fuel and electricity). The battery performance degrades progressively with time leading to some potential disasters. Current approaches for data-driven fault prediction provide good results on the exact processes they were trained on but here the batteries often lack the ability to adapt to flexibly change. To overcome the problem, here use Sequential learning which promises flexibility, allowing for an automatic adaption of previously learned knowledge to new tasks. Thus, it provides the State of Charge (SoC) of the battery and predicts its condition, which gives highly accurate results.
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Cattani, L., M. Malavasi, F. Bozzoli, and C. Sciancalepore. "Two-phase cooling system for electric vehicles’ battery." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, no. 1 (2024): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012011.
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Abstract The objective of this research project is to design an innovative cooling system for effectively managing the thermal conditions of batteries in electric vehicles. Electric vehicles commonly utilize Lithium-Ion cells as their power source. Despite significant advancements in Lithium-Ion technology from an electrochemical standpoint, the thermal management of these batteries remains a formidable challenge. This is primarily due to the demanding operational conditions that Lithium-Ion cells face during battery discharge, motion, and charging. The power supply unit in electric vehicles often demands high power outputs within short durations, leading to the generation of substantial heat by the batteries. This elevated working temperature poses a risk of decreased battery performance or even malfunction. Therefore, an efficient battery thermal management system is essential to optimize the performance of the batteries. In our research project, we propose and investigate a cooling system that is directly integrated into the power supply unit. Our study introduces an innovative thermal management system that combines two-phase direct liquid cooling with pulsating heat pipes. This system provides a compelling solution by combining high thermal efficiency, passive operation, and cost-effectiveness. Within this configuration, batteries are immersed in a low-boiling dielectric fluid contained in a Plexiglas container, facilitating efficient heat exchange. Simultaneously, the pulsating heat pipe operates to manage heat spikes by promoting vapor recondensation, thereby maintaining safe operational temperatures. The proposed battery thermal management system has demonstrated remarkable efficiency, ensuring that battery temperatures remain within the recommended range even under high load conditions. A notable advantage of this cooling system is its complete passivity, eliminating the need for energy-consuming coolant circulation.